january | february 09 - international aquafeed

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Member of the World Aquaculture Society, European Aquaculture Society, American Feed Industry Association and the International Aquafeed Association

Volume 12 I s sue 1 2 009

Are you ready for theaquafeed of the future?

Maximisingplant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

Mediterranean Practical methods of improving health & performance

status in Mediterranean aquaculture species

EuroTierShow Review

aquaI n t E r n A t I o n A l

feedAn internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS

PerendalePublishers Ltd

International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the pub-lishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2008 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

EDITOR’S DESK 2

Aqua NewsVictam events grow - and move 3Model LPP 6.5 laboratory grinder 4Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia accredited ISO 9001:2000 4Single-cell protein is a by product of lysine fermentation 5Fischtechnik International Engineering to use geothermal energy for Swiss aquaculture system 6AKVA group launches new website 6Probiotic research rewarded in New Caledonia 7‘Friend of the Sea’ becomes main aquaculture industry standard for sustainability in 2008 8New larger drumfilters are being produced at Hydrotech in Sweden 8Aquaculture sustainability - An international symposium in Edinburgh 9

Show ReviewEuroTier Show Review 10

Mediterranean Practical methods of improving health & performance status in 14 Mediterranean aquaculture species

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 20

Proteins & oilsMaximising plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets 22

Aquafeed FutureAre you ready for the aquafeed of the future 26

MixersHorizontal twin-shaft paddle mixers – the ultimate in mixing technology 32

Show ReviewVIV China 2008: the future is bright 36

AQUA EVENTS 38

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS 40

Volume 12 / Issue 1 / January-February 09 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2009 / All rights reserved

EDITOR’S DESK W

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CROESO (Welcome in Welsh)

W elcome to the first edition of International Aquafeed for 2009 and a happy new year to all our readers. This year will hopefully mark some improvement from the financial uncertainties of 2008 with growth of the industry in certain sectors despite the prospect of some fiscal constraints in the global market.

As the new editor I am pleased to review some of the articles presented by leading international experts from a variety of fields.

We have up-beat information on the potential of the Mediterranean sector as part of our regional focus with work on nutrition developments for seabream and seabass with trials on novel dietary supplements based on mannan oligosaccharide products. Dr Elizabeth Sweetman explains the benefits of a commercial source of mannan oligosaccharide MOS in relation to fish health and overall performance which are no doubt transferable to other species of fish and have potential for shrimp and prawn species too.

Research will always be directed towards alternative raw materials to reduce our need for marine protein and oil ingredients for those fish with elevated protein and energy demands such as high value species like salmon. The NIFES institute together with other partners in Norway including the Aquaculture Protein Centre (APC) continue to explore these possibilities and we have a report on the latest developments concerning the feasibility of selected plant by-products and their effects in formulated diets for fish.

Dr Bente Torstensen reviews this active area from the perspective of assessing plant proteins and oils in salmonid feeds in relation to their productivity compared to fishmeal and fish oil. The article deals with the nutritional and feed efficiency savings that can be made accordingly.

In another report, Dr Peter Coutteau offers his insight into the potential of various additives with a particular emphasis on the function of natural emulsifiers as a digestive aid in diets of fish and shrimp. He also addresses the importance of attractants and palatability enhancers with relevance to good feed management in an aquaculture system and their potential to reduce the consequent environmental impact. This latter area will become the focus of future articles in IAF.

On a practical level, the importance of effective milling and grinding of raw materials prior to blending in order to achieve the correct mixing and flow of material is discussed with respect to the specific physical properties and characteristics necessary for aquafeeds of varying types to be effectively produced. This is a critical area and requires specialised comment from the expertise within our feature.

Educational training The international dimension of this industry is still difficult to contemplate as I explain to my

students in Plymouth. The educational training at all levels from the vocational, academic, com-mercial and managerial is a continuum and integrative in its complexity.

We must all therefore acknowledge the tremendous contribution made by the feed industry through its support of research and technical training and the role of universities throughout the world. It is vital that we work together, share our views by disseminating this experience to advance the science of aquatic animal nutrition and its applications for aquaculture production.

I trust that this magazine will serve as a strong forum for this purpose and I look forward to receiving along with my editorial staff a wide spectrum of articles, features and reports from all sectors and especially young scientists, researchers at the centre of activities.

I wish to especially thank my Editorial team for their hard work and support and look forward to working with them closely during my editorship.

Good newsFinally, I have some good news of my own. After 23 years in Plymouth, my institution has

awarded me the Chair of Aquaculture Nutrition. As Professor Davies, I acknowledge all my col-leagues and friends who have supported my research and teaching over this period and in particular my former and current PhD students who have all done me proud.

Simon J Davies

January-February 092 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09 January-February 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3

EditorDr Simon DaviesTel: +44 1242 267706Email: [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Panel:• Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)• Aliro Borquez (Chile)• Chen Shuping (China)• Citas Pascual (Philippines)• Colin Mair (UK)• Daniel Montero (Spain)• Dom Bureau (Canada)• Eric De Muylder (Belgium)• Miguel A. Olvera (Mexico)• Mike Cremer (USA)• Ola Flesland (Norway)• Mohammad R. Hasan (Italy)• Ming DanChen (Thailand)

International Marketing Manager

Caroline WearnTel: +44 1242 267706Email: [email protected]

Subscription & Circulation Manager

Tuti TanTel: +44 1242 267706 Email: [email protected]

Production Manager

Nicky BarnesTel: +44 1242 267706 Email: [email protected]

Design & Page Layout

James TaylorTel: +44 1242 267706 Email: [email protected]

At a recent press confer-ence the President of the Victam Foundation, André

Oosterveld and Victam’s General Manager, Henk van de Bunt, announced new plans for future Victam-run events.

They said that Victam Asia 2010 and Feed Ingredients & Additives Asia Pacific (FIAAP Asia) 2010 will once again be organised at the magnificent Queen Sirikit National Convention Center in downtown Bangkok, Thailand.

The trade show and confer-ences will be held from March 3-5, 2010. These expanded shows will occupy the Plenary Halls and foyer as well as additional areas.

However, it is not just the exhi-bition area that will be expanded, but also the profile of the exhibi-tion and its conferences. New for 2010 will be a greater emphasis on Biomass and Bio-Energy.

Victam will also be introducing a new show: GRAPAS Asia 2010.

This show will be an affiliated event to Victam for the suppliers of equip-ment, technology and ingredients for Flour Milling, Grain & Rice Processing and Pasta & Noodle Production. With the added importance of grain-derived Bio-Energy and the increasing consumption of Western-style baked products, this impor-tant market needs an exhibition and conferences of its own.

Each trade show will be sup-ported by one or more technical conferences and workshops. The interim conference programme is as follows:

1: Petfood Forum Asia 2010 – Organiser : Petfood Industry magazine, Watt Publishing

2: Aquafeed Horizons 2010 – Organiser : Aquafeed.com

3: Animal Feed Conference – Organiser : Thai Department of Livestock

4: Biomass – Organiser : To be announced

5: The FIAAP 2010 Conference – Organiser : FeedLink.com

6: T h e G R A PA S 2 0 1 0 Conference – Organiser : To be announced

New in EuropeHenk van de Bunt discussed

the plans for the next show in Europe.

He explained that the last Victam International event, held in May 2007 in Jaarbeurs Exhibition Halls in Utrecht, The Netherlands, was most successful with an increase of visitors from throughout Eastern Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa; with visitors caming from 110 countries.

Mr van de Bunt went on to announce that the next Victam International trade show in Europe will be held from the May 3-5, 2011 at the Koeln Messe in Köln , Germany.

The new Victam event that will open in modern, user friendly halls will be very different from previous shows in Utrecht without losing any of the funda-mentals that Victam has always been renowned for.

The event will be transformed into: “A partnership with synergy, your key to success” as it will incoude Victam International 2011, FIAAP International 2011 and GRAPAS Internat ional 2011.

These exhibitions and confer-ences form “A partnership with synergy” and each event subject has a relationship with the other events, therefore offering the opportunity for companies to exhibit within the multi-related shows and for the visitors to visit all of them with one free visitor ticket.

So what will you see at Victam?

“You will see what you have always expected to see at the show - the very latest technology and equipment from all over the world that is utilised in the manu-facture and production of animal feeds, dry petfood and aquafeed,” said Mr van de Bunt.

“Also within the halls there will the largest selection of the world’s elite suppliers of tech-nology that is used in the produc-tion, distribution and storage of biomass pellets.”

He says, this will be a major and

impor tant element within the process of recycling natural waste that can be used as an alternative energy source within municipal, commercial and industrial power generation, as well as within the home. Germany and its neighbours have a large biomass industry.

The highly successful exhibi-tion FIAAP and its series of con-ferences was introduced to the market alongside Victam Asia 2008. It will now be held in Köln in 2011.This offers exhibitors an event devoted solely to the ingredients and additives that are used within the manufacture of feeds for animals, fish, shrimp and pets.

Visitors and conference del-egates – including nutritionists, feed formulators, veterinarians etc, from compounders, co-oper-atives, integrators, large farms and hatcheries - will know that by attending this event they will find the only trade show and series of conferences specifically organised for them.

In Cologne, visitors to FIAAP will also be able to visit Victam exhibitors and learn how tech-nological developments in feed processing will impact upon their own function in the design and formulation of safe and compet-itively priced feeds.

The synergy continues GRAPAS, a newly intro-

duced exhibition and confer-ence for the Flour Milling, Grain & Rice Processing and Pasta & Noodle Production Industries, will become the international showcase for equipment and additives used in flour milling, the processing, handling, storage and distribution of grain and rice, as well as, the specialist technology used for the production of pasta and noodles.

The following technical confer-ences and workshops will be held alongside the trade shows:

1: A q u a f e e d H o r i z o n s Workshop

2: Petfood Forum Europe3: The FIAAP Conference4: The GRAPAS Conference

5: B i o m a s s Te c h n o l o g y Conference

Benefits from the moveWhen asked how its exhibi-

tors and visitors will benefit from moving the exhibitions and con-ferences to Köln , Mr van de Bunt listed the following:

• Excellent new exhibition halls, conference rooms and refreshment facilities

• The exhibition centre is served by a comprehensive railway system which also links with the international rail services

• Excellent national and inter-national airline services to and from Köln , Dusseldorf &and Frankfurt

• Large and var ied hotel accommodation

• Easy road access from anywhere in Europe

• Easy access to and from Eastern Europe

• Köln is a beautiful city that offers wonderful historical sites as well as catering for all the requirements of the 21st century business trav-eller

• Large important home feed market

• Large home flour milling industry

• Large home and neigh-bouring biomass markets

Mr van de Bunt concluded by announcing an ‘industry day’ titled “A partnership with synergy, your key to success.”

“This presentation will be held at the Koeln Messe during May 2010 and we will invite our exhibitors and our visitors to attend.

“They will be presented with the exciting changes that Victam is introducing, as well as, information on consumer trends and other market conditions and tech-nology that impact on the indus-tries Victam, FIAAP and GRAPAS serve,” he added.

More inforMation:Website: www.victam.comWebsite: www.fiaap.comWebsite: www.grapas.eu

Victam events grow - and move

2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09 January-February 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3

Aqua News

Mo d e r n P r o c e s s Equipment of Chicago, USA , t he wo r l d ’s

leading manufacturer of precision par t ic le reduct ion equipment, intro-

duces the LPP 6.5 Laboratory/Pilot Gran-U-Lizer™.

Like all MPE roller-style Gran-U-Lizers, the LPP grinds material

to a narrow particle size distr ibution, with few unwanted ‘fines’, while minimising impact and heat generation during

the process. Better yet, the LPP’s size makes it suitable for achieving results at the roller grinder standard in the laboratory and at a pilot

plant scale. Capability-wise, the LPP

has independent control over the three important variables that affect ground product quality:1) Rol l Gap: The gap

between the gr ind ing rolls can be adjusted by the operator to 0.0005" accuracy with a gap adjust-ment handle located on the side of the unit

2) Roll Shear Ratio: The LPP

includes independent drive control for each roll, allowing independent adjustment of the roll speeds and the corre-sponding shear ratio between roll surfaces

3) Roll Corrugations: To obtain the best possible yield, the roll corrugation sizes and shapes are specifically tailored for the application. The LPP allows for simple, hand - ‘no tools’ - replace-ment of the roll bodies, thereby allowing for varying roll surface corrugation sizes and shapes

In general , the LPP is per-fect ly suited for laborator y settings, where a wide range of products are tested, or for testing a single product under a var iety of conditions. It is designed and bui lt to GMP standards, with easy clean-out and all product contact par ts are removable for cleaning or autoclaving.

About MPEModern Process Equipment

Corporaion (MPE) is the world’s leading manufacturer of preci-sion par ticle reduction equip-ment. MPE has been supplying its customers with superior particle size reduction solutions for over 40 years, earning the reputation as the place to go to improve product yields and reduce the generation of unwanted fines.

MPE aspires to design and man-ufacture the most modern, inno-vative and highest quality equip-ment with the most respon-sive, practical and timely service possible.

More inforMation

Modern Process Equipment Inc3125 South Kolin AvenueChicagoIL 60623USATel: +1 773 254 3929Web: www.mpechicago.com

Model LPP 6.5 laboratory grinder

The Singapore-based spe-c ia l i ty feed addi t ives manufacturer, Bento l i

AgriNutrition Asia Pte Ltd, has been accredited ISO 9001:2000 for Research, Development and Manufacturing of Feed Additives per the standards laid by United Kingdom Accreditation Services (UKAS).

This was conferred by the

Cer t i f i ca t ion In ter nat iona l Singapore Pte Ltd after the final audit of Quality Management Systems of Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia Pte Ltd in late October, stated the Executive Vice President, Dr Kasula Rajasekhar while making the official announcement.

“We are proud, as a team, at this landmark achievement, which is a result of our concer ted,

focused and committed efforts,” he added.

“This is a part of our aggres-sive plans to be one of the leading global speciality feed manufac-turers and I hear tily congratu-late the Bentoli Asia team for the scheduled achievement of the same. This accreditation is a timely and distinctive recognition to our rapidly emerging operations in the

eastern hemisphere,” said the President, John C Robinson.

“It gives me immense pleasure and pride on this historical milestone of Bentoli Asia. This is yet another step demon-strating our commitment and focus to be the first choice strategic nutritional solution provider to our Customers through our ‘progressive nutri-tional concepts’,” remarked the chairman & CEO, William A Robinson on the occasion.

More inforMation

Philip Blair Ong MagdaherinBentoli AgriNutrition Asia Pte Ltd2 Woodlands Sector 1, #05-03, Singapore 738068Tel: +65 64812306Fax: +65 64812324Email: [email protected]: www.bentoli.com

Bentoli AgriNutrition Asia accredited ISO 9001:2000

Get every issue of International Aquafeed

magazine direct to your door & receive a free copy of the

International Aquafeed Directory each year.

Visit:www.aquafeed.co.uk

for more information

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 09

Aqua News

January-February 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5

Protein sources used in aquaculture are typically derived from plant and

animal sources. Fishmeal, while in ample supply

today, will not remain so. Market and social pressures are making the use of fishmeal increasingly less desirable and the need to find suitable substitutes is becoming an ever increasing priority.

Alternative sources A variety of alternative sources

are being explored among which is the use of microbial-derived single-cell protein (SCP) sources. Production of the microbial biomass solely for this purpose would not usually be economi-cally feasible given the technology required, so the use of waste products from other commer-cially viable processes has to be considered.

This protein source is inex-pensive , contains nucleotides

that are essential for optimal lymphocyte funct ion and is a lso immunogenic , result ing in nonspecific immune activa-tion, enhancing this compo-nent of the immune system in animals that are fed the material.

Nucleoboost Nucleoboost is a single cell

protein derived from microbial sources that contains more than

70 percent p r o t e i n , n u c l e -otides (8%) a n d L P S ( l i p o p o l y -sacchar ide) and is a by p r o d u c t o f t h e l y s i ne fe r-m e n t a t i o n industry.

T h e b a c t e r i a t h a t a r e u s e d t o produce lysine are har vested and all of their genetic material i s des t royed by be ing broken in to ind i v idua l components (nucleotides) by the use of enzymes.

This is done to ensure that there are no complete genes w i th in the f ina l p roduc t and o f fe r s a

m e a s u r e o f c o m f o r t t o companies that are concerned a b o u t u s i n g microbial cells as a component of a feed ration.

The se d r i ed ce l l s are then c o a t e d w i t h soybean oi l to ensure that they do not readi ly form a dust. This ensures that the

highly immunogenic LPS does not pose a health hazard to those few indi-viduals that might be sen-sitised to it. A representa-tive analysis of the cells is in table 1.

Aquarium, small scale trials

Aquar ium, sma l l sca le trials in which post lar val shr imp were fed a diet

containing this material at an inclusion rate of one percent, demons t r a t ed t h a t t he re

were no negat ive ef fects on growth or on pa latab i l i ty. The product is cur-rently recognized as GRAS in the USA and is being used in suckling pigs.

More inforMation

Stephen NewmanPresidentAqua-In-Tech Inc162nd Place SW, LynnwoodWA 98037USA

Tel: +1 425 7875218Email: [email protected] Web: www.aqua-in-tech.com

Single-cell protein is a by product of lysine fermentation

Table 1: representative analysis of cells

%

Crude Protein 77 - 88 (dry weight)

Crude Fat 6.7

Ash 2.1

Moisture 5

Additional information is available on request.


Aqua News

www.aqualliance.de

Innovation forum AQUALLIANCE –New aspects of sustainable aquacultureFebrary 4 – 5, 2009, Stralsund, Germany

From June 2009, the Swiss will be able to look forward to

European perch from a new domestic production source.

F i s c h t e c h n i k International Engineering GmbH (FTIE) is currently building a recirculating aquaculture system in Raron in the Swiss canton of Valais.

In future, 300 tonnes a

year of this popular fish, known in Switzerland as Egli, will be produced and processed at the site. But what makes the project particularly interesting is that warm water from the new Lötschberg Tunnel will be used for the fish farm.

The water flows out of the tunnel at a constant 18°C – an ideal growth temper-ature for the fish.

Some 12,000 tonnes of European perch are eaten in Switzerland every year and, since traditional lake fisheries cannot deliver such quantit ies, large amounts are impor ted from Eastern Europe.

The European perch is reckoned to have good

prospects as an aquacul-ture species, however. In particular, the low target weight when sold – fish of 150-200g are preferred – makes the species inter-esting for growers, as the fish grow relatively rapidly at this stage.

The main reason that European perch is a species new to aquacul-ture, and one that has not yet been farmed on such a large scale as salmon, trout or carp, is its sensi-tivity when reared in com-mercial fisheries.

“The water from the Lötschberg Tunnel will provide the fish in our recirculating aquaculture system at Raron with an ideal temperature for growth,” explains FTIE managing director and aquaculture exper t, Dr Gerd-Uwe Meylahn.

“The water wil l be mechanically and biologi-cally purified and treated using the latest tech-nology to provide the fish with an excellent environ-ment and growth con-ditions. And only ultravi-olet light and ozone will be used to disinfect the water in order to prevent disease.”

Indeed, careful hus-banding of resources has been central to the planning process. Solar panels for power generation will be installed on the roof of the fishery building.

Heat will be recycled using modern thermal

heat pumps. And thanks to the components of the system, many of them patented, it will be possible to keep emis-s ions to a minimum while purifying and disin-fecting the effluent from the fish farm in the unit’s own wastewater plant. The resulting sludge is in demand from farmers for use as fer tiliser or can be mixed with fish processing waste and fully composted in a local composting plant.

As yet there are no Egli growing in the aquacul-ture system in Raron, but the production facility

and the wastewater plant are nearing com-pletion.

Installation of the aqua-culture system compo-nents is due to begin in January 2009. If everything goes to plan, Gerd-Uwe Meylahn expects to see the first European perch harvested from Raron in January 2010.

More inforMation:Jo DawesLaurich & Kollegen Communication ConsultantsTel: +49 40 752577 995Fax: +49 40 752577 999Email: [email protected]: www.laurich-kollegen.de

Fischtechnik International Engineering to use geothermal energy for Swiss

aquaculture system

Fischtechnik International Engineering GmbH

Fischtechnik International Engineering GmbH specialises in systems for intensive, low environ-mental impact fish farming. Chief focus is recircu-lation aquaculture systems that use a minimum of water and electricity. Since the water is disin-fected using ultraviolet light and ozone, no chem-icals or antibiotics are required. Close links to research institutes, universities and specialised companies all over the world ensure state of the art systems of the highest technical and biotech-nical standard.

More inforMation:Website: www.ftie.de

AKVA group has launched a new and improved website, giving its cus-

tomer s an eas ier route to useful product specs as well as other impor tant company information.

The new features include expanded content, a new look

and feel, as well as improved site navigation.

“Our online visitors will now expe-rience a more complete and seamless view of AKVA group online,” says Trond Severinsen, chief marketing officer at AKVA group.

“The redesign of the website is not just a facelift! We have analysed

the usability of the site, and the result is an intuitive and consistent web experience. It is now much easier for visitors to find the infor-mation they are looking for, whether it be in English or any of the other languages supported through trans-lated product sheets.”

Further enhancements to the AKVA group website will be com-pleted in the next few weeks, so

please stay tuned. Welcome to our new website!

More inforMation

Trond SeverinsenAKVA group ASANordlysveien 4N-4349 BryneNorwayTel: +47 51 77 85 00Fax: +47 51 77 85 01Email: [email protected]

AKVA group launches new website

The planned recirculating

system in Raron (Switzerland) should

soon be producing 300 tonnes of

European perch a year


Aqua News


Mathieu Castex, a final year PhD student at the French Research

Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), in Nouméa, New-Caledonia, was awarded Young Researcher of the Year during New-Caledonia ‘Doctor iales 2008’.

The subject of his research project, conducted in par tner-ship with Lallemand Animal Nutrition, is the evaluation of probiotic Pediococcus acidilac-tici MA 18/5 M (Bactocell®) in Litopenaeus Stylirostris shrimp farming.

This award is the recognition of the quality of the research. It also marks the interest of the scientific community for natural approaches, such as probiotics, for shrimp farming, which plays a significant par t in the local economy.

The study is the result of a three-year s joint research program between IFREMER a n d L a l l e m a n d A n i m a l Nutr ition and conducted by Mathieu Castex in Nouméa, at the Dépar tement Aquacole de Calédonie . The project con f i rms the potent i a l o f Bactocell for shr imp farming, both a financial and sanitar y potential:

• Positive effects on growth performance

• Enhanced survival• Increased resistance against

vibriosisThe probiot ic modes of

action in shrimps were also scrutinised.

Microb io log ica l e f fects a t the shr imp’s gut leve l and effects on the digestive func-tions were shown. Moreover, t h e s t u d y h i g h l i g h t e d a positive interaction with the an ima l ’s own an t i -ox idan t defenses, an innovat ive and promising path for probiotic research.

The ‘Doctoriales’ is an annual event co-hosted by Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie and U n i ve r s i t é d e Po l y n é s i e Française . It is the oppor tu-nity for PhD students to share their research with a panel of recognised experts from various disciplines, as well as with the general public thanks to a signif-icant coverage of the event by the local media.

Every year, PhD students from New-Caledonia and French Polynesia are invited to present their research to a scientific, multi-disciplinary jury. A first or second year student is awarded the Encouragement Prize, while a final year student, selected for the quality of his results as well as his pre-sentation, receives the Young Researcher award.

Lallemand, Inc. is a pr i-vate ly-owned Canadian company specia l i sed in yeast, bacter ia and yeast der iva t i ves , for an ima l nutr i t ion, bak ing , wine-making and pharmaceu-tical industries. It is a major supplier of probiotics and silage inoculants in Europe, North America and Africa.

IFREMER is a public insti-tute of an industrial/com-mercial nature. It conducts and promotes basic and app l i ed re sea rch tha t enhance marine resources and enable their sustain-able exploitation through improved methods of mon-itor ing, forecasting, pro-tec t ing and enhanc ing marine and coastal environ-ments and encourages the economic development of maritime activities.

References:Castex, M., Chim, L., Pham, D.,

Lemaire, P., Wabete, N., Nicolas, J.L., Scmidely, P., Mariojouls, C.,

2008. Probiotic P.acidilactici appli-cation in shrimp Litopenaeus styli-rostris culture subject to vibriosis in New Caledonia, Aquaculture 275, 182-193

Chim, L. , Castex, M., Pham, D. , Lemaire , P. , Scmidely, P. , Mariojouls, M., 2008. Evaluation of floating cages as an experi-mental tool for marine shr imp cu l ture s tud ies under prac-tical earthen pond conditions . Aquaculture 279, 63-69

Castex, M., Lemaire, P., Wabete, N., Chim, L. Effect of dietary pro-biotic Pediococcus acidilactici on antioxidant defences and oxidative stress status in Litopenaeus styli-

rostris shrimp. Aquaculture (sub-mitted).

Chim, L., Castex , M., Wabete, N., Lemaire, P., Massabuau,, J.C., Study of the ration size effect and related growth ration curve with penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus styli-rostris. Aquaculture Nutrition (sub-mitted).

More inforMation

Bruno Rochet / Yannig Le Treut Lallemand Animal Nutrition19, rue des BriquetiersBP 59 31702 Blagnac Cedex, FranceTel: +33 562 745 555Email: [email protected]: www.lallemandanimalnutrition.com

Mathieu Castex is named ‘Young Researcher of the Year’ during New Caledonia’s ‘Doctoriales 2008’ ceremony for his work on probiotic applications in aquaculture

Probiotic research rewarded in New Caledonia


Aqua News

We have your per formance in mind

naturally supports…… Per formance … Health… Stress management

Chemoforma Ltd. CH-4302 Augst SwitzerlandTel +41 61 811 33 55 Fax +41 61 811 28 03

Are you sure I‘m not missing a key essential nutrient?

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VANNAGEN®

Th e b i g g e s t d r u m -filter is now Hydrotech HDF2010, which has

just a few more fi lterpanels than the former biggest filter, HDF2408.

“Our HDF2408 is very useful on large aquaculture installations,” says Dr Henrik Mortensen from Hydrotech, “but it is costly to ship on long distance, as it does not fit into containers.

“The new HDF 2010 is not only bigger, but it can also be shipped in a standard HC con-tainer and we expect our cus-

tomers will find it ver y con-ven ient , conc luded Henr ik Mor tensen.

The Hydrotech HDF2010 will have 22.6m2 filtration area, allowing capacities over 1000l/s. It still features

the patented Hydrotech cell based filterpanels and can be supplied to aquaculture in freshwater, saltwater and even tropical saltwater in a special alloy version.

More inforMation:Kurt CarlsenHydrotech ABMejselgatan 6, 235 32 Vellinge,SwedenTel. +46 40 42 95 30Fax +46 40 42 95 31Email: [email protected]: www.hydrotech.se

New larger drumfilters are being produced at Hydrotech in Sweden

More than 350 tonnes cer tified from 15 dif-ferent species. FOS is

also the only scheme for sustain-able fishmeal, oil and feed.

‘Friend of the Sea’ sustainability certification has become the most requested international aquac-ulture industry standard, with a total tonnes of certified origins three times the tonnes of organic aquaculture products.

While governments in USA, Europe and elsewhere are slowly developing minimum require-ments for organic/bio aquaculture certification, NGOs, consumers

and other pressure groups express their objection to a definition – the organic one - which seems to carry many potential incon-gruences, possibly more than the organic agriculture definition.

In this area of uncer tainty ‘Friend of the Sea’ has thrown in a clearer and more reassuring definition, surely more accept-able to consumers: sustainability. Sustainability of the aquaculture

plant and its potential impact on the environment.

Among t he ‘ F r i e nd o f the Sea’ requirements : an initial Environmental Impact

Assessment; continuous moni-toring of water parameters, pro-cedures to limit escapes and by-catches; no GMO; no antifouling paints; use of Friend of the Sea certified fish feed; water, energy, feed, waste and carbon footprint management.

The simple and consumer friendly ‘sustainability’ concept has proved as captivating to aquacul-ture companies, as the simple but effective Friend of the Sea seal of approval, which is applied to farmed as well as wild-caught products, making justice of both origins, which should be equally promoted when sustainable.

‘Fr iend of the Sea’ cer ti-fied aquaculture origins – over 350,000 tonnes - are more than triple the 100,000 tonnes of organic products estimated by FAO in 2008. Not only do they regard species normally not among those certified as organic, such as kingfish, mulloway, halibut, turbot and mussels, compa-nies assessed or with certified products operate in all conti-nents. Fore example, Clean Seas

in Australia; Pacific Seafood/Hue Fisheries in Vietnam; Rainbow and Ristic in Costa Rica and Germany; Framgord in the Shet land Islands UK; Leroy and Villa Cod

in Norway; Stolt Sea Farm and Frinsa in Spain; Agricola Sterpo and Agroittica Lombarda in Italy; Toralla in Chile, etc.

‘Friend of the Sea’ is also the only scheme assessing fish feed, fishmeal and fish oil for sustainability of their origin. The first range of sustainable fish feed has been certified, produced by the French market leader coop-erative Le Gouessant.

Several fish oil and fishmeal producers and origins have also obtain the ‘Friend of the Sea’ rec-ognition: Omega Proteins and the USA Menhaden fishery, Sovapec & Maromega and the sardines and mackerel fishery in Morocco, Austral and the Peruvian ancho-vies fishery, the main fishery in the world, catching almost 10 percent of the total yearly catch world-wide.

“Friend of the Sea is not com-peting with the bio/organic certifi-cation schemes,” affirms Dr Paolo Bray, director of ‘Friend of the Sea’, “We instead want to collab-orate toward our common aim. To promote and motivate lower impact practices.”

More inforMation:Paolo BrayDirector Friend of the Sea’Email: [email protected]

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Aqua News


The Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF), in association with the Royal

Society of Edinburgh and the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, will hold a joint International Symposium Scottish Aquaculture: A sustainable future from April 21-22, 2009 in Edinburgh.

This high-profile event is spe-cifically designed to provide del-egates with an understanding of key issues related to the sustaina-bility of aquaculture.

The Wiley-Blackwell group will publish the symposium proceedings in a special edition of Aquaculture Research. FishFarmer magazine is also supporting the event.

In addition to SARF, The Crown Estate, Seafish, Intervet Schering-Plough, EWOS, Skretting and Biomar have all agreed to sponsor the event.

The impressive line up of speakers has been carefully selected to provide delegates with a clear understanding of key issues, our current understanding and how this applies to aquac-ulture. This prestigious event is to be opened by the Scottish Minister for the Environment.

The opening plenary will be provided by the Mr Ernesto Penas-Lado, Head of the Maritime and Fisheries (CFP & Aquaculture) unit at the European Commission giving an overview of the status of aquaculture across the EU area in the context of sustainability.

Skretting’s Paul Morris will give an update on the complex and fast moving area of feed sustainability with some insights into consumer percep-tions of feed substitution.

As well as presentations from decision makers from Government and Regulators, internationally rec-ognised scientists and acknowl-edged industry experts will also be taking part.

The event is clearly shaping up to be an important opportunity for all those with an interest in aquaculture to learn and network. The programme of presentations is deliberately diverse.

Nicola McRobbie of SARF explained that, “Our symposium speakers have been briefed to

provide presentations that will address both specialist and non-specialists from a diverse range of backgrounds. Our aim is to raise the overall level of awareness of delegates to sustainability issues as they relate to aquaculture.

“We want delegates to be able gain as much as possible from the event, not only by attending pres-entations that relate to their own expertise but to dip into other

subject areas – which might well provide a broader understanding, different perspectives and some novel approaches.”

As we go to press, the Federation of Scottish Aquaculture Producers (FSAP) has announced its inten-tion to hold its annual meeting alongside the Symposium.

FSAP represents the diverse SME aquaculture sector in Scotland and will dovetail with the Symposium

programme by looking at some of the marketing and economic aspects of aquaculture sustainability.

More inforMation

Dr Mark James SARF secretariat PO Box 16Birnam, DunkeldPerthshire, PH8 0AY, ScotlandTel: +44 1350 727 484 Email: [email protected]: www.sarf.org.uk/symposium.htm

Aquaculture sustainability - An international symposium in Edinburgh21st and 22nd April 2009 in Edinburgh,


Aqua News

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Realizing we got it right the first time, today those same basic values are in place. We continually enhance those original sound product designs with advanced technologies that surpass market productivity and quality trends. You can trust Extru-Tech, Inc. to continue to provide solutions based upon our solid reliable foundation.

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Held at the exhibition grounds in Hanover, Germany from November 11-14, EuroTier is the world’s largest exhibition

for animal husbandry and management, with over 1700 exhibitors and 170,000 square metres of covered showground.

EuroTier’s saw a 15 percent increase in exhibitors in November 2008, and has there-fore had to expand its showground area by 25 percent, compared to previous years.

There was a steady stream of visitors throughout the four-day event, and never a shortfall of people to discuss industry-related matters with, especially as there was such a vast range of species and inter-connected services available.

There were around 300 specialist bio-energy exhibitors at the event. This bought to my attention how rapidly this industry is developing in both Europe and globally.

Among many other business sectors, aqua-culture was represented in force by many of the leading companies within this field, including plant and equipment and ingredient and feed.

Aquaculture is continuing to grow at

tremendous speed worldwide, creating huge demand for new products and services. As our waters become over-fished through increasing demand for seafoods, we have been forced to seek alternative and more sustainable methods of farming. Inland fish farming has been made possible thanks to the innovative technologies available on the mar-ket today, for example, recirculating systems, filtration systems amongst many others.

EuroTier has given us the latest scientific developments in aquaculture and it was a great opportunity for me, personally, to meet with many of the companies and organisations within this industry. It was great to meet familiar faces from past events and to meet regular contributors to International Aquafeed, such as Amandus Kahl, Chemoforma, Muench Edelstahl, Sonac to name but a few. Every company exhibit-ing had its own unique and individual way of making visitors to their stand feel welcome, whether it be a warm smile, an invitation to take a seat or offerings of snacks and beverages. There was certainly not much opportunity to go hungry.

On the first night of exhibition, exhibitors

were invited to an opening party, which gave everybody the opportunity to meet other business sectors as well as direct competitors. It was a relaxed event, with opening speeches, food and wine and gave individuals the chance to meet others in a less formal manor.

BIOMIN GmbH – Natural health in animal nutrition

IAF met with Florian Zehner, marketing coordinator from Biomin GmbH. Its head-quarters are in Austria and the company has offices in various locations around the world.

Their stand was an impressive size and was very easy to spot as their company logo towered above the rest. There were plenty of representatives to talk to, which meant you were never left waiting - ideal with so many other exhibitors to see. Every day they had offerings of traditional German sausages, and coffee and from 4pm each day during the event visitors were offered some of the finest Austrian wine.

Biomin is one of many leading com-panies in the field of animal nutrition and


Feature Title


Show Reviewby Caroline Wearn, International Aquafeed

aquafeed one of their most recent mar-ket developments; in fact over the past two years. Despite this being such a new area for Biomin, they have developed some truly innovative products. Biomin plans to make aquafeed a focal point for 2009, and will be increasing trials for both new and existing products.

Biomin’s vision is expressed in their slogan ‘We care for health in animal nutri-tion’, and their vision is now active in over 100 different countries worldwide. Biomin only use natural products, and believe this is the way forward as the ban of antibiotics in many European countries is unlikely to be reversed. The quality of their products is the key priority and they are proud to tell their customers that products labelled Biomin, only contain Biomin.

Biomin have put a huge amount of resources into researching and develop-ing nutritional products, and recently opened a new research centre in Bangkok, Thailand. This centre is dedi-

been report upon in our magazine previ-ously. The program has been designed to support the scientific education of today’s young talents who will become tomorrow’s animal health nutritionists. It is vital to support individuals studying animal nutrition to insure they have the knowledge and the know how to better products for animal health in the future, and this program offers excellent grounds to support this industry.

Biomin manufactures many products

cated exclusively to aquaculture, offering specific solutions to the industry.

“The demand for more sustainable solutions is continually increasing as aqua feed producers seek safer and more economical alternatives,” said Florian Zehner. Its research centre is recognised as state-of-the-art and internationally acknowledged and certified.

Biomin has also recently introduced the B.R.A.I.N. program (Biomin Research And Innovation Network); which has


EuroTier

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not be satisfied. Farming fish therefore represents one of the quickest growth opportunities for the food industry. This challenge can only be tackled by provid-ing the necessary technologies, capable of meeting ecology as well as envi-ronmental demands, which may arise, enabling farmers to still have profitable production.

IFFT aim to increase awareness of their technologies worldwide and to seek out sustainable fisheries globally. The ecologic principles of integrated aquaculture are by no means a new concept, but have been in existence for 1000s of years. IFFT’s main concern is to integrate the idea of ecologic aquacul-ture in to modern production processes, such as re-circulation systems.

IFFT – global supplier of environmentally friendly re-circulation farms

International Fish Farming Technology (IFFT), based in Germany, is a supplier for global planning and installation of environ-mentally friendly re-circulation farms for inland production of seawater fish.

IFFT aims to provide the technologies and services required for efficient re-cir-culation systems to support a highly sus-tainable and profitable production of sea fish. Their customer base is both public and private sector worldwide, installing closed loop mariculture farms adapted to specific customer requirements.

In November 2006 scientists from the Dalhousie University presented an extensive examination on economical consequences, concerning the extinction of wild fish. The results indicated that our seas would be almost empty by the middle of the 21st Century, due to over fishing.

There is an increasing demand for fish worldwide and the industry fears that our waters are no longer able to sustain this demand. In fact, FAO believe fish consumption has doubled in the last 50 years. And we have seen fish prices triple since 1947.

IFFT’s innovative technologies ena-bled them to be the first company to allow inland production of seawater fish. Production takes place much closer to the consumer, enabling them to supply fresher fish to the market.

IFFT offer an environmentally friendly Closed Loop Mariculture (CLM), giv-ing their customers an alternative to conventional fish farming, and under

stable rearing conditions, they present a new perspective for sustainable and e n v i r o n m e n -tally friendly fish farming. The end product is of excellent qual-ity, guaranteeing high profitability.

As global demand for saltwater fish continues to spiral, very soon demand will

including premixes of vitamins, trace ele-ments, amino acids, and growth promoters.

Mr Zehner was keen to discuss a par-ticular product line called Mycofix. The Mycofix product line represents specially developed feed additives that protect animal health by preventing mycotoxins.

This product consists of three main strategies:Absorption - selected blends

of minerals which absorb mycotoxins

Biotransformation - biological degradation of less or non-absorbable mycotoxins by pat-ented biological components (specific enzymes produced by micro-organisms transform non-absorbable mycotoxins in to non-toxic metabolite). This strategy is unique and differen-tiates Biomin’s product from similar products available on the market, from their direct competitors

Bio protection - guaranteed by blends of scientifically stud-ied and carefully selected plant and algae extracts that are able to overcome the negative effects caused by all mycotoxins through the support of the immune system, reducing the risk of inflammation and protection against liver damage

The Mycofix product line includes several different products, and this selection of products depends on the target animal group and the types of mycotoxins present.

Aller Aqua – a leading supplier of fish feed for both saltwater and fresh water fish

Aller Aqua started in a mill called Aller Molle. The mill was, untill 1769 owned by the King of Denmark.

hey have been manufacturing fish feed


Table 1: Biomin offers many different effective solutions for the aquaculture industry

Core competence Biomin® Brand

Mycotoxin Risk Management

Mycofix Plus

Mycofix Select

Mycofix Secure

Probiotics

AquaStar-Hatchery

AquaStar-Growout

AquaStar-PondLife

AquaStar-PondZyme

SpecialsHepaProtect Aqua (liver protection)

Aquaboost (nutritional supplement)

Caroline Wearn (IAF) with Florian Zehner from Biomin GmbH

EuroTier

End of the show At 18:00 on Friday November 14, 2008,

we saw the last of the visitors empty from the exhibition halls. Exhibitors sat and waited to begin the task of dismantling their stands, which was a bigger job for those with more elaborate stands. As the show drew to a close it was clear to see how beneficial and reward-ing this event had been for all involved. I for one am looking forward to the next EuroTier in 2010, which I hope will see even bigger increase in exhibitors and visitors involved in aquafeed than this year.

I would like to say a special thank you and well done to the official organisers of EuroTier. They did an absolutely fantastic job of making the event run smoothly, a task, which might to some seem quite unmanageable. See you in 2010.

independent division and also acquired a competing company.

Aller Aqua’s products are easily rec-ognisable all over the world, due to the elips pellet shape.

The latest production unit added is a pea protein factory and a fish feed factory near Berlin.

This is a joint venture with one of Europe’s leading starch manufacturers, Emsland-Starke GmbH. Both parties formed Emsland-Aller Aqua GmbH.

However, due to consistent growth in the Aller Group (fish feed, agricultural feed and petfood), the owners decided in 2007 to divide the company in order to keep sufficient focus on individual areas of the business. Aller Aqua is today an independent company with a strong and focused platform for the development and production of tomorrows fish feed.

for over 40 years. Aller Aqua believes their experience has helped them to become one of the most experienced suppliers of fish feed for freshwater and saltwater spe-cies. They guard their reputation throughout the world and describe themselves as high quality and extremely trustworthy within the fish feed industry. Their image is their strength and the company takes its obliga-tions to deliver quality products seriously.

Aller Aqua was approached by an international fish feed manufacturer 40 years ago to establish full factory produc-tion. This was a result of fish farmers in Scandinavia wishing to convert from feed-ing wet fish offal to dry pelletised feed.

Before the extruder era, they were faced with the challenge of finding a way to use the grain in which the starch had been heat treated, and consequently, more easily digestible for fish. The solu-tion was discarded bread from the local bread factories as the flour had been heat-treated. Pelleting was replaced by extrusion in 1987, and dry feed has improved enormously in this time. It was now possible to produce feed with higher energy content, leading to the possibility of producing one kilogram of fish with less than one kilogram of feed.

As a result of increasingly strict Danish environmental regulations, fish farming in Denmark has often lead the way in innovation and developments in Europe. Today, Aller Aqua manufactures highly specialised feed for more than 10 species of fish, and is the largest supplier of feed for re-circulating aquaculture in Denmark.

Aller Aqua was part of Aller Molle up until 1996. They then became an


EuroTier

International Aquafeed magazine is a ideal

way to gain exposure for you company For more information

about how we can help get your products and services infront of more potential customers please contact

our International Marketing Manager, Caroline Wearn

Email: [email protected]

Tel: +44 1242 267706

Not a subscriber?International Aquafeed

magazine brings a wealth of knowledge that everyone in the aquafeed industry needs

to know

To find our more, contact our Subscription & Circulation

Manager, Tuti Tan

Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 1242 267706 or visit our website

www.aquafeed.co.uk

Often in industrial scale farms unfavourable environmental condi-tions (oxygen levels, pH,

water quality, temperature fluctua-tions), sub-optimal growth conditions (inadequate nutrition, overcrowding, overfeeding) and the reality of practi-cal husbandry practices combine to result in the development of stressful situations.

These ultimately express themselves in poor performance, suppression of immune defence mechanisms and variable product quality (Bonga, 1997; Wedemeyer, 1997; Pickering 1998).

All this combines to make the farmed fish - Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) - more vul-nerable to ubiquitous opportunistic bacterial and viral pathogens and parasitic infections.

The industry reports that average mor-talities from juvenile to a market size of 330g are about 10 percent for gilthead sea bream and up to 20 percent for sea bass. Many of these losses can be attributed to the development of diseases, which nega-tively impact profitability, especially so at times where profit margins are tight.

Constraints in the market prices of sea bream and sea bass have led the aquacul-ture industry to consider many approaches to minimising losses, improving production and reducing costs. It is possible to protect against certain diseases with vaccination strategies but only a limited number are available for commercial use.

Restrictions on the use and variety of therapeutics available to the industry, increasing consumer concerns and social considerations have led the industry to consider more environmentally friendly approaches to disease control (Hansen and

Olafsen 1999 Verscheure et al 2000). Good management practices and

sanitary prevention measures are recom-mended including the integrated use of vaccines and health promotional nutritional supplementation that help prevent infection and strengthens immune defence mecha-nisms. (IUCN 2007).

An important area of research is the formulation of optimal diets that meet the specific requirements of each fish spe-cies and each developmental stage through the productive cycle. Mineral nutrition in aquafeeds is important for many reasons such as skeletal formation, maintenance of colloidal systems regulation of acid-base equilibrium and for biological compounds such as hormones and enzymes (Lall 2002).

Even although the requirements for these micronutrients has been determined for several species no reliable data is available for most marine cultured fish,

Practical methods of improving health & performance status in Mediterranean aquaculture species

by Dr Elizabeth Sweetman, Ecomarine Ltd, Livadi, 28200 Lixouri, Cephalonia, Greece and Dr Ioannis Nengas, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Aquaculture, Agios Kosmas, 16777 Athens, Greece

Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) are two of the most important marine fish species farmed in the Mediterranean region. Currently approximately 100,000 tonnes of sea

bass and 120,000 tonnes of sea bream are produced annually in aquaculture facilities, which are typically net pen cages although some pond and tank culture does occur.


Mediterranean

especially the Mediterranean species like sea bream and sea bass.

U n d e r stress condi-tions dietary n u t r i e n t , trace mineral and vitamin r e q u i r e -ments often change and consideration, therefore, has to be given to adequately compensate for this, com-bat the nega-tive effects of stress and

maximize the growth poten-tial of the species.

Improving gastrointestinal performance and immune status

Modern agricultural farm practises place heavy emphasis on the quality and performance of young animals.

It is considered vital that the best possible start is given to the young, as an animal never performs best after a bad start.

Similarly in aquaculture just as poor larval fish sur-vival rates will limit produc-tion so will poor juvenile quality. Juvenile quality can be difficult to assess but the industry considers param-eters such as growth rate, mortality and susceptibility to disease, occurrence of fish with skeletal deformi-ties or large size disper-sions and differing stress sensitivities as indicators of quality.

The importance of the piscine gastrointestinal tract and its mucosa as a defensive barrier to pathogen attack, its role as a major endocrine and

osmoregulatory organ and its function as a mechanism for nutrient uptake makes the

integrity of this system vital to the health, performance and therefore quality status of the fish.

Mannan oligosaccharides have been shown to modulate the gastrointestinal integrity of marine fin fish. Dimitroglou et al, 2007 showed that the inclusion of a specific mannan oligosaccharide, derived from yeast cell wall material, Bio-Mos® (Alltech Inc, USA) in the diets of several marine spe-cies including sea bream improved the gut morphology by increasing the microvilli density in both the anterior and posterior gut regions and significantly increasing the microvilli length.

These changes in the gut morphology indicated that the absorptive surface of the gut had been improved and that a better absorptive capacity appeared to be possible.

These improvements in gut morphol-ogy have also been noted in the lar-val stages of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus)(Dimitroglou, 2004) and cobia (Rachycentron candum)(Salze et al, 2008). Larval quality was significantly improved by adding Bio-Mos through the enrichment media of the Artemia.

In these experiments, villi morphology was unaffected, however, microvilli condition was improved and damaged areas of the gut reduced with Bio-Mos supplementation.

Similarly, Daniels et al (2005) demon-strated that adding Bio-Mos to the artemia enrichment media improved survival rate in larval lobster (Hommarus gammarus) to stage IV and further noted that Vibrio sp. levels were reduced in the Artemia culture medium.

One of the key benefits of this specific mannan oligosaccharide is its ability to bind


Mediterranean

Figure 1: Microvilli from white sea bream larvae fed with enriched Artemia with and without Bio-Mos supplementation. In the control group the microvilli are not continuous and they contain gaps (G) and are broken (BP) in place. The scale bar illustrates a length of 2μm

Control

Bio Mos

Figure 2: The inclusion of Bio-Mos in sea bass juvenile diets improved the head kidney leukocytes phagocytic activity and bactericidal activity

trials the presence of Vibrio alginolyticus on the head kidney of sea bass was 33 percent for the control group and eight percent and 0 percent respectively for the 0.2 percent and 0.4 percent Bio-Mos fed groups.

Torrecillas et al (2008) reported that in sea bass fed two months of Bio-Mos sup-plementation the number of cells secreting acid mucins in the posterior gut was signifi-cantly increased.

The increase in mucus secretion with its anti-adhesive properties could be directly related to the decrease in the number of infected fish in disease challenge tri-als reported previously. (Torrecilas et al 2007a,b)

In studies by Dimitroglou at the University of Plymouth improvements in the blood health parameters of gilthead sea bream were observed with the dietary inclusion of Bio-Mos. A reduction in the monocytes/macrophages in blood circula-tion was observed and that together with the increase in the number of lymphocytes in the Bio-Mos supplementation groups may be responsible for the reduction of the haemolytic complement activity (ACH50). Increased numbers of lymphocytes in the blood system indicate that a faster immu-nological response may occur in the event of an infection.

Improving health status through mineral nutrition

Iron is one of the most importantly recognised trace minerals for fish health and production.

Iron (Fe) plays a key role in oxygen transport in the blood, has an active role in oxidation/reduction reactions and electron transport associated with cellular respira-tion. Iron deficiency can cause anaemia or even low haemoglobin levels in fish and in certain conditions iron toxicity resulting in reduced growth, poor feed utilization, feed refusal, increased mortality and histopatho-logical damage to liver cells (Lall 2002, Halver & Hardy 2002).

According to Watanabe et al. (1997), the major factor that can influence iron absorp-tion is the relative proportion of organic and inorganic forms of the metal in the diet, organic forms being more efficiently absorbed when compared to inorganic forms.

When the effect of an organic iron supplementation (Bioplex Iron®, Alltech Inc, USA) was studied in healthy sea bream no effect was observed in the haematocrit

cent and produced a better specific growth rate at low fish densities. The incorporation of Bio-Mos also resulted in improvement of the hepatocyte morphology with more regularly shaped hepatocytes and less hepatocytes with displaced nuclei to the cellular periphery. The activities of lipogenic

enzymes in the liver were s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced at the different incor-poration levels of Bio-Mos.

This devel-opment work has shown interesting new trends indicat-ing the possibil-ity of interac-tion with nutrient uptake mechanisms as indicated by the reduced liver fat depo-sition and the

improved hepatic composition that may be an indicator of better utilization of dietary nutrients.

The immune function was also improved and the immune parameters, phagocytic activity of leucocytes and the bacterial

activity of the sera in the Bio-Mos fed groups showed a statisti-cally significant improved dose response when compared to the control group.

D i s e a s e r e s i s t a n c e to bacterial infection, both by cohabita-tive challenge and by direct inoculation in the gut, were enhanced when Bio-Mos was incorporated in the diets. In cohab i t a t ion

or agglutinate a number of strains of bacte-ria known to cause disease in shrimp and fish thereby preventing colonization of the gut and subsequent infection. Dimitroglou et al, 2007 demonstrated that Bio-Mos significantly reduced the bacterial load in the gut of both rainbow trout and sea

bream by reducing the total aerobically cultivated bacteria.

In sea bass juveniles Torrecillas et al. (2007a & b) has reported that the dietary incorporation of Bio-Mos significantly increased growth, by approximately 10 per-


Mediterranean

Figure 3: The number of cells secreting acid mucins in the posterior gut significantly increased with Bio-Mos supplementation (P<0.05). (Torrecillas et al, 2008)

Figure 4: Chemiluminescence activity in sea bream as a function of incorporation of organic iron (Control – no organic iron, B–ppm Bioplex Iron, F-ppm Ferous iron)


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Sweetman J. (2007) The beneficial effect of Bio-Mos on gut integrity and enhancement of fish health. Presented at Alltech’s Technical Seminar Series held in Dublin, November 2007.

Halver J.H. & Hardy R.W. (2002) Fish Nutrition. Academic Press.

Hansen G.H. & Olafsen J.A. (1999) Bacterial interactions in early life stages of marine cold water fish. Microb. Ecol. 38, 1-26.

Guide for the Sustainable Development of Mediterranean Aquaculture, Interactions between Aquaculture and the environment, (2007) IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Maliga, Spain, 110 pages ISBN 97884-491-0767-2.

Lall S.P., (2002), The Minerals. In: Fish Nutrition (ed. by Halver J.H. & Hardy R.W) Academic Press, pp260-366.

Pickering A.D. (1998) Stress responses of farmed fish. In: Biology of farmed fish (ed. by K.D. Black & A.D. Pickering AD), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 222-255.

Salze G., Mclean E., Schwarz M.H. & Craig S.R. (2008) Dietary mannan oligosaccharide enhances salinity tolerance and gut development of larval cobia. Aquaculture 274, 148-152.

Torrecillas S., Makol A., Caballero M.J., Montero D., Robaina L., Real F., Sweetman J., Tort L. & Izquierdo M.S. (2007a) Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Fish & Shellfish Immun. 23, 969-981.

Torrecillas S., Caballero M.J., Sweetman J., Makol A. & Izquierdo M.S. (2007b) Effects of feeding Bio-Mos on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juvenile culture. Presented at Alltech’s Technical Seminar Series held in Dublin, November 2007.

Torrecillas S., Makol A. Caballero M.J. Montero D. Sweetman J. and Izquierdo M.S. (2008) Enhanced nutrient utilization and bacterial infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Poster presented at the XIII International Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Feeding, Brazil 2008.

Verschuere L., Rombaur G., Sorgeloos P. & Verstraete W. (2000) Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64, 655-671.

Watanabe T., Kiron V. & Satoh S. (1997) Trace minerals in fish nutrition. Aquaculture 151, 185-207.

Wedemeyer G.A. (1997) Effects of rearing conditions on the health and physiological quality of fish in intensive culture. In: Fish stress and health in aquaculture. (eds G.K. Iwama, A.D. Pickering, J.P. Sumpter and C.B. Schreck CB). Society for experimental biology seminar series 62. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp35-71.

percent have been observed and the effect of this parasite can add an additional two months to the growth cycle.

To counteract the anaemia 200ppm Bioplex Iron was added to the diet and mortalities were reduced to <2 percent of the population, haematocrit levels

increased to normal levels of approximately 35 percent and growth rates increased. This provides a practical tool for treating the symptoms of infected populations of sea bream and reducing the negative commercial impacts associated with the parasitic infection.

These practical and functional nutrit ional tools provide opportunity for producers to combat a number of naturally occurring specific and non-specific diseases and their symptoms by improving the general health status of fish stocks. The promo-tion of improved fish health status through prophylactic measures such as these are environmentally sound, address the realities of commercial production and are welcomed by the mod-ern consumer.

AcknowledgementsTo Arkadios Dimitroglou,

University of Plymouth, UK and Silvia Torrecillas, ULPCG, Gran Canaria, Spain for their contribution to this article.

ReferencesBonga S.E.W. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiol. Rev. 77 (3), 591-625.

Daniels C. (2005) Effects of Bio-Mos on the growth of lobster, Homarus gammarus larvae. In: Nutrition and Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries: Alltech’s 21st Annual Symposium (Suppl. 1 - Abstracts of posters presented) Lexington, KY, USA.

Dimitroglou A. (2004) The role of mannan oligosaccharide on the development of white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) larvae. Thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth for the degree of MRes Applied Fish Biology.

Dimitroglou A., Davies S., Moate R., Spring P. &

or haemoglobin levels between the control and the organically supplemented diets. However the red blood cell counts was affected by the different levels of the sup-plemented iron.

Chemiluminescence activity showed an improved immune response in relationship

to the incorporation of organic iron at a level of 100-150 ppm.

At this level the response was sig-nificantly higher compared to the ferrous form. Fish fed the ferrous form at 200ppm demonstrated significantly lower immune response compared to the 100ppm and 150ppm Bioplex Iron fed groups.

In Greece sea bream juveniles of between 20 to 50g are susceptible, in the Spring, to infection with a gill parasite microcotyle sp.

In challenged juveniles this monogenean parasite causes anaemia and mortalities can reach up to 15 percent of the population. Low haematocrit levels of approximately 10


Mediterranean

Figure 5: Microcotyle sp.


Scottish Aquaculture - A sustainable future

Edinburgh Conference Centre, Heriot-Watt Univerity, Edinburgh

The Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland’s National Academy, is Scottish Charity No SC000470SARF is Scottish Charity No. SC035745

Images courtesy of FRM Ltd

Scotland is a leader in seeking to use science based policy, regulation and voluntary industry codes to increase the sustainability of the aquaculture sector within the context of increasingly focused regulation and global environmental and economic forces. The symposium will explore sustainability under four broad themes of the environment, fi sh health and welfare, the role of science within regulation and policy, together with the socio-economic impact of aquaculture. The symposium is being organised by the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF) in conjunction with The Royal Society of Edinburgh and The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and aims to engage delegates from a wide range of backgrounds with an interest in aquaculture and bring together the extensive portfolio of SARF sponsored research, complemented by interna-tionally recognised keynote speakers.

The symposium is receiving generous support form SARF Members with additional support from:

Further information and on-line registration is available at: http://www.sarf.org.uk/symposium.htm

Tuesday 21st April Plenary Session 1: Aquaculture- Current EU and Global StatusSession 1: Understanding our environmentSession 2: Science into Policy and Regulation

Evening: Conference Dinner

Wednesday 22nd April

Plenary Session 2: The Future- Challenges and OpportunitiesSession 1: Fish health and welfareSession 2: Sustainability

Thursday 23rd and Friday 24th April

Field Trip to Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, Oban, Scottish Association of Marine Science Laboratory and boat trip in Loch Creran to visit fi sh and shellfi sh farms.

PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME

We anticipate presentations from 34 invited experts and an open call for posters. The sym-posium programme will deliver a co-ordinated series of presentations designed to meet the needs of delegates from a broad spectrum of specialist and non-specialist backgrounds. The proceedings will be published in a special volume of Aquaculture Research.

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT


THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT

Travelling Chile’s highway No 7 south, the road drops down to the waters edge at Caleta La Arena. Caleta La Arena, Chile some 50-60km south of Puerto Montt and Puerto Varas. To go further south you must take a car ferry around a seal colony to a road head further down the coast. It’s at Caleta La Arena that AquaChile has one of its most thriving salmon farming operations.

AquaChile is the largest Chilean-owned farmed fish company in the world – and it continues to expand. It is the world’s third biggest salmon company overall, boasts annual earnings of more than US$600 million and employs over 5000 people in Chile, Costa Rica and the United States.

Chile’s rapidly growing farmed salmon and trout industries has boomed in recent years; earned some US$2.5 billion dollars annu-ally, a staggering figure considering that in 1991 the country’s fish farms generated just US$159 million.

Chile is now the world’s second leading farmed fish producer, just behind Norway. Together the two countries produce some 90 percent of the world’s farmed salmon.


For the first time, a study has examined how feeding Atlantic salmon high levels of both plant proteins and

vegetable oils affect the fish.

This experiment resulted in two kilos of salmon protein generated per kilo of fish-meal protein in the feed. The study showed a slight reduction in salmon growth, even though all known nutrient requirements of the fish were covered by the feed.

Farmed Atlantic salmon have tradi-tionally been fed diets containing fish oil and fishmeal. The steady increase in production volumes in aquaculture of eight-to-10 percent a year (Tacon,

2004; Tacon et al., 2006) has resulted in

increas ing use of

alternative plant proteins and oils in aquafeeds.

The use of fishmeal and oil, representing 3-5kg fresh fish per kg farmed fish have been criticised both for exploitation of the global fishery resources and the misuse of high quality marine protein and lipid sources that could be directly used for human consumption.

In this respect, vegetable oils (VO) have been proposed as sustainable alternatives to fish oil. VOs are, however, devoid of n-3 PUFAs (EPA, DPA and DHA) while the levels of 18:2n-6 and monoene fatty acids are usually high, resulting in low dietary n-3/n-6 ratios.

Likewise, sustainable alternatives to fishmeal have included various plant pro-tein sources, such as vegetable meals with crude protein content of 20 to 50 percent (Hertrampf and Piedad-Pascual, 2000).

However, the indispensable amino acid (IAA) profile in plant proteins differs from fishmeal. Sensible blending of different pro-tein sources are necessary to balance the

IAA composition, while low levels of certain crystalline AAs may have to be added to fulfil AA requirements (NRC, 1993; Halver and Hardy, 2002).

EU-funded project Aquamax investigates the maximum replacement of fish oil and fishmeal

Studies have shown that Atlantic salmon can be given a feed containing 100 percent vegetable oils without any reduction in fish growth when the source of protein in the feed is fishmeal (EU-project RAFOA Q5RS-2000-30058).

Espe and co-workers (2006) has previ-ously shown that 90 percent of the fishmeal in the feed can be replaced by plant proteins without affecting the growth of the salmon as long as the source of fat in the fish diet is fish oil. One of the aims of the IP-EU project ‘Aquamax’ (016249-2) is to find out how much of the fish oil and fishmeal that can be replaced with plant ingredients simul-taneously in Atlantic salmon diets without compromising fish growth, performance, health or product quality.

Reduced feed intake and growth in the first period

Atlantic salmon in seawater weighing 0.35kg was fed feed containing either 100 percent fishmeal and 100 percent fish oil

Maximising plant proteins and oils in Atlantic salmon diets

by Dr Bente E Torstensen


Proteins & oils

(control group), 35 percent vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins, 70 percent vegetable oils and 40 percent plant proteins or 70 percent vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins.

The fish were fed for 12 months until they reached 3.9kg. The salmon which had received feed containing the highest mix-ture of plant raw material - 70 percent vegetable oils and 80 percent plant proteins - experienced a 12 percent lower growth during the first three months compared to the control group.

There was no corresponding weight reduction in the other groups during the first three months. Over the entire period of the study, the fish fed the highest propor-tion of plant raw material experienced a weight reduction of 17 percent compared to the control group. The weight reduction was largely due to a lower feed intake during the first three months of the study.

A fish diet comprising 70 percent plant oils and 80 percent vegetable proteins means that two kilos of salmon protein are produced for every kilo of fishmeal protein

in the feed. In other words, a good net production of high quality fish protein is obtained from plant proteins.

Less than a kg wild fish is required to produce a kg Atlantic salmon

When producing fishmeal and fish oil from wild fish, the recovery of fishmeal is about 23 percent whereas as the recovery of fish oil varies between 5-12 percent dependent on fish species and season.

That means that it requires more wild fish to produce fish oil than fishmeal.

Based on the levels of fish oil

and fishmeal used in the different diets and a feed efficiency of 1.1, producing 1kg of Atlantic salmon requires 0.9kg wild fish when 70 percent of the fish oil and 80 percent of the fishmeal was replaced by plant raw materials. When the fish were fed the 100 percent fish oil and fishmeal

based diet, 3.4kg of wild fish was required to produce 1kg Atlantic salmon.

Hence, 2.5kg of wild fish was saved by replacing high levels of fish oil and fishmeal with high levels of plant raw materials. In experimen-

tal diet the amount of wild fish required for fish oil was higher than what was required for the amount of fishmeal in the diets.

Hence, to save even more wild fish the level of fish oil should be decreased further rather than concentrating on replacing more fishmeal.

"The steady increase in production

volumes in aquaculture of 8-10%

a year has resulted in increasing

use of alternative plant proteins

and oils in aquafeeds"


Proteins & oils

TechnoPressCon el respaldo

Contacto:

• Patricia Gómez - Tel (56-2) 7565404 - [email protected]

• Francesca Massa - Tel (56-65) 348912 - [email protected]


Contacto:




Contacto:




Contacto:




Contacto:




Contacto:



3RD INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITIONMARCH 25TH TO 28TH CONCEpCION / CHILE

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Organizer:Contact:María Paz Fernández del RíoPhone (56-2) 756 5402 • Mobile (56-9) 9886 5654 • [email protected]

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reduction in growth of approximately nine percent was observed during the produc-tion phase in sea. The growth retardation was related to the reduced feed intake during the early feeding stages, due to an interaction effect of high plant protein and VO replacement. Possible metabolic interactions between dietary lipid and protein will be addressed in future scien-tific papers.

ReferencesEspe, M., Lemme, A., Petri, A., El-Mowafi, A. 2006. Can Atlantic salmon grow on diets devoid of fish meal? Aquaculture 255, 255-262.

Halver, J.E., Hardy, R.W. 2002. Fish Nutrition. Elsevier Science, San Diego, 824 pp.

Hertrampf, J.W., Piedad-Pascual, F., 2000. Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 573 pp.

Krogdahl, Å., Hemre, G.-I., Mommsen T.P., 2005. Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquacult. Nutr., 11, 103-122.

Tacon, A.G.J., 2004. Use of fish meal and fish oil in aquaculture: a global perspective. Aquatic Res. Cult. Dev. 1, 3-14.

Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R., Subasinghe, R.P., 2006. Use of fishery resources as feed inputs for aquaculture development: trends and policy implications. FAO Fish. Circ. 1018, 99 pp.

N.R.C, Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1993.

plant protein diets will contain higher levels of indigestible matter.

This did however, not influence the protein, lipid or energy digestibility of the high plant

And finallyIn conclusion, the results demonstrate

net production of Atlantic salmon from wild fish with 1kg farmed Atlantic salmon produced per 0.9kg wild fish, as well as a net production of protein with 2kg of fish protein produced per 1kg fish meal protein used.

However, by replacing 80 percent of fishmeal with plant proteins and 70 percent of the fish oil replaced with a VO blend, a

No significant effects on nutrient digestibility and retention

Replacing dietary fish oil and fishmeal with plant raw materials had very few significant effects on nutrient digestibil-ity and nutrient utilisation including total protein, lipid, energy, fatty acid and amino acid digestibility as well as protein and lipid utilisation.

Starch digestibility, however, was significantly lower in the high plant protein dietary groups. Starch digestibility studies have identified a correlation between the presence of indigest-ible matter and reduced digestibility of starch and lipids (Krogdahl et al. 2005). And the high

About the authorDr Bente E Torstensen achieved the Bachelor of Science (Cand mag.) in 1994, and the Master of Science (Cand scient) in Nutrition biology in 1996, at the University of Bergen (Norway). Her PhD studies at the Institute of Nutrition, Directorate of Fisheries, (achieved at the University of Bergen, 2000) focused on transport and metabolism of lipids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.).For more information email: [email protected]


Proteins & oils

"Replacing dietary fish oil and

fishmeal with plant raw materials

had very few significant effects on

nutrient digestibility and nutrient

utilisation including total protein,

lipid, energy, fatty acid and amino

acid digestibility as well as protein

and lipid utilisation"


ADVERTISE!Reach key industry decision makers through the pages of International Aquafeed magazine

Advertise in our

printed magazine and

your advert will also

appear in the online

version

Share your success

with the rest of the

industry. Send in

your press releases

on new products and

developments.

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Aquaculture is the world’s fastest-growing sector in food production. Since 1970 it has sustained an

average growth rate of almost nine percent – compared with 2.8 percent for land-based animal production.

Global feed production for farming fish and shrimp has followed this expansion, estimated between 20.2-22.7 million tonnes in 2006 and expected to reach 32 million tonnes by 2012 (FAO, 2006; Tacon and Metian, 2008).

Despite its tremendous growth over the past decades, aquafeed production repre-sented in 2006 only four percent of total global animal feed production (Gill, 2007). Furthermore, global aquafeed volume is frag-mented over many species produced under different conditions and mostly in developing countries. This lack of critical mass compli-cates focused developments, particularly for tropical species of fish and shrimp.

For some of the bulk production species, knowledge on nutrient digestibility, nutrient interactions and stage-specific requirements is still rudimentary.

In recent years, all major aquafeed ingredients - including fishmeal, fish oil, vegetable proteins and fats, wheat flour, feed phosphates, additives, vitamins and

minerals - have shown significant price increases, in some extreme cases amount-ing to several 100 percent.

In the livestock industry, combined research efforts from producers, feed and additive suppliers and academic insti-tutes have resulted in a vast knowledge basis and a wide range of additives to

Figure 1: Formulating ecologically and economically sustainable aquafeeds is supported by the development of innovative feed additives


Feature Title


by Peter Coutteau PhDCo-authors: Ward Spruyt, Alexander Van Halteren,

Sam Ceulemans & Wouter Meeus

INVE Aquaculture, Hoogveld 91, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium

Email: [email protected]

Are you ready for the

aquafeedof the future

The animal feed industry has faced tremendous increases of ingredient prices over the past years. This has accelerated a search for alternative formulations and feed additives to improve the cost efficiency of feed

at the farm. Contrary to the livestock industry, developments in aquaculture are still hampered by the limited nutritional knowledge and the lack of critical mass in a relatively small-scale feed industry.

Nevertheless, a number of promising additive concepts have become available recently to improve the sustainability of feed for fish and shrimp, both in terms of farm economics and ecological responsibility.

alleviate increased cost of feed formula-tions for poultry and pigs.

Various types of feed additives have been developed which enhance the digestibil-ity and/or utilization efficiency of nutrients, including exogenous enzymes, compounds aiding in the digestive process by improving absorption, mobilization and transport of nutrients, stimulators of enzyme secretion, feeding stimulants reducing feed/nutrient waste, pre/probiotics and botanical extracts modulating the gut microflora.

The feeding biology, digestive physiol-ogy and nutritional requirements of warm-blooded land animals differ significantly from those of aquaculture organisms.

Therefore, the direct application in aqua-culture of nutritional concepts developed for livestock is not trivial. The present arti-

cle illustrates potential advances in the cost efficiency of aquafeeds by the development of novel nutritional concepts specifically for aquaculture species.

Natural emulsifiers to enhance lipid digestion in shrimp

Shrimps do not tolerate high levels of dietary fat well. A number of studies show reduced growth at levels above 10 percent of dietary lipid.

Nevertheless, shrimp have no or very limited capacity to biosynthesize a number of lipid molecules which are essential for normal growth, including cholesterol, highly unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids.

Cholesterol is a key constituent of cell membranes and precursor for steroid and

moulting hormones. It has been found to be most effective in different species of shrimp at dietary levels ranging from 0.20 to 0.5 percent. Cholesterol levels below 0.10 percent limit growth in Litopenaeus vannamei, even if the other nutrients are formulated to satisfy normal requirements (Duerr and Walsh, 1996).

Fishmeal is the major cholesterol source in practical feed formulations for shrimp with some contributions also coming from fish oil, squid and shrimp meal.

Shrimp cannot bioconvert highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA: 20:5n-3 or EPA; 22:6n-3 or DHA) which need to be provided at 0.8-1 percent in the diet via the marine ingredients, mainly fish oil and fishmeal.

Phospholipids are a component of cell

Novel feed supplements can reduce the requirements for traditional ingredients in commercial feeds for Litopenaeus vannamei

Two feeds were formulated at the same cost using either exclusively commercial feed ingredients (‘traditional feed’) or a combination of standard ingredients with the feed supplements Aquasterol and Aquaflavour (‘novel feed’). To balance the cost of the novel feed, significant reductions were made in the formula-tion for traditional feed ingredients, which resulted in lower analytical levels for various nutrients compared to the ‘traditional’ formula.

These are in available phosphorous (water soluble phospho-rous), cholesterol, phospholipids and n-3 HUFA which were different by minus seven percent to minus 44 percent (Table 1). Due to some variations in practical ingredients, the ‘novel’ feed also showed lower specifications in crude protein and fat compared to the ‘traditional’ feed.

Results showed that shrimp fed the ‘novel’ feed had significantly better growth (1.17g/week versus 1.07g/week) and showed no dif-ferences in terms of survival, food conversion and protein efficiency ratio compared to animals fed the traditional feed (Table 1).

This seemed contrary to the lower nutritional specifications of the novel feed.

Verification trials under pond conditions in Indonesia using similar formulations confirmed the above findings. These results clearly showed the potential for making shrimp formulations less dependent on traditional feed ingredients by enhancing the digestibility and availability of nutrients using novel feed supplements.

Table 1: Feed analysis and shrimp performance for two feeds of different nutritional specifications. Data from a 70-day feeding trial with l. vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3 stocked with 20 shrimp/tank.

Shrimp feed formula trad

ition

al

nov

el

% d

iffer

ence

(n

ovel

vs

tradi

tiona

l)

Crude Protein (%) 35.8 34.8 -3%

Crude Fat (%) 8.7 8.2 -6%

Crude Ash (%) 9.1 9.4 4%

Moisture (%) 9.59 9.64 1%

Watersoluble Phosphorous (%) 0.48 0.32 -34%

Cholesterol (GLC, %) 0.18 0.1 -44%

Phospholipids (Iatro scan, %) 0.93 0.85 -9%

EPA (mg/g DM) 4.8 5 4%

DHA (mg/g DM) 5.7 4.8 -16%

n-3 HUFA sum (mg/g DM) 11.9 11.1 -7%

results growth trial 70 days l. vannamei

Survival ( percent) 91.7 93.3 ns

Initial weight (g) 1.02 1.02 ns

Final weight (g) 11.31 12.74 +13 %*

Gram/week 1.03 1.17 +14 %*

Feed Intake (%/ABW/day) 5.45 5.61 ns

FCR 2.29 2.31 ns

PER (weight gain/protein intake) 1.23 1.25 ns

ns= not significantly different; *= significantly different P<0.05

Culture system for Litopenaeus vannamei at the INVE Technologies test center in Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center, Indonesia


Aquafeed Future

processes by reducing the size of the fat globules released from the diet and increas-ing the efficiency of the lipase activity.

Furthermore, emulsifiers assist the bile acids in the formation of micelles, which are the transportation vehicles for absorption of lipids through the membranes of the digestive system. Emulsifying agents enhance the fat digestibility and growth performance in nursery and fattening of broilers and pigs (Smulders, 2008).

Contrary to land animals, lipid digestion in shrimp occurs for a big proportion intracellular in the hepatopancreas epithe-lium from where it is transported to the target organs via the haemolymphe under the form of lipoproteins. The formation and absorption of lipid micelles from the lumen of the hepatopancreas tubuli is therefore a limiting step in the lipid diges-tive process.

Specific blends of natural emulsifying agents, selected for their compatibility with the shrimp’s digestive system, are capable of complementing the process of emulsifica-tion and absorption of dietary fats in the hepatopancreas. This in turn improves the efficiency of shrimp to use fats as essential components and as source of energy for growth (Figure 2).

The natural emulsifying concept was

tion of suboptimal dietary levels of choles-terol and phospholipids may be particularly detrimental to shrimp nutrition due to the interaction between phospholipids and cho-lesterol requirements (Gong et al., 2000).

Emulsifying agents are a diverse class of com-pounds, which are able to disperse fat in water under the form of small droplets (as in milk).

In land animals, emulsifiers are added to the feed to complement the lipid digestive

membranes, building blocks for lipopro-teins (essential for lipid mobilization in the haemolymph) and constitute a highly available source of choline and inositol (Coutteau et al., 1997).

Although the optimal level may depend on the formulation and culture conditions, phospholipid requirements are estimated around one-to-two percent (equivalent to 1.5-3 percent liquid lecithin). The combina-

Figure 2: Specific blends of natural emulsifying agents are complementing the process of emulsification and absorption of dietary fats in the hepatopancreas, which in turn improves the efficiency of shrimp to use fats as essential nutrients and as source of energy for growth


Feature Title


Caption: Set up for fish trials at INVE’s testing facilities at Caditec Testing (Spain)

different conditions of age, crowding, disease status and e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions is still very poor due to experimental dif-ficulties to study feeding behaviour under produc-tion conditions in ponds.

The most realis-tic way to measure feed attractiveness is probably by quantifying the rate at which the feed disappears from a feeding tray in a stocked shrimp pond. Although this technique is diffi-cult to standardise and assumes good feed stability, it has proven to be valu-able in comparing the effect of dif-ferent attractants under field condi-tions (Ceulemans et al., 2003).

Feeding attract-ants are key com-pounds in shrimp nutrition as they attract the shrimp to the feed and stimulate them to consume it (Lee & Meyers, 1997).

A t t r a c t a n t s compensate the lack of attractive-ness of formula-tions (for example, due to the replace-ment of proteins of marine origin with vegetable protein) and stimulate the appetite of shrimp that show poor feeding responses (eg due to stress-ful environmental conditions or disease).

originally developed to improve growth and food conversion of shrimp fed diets defi-cient in cholesterol (Coutteau et al., 2002).

However, current applications in white shrimp farms in Ecuador, Mexico, Thailand and Indonesia have shown a variety of beneficial effects from supplementing the emulsifying concept to commercial shrimp feeds including improved growth, survival, food conversion, hepatopancreas condition and molting.

By improving the utilization efficiency of dietary lipids, shrimp formulations can be made more cost-effective by reducing the formulated values for phospholipids, cho-lesterol and n-3 HUFA. The compensation of lower dietary specifications for essential lipids by the application of the natural emul-sifying concept was recently demonstrated in a nutritional trial in Indonesia with white shrimp (see insert).

Attractants and palatability enhancers to stimulate feeding in shrimp

Good feed management is a key factor in any animal production system.

In shrimp farming, feed management is a true challenge as shrimp are grown ‘hidden from the eye of the farmer’ in large ponds and their appetite is fluctuating rapidly in function of temperature, salinity, quality of water and pond bottom, feed quality, life stage, health status and molting cycle.

Since feed constitutes generally around 50 percent of total production cost in shrimp farming, the efficiency of feed and feeding management strongly influence profitability.

It is crucial that shrimp locate and consume fast the feed distributed in the pond as this will reduce the loss of valuable water-soluble nutrients leaching from the feed (including essential vitamins and amino acids) and the accumulation of wasted feed which will in turn affect the quality of water and soil and subsequently oxygen consump-tion in the pond.

All nutritional compounds wasted as leached nutrients in the water column or un-eaten feed on the pond bottom are deteriorating the culture environment and not converted into shrimp biomass. Feed attractiveness is therefore a key factor to maximize feed conversion and growth in shrimp farming, particularly under low and medium stocking densities.

Current knowledge of the effects of for-mulation on feed uptake by shrimp under


tive system. Herbal diges-tive properties include appetite enhancement, stimulation of gastric and bile secretions, and hepato protection.

Recent screening work under controlled lab conditions at INVE Technologies test facilities at Caditec Testing (Spain) has revealed the potential of several natural prod-ucts for improving the feed utilisation in fish.

The addition of a blend of digestive herbal extracts to practical feed formulations for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) significantly improved growth, food conversion and protein efficiency (Figure 5). The improved availabil-ity of dietary nutrients and energy for muscle growth was illustrated by the reduction of visceral wastes consist-ing of digestive system and fat deposits in the belly and liver of the fish, resulting in reduced hepatosomatic and vis-cerosomatic indexes.

Reducing processing wastes and maximising filleting yield has impor-tant consequences for the profitability of the production of fillet fish such as Tilapia.

Enzymes – challenging but promising application in aquafeeds

Soaring prices and in some cases limited avail-

ability of feed phosphates has stimulated the use of phytases enzymes in animal feeds. Phytases are enzymes capable of releasing the phosphorus (P) present under the form of phytate in plant feed ingredients.

The better use of plant P present in the formula is economically interesting and reduces the P output into the environment.

rial and viral infections in fish and shrimp, the capability of specific plant extracts to modulate the composition of the gut microflora offers interesting perspectives for protection against bacterial and viral infections in aquaculture organisms (Decamp et al., 2007).

Spices are widely used to flavour our food but also exert stimulant actions on the diges-

Optimised formulations of water-soluble nitrogenous com-pounds including amino acids, short-chain peptides and nucle-otides – applied either as top-dressing or included in the feed during processing - have shown to be effective in improving feed uptake in feeding trays (Ceulemans et al., 2003). Culture trials under controlled lab conditions have demonstrated that the addition of these formulated attractants to practical feed formulations improves feed intake, growth and food conversion (Figure 3).

Furthermore, compared to protein concentrates based on fish hydrolysates, chicken hydrolysates or by-products from amino acid production, the supplementation of formulated attractants give superior results on growth and food conversion (Figure 4).

Small inclusions of formulated attractants may have several additional nutritional benefits due to the stimulation of enzyme secretion and digestive processes (short-chain peptides), balancing amino acid nutrition (essential amino acids) and improved function of epithelia in gut and hepatopancreas (nucleotides). These additional benefits con-tribute to release more nutrients from feeds formulated to contain lower levels of digestible nutri-ents (see insert).

Phytobiotics to enhance digestive processes and feed efficiency

The increasing pressure on the use of feed antibiotic growth promoters in animal nutrition has boosted the research for alternative growth promoters based on natural substances.

Phytobiotics is a term used to describe plant-derived natural bioactive compounds, which affect animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial, digestive or metabolic stim-ulating properties. Phytobiotics are successfully used as alternatives to antibiotics in weaning and ongrowing pigs (Marin-Gusman, 2005). Since the gut is the main entry port for bacte-

Screening shrimp feed attractants under field conditions: measuring feed attractiveness by quantifying the rate at which the feed disappears from a feeding tray in a stocked shrimp pond

Figure 3: The addition of a formulated attractant (Aquaflavour) to practical shrimp feed formulations improves feed intake, growth and food conversion. Data from a 70-days feeding trial with Litopenaeus vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3 per diet; growing shrimp from approximately one-to-9g over 10 weeks (control diet). All diets formulated to 37 percent CP/6 percent CF; containing 21.5 percent prime Chilean fishmeal (Ceulemans et al., in prep.)


Aquafeed Future

Phytase products, like any other enzymes, have inherent limitations on the activity range in terms of temperature, pH and inactivation by proteolytic enzymes in the digestive system. The digestive physiology is very different among the different commercially important species of fish and shrimp, which are in turn different from warm-blooded poultry and pigs. Therefore, major progress on enzyme efficacy will result from the selection of the enzymes compatible with the digestive physiology and feeding biology of aquaculture organisms.

The standard processing conditions during aquafeed production (tempera-ture, humidity, pressure) are inactivating enzymes. Consequently, special equipment is required to apply enzymes in the aquafeed mill, such as pellet coating or

liquid spraying systems (Lorenz-Meyer, 2008). Provided these bottlenecks are over-

come, the wide diversity of enzymes presents an interesting potential to improve the utilization of low-cost plant ingredients, which are often rich in non-digestible carbohydrates, anti-nutritional factors and unavailable nutrients for fish and shrimp.

Note: Literature references can be obtained from the author. Email: [email protected]

tion of phytase in aquafeeds is still very limited due to uncertainties on its efficacy in formulations, processing and farming con-ditions typical for aquaculture.

Although many studies have demon-strated that phytase supplementation makes the chelated phytate-P available to fish (reviewed by Cao et al. 2007), the applica-

Figure 4: Formulated attractants result in superior effects on growth and food conversion compared to other protein concentrates, possibly due to their additional nutritional benefits (amino acid balance, nucleotides and peptides). Data from a 56-days feeding trial with Litopenaeus vannamei using triplicate tanks of 1m3 per diet; growing shrimp from approx. 1.1 to 7.7g over eight weeks (control diet). All diets formulated to 37 percent CP/6 percent CF; containing 21.5 percent prime Chilean fishmeal; test products included at two percent inclusion level: by-product from amino acid production (AA Byprod); protein hydrolysates based on poultry by-products (Chick Hydro) or fish (Fish Hydro); a formulated attractant (Aquaflavour) (Ceulemans et al., in prep.)

Figure 5: Effects of a blend of digestive herbal extracts (Easy Digest) on growth, food conversion, protein efficiency ratio, and liver/viscera weight in Nile Tilapia. Data from a 70-day lab trial with Nile Tilapia using triplicate tanks of 100l per diet. Fish were grown at 26°C in a freshwater recirculation unit from 40g to ± 90g while fed on a practical tilapia grow out diet with CP/CF of 33/7.6; SGR=growth rate (percent/day); FCR=feed conversion ratio (kg feed consumed/kg weight gain; PER= protein efficiency ratio (kg weight gain/kg protein consumed; HSI=liver weight (percent body weight) VSI=Viscera weight (percent body weight). Ceulemans et al. (in prep)

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Aquafeed Future

Imagine a chessboard as the image of a perfect mixture. How can practical mixing results get as close as possible to this ideal?

In the twin-shaft paddle mixer, the spe-cific speed of the rotor shafts combined with the specific positioning and angles of the paddle blades provide excellent transport of particles (Figure 1 & 2).

All particles in the mixture need air surrounding them to be able to move freely. The filling level in the twin-shaft mixer is not more that 40 percent above the shafts. Thus, there is surplus space in the mixer to provide air around the particles so they can move freely. The twin-shaft paddles lift the

particles up in the middle of the mixer in the fluidized zone, where mixing takes place in a weightless state.

In this way, the particles are moved back and forth, up and down and across in all directions – this is the freedom of move-ment that is essential if particles are to be

mixed as randomly as possible (Figure 3).All powder-type products with all shapes

and densities can be mixed in the Forberg® twin-shaft paddle mixer.

In some conventional mixers, the transport of particles is simplified and unidirectional, which results in poor-quality mix and long mixing time. For some materials this can even be negative as the particles can be crushed, worn down or can start forming lumps.

Because the product is fluidised, the twin-shaft paddle mixer is very gentle with the product. Extra force must be added, for example with choppers, in case any lumps in the mixture must be crushed. High speed rotating knives will create the force needed to crush soft lumps in the mixture.

Before Forberg introduced its twin-shaft paddle mixing technology, a coefficient of variation (CV) of 10 was acceptable. Today, a CV of five or less is the standard. What led to this dramatic improvement in mixing accu-racy? The answer is that the Forberg horizontal twin-shaft paddle mixer brought about a revolution in mixing.

Horizontal twin-shaft paddle mixers – the ultimate in mixing technology

by Kees Rodenburg, Market Support Manager, Forberg International AS

Hegdalveien 77, N-3261 Larvik, Norway Tel: +47 33 133434 Fax: +47 33 133435 Website: www.forberg.no


Mixers

Figure 1

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Main features in the twin-shaft paddle mixers:

• Mixing takes place in a very short time. An average mixing cycle for dry mixing can be as follows: filling 20-30 seconds, mixing 40-60 seconds and discharging 10-20 seconds. This gives a total cycle time of 1.5 – 2 minutes. A relatively small twin-shaft paddle mixer will provide a large output – thus giving savings both in investment costs and space requirements.

• Liquids can be added easily to the powder mixture. This is done by means of quick connection nozzles (single component flat spray nozzles are most commonly used) for adding oil, fat, water, flavours, etc.

• Spraying of liquids requires approximately one minute ensuring the best possible distribution of the liquids in the powdered material. In this case, total cycle time, includ-ing spraying of liquids, will be as low as 2.5 – 3.5 minutes.

• Liquid should be sprayed at a specific angle and at a specific distance to obtain the best possible distribution. The particles rotate around their own axes in the fluid-ized zone, exposing the total particle surface to the liquid during rotation. The liquid will hit the particles and be distributed in the mixture.

• High melting point liquids, such as fats, can be sprayed in free flowing liquid state with special nozzle arrangements.

• Homogeneous mixing is achieved in the space of a few seconds thanks to the fluidizing of the material. All particles can be mixed (small, large, light, heavy, round, etc.) without segregation, since the forces of mixing are stronger than the forces of segregation during the mixing action in these mixers. Segregation only takes place when the product is handled after mixing, so it is recommended to minimise the distance between the mixer and the packaging point to avoid segregation.

• The benefits of the mechanical fluidiz-ing zone are gentle mixing, no segrega-tion and very short mixing time. This gives savings in terms of minimal wear and tear and low energy consumption. Maintenance costs are also very low. The mixer’s low energy consumption is an important consideration in reduc-ing production costs.

Various mixer designsThe twin-shaft paddle batch mixer has

been developed over several years. Today, continuous twin-shaft paddle mix-

ers are available, notably Forberg’s latest development, the rotating twin-shaft paddle batch mixer. Continuous twin shaft paddle

mixer - The continuous twin-shaft paddle mixer has many of the same advantages as the twin-shaft batch mixer. It is very gentle with the prod-ucts, has low energy consumption, high capacity, little space require-ment and flexible filling. Throughput

is very significant as the average retention time is approximately one minute. (Figure 4)

For obtaining good mixing quality in a continuous mixer, an accurate feed-ing of the ingredients is demanded. Continuous mixers are suitable for mixing a limited number of compo-nents, which have similar properties.

One or two different liquids can be sprayed onto the product mixtures.

Rotating twin-shaft paddle mixer - The rotating twin-shaft paddle mixer has combined the mixing technol-ogy of the standard Forberg® batch mixer with a new solution for the filling and discharge (Figure 5). Within seconds, the whole machine is tilted from its filling position to its discharging position. This results in a whole list of practical, operational benefits.

The rotating mixer (called the F-RM) has one inlet valve in the top where the product


Mixers

Figure 3

and research institutions. In the field of aqua feed, promising research has been performed regarding feed protein sources.

Background/objective for research on feed protein sources:

Feed protein sources for carnivorous fish are in a transition phase from being largely fish-based to multisource-based. Plant protein sources have the potential to replace fish meal in diets for carnivorous fish in a way that can support good growth and feed efficiency. These feed ingredients, however, represent significant nutritional challenges, including ingredient specific content of antinutritional factors (ANF). Use of feed enzymes may solve some of these obstacles, but for coldwater species, enzyme application post extrusion may not be the most efficient way of using feed enzymes. Research and experiments have been done for developing suitable processes. Use of online incubation with enzymes in the extrusion line seems to be promising.

Studies conducted by Aquaculture Protein Centre (APC, Norway) using phytate/phytase as a model and laboratory scale Forberg mixer (F-6) as equipment, have shown that there is a potential to such a pre-treatment. It was shown that phytate concentration in a soy/wheat mixture was significantly reduced during incubation. In a follow-up feeding trial with salmon reared in cold water (8°C) the effects of a traditional phytase coating versus online incubation was investigated. It was found that the phosphorus utilisation was significantly improved. The method, and hence equipment, is at the development stage, and more research is needed in order to optimize the process and to implement it in the extrusion line (Figure 8).

References:Vegard Denstadli, Rotsukhon Vestre, Birger Svihus, Anders Skrede, and Trond Storebakken, Phytate Degradation in a Mixture of Ground Wheat and Ground Defatted Soybeans during Feed Processing: Effects of Temperature, Moisture Level, and Retention Time in Small- and Medium-Scale Incubation Systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006 vol. 54: 5887–5893.

Vegard Denstadli, Trond Storebakken, Birger Svihus, Anders Skrede, A comparison of online phytase pre-treatment of vegetable feed ingredients and phytase coating in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) reared in cold water, Aquaculture, 2007 vol. 269: 414-426.

is rotated upside down and the product is discharged through the same opening as for filling. The machine is then rotated back 180° and is ready for a new charge. A feature for the F-RM is the automatic washing and drying of the mixer (Figure 6).

The F-RM is designed for the feed, food, chemical and pharmaceutical indus-tries where airtight processes are a must and cleaning is critical. It is also possible to mix under vacuum, or under an inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation of highly sensitive products. Application of steam or liquid nitrogen for sterilisation or coating is another interesting option.

Advantages of the rotating twin-shaft mixer:- Completely closed mixing chamber.- Only one valve for charging and

discharging. Reduced cleaning surfaces with inte-

grated hopper.- CIP (cleaning in place) is easy to

realise. Washing water can easily be discharged through the washing-docking station.

- High production capacity due to short cycle times.

- Mixing under vacuum (as an option) enables the design of new produc-tion processes. Oxygen sensitive products can be mixed under an inert atmosphere.

- Less product damage due to missing edges of discharge doors.

- Smaller tolerance (minimised gap) between mixing paddles and mixer housing can be achieved.

In comparison with stationary batch mix-ers, the new and innovative F-RM machines combine high mixing quality and short mixing time with the discharge behaviour and convenience of a cone bin.

The well-known rotating vacuum coater, F-RVC, has the same design as the F-RM but is reinforced and equipped with vacuum equipment. This machine gives the optimum result for deep core vacuum coating as used widely in high fat applications and medica-tion lines (Figure 7).

Research and DevelopmentMixing and processing - Mixing proc-

esses will always be one of the core processes in feed and food manufacturing. The twin-shaft paddle mixer is a versatile machine, in which many processes beyond mixing can be performed. Forberg focuses on further development of industrial proc-esses, in close cooperation with customers

is introduced into the mixer. The valve closes and the mixing cycle is started. After the mixing cycle has finished, the entire machine


Mixers

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www.viv.net

VIVAsia2009

Bangkok

March 11-13, Bangkok - Thailand

Register now!with this number:

100.060.45Aqua VIV Asia 2009VIV Asia presents Aqua VIV Asia, the 1st

dedicated event for Asia-Pacific’s aqua business.

Have you visited the IAF website recently?PRESS RELEASES - Up to date information from around the industry

EVENTS - The shows you need to be at in the coming months

ONLINE MAGAZINE - Read a copy of IAF from any computer

THE ARCHIVE - A wealth of information from several years worth of IAF magazine

INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED ONLINE


Show review

VIV China is still following an upward trend. The exhibition took place from

October 20-22, 2008 at the New China International Exhibition Center. The 446 exhibitors at the biennial international Feed-to-Meat trade show welcomed 19,035 visitors from 75 coun-tries. The exhibitors rated the show with a 7.0, expressing their appreciation about the improved quality of the visitors. The show confirmed its role as the leading event for the animal husbandry sector in China.

The move to the new exhibi-tion venue NCIEC proved to be a smart choice. Project manager Ruwan Berculo: “Being away from the city centre meant visitors had to make more effor t to reach to the venue. The positive side effect was no ‘co-incidental pas-sersby’. The visitors were industry

specialists, determined to find answers and solutions to improve their production processes.“

Internationalisation industry

VIV China is renowned for its unique combination of attracting strong exhibitor and visitor groups from both China and abroad. With its 2008-edition, VIV China strengthened this position: 312 Chinese and 134 interna-tional companies from 23 coun-tries par ticipated. The 19,035 visitors, more than ever before, came from an all-time-high of 75 countries. These figures reflect the strong, international development of animal husbandry in China. “Exhibitors were very satisfied with the origin of the visitors. Not only were there more visitors from more Chinese pro-duction areas than in 2006, the

international visitors also came from a larger number of coun-tries than in the show’s history of five editions,” says Berculo.

BusinessVencomatic BV from the

Netherlands and Shanghai Extra Machinery Co. Ltd from China signed a letter of intent to co-operate in a joint venture called Venco-Extra Poultry Equipment Co. Ltd. “Our new co-operation officially starts on November 1, 2008,” says Vencomatic’s managing director Cor van de Ven, “The JV will focus on the production of poultry equipment for the local Chinese market.”

Sanovo Staalkat introduced a new, egg breaking machine to the Chinese market. Official country pavilions present at VIV China came from France, the Nether lands, Korea, Italy, the

United Kingdom and the United States of America (the States of Illinois and Minnesota). The Canadian Swine presentation featured the country’s leading genetics experts: “We made many contacts with Chinese breeders who are improving their herds to obtain a better meat quality and faster growing pigs.”

5th AnniversaryOn the special occasion of VIV

China’s 5th anniversary, the VIV organisers awarded ‘first time exhibitors’ for their loyalty of par-ticipating in all 5 editions, including Stork Food Systems, Impex Barneveld, Nedap Velos, Schils, Roxell, Weda, Intervet/Schering Plough, Berg+Schmidt, Meyn and Watt Publishing.

More inforMation: www.viv.net.

VIV China 2008: the future is bright


AQUA EVENTSM

OR

E I

NFO

Bonus show circulation

200927th - 28th January 09: International Fisheries, Aquaculture and Marine Product Exhibition, Tehran-IranContact: Dr. Siamak Goharkhay, Unit 5, No. 208, Shohadaye Jandarmery St. 12th Farvardin St., Enghelab Ave. Tehran-Iran, P. O. Box: 13145-198

Tel: +98 21 66976060Fax: +98 21 66970742Email: [email protected]: www.icahmd.com

2nd - 4th February 098th Practical Short Course Aquaculture Feed Extrusion, Nutrition & Feed Formulation, Ghent, Belgium

Contact: Dr. S. Sefa Koseoglu,Filtration and Membrane World LLC 603 Southwest Parkway, Unit 23 College Station, Texas 77840 USATel: +1 979 764 8360Fax: +1 979 694 7031Email: [email protected]

4th - 5th February 09: Innovation forum AQUALLIANCE - new aspects of sustainable aquac-ulture, German ocean muse-um OZEANEUM, Stralsund, GermanyContact: Frank Neudörfer, Poject manager, BioCon Valley GmbH, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany

Tel: +49 381 2529513 0Fax: +49 381 2529513 13Email: [email protected]: www.aqualliance.de

15th - 18th February 09: AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2009, Seattle, Washington, USAContact: John Cooksey, PO Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 USA

Tel: +1 760 751 5005Fax: +1 760 751 5003Email: [email protected]: www.was.org

11th - 13th March 09VIV ASIA 2009, Bangkok International Trade & Exhibition

Centre(BITEC) 88 Bangna-Trad Road (Km.1), Bangna, Bangkok 10260, Thailand

Contact: Ellen Wonder, VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O. Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht, the NetherlandsTel: +31 30 295 2852 +31 6 5433 8860Fax: +31 30-295 2809Email: ellen.wonder@ vnuexhibitions.comWeb: www.viv.net

25th - 28th March 09: PESCA SUR 2009, Concepción, ChileContact: María Paz Fernández del Río, Matilde Salamanca 736 Oficina 501 Providencia CP7500657 Santiago Chile

Tel: + 562 756 5402Email: [email protected]: www.pesca-sur.cl

21st - 22nd April 09: Scottish Aquaculture - A Sustainable Future, The Edinburgh Conference Centre Heriot-Watt UniversityContact: Dr Mark James, FRM Ltd 7 Atholl Gardens Dunkeld Perthshire PH8 0AY Scotland

Tel: +44 1350 727484Fax: +44 1350 727484Email: [email protected]: //www.sarf.org.uk/symposium.htm

25th - 29th May 09: WORLD AQUACULTURE 2009, Veracruz, MexicoContact: John Cooksey, PO Box 2302, Valley Center, CA 92082 USA

Tel: +1 760 751 5005Fax: +1 760 751 5003Email: [email protected]: www.was.org

2nd - 4th July 09: ILDEX India 2009, ITPO (International

Trade Promotion Organization) Pragati Maidan New Delhi IndiaContact: Pixie Consulting Solutions Ltd, # 923, Sector 9, U.E. Karnal - 132001 Haryana India

Tel: +91 184 4090722Fax: +91 184 2240050Email: [email protected]: www.ildexindia.com

MORE INFO

Aquaculture America 2009

The U.S. Aquaculture Society (formerly U.S. Chapter of WAS joins with National Aquaculture Association and the U.S. Aquaculture Suppliers Association to produce the annual Aquaculture America meetings. These sponsors are joined by the annual meetings of Aquacultural Engineering Society, American Tilapia Association, Striped Bass Growers Association, US Trout Farmers Association, US Shrimp Farming Association and many more associations to make Aquaculture

AQUACULTURE AMERICA 2009 will have the largest aquaculture trade show in the Western Hemisphere and one of the largest anywhere in the world with nearly 200 booths. THE ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY

THE ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN CHAPTER, WAS

M AY 2 5 - 2 9 , 2 0 0 9WO R L D T R A D E C E N T E R

V E R AC R U Z , M E X I C O

a b l ue revo l u t i on to f eed t he wor ld

ASSOCIATE SPONSORSAQUABIO • Aquaculture Engineering Society • Colegio De Posgraduados. Campus Veracruz

Instiituto Veracruzano Para El Desarrollo Rural (INVEDER)International Association of Aquaculture Economics & Management

Secretaria De Desarrollo Rural,Pesca Y Acuacultura (SEDARPA) • Secretaria De Economia Del Estado De VeracruzComision Veracruzano De La Comercializacion Agropecuaria (COVECA)

Consejo De Desarrollo Del Papaloapan (CODEPA)Fundacion Produce Veracruz (FUNPROVER) • Sistema Producto Tilapia Veracruz

National Aquaculture Association of GuyanaAsociacion Nacional De Proveedores De Larvas De Camaron (ANPLAC)

Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIPERJ)Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR)

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) • Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN)Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) • Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR)

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS) • Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT)Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) • Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP)

Asociación Nacional de Productores de Postlarvas de Camarón (ANPLAC)Comité de Sanidad Acuícola del Estado de Sonora (COSAES)

Comité Estatal de Sanidad Acuícola de Sinaloa (CESASIN)

For More Information Contact:Conference Manager • P.O. Box 2302 • Valley Center, CA 92082 USA

Tel: +1.760.751.5005 • Fax: +1.760.751.5003Email: [email protected] • www.was.org

Associate SponsorsAmerican Tilapia Association International Association of AquacultureAmerican Veterinary Medical Association Economics and ManagementAquacultural Engineering Society Latin American Chapter WASAquaculture Association of Canada National Aquaculture CouncilCaribbean Aquaculture Association Striped Bass Growers AssociationCatfish Farmers of America US Shrimp Farming AssociationGlobal Aquaculture Alliance US Trout Farmers Association

THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

February 15-18, 2009Washington StateConvention Center

Seattle, Washington

MexSea A4 combo ad.indd 1 02/10/08 08:26:23


AQUA EVENTS

THE ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY

THE ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF LATIN AMERICAN & CARIBBEAN CHAPTER, WAS

M AY 2 5 - 2 9 , 2 0 0 9WO R L D T R A D E C E N T E R

V E R AC R U Z , M E X I C O

a b l ue revo l u t i on to f eed t he wor ld

ASSOCIATE SPONSORSAQUABIO • Aquaculture Engineering Society • Colegio De Posgraduados. Campus Veracruz

Instiituto Veracruzano Para El Desarrollo Rural (INVEDER)International Association of Aquaculture Economics & Management

Secretaria De Desarrollo Rural,Pesca Y Acuacultura (SEDARPA) • Secretaria De Economia Del Estado De VeracruzComision Veracruzano De La Comercializacion Agropecuaria (COVECA)

Consejo De Desarrollo Del Papaloapan (CODEPA)Fundacion Produce Veracruz (FUNPROVER) • Sistema Producto Tilapia Veracruz

National Aquaculture Association of GuyanaAsociacion Nacional De Proveedores De Larvas De Camaron (ANPLAC)

Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FIPERJ)Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR)

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) • Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN)Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) • Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas (CICIMAR)

Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS) • Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT)Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) • Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP)

Asociación Nacional de Productores de Postlarvas de Camarón (ANPLAC)Comité de Sanidad Acuícola del Estado de Sonora (COSAES)

Comité Estatal de Sanidad Acuícola de Sinaloa (CESASIN)

For More Information Contact:Conference Manager • P.O. Box 2302 • Valley Center, CA 92082 USA

Tel: +1.760.751.5005 • Fax: +1.760.751.5003Email: [email protected] • www.was.org

Associate SponsorsAmerican Tilapia Association International Association of AquacultureAmerican Veterinary Medical Association Economics and ManagementAquacultural Engineering Society Latin American Chapter WASAquaculture Association of Canada National Aquaculture CouncilCaribbean Aquaculture Association Striped Bass Growers AssociationCatfish Farmers of America US Shrimp Farming AssociationGlobal Aquaculture Alliance US Trout Farmers Association

THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

February 15-18, 2009Washington StateConvention Center

Seattle, Washington

MexSea A4 combo ad.indd 1 02/10/08 08:26:23

CLASSIFIED ADVERTS

OTHER SERVICES

To advertise in our Classified section contact:[email protected]

Frisby Extrusion Services LtdTyson Court Yard

Weldon Industrial Estate, South Corby, Northants NN18 8AZ, England

Tel: +44 (0)1536 263545Fax: +44 (0)1536 205184Web: www.fes-ltd.com

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all single and twin screw cooker extruder consumable spares. We also refurbish screws and liners.

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Tel: (563) 263-5549 Fax: (563) 264-8420website: www.ReynoldsEng.come-mail: [email protected]

Manufacturer of Air Swept Pulverisers for the fine grinding of many aquafeed products

DRYER

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Buhler AGCH – 9240Uzwil, SwitzerlandT: +41 71 955 11 11F: +41 71 955 28 96E: [email protected]

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THE SMARTEST SOLUTIONS ASK FOR OUR CD-ROM

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Untitled-1 1 12/3/08 15:18:38

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG Phone: +49 40 727 71 0

www.akahl.de

Extruderfor Fish Feed

Extruder for Fish Feed

EXTRUDERS

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For more information on the IAF

classified section go to:

www.aquafeed.co.uk

“Your Reliable Supply Chain Manager”Products we produce and Export:• Banana Meal• Banana Powder• Crude Tuna Fish Oil• Crude Sardine Fish Oil• Tuna Fish Meal• Sardine Fish Meal • Dried and hammered Pineapple Pulp

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PALM VIEW TRADE

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SUPPlY CHaIn

www.turretgroup.com


The solution behind the solution.

Fish feed that not only fish rave about. Buhler is the global technology partner for

companies producing fish feed on a commercial scale. With good reason: From

raw material processing to extrusion and drying, only leading technologies are

utilised. Buhler specialists having an intimate understanding of all process stages

– mastering them with passion, combine these technologies into clever overall

solutions. The result: superior-quality micro-pellets or flakes, shrimp pellets,

floating and sinking feeds that not only fish rave about.

www.buhlergroup.com/extrusion

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january | february 09 - international aquafeed

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