international aquafeed - july | august 2012 - full magazine

7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine

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Volume 15 I s sue 4 2 012

th intrntion mgzin for th qucutur fd industry

Tough environment produces

worlds best Barramundi

EXPERT TOPIC - Tilapia a collection of articles creating a worldwide

perspective

Noise a source of stress for farmed fish

Enzymes Unlocking the hidden potential of plant

proteins using solid state fermentation technology

Enzymes to improve

water and soil quality in

aquaculture ponds


2/56

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3/56

An internAtionAl mAgAzine for

the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS

aqua

I n t e r n a t I o n a l

feed

Volume 15 / Issue 4 / July-August 2012 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept

no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2012

Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior

permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Aqua News

3 EuropeanCommissioner:Europeanaquaculturethebestbutstagnant

4 SFPreleasesannualsustainabilityoverview

offisheriesusedforfishmealandfishoil

5 Alltechs2012SymposiumisintheiBooks

5 AQUCULTUREUPDATES

6 AQUCULTUREUPDATES

7 IFFOBacksMarineMammalandTurtleConservationinSouthAmerica

8 AQUCULTUREUPDATES

8 BestAquaculturePracticeswelcomesMarineHarvestCanadasalmonfarms

Features

28 Noise-asourceofstressforfarmedfish

32 Unlockingthehiddenpotentialofplantproteinsusingsolidstatefermentationtechnology

36 Enzymestoimprovewaterandsoilqualityinaquacultureponds

38 FishFarmMonitoring

Regular items

14 EXPERTTOPIC-TILAPIA

24 PHOTOSHOOT

42 INDUSTRYEVENTS

Preview-Aqua2012

Review-AquacultureUK2012

45 THEAQUACULTURISTS

49 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS

50 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW

52 INDUSTRYFACES

www.perendale.co.uk


4/56

Editor

ProfessorSimonDavies

Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors

ProfessorKrishenRana


AliceNeal


Editorial Advisory Panel

Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)

ProfessorAntnioGouveia(Portugal)

ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)

ColinMair(UK)

DrDanielMerrifield(UK)

DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)

DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)

DrKimJauncey(UK)

EricDeMuylder(Belgium)

DrPedroEncarnao(Singapore)

Subscription & Circulation

TutiTan


Design & Page Layout

JamesTaylorEmail: [email protected]

International Marketing Team

DarrenParris


LeeBastin


Latin American OfficeIvnMarquetti


More information:International Aquafeed

7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square

Cheltenham, GL50 3PT

United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706

Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Iwrite this editorial from the Perendale Publishers office inCheltenham. Its always a

pleasure tobe in the Cotswolds of England. In this month I would like to formally

welcomenewstafftothePerendalegroup,especiallyAlice,ournewAssociateEditor.Her

contributionisalreadyshowinginournewcontentideasandlayout.

Apartfromourregularfeatures,wenowincludeanew

focus on species, either established or under develop-

mentaspotentialcandidatesforrearing.

ThiseditionincludesareportonBaramundi,byRobert

Taylor of Marine Produce Australia. The attributes of

thisexcellentlyflavouredandtexturedfishishighlighted

in relation to it's unique growing environment and

husbandryconditions.

We turn toTilapia as our selected focus species, with

asequenceofarticlesrangingfromnutritionalaspects

such as dietary additives, to a article looking at the

importanceof geneticstrainsand hatcherytechnology,

bymyfellowWelshman,EricRoderickofFishGen.

IngridLupatschoftheCentreforSustainableAquaculture,SwanseaUniversity,Walesaddresses

feedformulationandfeedingstrategiesforTilapiawithadetailedexaminationofgrowthrates,

proteinrequirementandbio-genetics.

ThesustainingofTilapiasupplyfromaChineseperspectiveisreportedbyHanHan-Program

Manager,SustainableFisheriesPartnership.

"Silenceplease-cutthenoiseandvibrationifyoudesirestressfreefish!".Recentstudiesfrom

theInstituteofAquaculture,StirlingScotland,demonstratetheimportanceofreducingnoiseand

backgroundacousticdisturbanceswithinproductionsystems.Thiscouldbeanimportantissue

worthyoffurtherexplorationwithrelevancetoourconcernsforfishwelfare.

JohnSweetman,IoannisNengas andSerge CorneillieofAlltech provideus withan insightintothe use of solid state fermentation products that can enhance the nutritional value of plant

ingredientsforfish.TheirworkisnotableforresearchconductedonGiltHeadSeaBreaminthe

Mediterranean.

Onthethemeofregulatingtheenvironmentalimpactofaquaculture,wepresentaninteresting

reportbyElizabethMayerofBiominontheapplicationsofbothenzymetechnologyandmicro

-organisms (probiotics) administered to pond water and soil.The process of bioremediation

offersgreatpotentialtoimprovetheyieldsoffishandshrimpinopenpondculture,byimproving

growthandfeedefficiency.

Additionallyasmentionedinthelastissue,wesummarizemyvisitwithDrDanielMerrifieldto

theAquacultureAmerica2012eventinLasVegasinourphotoshootsection.

Aswellasournumeroustopicalindustrycontributions,wehaveournewsreportsandupdates

on forthcoming events in the aquaculture sector and

relatedareas.Thelatterisnowpresentedasadefined

section within each edition, and the current issue

highlightstheAqua2012,EuropeanAquacultureSociety

(EAS)meetinginPrague,CzechRepublic.Wehopeto

seemanyofyouthere.

Fornow,greetingsagainfromtheCheltenhamHQ

Professor Simon Davies

Professor Simon Davies

Croeso (Welcome in Welsh)

A note from the publisher

InthelastissueofINTERNATIONAL

AQUAFEEDaerrorwasmadewith

theauthor nameon page24 -the

name that should have appeared

ontheExpertTopicforPolandwas

'AnnaPyc'.

In the same issue, we used the

incorrecttextfileagainstthephoto-

shootforAquaBioTechGroup.The

correctitemscanbefoundonpage

48ofthisissue.

The International Aquafeed team

would like to apologies to both

partiesfortheerrors.


5/56

In May 2012, Commissioner

M a r i a D am a n a k i a nd

Nicolaus Berlakovich,Austrian

Ministerof Agriculture, Forestry,

E nv i ro n me n t a n d W at e r

Management hosted a confer-

ence on thefutureof European

Aquaculture.Theydiscussedhow

the Europ ean Commissio n, the

Member States, the European

Parliament and thestakeholders

canensure the successfulfuture

ofEuropeanaquaculture.

Firstly, theCommission intends

to star t a consultat ion process

to identi fy the problems which

prevent European aquaculture

formflourishing.

For example, competition for

spaceisamajorchallengetotheeconomicdevelopmentoffresh-

water fish farming or farming

sites in coastal areas.To tackle

this, theCommission willlook at

howtositeaquacultureinwater

andonland,andalsoconsider

the pot ent ial co- loc ati on wit h

other economic activities. For

example, some MemberStates

areresearchingtheoptiontoco-

developaquaculturewith wind

farmsorsolarenergyplants.

At present, manyaquaculture

farmsarelocatedinorcloseto

Natura2000areaswhichcon-

tribute to the maintenance and

preservation of aquatic biodiver-

sity.The Commission is devel-

opingasetofguidelinestoillus-

trate the compatibility of aqua-

culture activitiesand theNatura

2000natureconservationobjec-

tives.

Secondly, customers often

have l imited access to infor-

mation aboutthe fish they buy.

T h e C o mm i ss i on w i ll w or k

to wa rd s hi gh li ght in g qu ali tyfeaturesproperly.Inaddition,the

proposedcreationofanAdvisory

Council forAquaculture in our

CFPReformwillprovideaper-

manentconsultationforumforall

interested partiesand cancon-

tributetothisperspective.

T h e C o mm i ss i on r e al i se s

th at EU coun tr ies

have dif fering aqua-

culture ambitions so

the Euro pean fr am e-

worktheysuggest will

belimitedtothemain

priorities andgeneral

targets.

Onamorepersonal

level, Ms Damanaki

made some inter-

esting remarks on

the ma tter on her blo g. She

believesthat Europeanaquacul-

tureisthebestintheworldbutis

stagnant.However,sheispositive

about the future, stating, "to

reviveEUaquacultureweneed

coordinatedaction by all levels

of authorities, EU, nationalandregional:letsworktogether."

About the EuropeanCommission

The European Commission

oversees and implements EU

policiesby:

1. p r op o si n g n ew l aw s t o

Parliament

andtheCouncil

2. managingthe EU'sbudget

andallocatingfunding

3. enforcingEU law (together

withtheCourtofJustice)

4. representingthe EUinter-nationally,for example, by

n e g o ti a t i ng a g r e em e n ts

betweentheEUandother

countries.

ThereisoneCommissionerfor

each ofthe 27member states.

EachCommissionertakesrespon-

sibilityforonepolicyarea.

EuropeanCommissioner:Europeanaquaculturethebest butstagnant

Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 3

Aqua News


6/56

Su s t ai n a bl e F i s he r i e s

Partnership (SFP) has

released theannual sus-

tainability overview of fisheries

usedforfishmealandfishoil.The

overview(previously known as

theReductionFisheries League

Table) covers the28 principal

reductionfisheries around the

Atlantic and South America

rated according to thesustain-

abilityassessmentpresentedon

FishSource (www.fishsource.

com).Theratingsarebasedon

the mos t rec ent as ses sment

periodfor which comparable

datais availableas of May14,

2012.In summary, thebriefing con-

cludes that for Atlantic and

SouthAmericanreduction fish-

eries:

Nofisheryfeatured inthe

survey scores more than

eightacross all FishSource

criteria(categoryAthe

topcategory).

62.4percentof the catch

c om es f ro m f is he r ie s

that score above six in allcriteriaAND thescore for

biomass(score4)iseight

or abovemeaning biomass

isatorabovetargetlevels

(category B1).These stocks

are in very good shape,

although may meritsome

improvements in manage-

mentregime.

8.3 percent ofthe catch

comes fromfisheries that

scoresixoraboveacross

allcriteriabutdonotscoreabove eight for biomass

(category B2).These fish-

eries are in good shape

but would benefi t f rom

improvements in manage-

mentregime.

29.3percent ofthe catch

comes fromfisheries that

scorebelowsixonatleast

oneof thecriteria.These

f isher ies have not been

effectivelymanagedandsig-nificant improvements are

required.

Onlythreefisheries, repre-

senting 6.7 percent of the

catch, score below sixon

biomass and thusrequire

urgentimprovements.These

are: European pilchard

Iberian,anchovetaChilean

regions vx, and Chilean

jackmackerel.

Cumulatively,70.7 percent

ofthecatchfromthesefish-

eries score six or above

onal l f ive criteria this

isbroadlyinlinewiththe

requirementsofexistingand

proposedaquaculturefeed

sustainabilitystandards.

Noreductionfisheryis cur-

rently managed within an

ecosystem-based fisheries

management regime.This

situation needsto improve

significantly. Fisheries that

haveestablishedasuccessful

singlespeciesstockmanage-

mentregimeshouldnowbe

lookingtoevolveaneco-

system-basedapproachto

ensure sustainabilityin the

future. Changesin fishery scores

from2009to2010indicate

asmalldeclineintheoverall

scores.Therewere reduc-

tion s in the volume s of

catchincategoriesAand

B1and anassociated rise

involumeofcatchincate-

goriesB2andC.Itcannot

beconcludedfromthedata

that the sustainabilitystatus

of reductionfisheriesis indecline, butit is unlikelyto

haveimproved.

Changes for specific fish-

eriesfrom2009to2010are

summarisedintable1.

Theresultsoftheoverviewwill

proveinvaluabletofishmealand

fishoil buyers seekingguidance

onsustainablesourcingaswell

as manufacturers of aquaculture

andfarmanimalfeeds.Buyersof

aquacultureproductsandorgan-

isations developing aquacul-

ture standards will also find the

datausefulin helpingto shape

policies.

Commentingonthelaunchof

the Sustainabi lity Overview, Jim

Cannon, CEO of Sustainable

FisheriesPartnership,said:

In releasing this information,

weaimtoencouragetheworld's

fishmeal and fish oil suppliers

andforagefisheriestoengage

in improvement efforts, witha

priorityonimprovingthosefish-

eries thatcurrently fall short of

currentsingle-speciesbestprac-

tices, and ensur ing that all the

f isheries move towards eco-

system-basedmanagement.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.sustainablefish.org

SFPreleasesannualsustainabilityoverviewoffisheriesusedforfishmealandfishoil

table 1: Changes for specific fisheries from 2009 to 2010

FisheryChange incategory

Guf menhaden Guf of Mexico B2 to B1

Bue whiting northeast tantic C to B1

Capein Iceandic C to B2tantic herring orth Sea autumn spawners to B1

lesser sandee southeast orth Sea B1 to C

tantic horse mackere northeast tantic westernstock

B1 to C

uropean pichard Iberian B2 to C

4 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012

Aqua News

The

Industry

view

AQUACULTURE

Aquaculture is thefuture food source

by Kim Pagh

ANDRITZFEED&BIOFUEL

isbehindthedevelopmentofuniqueextrusionprogramsforthe

productionofallkindsoffishfeed,

shellfishfeedandpetfood.

Alargegrowthwithinfishfarming

inallregionsoftheworldmeans

acorrespondinggrowthinthe

demandforaquaticfeed.Success

inbreedingfishrequirescorrectly

adaptedfeedformulaswithcon-

trolledhomogeneouscontentand

exactphysicalproperties.

Theextruderaccountsforthekey

processinthiscomplexproduc-tionline,whichconsistsofall

processesfromthereceiptofraw

materialstothefinishedproduct.

ANDRITZFEED&BIOFUELisa

uniquecompanywiththeability

tomanufactureandsupplyeach

andeverymachineinthefeed

extrusionline.Withanintricate

knowledgeofeachkeyprocess,

wecansupplyacompatibleand

homogeneoussolutionfromraw

materialintaketofinishedfeed

bagging.

SHARE YOU NEWS

Sendyourpressreleasesto

AliceNealforinclusioninthe

magazine.

Emailyouritemsto:

[email protected]


7/56

TheAlltech 28thAnnual

International Symposium,

heldMay20-23,2012,

inLexington,Kentucky,USA,was

avenueforcloseto3,000dele-

gatesfromaroundtheworldtodiscussthefutureofagriculture

andthechallengeoffeedingnine

billionpeopleby2050,aswell

as to explorethe wide range

of possiblesolutions to meet

that chal lenge.While the 2012

Symposium is already 'inthe

books', theexperiencelives on

intheAlltech28thInternational

SymposiumiBook,whichisnow

publiclyavailablethroughApples

iBookstoreandiTunes.TheAlltech Symposium iBook

offersaninsidelookattheannual

international event through a

collectionofphotos,videosand

articles. It is avai lable as free

download forthe iPadthrough

theiBookstoreorthroughiTunes

forcomputers.

TheAlltech Symposium is

anexhilaratingeventfilledwith

contagious energy and exciting

newideasyoureallyhave

to see it to believe it, said

CatherineKeogh,Alltechs

chief marketing officer.This

iBookisagreatwayforthe

delegates who attended torelive theexperiences they

hadthisyear;andforanyone

who couldnt attend, th is

isanopportunitytogeta

glimpse at whatthis inter-

nationaleventwasallabout.

Thegreat thing aboutthis

format is thatthrough the

photosandvideo,thestory

oftheeventcanreallycome

alive.

T h e 2 8 t h A n n u a lInternat ional Symposium

wasthe forum for presen-

tations by more tha n 170

industry experts in areas

including aquaculture, beef,

dairy, equine, food, informa-

tion technology,legal, poultry,

pig,petandregulatory.

MoreInforMatIon :

www.alltech.com

Alltechs2012SymposiumisintheiBooks


Aqua News

Anexceptionalalgaebloomhasbeendetectedoffthecoast

of Ireland. Seawater samples submitted to MarineInstitute

haveshownthepresenceof aspeciesofPhytoplanktonthat

canharmmarineanimals.Somemortalityhasbeenreported

among oysters, cocklesand lugwormsfrom theMayoto

Donegalcoastalregions.

Chinaistobuildaquacultureresearchcentre.Thehubwill

beinthecityofSanshaintheSouthChinaSeaandwillfocusonfish,shrimpandalgaebreeding.

Your BusinessDriven by Innovations

Hanover / Germany

13 16 November 2012

The worlds top event for animal production

The Marketplace for Aquaculture

Top exhibitors from all areas of

fish farming, processing & watertreatment

Information about new trends in

Forum Aquaculture market-driven

and geared to practice

Visit the Aquaculture Advisory

Centre to obtain individual solutions

and make new contacts

Fish-Party and meetings

Hotline: +49 69/24788-265

www.eurotier.com/aquaculture

including

.

This project isbeing co-financedby the EuropeanCommunity

AQUCULTUREUPDATES


8/56

The

Industry

view

AQUACULTURE

Beneficial bacteria inintensive aquaculture

by Elisabeth Mayer, Technical Manager

for Probiotic Additives in Aquaculture,

BIOMIN, Austria

Overthelastdecades,technologicaladvanceshaveledtoculturefishandshrimpatmoreandmoreintensiveproductionconditions.InThailand,forexample,traditionallyblacktigershrimpwerefarmed,butsince2001therewasadrasticswitchtothemoredisease-resistantpacificwhiteshrimp,whichcurrentlycorrespondsto99percentofThaishrimpproduction.

Atthistime,theaveragestockingden-sityfortigershrimpwasapproximately4050animals/m,butthishasincreasedtoabout120-200whiteshrimp/mwithtwotothreetimesgreaterprofits.However,withsuch

highproductiondensities,higherfeed-ingratesandthusincreasedorganicmatterlevelsintheponds,againprob-lemsofhigherdiseasesusceptibilityandeventhedevelopmentofnewdis-easeshavetobefaced.Whileyellowhead/whitespotsyndromevirusesandvibriosisseverelyimpactedproductionsincethe90s,whitefecesdiseaseisanewerpathologicalentity.Thesechangesinproductionconditions,

therelatedimpactsofaquacultureonthewaterandpondbottomqual-ityandthebanofantibioticgrowthpromotersinimportingcountrieshasledtothesearchforsustainableandenvironmentally-friendlyalternatives.

Anaturalsolution,whichIhavebeenworkingonthelastthreeyears,isthe(preventive)applicationofbeneficialbacteria,probioticandbiodegradingstrains,infishandshrimpfeedorintheirponds.Suchproductsimprovegut/growthperformanceandwaterquality,enhancebacterialflocforma-

tionandpromotethereductionofpathogenicbacteriaandpondbottomsludge.

Beneficialbacteriahasbecomewellacceptedandwidelyusedinaquac-ulturewithinthelastyears.WhileIseeonmyvisitstoAsiaandSouthAmericasomefarmersproducingtheirownundefinedbacteriamixtureinthebackyard,agrowingnumberareask-ingforhighqualityproductsfermentedunderoptimalandtailor-madecondi-tions.Underthesecircumstances,the

farmerknowswhichstrains,atwhatconcentrationanddosagehedistrib-utesinhispondsandappliestohisfishandshrimpforbetterperformanceandincreasedprofitsthroughhighersurvivalevenathighstockingdensities.SomeproducershavesuccessfullymanagedwhitefecesdiseasebyusingprobioticproductscontainingbacteriathatinhibitthegrowthofpathogenicVibriospp.,whichhavebeenrelatedwiththedisease.

Aqua News

FEATURESEveryissueofInternationalAquafeedis

availabletoviewonlineinourArchive

section.Bothfullonlineeditionsand

individualfeaturescanbeviewed,anditiscompletelyfree.

www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php

AQUCULTUREUPDATES

BFAR's65thyearhighlightsconservation,pro-

motion of sustainable fisheries.TheBureau

of Fisheries andAquatic Resources' (BFAR),Philippines,65thyearhighlightstheprotection

ofthecountrysfisheriesandaquaticresources

as set byenvironmentaldegradationcaused

bymanandthatofclimatechange.Inapress

statement, BFARDirectorAtty.Asis G. Perez

saidthatplanningandcollaborationwithstake-

holderswillhelpinthistask.Henotedthatin

WesternMindanao forinstance,both marginal

andcommercialfishersarereportingincreases

intheirsardinecatch.Hesaidthatthesuccess

was attributed to the industryscompliance

withthethree-monthclosedseasonalongwith

the gover nment s str ict enforcement of the

ban.TaalLakeisalsoanothercaseinpoint.Whereas last year, our fish farmer s had lost

millionsofpesos;thisyear,therehasnotbeena

singlecaseofamajorfiskkilldespitethecritical

fluctuationsin water broughtabout bythe

habagat season, Perez said. He alsosaid that

tunafishershavesomethingtolookforwardto

ascatchisexpectedtoriseafterthetwo-year

fishingbanoftunaintheso-calledpockets

1and2ofthehighseasorthosecovered

bytheWestern andCentralPacificFisheries

Commission.The ongoing aquasilviculture

programalsocontinuestoprovideanadditional

sourceof incometo fisher-families in theseareas, Perez said, moreso afteran estimated

numberofsixmillionmangrovepropagulesor

seedlingsplantedin thecoastalregions. Perez

saidthattheBFARiscurrentlystrengtheningits

fisherieslawenforcementprogramthroughthe

formationofQuickResponseTeams(QRT)in

allits16regionsnationwide,whichwascreated

"tostrengthenseaprotectioneffortsbycurbing

illegalfishinginlinewiththegovernmentsgoal

oferadicatingtheabuseofthecountrysmarine

resources."IncelebrationofBFAR'sanniversary,

therewasaseriesofeventsincludingafoodfair,

timecapsule andstampser ies. Inaddition, the

bureau willalso launch theAngry Fish essaywritingcontest forhighschoolstudents, and

the endangered fish drawing/painting contest

forcollegiatestudents.

MusselgrowersKnightSomervillePartnership

hasbeengranteda20-yearconsenttodevelop

a4.35musselfarmatTuhitarataBayinPelorus

Sound,NewZealand.Thenewscomesafterthe

companywasforcedtohalveitsoriginalplansin

May2012afterresidentopposition.

Japan has tightened its rules forVietnamese

shrimp imports. The government has upped

testingformfivepercentto30percentofimportsfollowingthedetectionofethoxyquin.


9/56

IFFO(theInternationalFishmealandFish

OilOrganisation)isbackinganinitiative

byone ofits members, theCompaa

Pesquera Camanchaca (Camanchaca),

whichaimstoteachfishermentheartof

environmental stewardship, better pro-

tecting marine animals including dolphins,

seaturtlesandsharks.

Theinitiativeprovides training forthe

seniorcrewwhoworkaboardCamanchacas

vesselsthatlandinthenorthernChilean

portofIquique.Theschemewillcontribute

towa rds the gat her ing of vital research

informationthatwillbeusedtohelpinthe

conservation of protectedmarine species.

Thefirst seminartook place duringApril

2012.

IFFOhas developeda GlobalStandardfor Responsible Supply (IFFO RS) for

Fishmealand FishOil. Itsoverarchingpro-

gramme includesthe goalto reduce any

potentialenvironmentalimpactarisingfrom

fishingcatchesmade within itsresponsibly

managedfisheries.

Camanchaca wasone ofthe firstcom-

paniesin Chileto have its factoriescer-

tified under the IFFO RS standard earlier

this year.It has nowformed a partnership

withtheDepartmentofMarineSciencesof

theArturoPratUniversity anditsTechnicalTrainingCentre,toofferspecialisedtraining

seminarstothefishermen.

Large marineanimals are sometimes

capturedinthefishingnetsdesignedto

catchsmalloilyfishsuchasanchovyand

sardine, ingredients used inthe pro-

duction offishmealfor animalfeed

andfish oilfor human consumption.

IFFOiskeentoensurethatitsmembers

areawareoftheimportanceofconserving

marinecreaturesaspartofthemarineeco-

system.

Topicscovered at theseminars includethe ability to identifyand correctly record

dataonprotectedmarinemammalsfound

offthecoastofnorthernChile,aswellas

learninghowtosafelyreturnthesecrea-

turesto thesea withthe minimumrisk of

damage.MrAdolfoCarvajal,Camanchacas

ManagerfortheNorthernFishingArea,said,

Sustainable development requires us to

take actionin orderto controlthe impact

ofouractivitiesonthemarineenvironment

andwithoutadoubtwehavenowunder-

takenactions inthis respect.Thesetrainingseminarsforourseniorcrewmemberswill

allow themto demonstrateCamanchacas

commitment to theresponsible sourcing

offish.

Andrew Jackson,Technical Director at

IFFO, said,IFFOis delighted tosee this

excellent initiative from Camanchaca in

Chileandindeedotherrecentdevelop-

ments in SouthAmerica regarding the

quantification andavoidanceof theinci-

dentalcatchesof marine mammals and

sea turt les . In creat ing the IFFO RS

standard wewere hopefulthatthistype

of conservationprogramme wouldbe

developedbyourmembersandwelook

forward tohearing more good news in

thefuture.

The Chile basedproject follows one

takenlastyearinPeru,inwhicha number

of fishingcompaniesworking with envi-

ronmental NGOs such as the Marine

C o ns e r v a ti o n S o ci e ty ( M CS ) a n d

ProDelphinusdistributedaseriesofturtleidentification andresuscitation guides and

heldaseriesoftrainingcourses.

Dawn Purchase, Senior Aquaculture

Officerat MCS, said,Iam delightedwith

thesuccessofthisprojectandthespin-off

conservation courses being run forfish-

ermen.TheIFFO RS standard provides a

real opportunityto promotechangeon

the water, which is what MCS strives to

achieve. Increasing the identification skills

andconservationknowledgeofthesefish-

ermeninbothPeruandChileisagreat

wayof achieving environmental steward-

ship.

IFFOBacksMarineMammalandTurtle

ConservationinSouthAmerica

IFFOTheInternational

FishmealandFishOil

Organisationrepresents

thefishmealandfishoilindustry

worldwide.IFFOsmembersreside

inmorethan30countries,account

fortwo-thirdsofworldproduction

and80percentoffishmealandfish

oiltradedworldwide.Approximately

5milliontonnesoffishmealare

producedeachyearglobally,together

with1milliontonnesoffishoil.IFFOsheadquartersarelocatedinSt

AlbansintheUnitedKingdomandit

alsohasofficesinLima,Peru,andin

Beijing,China.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.iffo.net


Aqua News


10/56

The Global Aquaculture

A l li a nc e ( G AA ) B e st

Aquaculture Pract ices

(BAP)programme has furtherexpandeditscoverageofsalmon

facilities with the certification

offiveMarineHarvestCanada

salmonfarmsites.

" Ma r in e Ha r ve s t i s a l a rg e

and highly respected interna-

tionalproducer,andwearever y

pleasedtoseetheongoingpar-

ticip at io n of such an ind ustr y

leader in the BAP program,"

GAA President Chamberlain

said."Itisfittingforthecompany

to demo nstr ate leadership noto n ly i n v o lu me , b ut a l so i n

responsible production prac-

tices. "

M ar i ne Ha r ve s t C an ad a i s

BritishColumbia'slargestsalmon

aquaculturecompany.

"We are extremely pleased

to have achieved this cer tifica -

tio n mil est one , which dem on-

stratesourcommitmenttoenvi-

ronmental integrity and con-

tinual improvement throughoutouroperations,"Marine Harvest

Sustainabil ity Director Clare

Backmansaid.

"BAPcertificationvalidatesthat

ourfarmingpracticesprotectthe

environmentfor local wildlife as

wellasourfish,whileprovidinga

safeandeffectiveworkingenvi-

ronment for Marine HarvestCanadastaff,"PaulaGalloway,cer-

tificationmanager,said.

Inadditiontothenewlycerti-

fied sites, third-party BAP audits

willbeconductedatallremaining

Marine HarvestCanada salmon

farms.Theseauditsareafirststep

toward the comp any's plan to

achievefour-starBAPstatus,with

certifiedsalmonfarms,processing

plants, feed mill suppliers and

freshwaterhatcheries.

BAP cert i ficat ion is basedo n t he i nt er n at io na l B es t

Aquaculture Practices stand-

ards developed bythe Global

AquacultureAlliance, the leading

standards-settingorganisationfor

aquaculture seafood. For salmon

andother major farmed species,

BAPrequireseffective manage-

mentofanimalhealth,feedinputs,

waterqualityandfoodsafety.Ina

processthatincludessiteinspec-

tions and in-depth audits, socialresponsibilityand traceability are

additionalrequirements.

MoreInforMatIon:

Website: www.gaalliance.org/bap

BestAquaculturePracticeswelcomesMarineHarvestCanadasalmonfarms

Aqua News

Never ones tostand still, its beena busy few months attheAquaculturists.Wearefortunatetohaveanever-growinggangofonlinereadershungryfornews.Sowehavebeenworkingeven

hardertodigoutthebestaquaculturenewsthewebhastooffer.In

Junewestartedadailydigestpost,whichisaone-stopshopforthe

daysmostrelevant,interesting,and(attimes)quirkystories.

As huge show fans, our columnists are still dedicated to

postingthelatesteventnewsassoonaswegetit.Recently,

wevealso been having fun exploring the growing number ofaquaculturevideosonline.Beingsharingtypes,weputthecream

ofthecropontheAquaculturists.

Butthereallyexcitingnewsisthenew-looktheAquaculturists

issporting.Thebloghasbeengivenawell-deservedrevamp,

makingiteasiertonavigateandgenerallyabitprettier.

We think it looks great but would love to hear what you

think.Comeandsayhi at:

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

Popular posts from the Aquaculturists: TheseNASAsatelliteimagesshowhowshrimpfarminghaschangedaPacificcoastallandscapeover25 years. http://

bit.ly/O2Ek2Y

The IBISWorld report into USaquaculture predictsthat

afterthedownturnfollowingthe2010DeepwaterHorizon

oilspillintheGulfofMexico,fishandaquaculturerevenue

willslowlyimproveoverthenextfiveyears. http://bit.ly/

LkbeF7

Theadvantagesofraisingsterilefishincludebettertasting

meatandthepreventionofescapeefishmixinggeneswith

their wild cousins says research by Nofima in Norway.http://bit.ly/N2zLD1

Seoulhasbannedseafoodimportsof35 Japanesemarine

products,citingdangersofradiationcontaminationasthe

reasonbehindtheembargo.http://bit.ly/KXKVti

KofiAnnantolddelegatesatAquaVision2012inStavanger,

Norway,thataquaculturehasthepotentialtocontributeto

reducingworldhunger.http://bit.ly/MD1A0L

Criticsof farmed salmon fearthatAtlantic salmon raised

in open-netcagescan pass on diseases to wild salmon.However,anoutbreakoftheIHNvirusinBritishColumbia

inMay2012appearstohavebeencausedbypassingwild

stocks.http://bit.ly/Mp0dWx

Video: Octopus steals video camera (while its filming).

http://bit.ly/OoIWP3

Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

i i i i ii

ii

ii

ii

i

ii

iiiiiiii

iiiiiiiiii

iiiii i i i i

ii

ii

i

ii

i

ii

iiiiiiii

iiiiiiii

i

ii

ii i

TheNorwegianfoodresearchinstituteNofimahasenteredintoa

strategic research alliance withAlltech, one ofthe worldslargest

animalhealthandnutritioncompanies.Themaingoaloftheallianceis

thedevelopmentoffeedfortheaquacultureindustry.TheAmerican

companyAlltech hasthe goal ofachievingan annualturnoverof

NOK25 billion. Increased saleswithin theaquaculturesector areseenasakeyfactorinachievingthisgoal,andAlltechVicePresident

andChiefScientificOfficerKarlDawsonpointstotheimportanceof

long-termresearchcollaborationwiththeworldsleadingresearch

environments.Thesalmonindustry faceschallengesthatrequirea

progressivepartnershipwithresearchinstitutionsthatarefocused

onfindinglong-termanswers.Thisagreementprovidesuswiththe

structuretoworkwithalternativefeedingsolutions,whichisoneof

thesalmonindustrylargestchallenges,saysDawson.

RussianandJapanesegovernmentshavebegunnegotiationstolift

temporaryrestrictionsofJapanesefishandsea products.Impor ts

ofmarineproductsarecurrentlyonholdduetosafetyconcerns

following the Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011.

Representativesfromboth countriesmetin July 2012, todiscussthepossibilityofrestartingimports fromJapan.

AQUCULTUREUPDATES


11/56Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 9

FEATURE

IF PURITYMATTERS

www.pronova.com


12/56

When, in January this year,

Western Australian

Environment Minister Bill

Marmion signed off on an

application by Marine Produce Australia

(MPA)toharvest2,000tonnesoftopquality

barramundiattheConeBayoperationinthe

statesvastfarnorth,hedidmorethanjust

double the companys existing production

license.

AftereightyearsandaroundAU$50mil-lioninresearchanddevelopmentbyMPAon

oneoftheworldsmostremoteaquaculture

ventures,Marmionsentasignaltotheworld

thatfinallythewatersofftheAustraliasnorth-

westcoast with their hugetides were open

forbusiness.

ConeBayintheBuccaneerArchipelago

is 100km from the nearest town, Derby

(population3380),whichinturnis2400km

northoftheWestAustraliancapitalPerth

(population 2 million). The Kimberley as

the northern part of Western Austra lia

is known, occupies some 421,000 square

kilometres with a total population of just

25,000people.

Top-notch barraButthisspeckontheAustraliancoastline

israpidlymakinganameforitselfamongthe

nationsbestchefs asthehot spotfor farm

grownfinfish.Itsallinthetides.

AstopAustralianfoodcriticRobBroadfieldwrote in The West Australian newspaper

recently, Cone Bay Barra swim and swim

andswimagainstthemassivetidesfrominside

their sea pens. They are perhaps the fittest

fishonearthwhichiswhytheirfatandfat

is what barramundi flavour is all about is

spread evenly throughout the body (their

laidbackestuarinecousinshavepotbelliesin

comparison).

Thentherestheclean,brinyflavourand

a clear opaque f lesh: a

consequenceofalifelived

in the warm waters oftheIndianOcean northof

Derby,saysMrBroadfield.

ConeBay,withtidesof

up to 11 metres twice a

day, is fantastic for grow-

ingfishbuttheKimberley,

with temperatures push-

ingabove50cdegreesin

the wet season, crocodile

infested waters and huge

distances between tiny

settlements is tough onhumans.

A happy accidentIttooksomethingofan

historical accident for the

areaevertobeconsideredforfishfarmingin

thefirstplace.

Broome, Derby, and the Buccaneer

Archipelago have been the centre of the

Australianpearling industry formore than

100years. MPAsleaseover 700hectares

of Cone Bay was initially granted by the

WA Fisheries Department as a pearl farm-

ing licence to the Hutton familys pearling

company.

The original licence was to do some

research on the black l ipped pearl , wetrialed and seeded that species of shell

butthatfellbythewaysideastheTahitian

and Polynesian black-l ipped production

increased,saysJohnHutton,aformerAFL

footballernowheadingthefamilysaquacul-

ture operations.

ThelicenceinConeBaywasrenewable

every12monthsandthepearlingcompany

continued to keep it going as staff tested

otherspecies.

M ea nw hi le , M r Hut to n a nd h is f el -

low investors in MPA were looking for

an alternative viable aquaculture species.The Fisheries Department pointed the

Hut to ns i n t he d ir ec ti on o f t he b la ck

tig er pra wn and t he com pan y spe nt thr ee

years exper imenting with the species,

re-bootingarundownprawnfarminthe

NorthernTerritory.

When a group of investors dropped into

ConeBayonthebackofatriptocheckout

the prawnoperations in Darwin, a lightbulb

wenton.

On that trip one investor wandered

off, grabbed a small handful of feed andthrew it into what effect ively was a big

wine barrel containing barramundi finger-

lings.Theystartedattackingthetopofthe

waterwherethefeedwasandtheinvestor

Tough environmentproduces worlds best Barramundi


FEATURE

by Robert Taylor, Marine Produce Australia, www.marineproduceaustralia.com.au


13/56

declaredthatwemusthavebarramundiin

MPA,saidMrHutton.

Biting the bulletIn 2004,the company announced to the

world it was entering into the fish farming

business and kicked off with two small sea

cagesof40metrecircumferencegrowingthe

local Lates calcarifer, or Barramundi, found

acrossthenorthofAustralia.

A fact finding mission to Tassals salmon

operationinTasmaniafollowedandthecom-

pany was soon confronted with a choice

betweencontinuingwiththeblacktigerprawns

andrampingupthebarramundioperation.

The prawn market was competitive with

Chineseimportscontinuallyundercuttingthe

local producers and consumers barely dis-

criminating on quality, but the barramundi

optionwasaleapintotheunknown.

ConeBayBarramundiwaspurelyresearch

and development, no one had ever done

finfishfarmingintheKimberleyandweweremaking educated assumptions as we went

along.Howtodoseacages,thesebigplastic

pipessittingonthewater,saysMrHutton.

We knew our anchoring systems with

regardtolonglinesfromourpearlingopera-

tionsbutwehad totakethatknowledgeand

adoptittocircularseacageswithtenmetre

tidestwiceaday.

Fingerlings from the

Darwin Aquaculture hatch-

ery where flown in eskies

toBroome, drivento Derby

andthenflowntoConeBay

by helicopter at a cost of

AU$20,000atrip.

But those tides which

meant no water pumping,

and the 30c water which

meant no artificial heating,

gavethecompanyaninsight

into the areas potential for

farmingthelocalbarramundi,

ahardy,marketablefishthat

hadalreadyproveditsfarm-

ing durability in operations

onAustraliaseastcoast.

Thecompanybitthebul-

let,sold theprawnbusiness

and poured its resources

into growing barramundi at

ConeBay.

Reachingcritical mass

In the eight years since the previously

AustralianStockExchangelistedvehicleTiger

International has morphed into the unlisted

entityMarineProduceAustralia.

T he c om pa ny s 8 00 i nv es to rs h av e

been subject to regularrounds of fund

raising as the capital intensive business

took two st eps forwa rd and one-st ep

back battl ing to overcome condit ions

as diverseas sky-high wages causedby


FEATURE


14/56

WA sm iningb oo m,a confi dences appi ng

global f inancial crisis, and bureaucratic

redtape.To get to what we saw as being criti-

cal mass,the 2,000tonne, has takena very

longtime.Fourtofiveyearsoflobbyingand

answering questions and doing studies and

research into whether barramundi has the

abilitytobeanaquaculturespeciesthatcan

expand and gain approval from the WA

Government,saidMrHutton.

Initiallythecompanysoughtandreceived

licenses from the Department of Fisheries

forsmallproductionlevelsupto150tonnes

peryear.

ButbeforelongtheEPA,whichhadbeencarved out ofthebreak-up oftheWestern

Australian Department of Environment by

the Carpenter Labor Government decided

that MPAs venture required more than an

aquaculturelicense.

The EPA become involved when they

decidedthetonnagesaresuchthattheywill

start having in their view an impact on theenvironment,saidMrHutton.

Wewerealwaysoftheviewthatthere

needntbeafigureandthatapprovalsshould

be based on an output, performance-based

monitoring regime but the EPA has insisted

on input restrictions and output restrictions

andlimitedproductionto1,000tonnes.

That equated to stocking rate of just

1.5 tonnes a hectare compared to stocking

rates in other jurisdictions, world heritage

Tasmania for instance, of 28 tonnes per

hectareinwaterswithlittletidalmovement.

Nevertheless, the EPA,with no formal WAguidelinestoworkfromslappedthecompany

withthestateshighestlevelofscrutinyafull

publicenvironmentalreview.

Ittooktwofinanciallytoughyearstocom-

pletethePERduringwhichthecompanywas

required to keep tonnages around the 350

mark. But in a way the disciplines imposed

duringthistimehasbeenthemakingofthe

company.

It was tough financially but we started

to see major results from our research and

development.Moving40metrecagesizesto

60metrecagesizesyestheywork.Different

anchoring systems,tying offsystems, feeding

systems, establishing markets, operation sys-

temsandcapabilities,saidMrHutton.

Backedupbytheveryfavourableresultsof

thecompanysenvironmentalmonitoringand

withthehelpofoutsideconsultantsthecom-

pany knuckled down and just eight months

after receiving its 1,000 tonne approval in

May2011, was granted the2000tpa license

by Minister Marmion as an interim step

towards the ultimategoal of 5000tpa which

thecompanyexpectstoreceiveinthesecond

halfof2012.

Aquaculture zoneMeanwhi le on December 16, 2011,

WA Fis heri es Mini ster Norman Moore

announced State Government funding to

establishtwoaquaculturezonesforfinfish

farmingontheWAcoastline,thefirstbeing

ConeBayintheBuccaneerArchipelago.

The government is current ly doing

detailed environmental studies to create

the aquaculture zone thus stream lini ng

MPAs application for approval for 5,000

tpaandea singtheburdenonthecom pany .

MPAisconvincedthatthegovernmentstudywillprove that Cone Bay, whichis

21kmlongand6.2kmwideatitswestern

opening, has a carry ing capacity far in

excess of the 5,000 tonnes and as the

soleoperatorintheremotelocationand

withamassiveheadstartoverprospective

competitorsConeBayBarramundiwillbe

intheboxseattocapitalise.

Presentlyharvestingover1,100tonnes

per annum, at2000tpa the company will

turn over around AU$2 0 mill ion a year in

revenue.At 5000tps it willburst through

the AU$ 50mil lion lev el wit h serio usl ydecreasedcostthroughupscaling.

We are identifying and managing our

risk to a much greater degree. The risks

aresimilarinfishfarmingaroundtheworld

and we are employing worldwide best

practice.

OnewayMPAhasmanagedtode-risk

isbyseekingoutthebestpeopleintheir

fieldlikeevolutionarygeneticistDrDesiree

Allen recently appointed as research and

development manager and Daryn Payne

whopriortojoiningMPAasfarmopera-tion s mana ger was Tas sel s regiona l man-

agerforfiveyears.

Mark Asman for f ive years the Chief

OperatingOfficerforTassalwithalifetime

ofexperiencehascomeonboardasaqua-


FEATURE


15/56

culture consultant through his company

SmartAqua.

After viewing the MPA operation, I

wasthoroughlyimpressedwiththequality

of the product, the vast and spectacular

farmingarea,andthepotentialforanother

successfulaquacultureprojectinAustralia,

saysMrAsman.

MPA has screwed down on cos ts

thro ugh more automated and targete dfeedingregimesandslicktransfertomarket.

The MPA processThreeyearsagoMPAstruckadealwith

Fremantle based Challenger Institute of

TechnologysAustralianCentre of Applied

AquacultureResearch(ACAAR)inPerthto

supplyall required fingerlingsto theCone

Bay farm,

an arrange-

ment that

sees 250,000

healthy fin-

ger lings per i-

odically trans-

ferred to the

farm without

loss.

MPA now

operates 80

metre-circum-

ferencesea cages, deliversfeed direct into

ConeBayandtakesfishoutataroundthe

3-4kgmarkonapurpose-fittedharvestboat.

The fish are stun-killed as they come

fromthecagesontotheboatandchilledin

80kgbinsondeckbeforebeingshippedto

Derbyfortransferraltorefrigeratedtrucks

where they are dispatched to high-end

restaurants and wholesalers around the

countrywithouteverbeingfrozen.Wit h Gover nme nt lic ens es in pla ce

MP A s nex t s tep is t o re-l ist o n the

AustralianSecuritiesExchange.

AndtheWAGovernmenthasalsofinal-

lybroughtoutaFisheriesPolicyStatement,

whichwillbefollowedbylegislationwhich

willunderpintheprocessestosecurelong-

term susta inabili ty in aqua cult ure.

Weve learnt lot . We now bel ieve

weve got the right processes, the right

l oc at io n a nd t he r ig ht p ro du ct , C on e

BayOcean Barramundi, to make a major

impact on both the domestic and world

markets,saysJohnHutton.


FEATURE

www.evonik.com/feed-additives | [email protected]

Your challenge is our passion.MetAMINO is the best choice for your aquafeed.


16/5614 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012

EXPERTTPIC

TILAPIAEXPERT TOPIC

Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue willtake an in-depth look at a particular species and how it's feed is managed.


17/56

1

Effects of dietary

potassium diformate

on juvenile tilapia a performance analysis

by Christian Lckstdt, Animal

Nutritionist, ADDCON, Germany

Global production of farmed

tilapia in at least85 countries

exceeded 3 million t in 2009

and requires high-quality fish

feeds.Insuchintensiveaquacultureproduc-

tion, bacterialdiseaseshavebeenidentified

asamajorcauseofeconomiclosstopro-

ducers. Feeding antibiotic-medicated feeds

is a common practice to treat bacterial

infections.Prophylacticuseofantibiotics as

growth promoters in aquaculture produc-tionhasalsooccurredwidely.

However, growing awareness from con-

sumersandproducersofaquaculturespecies

hasresultedinademandforresponsibleand

sustainableaquaculture.Regulatoryauthorities

in most exporting countries now focus on

the misuse of antibiotic growth promoters

(AGP) in aquaculture, while public attention

has shifted towards sustainable production

methods.

Thus, alternative additives to replaceAGPs,whichhavebeenbannedinEUanimal

feeds since 2006, have had to be tested.

Dietaryorganicacids,andespeciallypotassium

diformate the most widely tested organic

acidsalt in aquaculture,are among thevari-

ous alternatives spearheading environmental

friendly and nutritive-sustainable aquaculture

approaches.

Dietary potassium diformate (KDF) has

beentestedin tilapiaaquaculturesince2005

and since then numerous publications and

conferencecontributionsontheuseofKDF

in juvenile tilapia have been published from

Europe,AmericaandAsia.Thisstudyanalysed

the average impact of the additive from allpublishedstudiesonitseffectonperformance

parameterssuchasweightgain,feedefficiency

andmortality.

The final data-set contained the results

of eight published studies, comprising 18

trials with KDF-inclusion,which ranged from

0.2%to0.75%andcovered3,040fish.Data

were subjected to statistical analysis and a

significancelevelof0.05wasusedinalltests.

Results are expressed as percentage differ-

encefromthenegativelycontrolledfish.

Theaveragelevelofdietarypotassium

diformatefromthedata-setinalltreated

f ish was 0.41percent. Only a numerical

increase of feed intake (2.1%) could bemonitored (P=0.16) compared to f ish

without the additive. However, the per-

formanceoftilapia,basedonfinalweight

was s igni ficant ly increased by 5.6 per-

cent (P=0.009). Furthermore, the feed

c on ve rs io n r at io o f f is h f ed KD F wa s

alsosignificantlyimproved(P=0.012):this

time the impr ovement was 4.5 perc ent.

Dataonmortalitywereinconclusive,since

someofthetrialswerecarriedoutunder

clean laboratory conditions, while others

employedachallengewithpotentiallypath-

ogenicbacteria,suchasVibrio anguillarum,

Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus iniae

andAeromonas hydrophi la . Inthese cases,

dietary KDF,rangingfrom 0.2 percent till

0.5 percent reduced mortality (P


18/56

Tilapia

cage farm

management

in Brazilby Alberto J. P. Nunes, from the Institutode Cincias do Mar Labomar, tilpia cagefarm management specialist. Originallypublished in Global AquacultureAdvocate

Much of Brazils expanding

tilapiaaquaculturetakesplacein floating cageswith sturdy

frames and nets made from

plastic-coatedsteelorpolypropylene.

Althoughlargercagesarealsoused,most

cageshavesmallvolumesupto20m3that

support highstocking densitiesand intermit-

tent harvesting without overstressing the

fish.Earthenpondsmaybeusedforthe

nursery of fry, but compartments in

cagesaremorecommon.Sizegrading

isamajormanagementcomponent.

Tilapia were first brought toBrazilin1953,butonlyoverthe

past decade has tilapia farming

growntocommercialscale.Since

1999,theindustryhasexpanded

atanaverageannualgrowthrate

of 18 percent. In 2009, the Brazilian

MinistryofFisheriesandAquaculturereported

thetilapiaharvestwas133,000metrictonnes.

Over the years, Brazilian farmers have used

a number of tilapia strains, starting withthe

Floridaredandmorerecentlythegenetically

maletilapia.Niletilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,Chitralada strain, brought from Thailand in

1995,hasestablisheditselfasthemainstrain

farmed in the country. Much of the tilapia

aquaculturetakesplaceinfloatingcagesnear

manyofBrazilscoastalareas.

Cage characteristicsBrazilholdsabout10millionhaoffreshwa-

ter in dams, rivers, lakes and man-maderes-

ervoirs.Floatingcageshavebecomethemost

popularsystemforrearingtilapiainBrazilin

areaswithsuitablewaterquality,flushingrates

andwaterdepth.

Tilapiacagesaresimpletobuild,inexpen-

sive(US$400fora6-m 3cage)andeasyto

manage. Cages are usually constructed with

rigidorflexiblenetsmadefromplastic-coated

galvanized steel, stainless steel or synthetic

fiberssuchaspolypropylene.

Steelnetsare more widespread,as they

better resist predatoryfish such as thepira-

nhas found in some inland areas in the

country. Cage frames are made from stain-

less steel or galvanized steel. Strong, long-

life,high-densitypolyethyleneframesareless

widely available and more costly, but have

becomethechoiceoffarmsthatoperatewith

medium-volumecages.

In sites close to shore, stationary cagesare spaced two to four metres apart in

groupsanddockedwithanchoringpolesfixed

inshore. Otherwise, submerged chains and

ropesattachedto concrete bottom weights

are used as mooring systems. To facilitate

daily management, many farms now adopt

walkways made from wood attached to

emptybarrelsorplasticcontainers.

Most cages used for tilapia rearing have

smallvolumesoffourto20m3.These

can be round or square in

shapewithheightsnotgreaterthantwo

metres.The

cages

can

safely operate with high stocking densities

(starting at 120 kg tilapia/m3) due to rapid

waterexchange.

Since much of Brazils tilapia sales are

domesticandretail,small-volumecagesallowthe harvest of fewer quantities of fish with-

out imposing stress on the greater stocked

population.Ascagesmovebeyond10m3in

volume with monthly harvests exceeding 10

metrictonnes,farmsrequireamoderatelevel

ofcapitalinvestmentandcashflow,andscale

harvests for consistent sales and production

flow.

Tilapia farms that operate with cages

beyond 300 m3 in volume are sometimes

vertically integrated from fingerling produc-

tion to fish distribution. They operate with

processing plants and sales contracts that

requiretheharvestoflargevolumesoftilapia

atatime.Inlarger-volumecages,finalstock-

ingdensitiesarereducedto60kgoffish/m 3.

Theyhavethedisadvantageofpoorflexibility

andmaneuverability,butontheotherhand,

canrepresentsignificantsavingsinlaborforce.

NurserySex-reversed tilapia are usually sold to

growoutfarmsasfrywithwetbodyweights

between0.2and0.5g.Athousandtilapiafry

cost US $30 to $45, depending on quality,

location and availability. When available at

shortdistances,somefarmerspreferacquiring

juvenile fish of 10- to 30g weight, althoughtheir prices may exceed $80/1,000 fish. At

this stage, fish mortality can be significantly

reducedandthegrowoutcycleshortened.

Earthenpondsmaybeusedforthenurs-

ery of Chitralada fry prior to stocking in

cages. However, cages equipped internally

withflexible5mmmeshnetsareusually

more common, as

they facilitate fish han-

dling and transfer to grow

out cages. In cages, it takes five

to eightweeks to grow 0.5g fryto 30g

juveniles,dependingonstocking density,feed

andwaterquality.

Size GradingTilapia growth can vary widely within the

samestock,especiallywhenthefisharesubject-edtohighdensity.Thisisinpartduetogenetic

differences, but also because of competitive

interactionsamongfish.Somefishoutcompete

othersforfeedandconsequentlygrowfaster.As

2


EXPERTTPIC


19/56

aresult,sizegradingbecomesamajormanage-

mentcomponentoftilapiacagefarming.

When tilapia are transferred to different

cages,italsoallowsmovingthestocktoclean

unitswithlarger mesh sizes, whichpromotes

greaterwaterexchangewithintherearingunit.

From 5mm mesh sizes, 10g fish are usually

movedtocageswithmeshsizesofupto15

mm. Then 30to 200g tilapia areheldwithin

netsof15to25mmmesh.Themeshonnets

forfishlargerthan200gis25mmorwider.

Gradingfrequencydependsonanumber

of variables, including the targeted fish size

atharvest,numberofcagesavailableonsite,

stocksizevariation,degreeofprevalentstress

andhealth status of thestockedpopulation.

Many farmers target tilapia above 900g in

weight to achieve premium prices. For this

fishweight,gradingcanbecarriedouttwoto

threetimesinaproductioncycle(Figure1).

Duringtherainyseason,whenfishbecome

more susceptible to diseaseoutbreaks, there

isareductionintilapiastockingdensityaswellas grading frequency. When size grading is

adopted,finaltilapiabodyweightvariationcan

bereducedfrom40percentatinitialstagesto

about15 percent atharvest time.Tilapia are

oftensortedintofoursizecategories,withthe

smallest,mostchallengedfishremovedasearly

aspossiblesincetheirdelayingrowthcannot

berecoveredduringtheproductioncycle.Fish

areusuallysortedmanuallybyeye,butinlarge

operations,thisprocedurecanbemechanised.

Feeds, feedingCage-farmed tilapia in Brazil received

onlyextrudeddiets.Feedproteincontent,

pelletsizeandsuggestedfeedingratesmay

vary according to the feed manufacturer.

Fishfeedstendtobehighinproteincon-

tent at initia l stages and drop as fish attain

largersizes(Table1).Growoutandfinishing

feedsareusually32percentinproteincon-

tentandmayrepresentupto80percento f

allfeedingcostsatacagefarm.Feedcosts

to produce a one kilo tilapia can range US

$1.10-1.30/kg of fish harvested. As such,

feedmanagementiscriticaltotheeconom-

icsofacageoperation.

Todeterminemaximumrationsizes,farm-

ersusuallyfollowsuggestedratesfromcom-

mercial feeding tables. However, rations are

adjusted on a daily basis depending on fish

appetite. In small-volume cages, rations arenever delivered in full amounts. Initially, fish

canbefedonlyhalfofthecalculatedration.

Theremainderisofferedifthefirstrationis

fully consumed within 30 minutes after dis-

tribution.After thisperiod, uneatenfeed can

beoversaturatedwithwater,andtheheavier

pelletsexittheconfinedfeedarea,leadingto

feedloss.

Cageoperationsequippedwithwalkways

allowmoredetailedinspectionsoffeedcon-

sumption. They facilitate feed handling and

storage,andpromotefeeddeliverytoasoften

as eighttimes a day during grow out com-

pared to three times when distributed from

feedboats.Walkwaysalsoallowthecollection

offishdebrisandmorefrequentcleanupof

feedingringsornetcurtains.

PerspectivesTilapiacagefarmingwillcontinuetogrow

quickly in the years to come in Brazil to

reduce the increasing domestic deficit of

fisheries products in the country. Tilapia

are mostly marketed fresh and degutted at

weights of 700 to 900g. Farm gate prices

rangeUS$2.00-2.80/kg.

TodayagreatproportionofBrazilstilapia

production is consumed in the countryside,

butthefisharealsonowfoundinlargesuper-

market chains, restaurants and fish markets

all over the country. As capture fisheriescontinue to decline in Brazil and more city

residentslearntoappreciatetilapia,increasing

demandwillfurtherdrivenewentrepreneurs

intotilapiaaquaculture.Inthisnewscenario,

medium-size cages and more mechanised

practiceswillemergetokeeppacewithlarge-

scale production and more-efficient opera-

tions.


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Tilapia genetic

strains and

hatchery

technologyby Eric Roderick

Tilapiaisadiversegroupofover100

species,butsurprisinglyonlyahandful

ofspeciesareculturedcommercially

andonlyonespecies,theNiletilapia,

Oreochromis niloticusaccountsfor95percentof

globalproduction.

Culture systemsrangefromsmall backyard

operationsproducingafewfishtosustainasmall

family, to huge agro-industrial units producing

over 20,000 metric tonnes annually. With the

rapidgrowth oftheglobaltilapiaindustryoverthe past 25 years, genetic improvement pro-

grammesenable a more profitableindustry to

benefitfromthe increasedpopularityof tilapia

asaglobalfoodcommodity.

From humble beginnings being farmed for

thePharaohsinAncientEgypt4,000yearsago,

the Aquatic chicken is now a very important

globally traded commodity with production

worldwideof3.23millionmetrictonnesin2011

andstillgrowing.

SupermalesMost commercial farms only grow male

tilapia,whichgrowmuchlargerandfasterthan

females. This was initially achieved through

manual hand-sexingofthefingerlings, anddis-

cardingthefemales,whichwaslabourintensive,

inconsistent, and wasteful. It was then found

that certain hybrids between different tilapia

species(O.niloticusandO.aureus)gaveveryhigh

percentmaleprogeny.Thedownsidewiththis

technique was that it required hatcheries to

holdtwoseparatestocksoftilapiaspecies,and

asthe purityof tilapiastocksdeteriorated,the

techniquebecameunviable.

Researchersthendiscoveredthattilapiafry,

whenfedmalesexhormonesforthefirstmonth

after hatching, were able to change sex, from

50-50maletofemaleratio,toratiosofalmost

100 percentmale fry. This isa highly variable

techniqueduetohormonepurityandoperator

experience.

One of the major challenges facing the

industryisthatuseofMethylTestosteronewill

bephasedout.Thisisovercomebythelatest

technologyto effectively provideall male fry -

theYYMaleTechnologydevelopedbyFishgen.

AftermanyyearsofresearchintheUKandin

the Philippines, Fishgen produced supermale

tilapiawhich hadtwoY chromosomesinsteadof the usual Y and X chromosome. Females

have two X chromosomes. These supermales

produceonlymalefryaddressingtheproblems

ofafuturebanonhormonalsexreversal.

Which strainDeciding on which commercial strain of

tilapia to use in a new tilapia project can be

daunting,andtherearemanycommercialstocks

availableglobally.Thefarmslocation canhave

a deciding influence as there are restrictions

on importation of some strains from somecountries, to minimise disease and biodiver-

sityissuesparticularlyinAfricawherethereare

manyuniqueendemicstrainsoftilapia,requiring

protectionfromcontaminationbythecareless

introductionofnewgeneticlines,whereescap-

eescouldinterbreedoroutcompetewiththe

pureendemicspecies.

The big fourThere are currently four main genetically

improved commercial lines that are globally

distributedandproventobefastgrowing.The

biggest genetic improvement programme wastheGIFTproject(GeneticallyImprovedFarmed

Tilapia) and the current stock was originally

producedfromeightstrainsof the NileTilapia

collectedfromAfricainthe1980s.

After extensive selective breeding pro-

grammescarriedoutinthePhilippinesbetween

1988and 1997by ICLARM(Now WorldFish

Center)incollaborationwithAKVAFORSK(The

InstituteofAquacultureResearchinNorway)a

new strain wasproduced anddistributedglo-

bally.WorldFishCenterhasmovedtoPenang,

Malaysia nowand thebreeding programme isstillcarriedonscientificallyandcommerciallyin

bothMalaysiaandthePhilippines.

The commercial rights to a recent GIFT

geneticlinewassoldtoGenomar(aNorweigian

Venture Capital Genetic Improvement com-

pany) a few years ago and is now marketed

globallyasGenomarSupremetilapia(GST)and

theprocessedfishasTRAPIA(traceabletilapia)

ensuringfullgenetictraceabilityoftheirproducts

to the food industry. Trapia is produced in

GenomarscagefarmsinlakesinMalaysiaand

mainlyexportedtotheUSA.

SincethesaleoftheGIFTlatestgeneticlines

to Genomar, the Philippines have carried on

with their own Genetic Improvements of the

GIFTlineandmarkettheGIFTExcellinenow.

Theselinesareallbasedontheoriginalgenetic

stockscollectedinAfricainthe1980s.

Anotherwell-known stock isthe Chitrilada

strainwhichisfarmedextensivelyinThailand.It

originatedasagifttotheKingofThailandbythe

EmperorofJapanin1965,andwasmaintained

as a pure line in the Royal Jitralada Palace in

Bangkokformanyyearsbeforebeingdistributed

throughout Thailand by the Thai Department

of Fisheries in 1967. Since then it has been

improved by selective breeding programmes

andisnowwidelyfarmedinSouthandCentralAmerica, particularly Mexico and Brazil. This

stockalsooriginatedfromEgypt.

The only other tilapia genetic line com-

merciallyusedextensivelyaround the world is

theYYSupermalestrain,developedbyFishgen

intheUK.ThisstockisalsobasedontheNile

Tilapia from Egypt, but the main difference

betweenthislineandalltheothersavailable,is

thatnohormonesarerequiredtosexreverse

thefry forgrowout,as theYY supermale has

beenspecificallybredtosireonlymaleoffspring.

Hatchery systemsTilapia hatchery systems are diverse with

costofconstructionandproductionoftilapiafry

varyingenormously, from basic pondhatcheries

in tropical countries costing almost nothing, to

expensivehigh-techbio-secure indoorrecircula-

tion systems. The low-cost breeding systems

utilise simple earth broodstock ponds, with a

shallowareaaroundtheedgewherethefryonce

releasedfromthefemalesmouth,tendtocon-

gregateintightshoalsandarecollectedwithlarge

dipnetsorsmallseinenets,onadailybasis.Larger

hatcheriesuselinedpondsinpoly-tunnelswhichgivebettertemperaturecontrol,biosecurityand

predatorprotection.Thefryareincubatedbythe

femalewhich islessefficientthanremoving the

fertilisedeggsfromthefemalesmouthandusing

artificialincubatorstohatchthefry.

Manyoftheworldslargesttilapiahatcheries

arein Asia, where75 percent ofglobaltilapia

productiontakesplace.TheyutiliseHapa-based

productionsystems,wherethebroodstockare

bredinlonghapas(netpens)andtheeggsare

harvested from the femalesmouth every five

days.Thisisdonebyopeningthebuccalcavityofthefemaleandgentlyrinsingtheeggsoutof

themouthintoabucket.

Global perspectiveWith globa lti lapiaproductions till grow-

3


EXPERTTPIC


21/56

ing steadily, hatcheries are also

expanding to provide fry for the

grow-out farms and some of the

biggest hatcheries now have the

capability to produce one million

fryperday.

Atpresentthemaintilapiapro-

ducing countries are China, Egypt,

Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines,

Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and

Honduras.Therearelargehatcher-

ies in all these countries but the

biggestfarmsareverticallyintegrated

units which produce their own fry

to minimise biosecurity issues and

ensuresupplyoffry.

RegalSpringsisoneoftheworlds

largest tilapia businesses, producing

over70,000metrictonnesin2010in

several countriesaroundthe world.

ACIinCostaRicaisoneofthelarg-

estindividualfarms.Bothcompanies

exportalltheirproductionasfreshfillets to the USA. Biomar is just

completingitsbrandnewhightech

feedmillveryclosetotheACIfarm

to meet the growing demand for

tilapiafeedinCentralAmerica.

Future marketsWith the tilapia market firmly

establishedandgrowingintheUSA

and globally, future challenges for

tilapiaproducers willbe tofind newmarkets

and to overcome stiff competition from

Pangasius species (Basa and Tra) import-

ed from Vietnam. This is especially true in

Europeanmarketswhichisstillseenasanew

highvaluemarketfortilapiaproducersaround

the world. Spain imports 20 percent of the

EUtotalandPoland33percentbuttheseare

mainlyfrozentilapiafromChinawithdemand

fuelledbythelowpricesreflectingthecurrent

economicdownturnthroughouttheEU.

Rapidly expanding importers of tilapia

are Russia and the Middle East, but as

China becomes far wealthier, consuming

moreofitsowntilapiadomestically,price

increasesandpossibleshortagesoftilapia

as an export commodity are possible.

Manycountriesarerampingupproduction

to fill this perceiv ed new dema nd. Thes e

areVietnam,Bangladesh,Brazil,Egyptand

Malaysia, where government support is

helpingtodrivethisnewwaveofexpan-

sions.Themaingrowthareasareinvalueaddedproductsparticularlyintheproduc-

ingcountriessoincreasingprofitability,and

filling new and growing markets. Tilapias

futureisrosy.

More InforMatIon:

Eric Roderick, FishGen

Tel: +44 7973 135609


Website: www.fishgen.com


EXPERTTPIC

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22/56

Feed

formulation

and feeding

strategies

for tilapiaby Ingrid Lupatsch, Centre for SustainableAquaculture, Swansea University, UK

Tilapia arenow theworlds second

mostpopulargroupoffarmedfish

after carp. Worldwideproduction

exceeded2.5milliontonsin2007

accordingtoFAOanddemandcontinuesat

asteadypace.

Tilapia are farmed worldwide in inland

aquaculture in various kinds of facilities and

production strategies. The majority is still

grown extensively in polyculture but more

andmoreintensivemonoculturesystemsarebeing usedwhere the manufactured feedis

theonlysourceofenergyandprotein.

Tilapiaareoftencalledtheaquaticchick-

en.Theirsuccessis attributedtoa tolerance

to wide ranges of temperature and salinity,

resistancetodisease,theirabilitytoreproduce

in captivity, and their capacity to grow well

at highstockingdensities, which makethem

feasible for farming under various culture

systems.

Tilapiaasherbivoresareperceivedtobe

moresustainableandwhilstfeedingonalowtrophic level, are able to convert low cost

feedintohighqualityprotein.Thereiscontin-

uedcriticismthatcarnivorousfisharethought

torequirehighlevelsofproteinin theirfeeds

(that are mostly supplied by fishmeal) while

most herbivores such as tilapia are fed

feedscontainingonly25to30percent

protein.Thisgivestheimpressionthat

herbivoresaremoreefficientconvert-

ersofproteinintogrowth.

However, expressing protein

requirement based solely on dietary

inclusion levels is incomplete if feed

intakeisnotconsidered.Proteinintake

istheproductoftheproteincontentof

the feed and the total amount of feed

consumed. As such the protein demand

perkilooffishproducedwillgiveaclearer

pictureoftheoverallefficiencyofthespecies

inquestion.

Generallyspeaking, in order to formulate

feeds for fish two main issues have to be

addressed:a)whataretherequirementsand

b) how can we cost-effectively meet those

requirements.

First,tilapia-likeallanimals-needenergy

andprotein.This seems trivial, butthe chal-

lengeistodeterminehowmuchenergyandproteinhastobesuppliedtoguaranteeopti-

malgrowthandmostefficientfeedutilisation.

Second, what are the sources of energy

and protein? Various potential feed ingredi-

entshavetobeevaluatedfortheirnutritional

value, chemical composition and their avail-

abilitytothefish.

Calculating requirementsNutrient requirements are general ly

definedforanimalsofa givenageandfora

specificphysiologicalfunction,suchasmainte-nance,growthorreproduction.Infishfarming

growth is one of the major goals. Growth

means depositionof newbodycomponents,

whichinfishconsistmainlyofproteinandlipid

besideswater.

The feed has to supply the material for

buildingnewtissue,butalsotheenergyneed-

edtodepositthenewgrowth.Inadditionto

these, energy and protein for maintenance

have tobe suppliedas well.Therefore,this

basiccalculationdictatesthattheenergyand

proteinrequirementofagrowingfishisthe

sumofitsneedsformaintenanceplusgrowth.The energy and protein requirement for

maintenance at a constant temperature is

primarily dependent onbodysize. Itis pro-

portionaltothemetabolicbodyweightinthe

formoftheequation,axBW(kg) b,whereais

aconstant,characteristicofacertainfishspe-

ciesatasettemperatureandbistheexpo-

nent of the metabolic weight which in fish

hasbeendeterminedasb=0.80(Lupatsch

etal.2003).

Therequirementforgrowthisdependent

onthe amount and the compositionof theweight gainincluding themetabolic coststo

depositnewgrowth.

Daily energy requirements per fish in

units of digestible energy can therefore be

expressedas:

Digestible energy needs (kJ) = a body weight

(kg)0.80 + c energy gain (kJ)

Where c = cost of production in units of dietary

energy to deposit energy as growth.

Thesameapproachisusedforthequan-

tification of protein, except for the use ofa different exponent of b = 0.70 for body

weightas determinedfor severalfishspecies

(Lupatsch et al. 2003, Lupatsch and Kissil,

2005).

Digestible protein needs (g) = a body weight

(kg)0.70 + c protein gain (g)

Where c = cost of production in units of dietary

protein to deposit protein as growth.

Using this approach energy and pro-

tein requirements are quantified as abso-

lute requirements per fish body mass andanticipated daily weight gain and only then

expressedasaninclusionlevelinthefeed.

The necessary parameters to obtain are

thusthefollowing:

Growth data and feed intakeAprerequisiteforestimatingfeedrequire-

ments of tilapia is to define its maximal

potentialforgrowth.Thismodellingrequires

growthdatafromtrials,wherefeedsupplyin

terms of energy and nutrients is not limiting

andoptimalgrowingconditionsaremet.Itisthoughnecessaryto definethese parameters

for different stocks or strains as different

selection programs result in faster growing

strainsofallmaleOreochromis niloticussuchas

forexampletheGIFTstrain.

4


EXPERTTPIC

Figure 1: Energy requirements of

tilapia for maintenance and growth

(at 27C)

Figure 2: Protein requirements of

tilapia for maintenance and growth

(at 27C)


23/56

Thefollowing equationsare all based on

trialscarriedoutinIsrael usingmalehybridof

O. niloticusxO. aureusatawatertemperature

of27C.

The equation defining the relationship

between daily weight gain and f ish size

appearsbelow:

Weight gain (g / fish / day) = 0.12 Body

weight (g) 0.547

Another prerequisite is an assessment

of the maximum voluntary feed intake, the

amountorbulkthatthefishisphysicallyable

toconsume,thisisneededtoadjusttheener-

gydensityand nutrientdensityofa potential

feed. The following relationship between

voluntaryfeedintakeandfishsizewasfound:

Feed intake (g / fish / day) = 0.15 Body

weight (g) 0.600

Composition of weight gain

Asa largeproportionof the energy andprotein consumedby the fish isretained as

growth,thecompositionofthegainisamain

factordeterminingthesubsequentenergyand

proteinrequirement.Whenmeasuringwhole

body composition of fish at increasing sizes,

each gram weight

gain is assumed to

equalthebodycom-

positionatacertain

size.

There is an

increase in energy

content with fish

size, whereas the

protein content

remains quite con-

stant at 160 mg/g

fish

Energy (kJ / g fish

) = 5.53 BW (g)0.055

Protein (mg / g fish

= 160.2)

Thefactthatpro-

tein content remains

quitestableandener-

gycontent is increas-

ingwithincreasingfishsizeistypicalformost

fish (Lupatsch 2009).

However, compared

to species such as

salmonorgiltheadsea

table 1: Protein and energy requirements of tiapia grown at 27C

Body weight, per fish 25g 150g 300g

Weight gain1, g / day 0.70 1.86 2.72

nergy requirement

Dmaint2, kJ /fish /day 2.90 12.17 21.18

Dgrowth3, kJ/fish /day 7.42 21.81 33.11

Dm+g4, kJ /fish /day 10.32 33.98 54.29

Protein requirement

DPmaint5, g /fish /day 0.048 0.170 0.276

DPgrowth6, g/fish /day 0.238 0.634 0.926

DPm+g7, g /fish /day 0.286 0.803 1.202

DP/D ratio g/MJ8 27.7 23.6 22.1

1Predicted weight gain for tilapia at 27C

2DE required for maintenance: 55.5 x BW (kg) 0.80

3DE required for growth: (weight gain x body energy) x 1.61 (costof production)

4DE required for maintenance and growth

5DP required for maintenance: 0.64g x BW (kg) 0.70

6DP required for growth: (weight gain x body protein) x 2.13 (costof production)

7DP required for maintenance and growth

8Dietary DP/DE ratio for optimal protein utilisation


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24/56

bream, tilapia can be catego-

risedasaleanfish,afactwhich

intheendwillaffectthedietary

proteintoenergyratio.

Maintenancerequirementsand efficiency

To determine the main-

tenance requirement as well

as the relationship between

weight gain and feed intake,

groups of tilapia are fed

increasinglevelsoffeedswitha

knowndigestibleenergy(DE)anddigestiblepro-

tein(DP)content.Feedinglevelsincludedazero

group(nofeed)uptomaximumvoluntaryintake

atapointwhenthefishrefusedtoeatmore.

Figure1demonstratesthattherelationship

betweendailyDEconsumed(x)andenergy

retained(y)islinearandcanbedescribedby

thefollowingequation:

y = - 34.4 + 0.62 x

TheDE(kJ)requirementformaintenance(no

energygainorloss)canbefoundwherethey-axis

is zero. According to the equation above, the

maintenancerequirementperdaywouldamount

to34.4/0.62=DEmaint=55.5kJ(kg)0.80.

TheslopeofthelineinFig.1isameasure

for the efficiency of energy utilization for

growth. For tilapia this amounts to 0.62, or

in other words, 62 percent efficiency. The

reciprocal value1/0.62 = 1.61 isa measureforthecostofproductioninunitsofDE(kJ)

todepositoneunitofenergy(kJ)asgrowth.

Requirementforproteincanbeobtainedina

similarmanner(Fig2).Therelationshipbetween

proteinintake(x)and proteingain(y) referring

toametabolicbodyweightofkg0.70isasfollows:

y = - 0.30 + 0.47x

MaintenancerequirementDPmaint(g)=0.64

BW(kg)0.70andadditionally2.13unitsofDP

(g) are needed to

deposit one unitof protein (g) as

growth.

Practicalapplication

Hence, with

the parameters

obtained energy

and protein

requirements

for tilapia can be

cal cul ated a ndadaptedtochang-

ing conditions for

the duration of

a growth period

(Table1).

Ingredient evaluationand feed formulation

Asmentionedbefore,oncetherequirements

areknown,variouspotentialfeedingredientshave

tobeevaluatedfortheirnutritionalvalue,chemical

compositionandtheiravailabilitytothefish.Table

2 provides nutrientcompositionincludingdigest-

ibilitydataofseveralingredientsthatarecommonly

usedinaqua-feeds(Sklanetal.2004).

Table 3 describes two potential feeds

thatcouldbeformulatedfromcommercia lly

available ingredients. The feedsdescribe a

30 percent protein feed, commonly used

intilapiafarminganda40percentprotein

feed.

The full amount of protein consumed by

tilapia isa function ofthequantityof feed and

the protein content of that feed. As the daily

requirementsforproteindonotchange,thefeed

amountfedhastobehigherwhenofferingthe

lowproteinfeed(Table4),whichwillresultinan

increasedFCR.Inthiscaseonehastoconsider

thecostofgrowingonekgoffishandnotjustthecostper1kgoffeed.

The results presented here indicate, that

herbivores such as tilapia do not utilise pro-

tein more efficiently than other fish species

(Lupatsch, 2009), but their advantage might

be,thattheycouldbefedlowerproteindiets

astheyareabletoconsumehigheramounts

offeedcomparedtocarnivores.Thisfacthas

beenhighlighted by Lupatsch andKissil, 2005

whilstcomparingwhitegroupertogiltheadsea-

bream.However,itisimportanttorecognize

thateventilapiamightreachtheirphysicallimitstoconsumeallthefeedtoacquiretheprotein

neededformaximumgrowthespeciallyatthe

juvenilestages(Table4).

Usingthisapproachtoquantifyingenergy

andproteindemandsin tilapia, it is possible

toestimatethebiologicalandeconomicaleffi-

ciencyofdifferentfeedsandculturesystems.

References

Lupatsch,I.,Kissil,G.Wm.andSklan,D.(2003).

Definingenergyandproteinrequirementsof

giltheadseabream(Sparusaurata)tooptimize

feedsandfeedingregimes.TheIsraeliJournalof

Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,55(4),243-257.

Sklan,D.,Prag,T.andLupatsch,I.(2004).Apparent

digestibilitycoefficientsoffeedingredientsand

theirpredictionindietsfortilapiaOreochromis

niloticusOreochromis aureus(Teleostei,Cichlidae).

AquacultureResearch,35,358-364

Lupatsch,I.andKissil,G.Wm.(2005).Feed

formulationsbasedonenergyandprotein

demandsinwhitegrouper(Epinephelusaeneus).

Aquaculture,248,83-95.

Lupatsch,I.(2009)Quantifyingnutritional

requirementsinaquaculturethefactorial

approach.In:Newtechnologiesinaquaculture:

improvingproductionefficiency,qualityand

environmentalmanagement.BurnellG.andAllan

G.(Eds).WoodheadPublishing,Cambridge,p

417-439.

table 3: Proposed feed formuations for two setsof commercia feeds ow protein and high protein(for ease of presentation vitamins, mineras and othersuppements are considered under others).

Feedlow

proteinHigh

protein

Ingredients (g kg-1)Fish mea 100 200

Corn-guten 100 160

Soybean mea 120 160

apeseed mea 120 130

Sunfower mea 120 130

Wheat mea 180 70

Corn mea 140 70

Pant oi - 50

thers 120 30

stimated composition ( per kg as fed)

Dry matter (DM), g 920 920

Crude protein, g 298 405

Gross energy, MJ 16.9 19.7

Crude ipid, g 29 87

sh, g 72 77

Carbohydrates, g 521 351

Digestibe energy (D), MJ 11.9 15.3

Digestibe protein (DP), g 263 363

DP / D ratio, g / MJ 22.1 23.7

table 4: Proposed feeding tabe for tiapia and expected FC whi

international aquafeed - july | august 2012 - full magazine

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