march april 2011 - international aquafeed

Volume 14 I s sue 2 2 011

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Aquaculture: Producing aquafeed pellets

Krill:Feed makers need to look at krill

Feed Management:An assessment of aquaculture production with

special reference to Asia and Europe

Pigmentation Effects of Corn Gluten Meal on Flesh

Pigmentation of Rainbow Trout

aquaI n t e r n a t I o n a l

feedAn internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2011 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Volume 14 / Issue 2 / March-April 2011 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2011 / All rights reserved

EDITOR’S DESK 2

Aqua NewsFeeding the Fish of the Future – The future is now for alternative feeds! 6Successful Anniversary Year 2010 6Novartis Animal Health gains rights to develop innovative new vaccine for prevention of Pancreas Disease in farmed salmon 7AFIA’s largest annual event concludes in Atlanta 8IFFO appoints Andrew Mallison to succeed Jonathan Shepherd as director general 8GAA appoints MCS Aquaculture Officer 8Shellfish conference in Stirling, Scotland 9

F: Feed pelletsAquaculture: Producing aqua feed pellets 10

F: KrillFeed makers need to look at krill 18

F: Bolt 'n' GoBolt ‘n’ Go Chain and Flight System – explanation and case study – 22

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT 24

F: Elevator bucketsHow to select the proper plastic resin replacement elevator bucket 26

F: Herbal medicineHerbal medicine in aquaculture 28

F: PigmentationEffects of Corn Gluten Meal on Flesh Pigmentation of Rainbow Trout 32

Feed ManagementAn assessment of aquaculture production with special reference to Asia and Europe 36

Book reviewTilapia Culture 42Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries - Part 1 42Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries - Part 2 43

ClaSSIfIED aDvERTS 44

EvEnTS 46

WEB lInKS 48

EDITOR’S DESK W

ELC

OM

E TO

INTE

RN

ATIO

NA

L AQ

UA

FEED

MA

GA

ZIN

E

Croeso (welcome in Welsh)

Spring is in the air and the long dark nights are behind us with the clocks set to go forward. In the UK there is talk of a double summer time from 2012. We too go forward into 2011 with our spring issue of IAF with an exciting content reflecting the current news in the industry and the latest trends and

developments in aquafeed technology and nutrition science.

I have been spending a considerable time travelling through my native Wales and also seeing the expanding range of activities in England this month. I am fortunate to be part of a government advisory team to develop an aquaculture strategy for England that encompasses fish, shellfish and other potential organisms including aquatic invertebrates and plants. There is a growing realisation that England requires a platform to stimulate aquaculture in line with similar schemes supported by the Welsh assembly and Scottish executive within the UK. Watch out! St George is going to take on fish farming as well as any Dragon.

Indeed aquaculture has been seen to be a vital part of European policy as reported in IAF in several previous issues.

In this issue we complete our bios for the new editorial panel welcoming key new members and our established team who together provide additional input and variation to our themes.

We report on developments in the engineering of suitable pellets for feed with emphasis on stabil-ity and nutritional quality.

In my own area of specialisation it is very interesting to see how krill meal can be utilised as a novel feed ingredient in aquafeeds with a report from Aker BioMarine based in Norway. The attributes of krill and oil especially with its high omega 3 fatty acid and carotenoid levels are deemed important factors in health of juvenile fish and also as a speciality feed additive in starter feeds in the hatchery and possibly in brood-stock. Its excellent carotenoid content is also of value in formulated feeds to achieve natural pigmentation of flesh in salmonids and integument of certain species.

With the costs of pigmentation and sources of carotenoids in feeds being a topical issue it is relevant to have an article on the interactive effects of corn gluten meal on salmonid flesh colour and considerations for production.

We also include a feature on various herbal bioactive agents that can be added as natural diet therapeutic agents for combating fish diseases or as a general prophylactic measure based on their antibiotic properties and potential immune-stimulant capacity. We have reported many products with prebiotic and probiotic actions but there is an increased demand for pant (phyto-biotic) compounds from a vast array of sources for animal production with much interest for application in fish and shellfish culture.

Finally, Krishen Rana concludes his feature on Asian and European aquaculture output with a review on the potential for this area to continue to expand on a regional and global level.

The Martin Little page continues to update us on breaking news in the aquaculture at large with his blog.

Please enjoy our latest issue and please remember that all external contributions are very welcome as we must reflect the contemporary trends, research findings and products serving the aquafeed sector from its multi-disciplinary perspectives.

March-April 20112 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2011

EditorProfessor Simon DaviesEmail: [email protected]

Associate EditorProfessor Krishen RanaEmail: [email protected]

Editorial ManagerNicky BarnesEmail: [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Panel:•Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)

•ProfessorAntónioGouveia(Portugal)

•ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)

•ColinMair(UK)

•DrDanielMerrifield(UK)

•DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)

•DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)

•DrKimJauncey(UK)

•EricDeMuylder(Belgium)

Subscription & CirculationTuti TanEmail: [email protected]

Design & Page LayoutJames TaylorEmail: [email protected]

International Marketing Team

Caroline WearnEmail: [email protected]

Sabby MajorEmail: [email protected]

More information: International Aquafeed7 St George's Terrace, St James' SquareCheltenham, GL50 3PT United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

Perendale Publishers Ltd, producers of InternationalAquafeed magazine has launched a new media servicein conjunction with leading global show, exhibition andconference organizers to preview and review all major

feedandmillingeventsaroundtheworld.Theseonlinedocumentswill preview an event in the run up to it, and then switch to areviewaftertheeventhasfinished.ToviewthefirstofthesedocumentsforVictamInternational2011,pleasevisit:www.aquafeed.co.uk/victam2011

EVENTPreview/Review

INTERNATIONAL 2011

Online & accessible From: February 2011 - Until: January 2014

BB_Victam_International.indd 1

28/02/2011 14:27

2 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2011

Only from Tapco, the two most popularbucket designs in the world!

For North American style elevators: theclassic CC-HD design. For European styleelevators: the Super EuroBucket.

Do you need more capacity? Consider theTapco 8" and 9" CC-HD Super Capacitybuckets. Our 9" projection cups provide

25% more capacity than the 8" buckets at avery cost effective price.

Wear and tear is a fact of life in many elevators. Tapco urethane buckets are knownfor their exceptional wear characteristics.Our nylon buckets are extremely strong,yet lightweight. If you are not using Tapcobuckets, you are not getting the most out ofyour elevator!

Tapco elevator bolts have been specificallydesigned to work with nonmetallic buckets.To achieve the most secure assembly, useTapco fanged elevator bolts and self-lockingnuts. Tapco stocks over 14 million bolts in six styles. If you wouldlike to improve your elevator performance, contact Tapco or visitwww.tapcoinc.com.

� Precise Discharge Consistent profile shape assures uniform dischargecharacteristics over the entire bucket range.

FLATCOUNTERSUNK

HEADElevator Bolt

� Tough & FlexibleInjection molded polyethylene “gives” or “yields” to

bypass obstructions in your elevator, allowing thebucket to return to its original shape.

� Unequaled StrengthThick walls and prime virgin engineered

resins provide exceptional strength.

� � Accurate & ReliableCapacity Ratings

Equal or greater carrying

capacity ofequivalent

size steelbuckets.

Roundedfront lip aids

in filling of bucket.

� Cost EfficientPrime virgin resins give unsurpassed bucket life

for maximum return on investment.

� Perfect FitDirect replacement of existing steel and plasticbuckets. No modifications to your elevator are needed.

� Ease of InstallationLighter weight aids in mounting buckets andreduces load on belt and running components.Nonmetallic materials eliminate hazardous sharpedges of steel buckets.

� Increased Safety Non-metallic materials eliminatethe possibility of explosion-causingsparking from bent and torn steel buckets.

� Ordered Today, Shipped Today900,000 buckets in stock worldwide in more than64 sizes, 12 styles & 6 materials for fast delivery.

How Tapco Buckets Make a World of Differencein Your Elevator Facility

The color blue, when used in connection with elevator buckets, is a U.S. registered trademark owned by Tapco Inc. Super EuroBucket ™ is a registered trademark of Tapco Inc. © 2010 Tapco Inc.® All rights reserved.

FANGED HEADElevator Bolt

STYLE SUPER EUROBUCKET™ and STYLE CC-HD Polyethylene Elevator Buckets (pictured)

Tel.: +1 314 739 9191 • +1 800 AT-TAPCO (+1 800 288 2726) • Fax: +1 314 739 5880 • www.tapcoinc.com

ELEVATOR BUCKETS - ELEVATOR BOLTS

St. Louis, Missouri U.S.A.

� Profitable, High-Speed HandlingTested and provendesigns allow adirect, compact discharge path forimproved, high-speedperformance.

®

WorldOfDiffSEB_HD_Oct2010 10/25/10 11:40 AM Page 1

Dr Kim Jauncey BSc (Hons),Dr Kim Jauncey BSc (Hons), PhD Senior Lecturer, After a BSc in Applied Biology and Pure and Applied Chemistry from the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology (UWIST), Cardiff and a PhD in fish nutrition from the University of Aston in Birminham, Dr Jauncey came to the ‘Unit of Aquatic Pathobiology’ at Stirling University (later to become the Institute of Aquaculture) as a short-term postdoctoral research fellow working on tilapia nutrition for the Overseas Development Administration (now the Department for International Development, DfID).

His early work was principally concerned with protein:energy ratios and essential amino acid requirements of tilapias although this rapidly expanded to encompass many aspects of fish nutrition which centre on use of low-cost, locally available, ingredients that could be used in aquaculture feeds, especially for tropical freshwater food fish (tilapias, carps and catfishes).

He has research students working on a range of fish (salmon, trout, wolffish, cod, carp, tilapia, catfish, gilthead seabream), crustacea (penaeid shrimp, macrobrachium) and even crocodilians and on nutritional topics ranging from larval rearing, through ascorbic acid nutrition, to use of in-feed enzymes and effects of feeding regime.

Most recently my research interests are in the toxic and antinutritional factors present in plant feedstuffs (particularly those of tropi-cal origin) and the environmental impacts of feeding in aquaculture. He is also a founding Editor of the Blackwell’s Journal Aquaculture Nutrition.

In his ‘learning and teaching’ roles Dr Kim has been Vice Dean (Learning and Teaching) in the Faculty of Natural Sciences and is presently Departmental Director of Learning and Teaching as well as Chief Examiner and director of undergraduate programmes.

Prof Abdel-Fattah M El-SayedProf Abdel-Fattah M El-Sayed is currently the head of Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. He received an A BSc in Oceanography from Alexandria University, Egypt, MSc in Fisheries biology from Alexandria University, Egypt and a PhD in fish nutrition from Michigan State University, USA. Prof El-Sayed authored and/or co-authored over 100 pier reviewed papers in aquaculture and fisheries, in addition to four books. He also supervised over 20 MSc and PhD students from different countries. He has been a participant in many local and regional aquaculture projects.

Prof El-Sayed has also participated in more than 40 local, regional and international conferences in aquaculture and fisheries sciences. He has also been visiting professor to scientific institutions in Japan, Spain, Malaysia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Sultanate of Oman. He is a regional and international aquaculture consultant, and his clients include the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, The Regional Origination for protecting the Marine environment (ROPME) and The Arab Organization for Agricultural Development. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of "Aquaculture Research" journal and Research J of Fisheries and Hydrobiology. He is a referee for most of International aquaculture journals, particularly in the area of fish nutrition. He is also a member of the Egyptian National committee for University staff promotion.

Email: [email protected], [email protected] Prof Abdel-Fattah M El-Sayed is currently the head of Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria,

Egypt. He received an A BSc in Oceanography from Alexandria University, Egypt, MSc in Fisheries biology from Alexandria University, Egypt and a PhD in fish nutrition from Michigan State University, USA. Prof El-Sayed authored and/or co-authored over 100 pier reviewed papers in aquaculture and fisheries, in addition to four books. He also supervised over 20 MSc and PhD students from different countries. He has been a participant in many local and regional aquaculture projects.

Prof El-Sayed has also participated in more than 40 local, regional and international conferences in aquaculture and fisheries sciences. He has also been visiting professor to scientific institutions in Japan, Spain, Malaysia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Sultanate of Oman. He is a regional and international aquaculture consultant, and his clients include the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, The Regional Origination for protecting the Marine environment (ROPME) and The Arab Organization for Agricultural Development. He is also a member of the Editorial Board of "Aquaculture Research" journal and Research J of Fisheries and Hydrobiology. He is a referee for most of International aquaculture journals, particularly in the area of fish nutrition. He is also a member of the Egyptian National committee for University staff promotion.

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Colin MairTrained in electronics, Colin Mair worked as a Bakery Engineer, took a bachelors degree in Biochemistry and Physiology and then worked 16 years in the food industry in technical and process areas. Mr Mair then worked for Extru-Tech Inc in Kansas as Technical Director and spent five years on product and process development in the 1990s.In the past 10 years he has worked on many process and product areas, including development and manufacturing work on petfoods, petfood teats, aquatic feeds, snack foods and breakfast cereals. The work has been round the world

and included in-depth extended projects with several major companies. Colin has done a lot of work on measuring and improving energy footprint and process efficiencies of process plants making feed products on extruders and pelletmills.Aquatic feed work has including the incorporation of novel ingredients such as marine ragworms, micro-algae and macro-algae into specialist and mainline formulations for fish and shrimp. More recently he has worked on the development of complex seaweed blends as an ingredient in aquatic feeds, which has shown great success in farming KPI’s as well as significant improvements in health, lice resistance, and flavour and texture of finished product.

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2011 March-april 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5

The

2011

Edi

toria

l Pan

el -

par

t 2

See

our

next

issu

e fo

r in

form

atio

n ab

out

the

rest

of

the

Edito

rial

Pane

l.Yo

u ca

n se

e th

e fu

ll lis

t of

pan

el m

embe

rs o

n th

e Ed

itors

pag

e.

Sungchul (Charles) BaiSungchul (Charles) Bai is Professor/Director of the Department of Marine Bio-materials and Aquaculture/Feeds & Foods Nutrition Research Center (FFNRC - www.ffnrc.com), Pukyong National University (PKNU), Busan, Korea. Professor Bai has MS in Animal Sciences (Nutrition) from California State University - Freson (CSUF), and PhD in Nutrition /Physiological Chemistry from the School of Veterinarian Medicine at University of California Davis. He has also worked and lived in the United States since 1981 until 1993 as a graduate student at CSUF and UC Davis, as a

research associate at Texas A&M and as visiting professor at Ohio State University and UC Davis. Charles joined as a faculty at PKNU in 1993, and has published over 150 research papers and 18 books or book chapters as well as over 400 abstracts and articles in international and domestic meetings, and has several patents in Korea.He contributed to make a successful 2008 World Aquaculture Society (WAS) Annual meeting in Busan, Korea as President (2007-08). He was Immediate Past-President (2008-09), President-elect (2006-07) of WAS, the President of Vision 21 Korean Aquaculture Forum (2003–08), Board of Director of WAS (2003–06), Member of the National Vision 2012 Committee of Ministry of Science and Technology (2002), Chairman, Department of Aquaculture, PKNU, Busan, Korea (1996–98). He had IBC Top 100 Scientists award (2008); The Best Teaching Award in 2008 by Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea (2008); Recognition Award by World Aquaculture Society (08); Special Invitation Lecture by Andres Bello University, Chile (2008); Special Invitation Lecture by Indonesian Aquaculture Society, Indonesia (08); Recognition Award by Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, Korea (2007); Guest Speaker and Visiting Professorship by Tianjin Agricultural University, China (2007); WAS-Latin American and Caribbean Chapter Plenary Session Speaker (2007).

Antonio GouveiaAntonio Gouveia is Associate Professor at the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Science of the University of Porto, Portugal. He got his PhD in 1987 at the Institute of Aquaculture of the University of Stirling (Scotland) after completion of the first part of the MSc in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management (1981-1982). He is involved in teaching Aquaculture to the Biology course and Sustainable Aquaculture to the MSC in Biological Aquatic Resources of the Faculty of Sciences

of the University of Porto. His main research area is the evaluation of vegetable and animal products and by-products in diets for various freshwater (rainbow trout, common carp and catfishes) and marine fish species (gilthead sea bream European sea bass, and turbot).


9 -11 March, BITEC Bangkok, Thailand

Register now for FREE entrance!

www.aquatic-asia.net

Find your suppliers of innovative products and services in the Fish, Molluscs, Crustaceans and Algae business

adv_aqua2011_210x147_bV2.indd 1 17-09-10 15:46

The Buhler TechnologyGroup can look back onan encouraging business

year2010.ForthefirsttimeintheGroup’s 150-year history, orderintakeexceededthemarkoftwobillionSwissfrancs.Alsosalesandoperatingresult(EBIT)continuedtogrow.

The anniversary year will beknown as one of the best inBuhler’s history.With CHF 2160millionor21percentmorethanayearago,theorderintakepassed

the mark of two billion Swissfrancs, although the first quarterwas still characterized by theturmoil in the global economy.Allthreedivisionscontributedtothe growth.Advanced Materials,followed by Food, achieved thegreatestleapof48percent.

Processing (+27%) and GrainProcessing (+15%). This pro-nounced increase inorder intakewasespeciallyduetotheemergingmarketsinAsia(+39%),NorthandSouthAmerica (+19%), and the

MiddleEast(+96%).Thus,businessis now spread evenly across thefourmainregions–Europe,MiddleEast/Africa,Asia, and North andSouthAmerica.

Aperceptibleimprovementwasalsoachievedinsalesgrowing11percent to CHF 1907 million(+13% on a currency adjustedbasis).Theoperatingresult(EBIT)wasexceedingsalesgrowth.

Buhler is a global leader in thefield of process engineering, inpar ticular for production tech-

nologies and services formakingfoods and advanced materials.Buhler operates in over 140countries and has a total payrollofabout7800worldwide.

More inforMation:Corina AtzliHead Corporate CommunicationsBühler AGCH - 9240 UzwilSwitzerlandTel: +41 71 9553399 Fax +41 71 9553851Email: [email protected]

SuccessfulAnniversaryYear2010

TherelianceonfishoilbytheUK aquaculture industryand its supply chain –

fromfeedproductionthroughtoretailers–isbeingquestionedbytheMarineConservationSociety(MCS).

TheMCS is requestiongreaterco-operation from stakeholdersin reducing the sectors heavyrelianceonfishoil.

Fishupdate reports that globalavailability of fish oil is limitedandthecontinuedgrowth inthefarming of carnivorous fish suchas salmonwill be dependent onincreasedlevelsofreplacementoffishoilwithplantoilindiets.

AtarecentlyhostedMCSevent

inEdinburgh,Scotland,sponsoredby the three main feed manu-facturers – EWOS, Biomar andSkretting - highlighted issues inthe supplyofmarine ingredients,theregulatorypositioninrelationto use of animal by products aswell as looking at advances thathave been made in reducingfishmealusage.

A recent report from Norwaypredictsaseriousshortageoffishoilpossiblywithinthenexttwotothreeyears.

Fish oil inclusion will haveto be reduced considerably ifScottish salmon farmerswant toget certified by theAquacultureStewardshipCouncil,as limitson

wildfishinthedietisakeycom-ponent of the salmon standard,saysFishupdate.

Meanwhile Dawn Purchase,a new ly appo in ted MCSAquaculture Officer says: "IntheUKwehavestillhavesignifi-cantuseoffishoilonlydietsforfarmedsalmonandtheindustrycan no longer continue to usethis valuable resource in thisway.

“Itistimetomovetoastrategicuseofourpreciousandvaluablewild capture fisheries.This canonly be achieved through agreater level of substitutionwithalternativesinthedietsoffarmedfish.

“There is a wealth of knowl-edgeandresearchcarriedoutonalternative feed ingredients, bothproteins and oils from vegetablesources, algae oil, ragworm andbloodmeal.

“The UK industry have to beboldandintroducetheseingredi-ents into farmed salmondiets, itistheresponsiblethingtodoinaworldoflimitedresources.”

More inforMation:Marine Conservation Society3 Coates PlaceEdinburghEH3 7AA United KingdomTel: +44 131 226 3113Website: www.mcsuk.org

Feeding the Fish of the Future– The future is now for alternative feeds!


Aqua News

License deal with Intervet/Schering-Plough paves wayfor potential commercial-

ization of innovative PancreasDiseasevaccine

Initial NovartisAnimal Healthstudy data shows high degreeof efficacy and favorable levelsof protection against the PDvirus

Would allow for broader fishhealth management programsupon the potential commercial-izationofthenewvaccine

Novar tis Animal Health, Inchas entered into an agreementwith Intervet/Schering-Ploughthat grants exclusive rights toNovartis to potentially commer-cialise a new Pancreas Disease(PD) vaccine for use in farmedsalmon.

ThelicensedealallowsNovartisAnimalHealthtocontinuedevel-opment of its new PD vaccine,which uses the same innovativetechnologyastheNovartisApexIHN vaccine currently on themarketinCanada.

Earlystudieshavedemonstratedhigh levels of efficacy and favor-ablelevelsofprotectionfromthePDvirus.

The Novar tis vaccine candi-date has the potential to offersalmonproducersinNorway,UKand Ireland a unique alternativefor managing this costly disease,whichisprevalentinthesesalmonproducingareas.

Addit ional ly, the Novar tisvaccinewouldsupportabroaderapproach to fish health and suc-cessful management of thedisease , complementing theNorvax® Compact PD vaccineintroduced by Intervet/Schering-Ploughin2008.

“The aquaculture business isa priority at Novar tis AnimalHealth and it is a business thatwewillcontinuetoinvestin,”saidGeorge Gunn, Global Head ofNovartisAnimalHealth.

“We are pleased to havereached an agreement that

allows Novar tis to develop avaccinebasedonnew,innovativetechnology and that potentiallywill enable salmon producers inNorway,UKandIrelandtobettermanagePancreasDisease.”

NovartisAnimalHealthoriginallypresentedinformationonthenewPDvaccinecandidateinSeptember2009at theEuropeanAssociationofFishPathologistsmeetingheldinPrague.Moredevelopmentwork

hasfollowed,andNovartisiscom-mitted to working through theregulatoryprocesses and require-ments in its efforts to commer-cializethevaccine.

“Our primary goal is to helpfish farmers around the worldimprove the health and qualityoftheirfishstocksbyinvestingintheresearchprogramsthatbringnew and innovative solutions tothemarket,”saidGunn.

“Novar t i s sc ient i s t s w i l lcontinue topresent dataon thevaccineandwealsowillcontinueto educate customers on thebenefits the vaccine is expectedtobringtothemarket.”

More inforMation:Novartis International AGNovartis Global CommunicationsCH-4002 BaselSwitzerlandWebsite: www.novartis.com

NovartisAnimalHealthgainsrightstodevelopinnovativenewvaccineforpreventionofPancreasDiseaseinfarmedsalmon


Aqua News

2011Meet the future!Follow the latest development of aquaculture research, technology, feed, fish health, education, financing, environmental protection etc.Visitors from more than 50 nations will be present.

International conferences and seminars in connection with Aqua Nor will focus on research and challenges of the aquaculture industry.

Exhibitor, visitor or conference participant? For more information: www.nor-fishing.no

AQuA NOr – the most important international venue for theaquaculture industry.

AQuA NOrInternational exhibition16 - 19 August 2011 • Trondheim • Norway

Organiser: The Nor-Fishing FoundationKlostergata 90, NO-7030 Trondheim, Tel +47 73 56 86 40, Fax +47 73 56 86 41, [email protected]

AndrewMallison has beenappointed to succeedJonathan Shepherd as

directorgeneraloftheInternationalFishmealandFishOilOrganisation,IFFO.

Mr Mallison joins IFFO fromthe Marine Stewardship Council(MSC)wherehehasbeendirectorof Standards & Licensing since2009.Beforethathespent13yearswith leadingfoodretailer,Marks&SpencerPlc, as technicalmanagerwithresponsibilityforprocurementand sustainability strategy for allseafoodsourcedglobally.

Mr Mallison will joinIFFO on May 9 thisyear andwill direct theglobaltradeorganisationjointly with Shepherduntil the latter retiresonDecember31,2011after sevenyears in thepost.

“AndrewMallisonwastheunanimouschoiceoftheBoard’sAppointmentCommitteeheadedbyIFFOPresident,HumbertoSpeziani,”saidJonathanShepherd.

“Hecombinestechnicalknowledgeofwildandfarmedseafoodwithcom-

mercialawareness.Hisworkinengagingwithfishermen,processors,NGOs,media,opinionformers,Governmentand consumers onenvironmentalseafoodissuesiswellknown;asishis track record indefininganddelivering

strategicprogress.”In responseMrMallison added:

“I intendtousemyexperienceofthewholeseafoodsupplychaintobuildontheprogressachievedbyJonathanShepherd.

“Sustainably sourced marineingredients have a huge contri-bution tomake to the provisionof food security for the growingglobal population. I am lookingforward to supporting some ofthe largest and most productivefisheriesintheworldtoaddvalueto their catch and make bestuse of a natural and renewableresource.”

More inforMation:Anne ChamberlainExternal Affairs, Consultant to IFFOTel: +44 1780 470455 Email: [email protected]

IFFO appoints Andrew Mallison to succeed Jonathan Shepherd as director general

Dawn Purchase, an MCSAquaculture Officer,says she is ‘delighted’

to accept the invitation to jointhe Global Aquaculture Alliance(GAA) Standards OversightCommittee.

TheAlliancepromotesresponsiblepracticesandbestpractices(underthe BestAquaculture Practices –

BAPs - certification standards foraquaculturefacilities)throughouttheaquacultureindustry.

“Iamdelightedtoaccepttheinvita-tiontojointheStandardsOversightCommittee.ItreflectsthehighregardthatMCS isheld inwith regard todriving the aquaculture industrytowards better environmentalpractice,”saysDawnPurchase.

“BeingpartoftheGAAwillallowMCStoinfluencedevelopingstandardsforarangeofspeciestocomprehen-sivelyaddress issuesofenvironmentalconcern.Wearekeentomakesurethatsuchstandarddevelopmentcom-plimentsourotherworkareasincludingresponsiblefeedsupplythroughboththe International Fishmeal and FishOilOrganisationResponsibleSupplyStandardandouradvocacyworkonalternativefeedingredients.”

BAPs are developedby specifictechnicalcommitteesthatdealwithindividualspeciesundertheguidanceof theOversightCommittee andaremadeupofmembers drawnfrom a wide spectrum of stake-holderrepresentatives.

More inforMation:Marine Conservation Society3 Coates Place, Edinburgh, EH3 7AA United KingdomWebsite: www.mcsuk.org

GAA appoints MCS Aquaculture Officer

The 2011 InternationalFeedExpo(Expo),organ-izedbytheAmericanFeed

IndustryAssociation in conjunc-tion with the US Poultry & EggAssociation’sInternationalPoultryExpo,concludedtoday.Thisyear’seventfeaturedaseriesofspeakersand educational programs, andmore than 900 exhibitors dis-playedthelatest inproductsandtechnologies that are beneficialtothefeed,petfoodandpoultryindustries.

The Expo and related eventswere attended by both US andinternational feed and poultryindustry stakeholders.More than20,000 visitors from over 100different countries attended thisyearsExpo.AFIA’sbooththisyearemphasized the Safe Feed/SafeFood Certification Program, the

Institute for Feed Education &Research andAFIA’s representa-tionofthepetfoodindustry.

"This year's Expo offeredattendees a rangeof substantiveprogrammingandeventstomaketheir time inAtlanta as compel-ling as possible, on top of thehundredsofexhibitsontheshowfloor,"saidJoelGNewman,AFIApresidentandCEO.

Conference attendees receivedregulatoryandlegislativeupdatesfrom industry leaders and keyfederal decision-makers as wellas gained knowledge and insightduringtheExpoandrelatededu-cationalprograms.

AFIA’s Pet Food Committeeand USPOULTRY’s Poultr yProtein & Fat Council organizedand sponsored the 4thAnnualPet Food Conference, andAFIA

also hosted the InternationalEducation Forum during theweek-long event.These offeringscomplemented the additionaleducationalopportunitiesofferedbyUSPOULTRY.

The two-day Pe t FoodConference includedavarietyofexpert speakers. Dr Gary Egrieof theNationalCenter gave theinternational regulatory updatefor Import and Export, USDA/APHIS, while Svetlana Udislivaiaof Euromonitor Internationaladdressed the international petfoodmarketsupplyanddemand.Dr Daniel McChesney providedan update on the FDA and therecently passed Food SafetyModernization Act. The con-ference concluded with a petfood manufacturing panel, whichfeatured exper ts from The

Nutro Company, P&G Pet Careand Snacks, WellPet LLC andMidwesternPetFoods,Inc.

The International EducationForum addressed topics imper-ative to feed manufacturers andrelated industries. Ryan Hansonof MAC Equipment and DrLelandMcKinneyofKansasStateUniversity served as featuredspeakers; while regulatory andlegislativeupdateswereprovidedbyAFIA’s vice presidents KeithEppersonandRichardSellers.

In addition to the educa-tional programming,AFIA playeda key role in arranging thefourth annual International FeedRegulatorsMeetingsponsoredbythe International Feed IndustryFederation (IFIF).The meetingwas held prior to InternationalFeed Expo/International PoultryExpo.

More inforMation:Website: www.ife11.org

AFIA’s largest annual event concludes in Atlanta


Aqua News

Andrew Mallison

The University of Stirling,in Scotland, is to host amajor international shell-

fish conference‘Shellfish - Ourundervalued resource’ inAugustthisyear.

This is the 14th InternationalCon fe rence on She l l f i s hRestoration, and it is being heldin the United Kingdom for thefirst time with scientists fromaround the world expected toattend.

Dr Janet Brown, Head of theShellfish Unit at the Institute ofAquaculture at Stirling, says:“Inthe UK the perception of shell-fish is that it is something weeat, possibly inupmarket restau-rants.

“However, shellfish reefs formanenvironmentthatcanprovidea myr iad of ecological andeconomicbenefitsbuttheyhavebeen under such over fishingpressurethatthesebenefitshavelargelybeenlost.

“On a world stage shellfishreefs are considered among themost threatened habitats.Thisconferencehopestochangeper-ceptions, bringing scientists fromallovertheworldtodiscusshowwecanbenefit fromtheexperi-enceelsewhere,particularlyfromthe USA where there has beenconsiderable investment and

communitywork in shellfish res-toration.”

Holding the conference inStirling isappropriate,asthecityis on the River Forth, once themost productive oyster fisheryinScotlandwhererecentlytherewas significant news coveragewhen Dr LizAshton found twoliveoysterswheretheyhadbeen,tillthen,consideredextinct.

As a conference base theUniversity offers both com-for table hotel-type accommo-dation plus student-style moreeconomic choices, and also thepossibility for family-style chaletaccommodation for scientistswho may take the opportunitytobringtheirfamiliesandenjoyaScottishholiday.

The conference will run fromthe evening ofTuesdayAugust23 to SaturdayAugust 27, 2011withagala‘ceilidh’onAugust26.PleasenotethedatesandfurtherdetailswillbeavailableshortlyontheUniversitywebsite.

More inforMation:Andy Mitchell / Lesley Wilkinson Head of Communications & Media University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland, UKTel: +44 1786 467058 Email: [email protected] Website: www.stir.ac.uk

Shellfish conference in Stirling, Scotland


Aqua News

Rising feedcost

Escalatingfish meal price

Opportunisticdiseases

Environmentalimpact

Low Shrimp& fish prices

Feed is the main cost in most aquaculture operations …

and the most difficult one to reduce when ingredient prices are rising …

Tired of hearing only bad news?

AQUAGEST® maximizes digestibility andfeedutilizationefficiency

AQUABITE® enhancespalatability andappetite

SANACORE® GM improvesgrowthandproductivity

bypromotingahealthygutmicroflora

[email protected]

applyingnatureforahealthyandsustainablefuture

As more of world’s natural fisheries are depleted and demand of fish continues to rise, aquaculture will

continue to grow, thus raising demand for healthy, commercially prepared fish

Mostly, aquaculture relies upon extrusion cooking to produce feeds that are good mix and nutritionally available, but also in a form that is capable of moving through water column very slowly (floating) to be ingested. Thus, the big dependency in aquaculture is selecting ingredients that when extruded will possess just right buoyancy, not migrate nutrients into water, with high palatability for specific fish species.

Fishfeed pellets are prepared either by pressed cut sheets or by Extrusion methods. This article will discuss about Ingredients and Extrusion process for pro-ducing the pellets.

Main ingredients include: 1) Fish & Bone Meal 2) Soy protein (though it is not preferred

by farmers being not easily digestible by many fish species)

3) Wheat 4) Starch 5) Blood Meal

Other ingredients like Vitamins, Minerals and Lipids (Fat Oil) are also added in producing pellets.

FishmealFishmeal is a well-known source of

proteins which is strongly demanded by the animal feeds industry. This is due to its balanced amino acid content, which makes it an ideal feed for many domestic animals.

Moreover, its use to adjust (improve) the amino acid con-tent of other dietary protein sources also contributes to increase demand for fishmeal. As its name points out, fishmeal is derived from captured fish, including whole fish, fish scraps from fillets, and preserves of industries.

Most of the main capture fishery producers devote the main part of this activity to fish meal production. The raw mate-rials used in fish meal manufac-ture come almost entirely from species which are not often used for human consumption (either due their size, or because they are very abundant).

The fishmeal processing system consists of preserving initial fish proteins by means of a controlled dehydration, which extracts around 80 percent of the water and oils contained when fresh from fish.

This leads to the produc-tion of a dry product, easy to preserve and easier to transport than the initial product.

Fresh fish entering the manu-facturing plant is first ground and

then cooked in a continuous heating oven at 90-95 percent, which in-turn coagulates proteins and lose their water-holding capac-ity. The hot mash is then transported to an

by R V Malik, CEO, Malik Engineers, Mumbai, India

Aquaculture: Producing aqua feed pellets


F: Feed pellets

endless screw or oil expeller that presses it and squeezes out most of the remaining water and oils.

Pressed fish coming out of the press (press cakes) then cut into smaller portions and placed into a dryer on a steam heated surface. During the drying period, the mash is in constant motion and subject to an air jet that removes all the steam emitted. The dried mash obtained is now called 'fish meal' and contains from 8 to 10 percent of water.

However, if the moisture level is more than 11 -12 percent, there is a risk of the fish meal developing moulds. Generally, antioxidants are added when fish meal is introduced and taken out of the dryer, and by so doing ensuring the stability of the oils remaining within the fish meal.

Soy proteinNot all fish species have easy digestibility

of soy protein, primarily due to increased carbohydrate content fraction. It is usually used as supportive additive with other eas-ily digestible protein like fish meal which is rich in fish proteins.

Bean processing consists essentially of extracting the oil so as to concentrate the proteins. This process provides a very important by-product, namely soya oil, which is widely used as a raw material and oil for human consumption. This proc-ess also contributes to the elimination of certain anti-nutritional factors present in the raw bean.

The first step in processing involves the removal of the shell (cellulose) from the grain. The ‘bare’ beans are then heated, on the one hand to reduce the activity of certain enzymes, and on the other to break the cellulose strands and facilitate the following steps. The heated beans are then mashed to form thin paste-like slices, which further facilitates the destruction of the cellulose structure and oil extraction.

The product, now termed ‘whole soya cake’, still contains its oil and has around 40 percent protein, and as such is sold directly for animal feeding.

Next, the oil can be extracted from the whole cake by means of a solvent (such as hexane). After total evaporation of the solvent, there remains the solvent extracted soya cake, which in turn is widely used for animal feeding, and contains 45 - 50 percent protein.

BloodmealAbattoirs or slaughterhouses produce

many important by-products, such as

blood and bones, etc which are often difficult to commercialize.

N o w a d a y s , however, these by-products constitute the basic raw mate-rial of the bone and blood meals widely used in industry for animal feeding.

Cons iderab le amounts of blood are produced by abattoirs, and this product is usu-ally transported to drying ovens and converted into blood meal. Blood from differ-ent origins such as, sheep, goat, and poultry are usually stored and proc-essed separately. However, so as to comply with basic sanitary measures, it is generally com-pulsory to store blood within cool-ing chambers and to ensure that the level of bacteria is kept within pre-scribed maximum limits.

The manufacture of bloodmeal

Fresh blood is kept cool at the factory, and sizeable particles filtered and the blood mass stirred so as to separate the fibrillar phase from the liquid mass. The fibrin is then heated up to coagulation and the coagulated mass divided and dried through a hot air stream (that is by spray drying). This method is particu-


F: Feed pellets

Quality control and testing ofraw materials

Product development and recipe optimization

Small-scale production

Quick change of test conditions

Brabender® GmbH & Co. KGE-Mail: [email protected] • www.brabender.com

Laboratory Extruder

for Food and Feed

Find us on

booth no. G 061

Extruder_90x270_Kopie von 90 X 270 10.02.2011 16:18 Seite 1

Formulation of fishfeedAs we have seen, feed formulators can

resort to a wide assortment of raw materi-als to make up a food mixture so as to meet the nutritional requirements of the fish for energy, amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.

These raw materials are generally used in flour or liquid form, and will have to undergo binding by means of a technologi-cal process to obtain a food mixture in the form of dry pellets, which are easy to use and preserve.

As a guide, salt water marine aquaculture is dependant upon high levels of proteins with high digestibility. The fresh water aqua-culture relies upon more carbohydrates, that is high levels of grains coupled with modest to high quality proteins, minerals, vitamins with little or no fiber.

The first factor to be considered for feed formulation is the total energy and protein/energy ratio of the final product. After this, the protein content must be cal-culated according to the amino acid balance desired, and the lipids included to satisfy the best fatty acid profile for the species concerned and the energy level desired. All this must be considered taking into account the vitamin and mineral requirements of the cultured species.

This formulation is not easily reached and so computerised linear programming techniques must be used. Furthermore, it is also necessary, after covering all the nutritional requirements of the species within the formula to also produce a range of tasty feeds of different pellet sizes for the different age classes.

Manufacturing stages

- StorageThe raw materials coming into the feed

manufacturing plant are generally stored in silos with an ideal height calculated so as to allow the raw material flow to be conveyed downwards, during the manufacturing proc-ess, until the final product is produced. This is in order to avoid having to pull the prod-ucts up by vertical conveyors that usually cause breaks and dust in the final product.

- GrindingGrinding raw materials reduces particle

size and increases ingredient surface area, thus facilitating mixing, pelleting and digest-ibility. The most commonly used grinders are hammer-mills, for fish feed manufacture, as plate-grinders do not generally produce fine enough ground materials.

The Extrusion cooking process utilizes

LipidsFish oils are co-products of the fish-

meal industry. Their nutritional charac-teristics regarding fatty acids make them indispensable for fish feed manufacture, and in particular their characteristic high content of n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (first double bond linkage in posi-tion 3), which are essential for a well balanced food formula for carnivorous fish species.

A large amount of fish oil arising from fish meal manufactures is re-processed in specialized facilities for diverse purposes; part of it being hydrogenated and mixed with other lipids, and transformed into mar-garine, mayonnaise and bakery compounds, and the other part used directly by the feed industry.

MineralsMinerals are measured as ash in the

recipe. Though they serve no functionality in extrusion (on the contrary their abrasive nature will accelerate wear and tear of working parts in extruder), these are usu-ally added in proportions < 5 percent. They include phosphorous, calcium (from calcium carbonate or ground lime stone), sodium chloride (salt), magnesium, potassium, etc.

Vitamins:They can be water soluble or soil solu-

ble. Vitamin B and C are water soluble, A, D, E, and K are fat soluble. They are added in proportions < 0.5-0.6 percent in diet, but due to harsh processing conditions inside the extruder, these get destroyed, hence they are added well in excess of minimum requirements.

Apart from above, the feed may contain, flavors/aromas, antioxidant (preservative) and antimicrobials, dyes & pigments (for human appeal and dis-tinction, rather than for fish itself), etc. It is important to use certified ingredi-ents that does not affect health of fish. Pigments are usually added as a coating step, to minimize losses during harsh extrusion processing conditions.

larly gentle (spraying a product in a hot air-stream) and does not denature the proteins because the water evaporation cools down the hot air very quickly, thereby preventing overheating.

Wheat flourWheat is one of the most important

cereals worldwide, and is used for making bread and for many other produces. It is also an essential raw material for livestock feeding, including fish.

Wheat in fish feedingStarch products, especially wheat, are fre-

quently used as binders for the manufacture of pellets; the gelatinizing property of starch when water-heated being useful for this purpose as the starch absorbs water and forms a gel.

Moreover, when starch is gelatinized its digestibility improves considerably. Various starch types (wheat, barley, rice, maize or potatoes) can gelatinize but each one will have its own characteristics.

In addition, all three starch types gener-ally have the capacity to form a stable structure when subjected from high to low pressure during the extrusion process.

It is this property that is used for feeds that must have a high lipid content, during the extrusion process the starch forms a cell structure with alveoli that can then be filled with oil instead of air and/or steam.

For carnivorous fish feeding purposes the starch must be considered as a sup-porting structure that gives the pellets their texture and together with the other dietary ingredients allows the formation of a binded diet.

However, since the natural feeding habits and foods of seabass and/or seabream usually contain very small proportions of carbohydrates (ca. three percent glyco-gen, animal starch - glucose polymer). If excessive quantities of digestible starch are provided in the feed this may result in the accumulation of excess liver glycogen, which in turn may trigger a liver dysfunction.


F: Feed pellets

as ‘expanded feed’, is also marketed by some manufacturers.

The main difference between a pressed and an extruded feed is the cooking of the feedstuff in the case of extrusion, with the added mechanical and biological advantages previously described, especially with regard to starch gelatinization

Extruded Feeds:The Extruder can be described as a

Bio-Reactor with (mostly) a single, multiple-flighted screw (rotor) rotating at high speed inside a stationery hollow tube (stator).

The raw materials fall from top at one end on the rotating screw which has multiple flights and varying pitches along its length. The barrel (tube) is externally heated/cooled by steam and cold water externally around. Due to this arrangement, a high pressure of around 40-70 bars (Kg/cm2) is developed on the ingredients, temperature of ingredients varies from 110 C to 160 C, which ensures cooking of ingre-dients into plastic mass which is extruded out of multiple die openings/orifices and cut to produce porous pellets for fish feed.

Pre-Extrusion: Dry ingredients after having been mixed & ground thoroughly in desired proportions, are usually transport-ed to the Single screw Extruder (Cooker) provided with a Pre-conditioner at top.

The Feed Delivery System: It consists of a “Live Hopper” or Bin with a horizontal conveying screw to convey dry ingredients to the Preconditioner from above. The Bin is provided with device which avoids bridg-ing of material (since raw ingredients have low bulk density and poor flow through a normal Hopper) and ensures continuous flow of materials to the Preconditioner below, hence the name “live” bottom bin. It should hold adequate volume to support the extruder operation for minimum 5-8 minutes, as a buffer time for the operator and auto control network to respond

force, position themselves form-ing a star on the rotor and split the incom-ing feedstuff apart, which is then forced by depression through a metal grid composed of appropriately sized meshes.

- MixingThe ground

ingredients must be mixed accord-ing to the desired proportions to obtain a homoge-

neous mixture. If the grinding process is correctly developed, the particles are homogeneous in size and the mixture produces pellets which statistically have the same formulation.

Generally, the dry ingredients (flours) are first mixed, followed by the liquid components. Continuous mixers are designed so that the feedstuff moves along the mixer as it mixes. There are many different types of mixers, including horizontal band-mixers, vertical mixers, conical screw-mixers, and turbine mixers, etc.

During this mixing process, the vitamin ‘premix’, the binding agents and other additives are added; they must in turn con-tribute to one or other particular desired quality of the pellets during the pelleting process.

- PelletingTwo different types of pellets are gener-

ally prepared for aquafeeds, namely pressed and extruded pellets. A third type, designed

wide variety of ingredients that can have varying particle sizes. It is desirable, but not necessary that all ingredients be of uniform particle sizes, to prevent segregation during mixing and transport prior to extrusion.

Uniform particle size of ingredients pro-motes better mixing and uniform moisture uptake by all particles during the precondi-tioning step.

If the particle size of raw ingredients is too large, the final product may contain particles which are improperly cooked, which degrade product appearance and palatability.

Also, if particle size is larger than die orifice used at extruder discharge, it may cause plugging of some orifices affecting capacity and appearance. As rule of thumb, it is necessary to maintain size of raw ingredients one third of the die opening die. Hence the need of size reduction equip-ment and sifting.

In hammer-mills, the grinding chamber consists of a series of mobile hammers on a rotor. The hammers, by centrifugal


F: Feed pellets

Fabric Belt Driers/CoolersFabric Belt Driers/CoolersAMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KGDieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Germany Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 [email protected]

www.akahl.de

COMPLETE PLANTS AND MACHINES FOR THE FISH FEED INDUSTRY

MIXING CONDITIONING PELLETING EXTRUSION COATING COOLING

“Wet Extruder” since feed materials con-tain around 25 to 30 percent moisture (water). Both screw and the barrel are made up as separate segments so that individual components could be replaced when worn. Multiple flighted, varying pitch screw elements are usually employed to provide cooking and forward convey-

ing of feed materials. The Volumetric capacity of screw is highest at Feed zone to account of low bulk density of ingredients. However, it reduces (lower pitch) towards the die, which causes compression and cooking of feed mate-rial. The final discharge end of screw is usu-ally Conical to generate high pressure and attain maximum expansion of pellet when emerging

from die opening. The barrel heads are provided with Steam Heating and water cooling Jackets around, for heating or cooling, as per process demand. The proc-ess temperature is held from 110 C to 160 C gradient from Feeding Zone to Final Cooking Zone. Maximum convey-ance & mechanical shear of material is ensured by action of multiple flighted screw elements and spirally grooved bar-rel segments. Water present inside the mixture is held as steam at high tem-perature and pressure. However, as soon as the cooked mass emerges out of die openings pressure drops to atmospheric

- ExtrusionUsually single screw Extruders with sin-

gle barrel and screw is used for cooking the preconditioned ingredients, but twin screw extruders are also used. The latter have limited use because of high initial capital costs compared to single screw extruder.

The action of the Extruder allows the free flowing ingredients to bond to each other and remain in pellet form after exiting from shaping (pelleting) die. It does this by the action of rotating screw or spiral inside a stationery barrel by generating high mechanical shear and raised temperature on feed materials.

Extruders for Fish Feed production have Mechanical Energy Input levels between 20-40 Kw-hr/ton of produce. Their screws run between 400-1000 RPM depending on sizes. Output capacities range between 1 t to 20 t per hour.

The Extruder usually employed is

and allow recharging the bin from top. The screw is provided with variable speed motor to properly adjust the flow as per production capacity of the Extruder.

Preconditioning: This step ensures the dry ingredients are constantly added with moisture (water) in desired proportions (25-30%) and steam is also added, at 5-6 bar, for pre-cooking the wet ingredients. As the ingre-dients move forward towards the Extruder feed opening, they are held at temperature of approximately 100 C and atmospheric pres-sure. Preconditioning makes the ingredients soft by precooking and it reduces energy require-ment in the Extruder. If Lipids are to be added, their proportion is lim-ited from 5-7 percent in this stage.

Conventional Preconditioners had only one tank and single agitator, but modern preconditioners have special oval tanks with two agitating shafts with adjustable beaters to control residence time inside the tank. Two agitators result in the better mixing of dry and liquid ingredients. Longer retention time approximately 2-2 ½ minutes are desirable before feeding into the Extruder. Usually lipids are added not more than 5-7 percent by weight here, since it leads to excessive slippages inside the Extruder and poor mixing & expansion/texture of final pellets.

Table 1:

FeeD a FeeD B Difference

(1) Growth 1 1.1 10%

2) Conversion rate 2 2 0%

(3) Feed price / kg 5 6 +20%

(4) Selling price of fish 50 50 0%

(5) Feed expenditure for 1 kg of fish produced (2) X (3) 10 12 +20%

(6) Profit from fish sales (1) X (4) 50 55 +l 0%

(7) Gross margin for feed item (6) - (5) 40 43 +7.5%

"As more of world’s natural fisheries are depleted and demand of fish continues to rise, aquaculture will continue to grow, thus raising demand for healthy, commercially prepared fish"


F: Feed pellets

applied through bed of pellets to lower the temperature.

Cooling is important, since if packed in hot state, moisture will condense in the packing, wetting the outer surface of the pellets, allowing mold growth. It is desir-able to cool down within 10 C of ambient air tempt. So that problem of condensation in packing doesn’t occur.

- BaggingBagging usually produces different

types of feed presentations within the same factory, namely either small bags (20 or 25 kg) on pallets covered with a plastic film, or big-bags (500 or 1000 kg) in bulk.

Viability of Extrusion process

It follows from the higher tempera-tures and pressures used during extrusion processing that investment and energy costs will be higher than those of conven-tional pressed feeds. Despite this however, the use of extruded feeds may be more profitable.

Following Table (illustration) summa-rizes the theoretical results obtained with fish fed a pressed (A) or extruded (B) feed.

Table showing Justification for Extrusion Over Press Feed production method for Fish Feed.

It is clear from the example given that despite the fact that the price of the extruded feed is 20 percent higher, the feed which provides 10 percent additional growth provides a 7.5 percent additional gross margin.

time of products should be carefully adjusted to attain properly dried product that can absorb maximum fats and coat-ings in the Coating step.

- SiftingThe mechanical manufacturing processes

inevitably results in shocks and scorching that partially crumble the pellets at their surface and cause various breaks and dust that must be eliminated. This is achieved by sifting, a process that is generally applied at least twice before the final condition-ing (sifting after drying and after coating/cooling).

- CoatingThe pellets emerging from the pel-

leting presses or extruders do not generally contain more than 7 to 10 percent lipid. To achieve higher dietary lipid levels (20-27%), coating is neces-sary with the appropriate oils, generally using heat. In the same manner, certain heat sensitive vitamins and/or drugs that would not normally withstand the harsh extrusion processes (thermo labile products) can also be added later during the coating process. These ingredients are usually added through spray nozzles fed through dosing pumps which accurately control the weights deposited. They can be vacuum assisted for still more good results.

The Expansion that occurs as a result of extrusion processing makes the product porous with low bulk density and air pockets, so that more oil is absorbed during the spray coating process. Fats could be added in the form of Animal fats, Fish Oil or Vegetable Oil.

- CoolingOn completion of the coating process

(generally undertaken with heated mate-rial) the pellets are then cooled and sieved before the final conditioning; cooling occur-ring in a cool-air flow generated by a cooling-machine. Again, this machine usually provides continuous flow of product on perforated steel belts, while cooling air is

and the product expands or “puffs”, being cut continuously by Rotating Die Knives working against the die Face, giving the pellet the specific rounded shape for extruded pellets.

Retention time inside Extruder is from 100-180 seconds, which ensures 70-85 per-cent starch gelatinization and production of good shape and density.

The above Extruder produces Floating Pellets with low bulk density, e.g 350-450g/l that are classified as “Floating” and sink very slowly into water column. Most Extruders have an arrangement, whereby the water vapour present in the mix is released by a vent opening on the barrel so that high den-sity pellets or sinking pellets are produced for certain species of fish.

The following parameters will con-trol the final pellet density: 1. Initial moisture content (usually 25-30 percent on wet basis). 2. Process temperature. 3. Extruder back pressure. 4. Extruder RPM (residence time). 4. Drying condi-tions and temperature. 5. Quantity of Fats, vitamins & minerals applied post extrusion.

- DryingWhen added to Extruder, the ingre-

dients contain around 25-30 percent moisture (wet basis). Extrusion process evaporates approx. 4-7 percent moisture thus still retaining considerable moisture inside the pellets. After the pelleting process, the pellets usually have a high moisture content (17 to 22%) that must be quickly reduced to avoid spoilage. This is usually achieved by using a hot-air drier, which lowers the moisture level to between 8 and 10 percent depending upon the manufacturing process.

Continuous Belt Dryers are com-monly employed that provide heated air to remove excess moisture from wet product, as it travels on multiple decks of perforated steel belting. Since the Drying process is critical and determines the quality of pellets, it needs to be carefully monitored and controlled. The Air Temperature, Humidity and Residence

ARCHIVEEvery featurethatappears in InternationalAquafeedmagazine,willalsoappear inouronlinearchive.Pleasevisit:

http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php

Note:TheauthorisCEOMalikEngineers,Mumbai,whichmanufacturesawiderangeofextrudersforfoodprocessingandaqua/[email protected]:+919821676012,+912228830751,+912502390839


F: Feed pellets


LSL

MCC 2

LSL

MM

LS

DP

LS

MCC 1

66

LS

M

LS

LS

LS

4

5

10

6

DP

Improvementby nature

Natural ingredients for aqua feed

Whether you’re looking for a natural EU and USDA approved pellet binder for your

production of stable pellets or nature’s best alternatives for fi sh meal, you can contact Sonac.

Sonac produces valuable and essential ingredients for the production of aqua feed.

• Pro-Bind Plus a nutritional, gelatin based pellet binder, especially for pelleted (shrimp) feed.

• Hydrolyzed feather protein a fi sh meal alternative, especially for carnivorous fi sh species.

• Muco-Pro® high contents of natural proteins, amino acids and peptides.

• Blood meal and Hemoglobin Powder high protein content and good digestibility, for better

feed conversion.

Visit us at: Stand B069, Victam International

SON0296_AD_AquaFeed_180X118_W2.indd 1 16/02/2011 14:35

Recent headlines from around the world are enough to keep any aquaculture feed producer up all night with

worry! With increasing commodity prices, fishmeal inclusion is decreasing and vegetable material contents are increasing - highly palatable feed ingre-dients such as krill have an important role to play.

Following a year of disastrous South Pacific jack mackerel catches; Chile has slashed its 2011 quotas for high seas and coastal fishing by 76 percent. Further up the South American coastline in mid-January the Peruvian govern-ment closed the anchovy fishery in the centre and north because of a high level of juveniles in the catch. China Fishery has shut down three of its fishmeal plants.

The UK’s 2010 Seafish Annual Review of feed grade fish stocks reported that most of the stocks of the world’s top 10 species are fully exploited or overexploited and “there-fore cannot be expected to produce major increase in catches”.

Blazing summer temperatures last year in some parts of the world devastated grain production – enough so in Russia that it quit exporting grains. While elsewhere, other major plant protein producers such as Australia and Brazil are now experiencing floods.

On the seafood produc-tion side, aquaculture is overwhelmingly concentrated in one country – China – which has the population, the demand and now the financial reserves to seemingly corner the world’s production of fishmeal.

China’s buying spree drove up fishmeal prices for a time last year to US$2000 a tonne;

feedmill operators are already nervous as to what this year will bring.

However, in all this glum reportage, there is one natural resource in which there is such abundance of biomass, it literally staggers the imagination.

Depending on which source and method-ology is used to estimate the amount, there is somewhere between 125 million to 1800 million tonnes (that’s 1.8 billion tonnes) of krill in the ocean, though most seem to agree on an amount of around 400–500 million tonnes.

Still, no matter which figure you use, this still makes krill today the most successful single species organism in the world.

Today, however, the catch capacity is mar-ginal compared with the existing biomass, according to the CCAMLR (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources). The Antarctic krill stocks are monitored and fishing is controlled by the CCAMLR.

Krill 101Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, by bio-

mass is the main species of krill (there are about 85 species) and lives in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean, with the largest concentrations found in the Scotia Sea. This is the region of water between South

America’s southern tip of Tierra del Fuego and the Antarctic Peninsula.

Krill are shrimp-like zooplankton, growing to a length of about 6cm (2.4in). They live in large schools, called swarms, which can reach a density of 10,000 to 30,000 individual krill per cubic metre.

Because of the krill’s efficient filtering action, it is the largest animal that can feed directly on minute phytoplankton cells – with world’s largest concentration to be found in the Southern Ocean. In turn, baleen whales, seals, penguins and other birds feed on krill. These animals eat an estimated 152–313 million tons of krill annually, making krill the keystone species of the Antarctica ecosystem.

What makes krill so special to these ani-mals is its high protein content – 40 percent or more of dry weight – with nearly 20 amino acids. Lipids make up about 20 percent of E. superba and this contains a high concentrate of omega-3 fatty acids and phospholipids.

The size of the krill biomass, its nutritional value and its purity from persistent pollut-ants found in industrial fish species in the Northern Hemisphere has not escaped the attention of man as well.

But with E. superba living in the isolated and stormy Southern Ocean, wanting it and catching it has proven to be two completely different things.

Added to these problems are other huge ones to overcome in har-vesting krill; it must be processed very quickly due to the rapid enzymatic breakdown and tainting of the meat by the intestines.

Rough seasIn the late 1960s the Soviet Union

sent its specially designed Antarktida-class vessels to the Southern Ocean to see if there was potential in fishing for the world’s largest biomass. Despite the Soviets finding major problems in

Feed makers need to look at

krillHighly palatable feed ingredients such as krill have an important role to play, The increase in sustain-

able catch tonnage is largely due to krill fishing innovations by Norwegian-based Aker BioMarine, according to WWF Norway

The increase in sustainable catch tonnage is largely due to krill fishing innovations by Norwegian-based Aker BioMarine, according to WWF Norway


F: Krill

trying to harvest the zooplankton, production rose from literally nothing to 528,000 tonnes by 1982.

The industry, however, was beset by numerous problems, least of all being the huge amount of fuel required to undertake journeys to Antarctica and then remaining on site for catching and processing.

It collapsed for the most part after the demise of the USSR, which had been able to bankroll its expensive operation without an eye towards profit.

In the late 1990s, the controversial Reverend Sun Myung Moon stepped in, organ-ising Alaskan-based Top Ocean to fish for krill with the idea that krill meal could feed the world’s population.

Although Top Ocean’s factory trawler worked the Southern Ocean grounds from 2000 to 2004—and even won an award at the Boston Seafood Show with its krill products—Top Ocean’s owners decided not to pursue it.

However, since then Antarctic krill indus-try has picked itself up and is expanding with catches around 200,000 tonnes, shared mainly between Norway, South Korea, Japan, and Poland.

The increase in sustainable catch tonnage is largely due to krill fishing innovations by

Norwegian-based Aker BioMarine, which harvested 50 percent of the total caught in 2010 according to CCAMLR statistics.

Much of the krill fishery depends on large trawl nets with very fine meshes, producing a very high drag that gen-erates a bow wave, deflecting the krill to the side.

In addition, fine mesh trawls tend to clog very fast, and perhaps worse, the tiny mesh size catches everything in its path, leading to a large by-catch.

Once caught in the net, two problems occur. Krill caught early during the run will be compacted and


F: Krill

Corporate OfficeP.O. Box 8 • 100 Airport Road

Sabetha, KS 66534, USAPhone: 785-284-2153

Fax: [email protected]

www.extru-techinc.com

®

In the competitive aquafeed industry, you only get one shot to put the perfect product in the bag. That’s why so many leading aquafeed manufacturers in the industry count on Extru-Tech to engineer the perfect aquafeed production solution.

Is your aquafeed production system on target? Could you use a cost effective improvement in performance and finished product quality? Contact one of the Aquafeed Consultants at Extru-Tech today at 785-284-2153.

One ShOt At AquAfeed PerfectiOn

ET-210B.indd 1 12/17/10 10:27 AM

North America’s largest supplier of krill products!

www.krill.ca

Krill Canada Sales Corp.

Our products include Fresh Frozen Pacifi ca Krill Fresh Raw Frozen Superba Krill Fresh Boiled Frozen Superba Krill Fresh Shell off Frozen Superba Krill Superba Krill Meal

North America’s largest supplier of krill products!

Krill usage Smoult sea water entry diets Weaning and broodstock diets Starter diets for marine and fresh water species Fin fi sh growth: color, taste, sti mulate eati ng and breeding Crustaceans: growth and brood stock supplements Tropical fi sh: whole feed and supplement feeds Invertabrates: whole feed Fish bait and att ractants

For more informati on & our full product range, visit:

Krill_90x132mm.indd 1 21/02/2011 11:07

diet. Four experimental diets with Qrill™ Antarctic krill meal or Qrill™ oil, both from Aker BioMarine, were prepared with differ-ent percentages of krill oil ranging from one percent to 11 percent.

Weighing samples each week showed the shrimp in all tanks grew continuously throughout the culture period. There were no statistically significant differences in the shrimp weight with any of the diets provided in the indoor tanks and there were signifi-cant cost savings when using krill ingredients in comparison with the base diet.

“These data indicate that krill meal and krill oil are able to fully replace fishmeal, soya lecithin or cholesterol and meet the nutritional requirements of L. vannamei,” says Alberto Nunes.

Aker BioMarine Vice President Sigve Nordrum explains that for commercial purposes the addition of Qrill™ Antarctic krill meal alone will provide krill oil as well as the nutrient input from krill meal.

“Qrill™ Antarctic krill meal contains 25 percent krill oil, thus a feed with 10 percent krill meal will have 2.5 percent oil. Because of the refinement process, pure krill oil costs more and is best reserved for larval diets where the benefits justify the invest-ment,” he says.

In separate tasting trials run by Nunes and his team, consumers preferred shrimp raised on feed containing krill oil in contrast to fish oil or soya oil.

Shrimp fed the krill diets had the top rating for colour, probably because of the astaxanthin in krill. While scores for texture were similar, krill diets again scored best for flavour.

Feeding trials with gilthead sea bream larvae in Spain clearly demonstrated that krill phospholipids significantly improved larval growth in comparison with a control diet containing soya lecithin as the phos-pholipid source.

Larval growth was assessed in terms of body weight, total length and specific growth rate (SGR). In addition, fatty acid composition was preferable and there were further indication that krill derived prod-ucts confer important benefits.

Trials were conducted at the Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA) in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria (the Canary Isles) and the krill products were supplied by Aker BioMarine ASA of Norway.

Sigve Nordrum, Aker BioMarine vice president, adds, “The results show some marine diets can certainly be improved. In general, Aker BioMarine recommends the oil product for starter diets with a change to Qrill™ Antarctic krill meal as the larvae progress to larger pellets.”

In addition, Aker BioMarine actively col-laborates with environmental organizations like the WWF Norway to adopt and pro-mote new standards for operations where the health of the environment is foremost.

“We believe that it is important to work with the most proactive players to ensure the continued sustainability of this fishery,” says Nina Jensen, Conservation Director in WWF Norway.

“Aker BioMarine is the only operator in the krill fishery doing all the right things: 100 percent observer coverage, VMS [ves-sel monitoring system], real-time reporting procedures, science and research contribu-tions by allowing onboard scientists at no cost, and economic participation in establishing a science fund.”

Qrill™ offers feed benefitsAker BioMarine’s brand name Qrill™

has become recognised in the aquaculture industry for being a novel high quality feed ingredient.

It is described as containing a pure pack-age of healthy and nutritional ingredients. The protein quality is high – at least 56 percent – it is rich in marine phospholipids and omega-3 fatty acids and it contains significant levels of the antioxidant and pigment astaxanthin.

The astaxanthin level in Qrill is 110–1200ppm.

After an advanced extraction process, Qrill™ Phospholipid oil is ready to use and, says Aker BioMarine, it is an outstanding source of phospholipids, omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA, and astaxanthin.

In shrimp feed trials undertaken in Brazil, it was found that Qrill™ Antarctic krill meal – which contains 25 percent krill oil – offered numerous advantages over conventional fishmeal-based feed.

Economic advantages were revealed when growth performance was maintained with krill meal diets.

Additionally, separate trials showed consumers preferred shrimp fed on krill. The trials were conducted by Alberto Nunes of the Laboratory of Shrimp Nutrition at the Instituto de Ciências do Mar (Labomar), in the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.

The objective was to evaluate the growth performance of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, fed diets with krill meal and krill oil in replacement of fishmeal, fish oil, soya lecithin and cholesterol. The trials were conducted in indoor and out-door rearing tanks over a period of 72 days.

Trial diets with krill ingredients were formulated to provide a significant cost reduction in comparison with a standard

crushed at the cod end of the trawl. If they die, their flesh starts self-destructing before they are brought onboard for processing.

And, when a full net is hauled out of the sea, the krill compress against each other, resulting in a great loss of the krill’s liquids.

As it looks today it seems that Aker BioMarine has come up with a way of har-vesting krill which eliminates these problems.

A better wayThe company’s fishing system, so called

Eco-Harvesting, allows the net to stay under water during the entire operation. According to the Aker BioMarine web site the krill is filtered at the end of the net and flows upwards in a flexible hose, with air injected to create the upward lift. The equipment stays underwater while a continuous stream of water flows through the hose, bringing the krill live and fresh directly into the factory vessel, allowing for the processing of fresh raw material with superior product quality.

In addition, the company claims that Eco-Harvesting results in m i n i m a l e n v i r o n -m e n t a l impact due to a special s e l e c t i o n mechanism w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s unwan t ed b y - c a t c h for release unharmed.

R a p i d and con-t i n u o u s

onboard processing preserves all the key nutrients in both krill meal and krill oil. Processed krill products are collected by a second vessel and delivered to Montevideo, Uruguay, for onward distribution. Aker BioMarine’s krill fisheries are certified by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), an independent, global, non-profit organization that works to promote the best choices in sustainable seafood.

“Since its inception, we have proactively adopted the highest standards in environmen-tally sustainable management of krill resources to ensure that we maintain the health of our ecosystem and krill populations,” says Hallvard Muri, Aker BioMarine CEO.

The company is the first and currently only participant in the krill fishery to receive the MSC certification because of its commitment to environmental harvesting, managed catch levels, and responsible approach to fishing.

Sigve Nordrum, Aker BioMarine vice president

and Nina Jensen, Conservation Director in

WWF Norway


F: Krill


Dry with 20-50% less energy

Geelen Counterflow / T +31-475-592315Geelen Counterflow USA Inc. / T +1-772-559-4338Geelen Counterflow América Latina / T +54-9-2362-418899E [email protected] / I www.geelencounterflow.com

adv 210x297 fc 08.indd 1 13-05-2008 10:34:57

The Bolt ’n’ Go chain and flight system is a revolu-tionary assembly method for drop forged and round

link conveyor chain systems.

The link and flight assembly is made easier by attaching the flight to the chain link using a standard bolt and nut, with a high case hardness and high tensile hollow pin.

Traditional chain sys-tems have used pins and cir-clips. The problem with this system is that during any maintenance repairs on the chain, the whole chain would have to be lifted out of the conveyor to conduct repairs. This results in large down time in production and high maintenance costs.

With the Bolt ‘n’ Go system, to conduct repairs such as to change flights or pins can

be done inside the conveyor, without even taking the tension out of the chain.

“Instead of welded flights, we are using bolt on flights, and again these can eas-ily be changed without any fuss,” says the company.

Another problem with tra-ditional systems

using pins and circlips, is that circlips can come off in some circumstances, causing the chain to become disconnected, and again downtime. With the Bolt ‘n’ Go system, the pins, chain and flights are secured using a secured lock nut, which securely holds the system together in a consistent manner, but also facilitating easy and safe removal when required.

One of the first installations to

Bolt ‘n’ Go Chain and Flight System – explanation and case study –


F: Bolt 'n' Go

use this system was in November of 2006 at CHS, Superior, WI.

The facility handles several commodi-ties, which include wheat and soybeans at the rate of around 1.0 million tonnes per annum. They have several drag conveyors, which use drop-forged chain, with the tra-ditional pin and circlip assembly. While this has proved a reliable assemble method for them, it has proved time consuming when changing out bent or broken chain flights.

Bill Hoffer, head of maintenance said of the system: “We installed 4B’s new Bolt ‘n’ Go chain, and I am pleased with the results.

“The Bolt ‘n’ Go chain is very easy and fast to install and maintain, as you eliminate the need to separate the chain each time while installing a new flight. Also there is no need to slacken of the chain or re-tension while chang-ing flights. This alone will save untold hours on the routine maintenance of these conveyors.”

He goes onto to say, “the Bolt ‘n’ Go sys-tem has been in service for

well over 12 months, is running great and no problems.”

The Bolt ‘n’ Go chain system is available for 102, 125, 142, 150, 160

and 200mm heavy metric link ranges. The

system uses heavy-duty Nylon flights,

which

bolt straight through the pins, with no need to bolt on or slide over existing steel flights. The Nylon flights also have excellent wear, strength and resistance capabilities.

The Bolt ‘n’ Go pin / bolt assembly system can also be used with the traditional welded flight system, to replace the traditional pin and circlip arrangement. This system is very easy to change over to for the ma i n t en ance team on site.

The Bolt ‘n’ Go system is also available for round link chain, whereby the system works under a similar system of nylon flights being bolted directly to the chain, in this case without pins.

The Bolt ‘n’ Go system is all about making life easier for the end user, ease of use, inexpensive and above all low ma i n t en ance and down time.

More inforMation:

4B Braime Elevator Components LtdHunslet RoadLeeds LS10 1JZUnited KingdomTel: +44 113 2461800Fax: +44 113 2435021 Email: [email protected]: www.go4b.com


F: Bolt 'n' Go

Braime Agricultural Chains Qtr Page.indd 1 14/2/11 10:17:03Process CyanProcess MagentaProcess YellowProcess Black

THE AQUAFEED PHOTOSHOOT


Ocean Farm Technologies (OFT) was formed in 2005 to develop and manufacture technology for open ocean aquac-ulture. The company’s flagship products are the Aquapod™ fish containment system and supporting technology. OFT

works closely with customers to develop, manufacture, and market appropriate technology for open ocean aquaculture placing a high value on health and safety, environmental protection and fish husbandry. Key elements of OFT’s success is cooperation with customers including product support, technology development, and consultation. OFT has patents issued and pending in the US and in fourteen other jurisdictions. OFT has established a manufacturing facility in Maine, USA, from which it ships products worldwide.


Every machine part will eventu-ally wear out, needing replace-ment. Elevator buckets are no exception to this rule.

Before selecting a replacement bucket, it is helpful to know several pieces of information...

1: Your elevator type: indus-trial or agricultural;

2: Bucket elevator manufacturer;3: Material being handled;4: Bucket dimensions;5: Material of bucket construction.

Selecting a replacement elevator bucket for your bucket elevator can be a challenge, especially when you consider how many different buckets are on the market. Properly selecting the correct elevator bucket can keep your operation running smoothly, cut mainte-nance costs and improve elevator efficiency. Regularly scheduled inspections are also an important factor to maximize productivity of your facility.

Measuring the Existing Elevator Bucket

The length of the bucket is measured across the back from outside wall to outside wall (dimension A). The projection is measured from the outside of the back wall to the tip of the front lip at a perpendicular (90 degree) angle off the back wall (dimension B). Often projection is incorrectly measured from the top of the back wall to the tip of the front lip. The depth of the bucket (dimension C) is measured from the

upper most point of the bucket to the bottom most point. Bolt hole spacing or centers are measured from the left edge of one hole to the left edge of the second hole.

Why is Plastic Resin Better Than Metal?

Elevator buckets made from plastic resins are now the market norm of the bulk material handling industry. Plastic provides the follow-ing basic advantages over metal:• Lighter in weight;• Non-corrosive, rust-free

and non-sparking; • Safe food grade material; • Impact strength; • Flexible yet strong.

The major advantage of any plastic bucket is its physical ability to absorb an impact inside the elevator leg. More buckets tear up and break due to impacts and obstructions, than are worn out by abrasion from the product carried. Bent and torn buckets cause a myriad of problems in the elevator: not efficiently carrying product, dragging and scraping inside the casing and creating a potential sparking hazard.

A well-designed plastic bucket has the built in abil-ity to “give” or “yield” to bypass an obstruction in an elevator, return to its original shape and keep on working. This requires strong, consistent, uniform wall thickness and the proper grade of the selected resin.

The weight of the elevator bucket contributes significantly to the total cost of the elevator. By using lighter weight plastic resin buckets – approximately half the weight of metal buckets – elevator manufactures can use lighter gauge belts, smaller pulley shafts and bearings, and reduce their horsepower and mechanical transmission requirements. This also means less wear and tear on elevator drive components.

Another important factor is the ease of installation of plastic buckets. Due to their lighter weight and lack of hazardous, sharp edges, they are much easier to handle when changing or retrofitting in an elevator. This makes the job easier and safer for those tasked with keeping the bucket elevators running at peak performance.

Switching to Plastic ResinIn order to select the appropriate plastic

bucket, one must consider the character-istics of the conveyed bulk material being

handled. Important factors to take

into account are the size,

shape, bulk density, temperature, moisture content, flow-ability and abrasiveness of conveyed material.

The three most common plastics are high-density polyethylene (HDPE), nylon and urethane (thermo plastic urethane). Each plastic carries a number of different advantages when paired correctly with the corresponding bulk solid.

Style AA

by Carl Swisher, Tapco Inc.

How to select the proper plastic resin replacement elevator bucket

Xtreme Duty (CC-XD)

Heavy Duty (CC-HD)

European style (Super Euro Bucket)


F: Elevator buckets

still predominantly used in continuous dis-charge style bucket elevators.

There are two categories of centrifu-gal discharge style bucket elevators: High speed (operates at speeds faster than 91 mpm) and slow speed (operates at speeds under than 107 mpm). High-speed elevator buckets come in many different shapes and sizes. The two most common bucket styles used in high-speed centrifugal discharge elevators are the North American CC (close center) style and European style. They handle materials such as grains, feed and feed pellets, salt, seeds, fertilizer, and dry chemicals.

Slow-speed buckets are used to handle denser and larger materials, such as aggregates, foundry sand, coal, clay, sand, gravel, and crushed glass. Commonly used bucket styles for this elevator include Style A, AA and AARB, which

has a reinforced back. Style AA buckets are readily available in polyethylene, nylon, urethane, ductile iron or steel.

With the correct selection of plastic replacement buckets and good preventive maintenance, operators and maintenance manag-ers can look forward to many years of proper and profitable operation.

Bucket Choices for Centrifugal Discharge Style Elevators

Proper identification of elevator type and style of existing bucket – and then matching it with a plastic replacement – is vital to ensuring the bucket elevator continues to operate efficiently. The correct bucket, when properly installed (with close bucket spacing) – assures the same or Increased eleva-tor capacity. Plastic resin elevator buckets are commonly found in centrifugal discharge style eleva-tors. In contrast, metal buckets are

Back View End View

Specifying the Bucket (A) length, (B) projection, and (C) depth.

(T) thickness, (WL) water level, (E) hole centers.

About the AuthorCarl Swisher, Tapco Inc Sales Manager oversees domestic and international sales force. Swisher has 20 years of experience in industrial sales and international business. Prior to joining Tapco, Swisher was the Latin America Regional Sales Manager for a leading parts supplier in the sewn products industry. Proficient in Spanish, he is a graduate of Washington University in St. Louis and completed his graduate studies at the Stern School of New York University.

Founded in 1974, Tapco Inc is a leading manufacturer of elevator buckets with 900,000 buckets in stock – available in polyethylene, polyurethane, nylon, aluminum, ductile iron and fabricated steel. Standard styles include AA, AC, Continuous, CCB, CC-HD, CC-XD and Super EuroBucket. Tapco also maintains a large inventory of elevator bolts, belt splices or joiners, abrasion-resistant sheeting, drag flights, and hanger bearings.

Carl Swisher, Sales Manager TAPCO INC, St. Louis, Missouri USATel: +1 314 739 9191 ext. 1920,Website: www.tapcoinc.com


F: Elevator bucketsBent and torn steel buckets

Your partner in technology,

equipment and plants for

animal- and aqua feed and

petfood.

Wynveen for:

•Dosingandweighingofraw

materials

•Grindingandmixing

•Pelletinglines

•Extrusionlines

•Finishedproducthandling

Wynveen International b.v.P.O.Box386666ZGHeterenThe Netherlands

Tel:+31(0)26-4790699Fax:+31(0)[email protected]

MADE IN HOLLAND

Almex b.v., Verlengde Ooyerhoekseweg 29, 7207 BJ ZutphenThe Netherlands, tel. +31 (0)575 572666, fax +31 (0)575 572727E-mail [email protected], www.almex.nl

High capacity extruders and expanders.

AL30O

www.extruder.nl

With the contin-ued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species,

aquaculture has become a key com-ponent of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tones produced annually.

“In the decade to 2015, world aquac-ulture production will at least double, an average annual growth rate of not less than 7.0 percent per annum, and poten-tially much more.” (as quoted by State One Stockbroking Ltd in June 2007).

Antibiotics in aquacultureDue to the intensification of rearing

methods and systems, diseases and patho-gens have been an integral part and formi-dable obstacle to the aquaculture industry worldwide.

Moreover, antibiotic resistance has become a major issue affecting the aquac-ulture industry.

As early as 1994 it was being reported by the American Society of Microbiology Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance (ASM) that, “the increasing problems associated with infectious diseases in fish, the limited number of drugs available for treatment and prevention of these diseases, and the rapid increase in resistance to these antibiotics represent major challenges for this source of food production worldwide.”

Currently, almost every section in the aquaculture industry from fish, crustaceans and shellfish is using some sort of chemo-therapeotic agents including antibiotics and many other chemicals.

The ASM antibiotic resistance task force report targets aquaculture as representing “one of the biggest concerns.”

Both the task force and the FAO (2005) made several points regarding the use of antibiotics:

• Although aquaculture production is

growing rapidly, disease prevention and treatment practices are far from standardized or regulated

• When antibiotics are used in aquac-ulture, the drugs typically remain in the open environment and may flow out of production facilities into open waterways or sewage systems, where they may also interact with other environmental contaminants

• The antibiotics typically used are also important in treating human disease and infection

Impacts of all these factors on the emergence of antibiotic resistance are unknown, however, we do know the following:

• Studies demonstrate an increase in resistant bacteria in the intestines of fish receiving antibiotic drugs (ASM, 1994 citing Ervik, 1994; Frost and Thwaites, 1998; Threlfall et al., 2000; Tollefson, L. 2000)

• Studies indicate the level of resistant bacteria in the gut of wild fish is affected during antibiotic treatment of farmed fish (ASM, 1994 citing Ervik, 1994)

• A total of 74-100 percent of wild fish in close proximity to treated ponds contained quinolone resi-dues – a group of antibiotics (for example, CIPRO) important in human health (ASM, 1994 citing Ervik, 1994; Hernández Serrano, 2005)

• Prior to medication 0.6-1 percent of the fecal bacteria in wild fish were resistant to oxacillin and oxytetracy-cline, respectively (ASM, 1994 citing Ervik, 1994)

Significant progressEuropean researchers have made signifi-

cant progress in understanding the mecha-nisms through which antibiotic resistant bacteria that emerge on fish farms can move to humans.

A team of British and Irish scientists documented the distinct movement of

resistant bacterial pieces of DNA from fish hatcheries into E. coli and Aeromonas species isolated from patients in hospitals (Rhodes et al. 2000). They concluded that, “Collectively, these findings provide evi-dence to support the hypothesis that the aquaculture and human compartments of the environment behave as a single interac-tive compartment.” (Rhodes et al. 2000)

The FAO estimated that nearly 170kg of antibiotics are applied per hectare of salmon harvested in the USA and since cages are placed in natural seawaters, antibi-otics and the resultant resistant bacteria are in contact with the environment.

Some countries, such as Norway, utilise natural structures like fjords for salmon farming and for this reason there are con-cerns about the wastes that collect in fjord bottoms (FAO/NACA/WHO, 1997).

All drugs legally used in aquaculture must be approved by the designated authorities (FDA’s Centre for Veterinary Medicine in the US, APMVA in Australia).

The most common route of delivery of these legal antibiotics to fish occurs through mixing with specially formulated feed.

However, fish do not effectively metabo-lise antibiotics and will pass them largely unused back into the environment in the faeces. It has been estimated that 75 per-cent of the antibiotics fed to fish are then put into the water through excretion (Goldburg and Triplett 1997).

Since 2006, the EU has banned com-pletely the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in aquaculture (as well as any other domestic animal). Banning and rejection of seafood imported to US and EU countries due to antibiotic and other chemotherapeutics residues are almost a daily occurrence and yet, currently, there is no alternative solution to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutics.

Diseases and aquacultureDuring the past decade, several out-

breaks of diseases devastated the aquacul-ture industry around the world. The global

Herbal medicine in aquaculture


F: Herbal medicine

shrimp industry suffered major outbreaks in South East Asia and South America due to poor management, as well as, uncontrolled use of antibiotics resulting in resistance developed by pathogens.

Recently, the Chilean salmon industry suffered (and still does) a devastated out-break of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus that cause loss of hundred of mil-lions of dollars. This outbreak followed another outbreak during 2008-09 of sea lice that again resulted in major losses to the industry. These outbreaks drove the authorities to review and revise the use of chamotherapeutics in this industry.

In India, Marine Product Export Development Authority (MPEDA) has instructed the hatcheries operators and farm-ers not to use antibiotics such as chloram-phenicol, nitrofurans and all their derivatives, as well as many other antibiotic groups.

However, sulfadimethoxine, sulfabro-momethazine and sulfaethoxyrpyiadine, floroquinolones and glycopeptides, which are presently used in hatcheries and farms, are still approved for use in aquaculture (Sanandakumar, 2002).

Considering the overall misuse of antibiotics in all areas - human medicine, veterinary medicine, animal production and plant protection – FAO, in 2005, pub-lished ‘The responsible use of antibiotics in aquaculture’ to raise awareness of the antibiotic resistance problem in fish farming and related sectors.

The document focuses on antibiotics misuse and the concomitant threat of resistance development, which is a seen as a public health concern affecting the popula-tion worldwide.

In its opening statement the authors stated that, “Antibiotic resistance as a phe-nomenon is, in itself, not surprising. Nor is it new. It is however, newly worrying because it is accumulating and accelerating, while the

world’s tools for combating it decrease in power and number.”

Diseases and pathogens are part of every intensive culture.

In aquaculture ‘natural mortality’ of 10-25 percent is considered to be normal in grow-out systems.

Marine finfish larvae (such as sea bream, sea bass, yellowtail kingfish, etc) survival in intensive hatcheries is 5-15 percent (Kolkovski, personal comment). These low survival rates are usually the result of combined factors such as, environmental conditions, non-specific pathogens, larvae susceptibility and low immune system development.

In fact, this situation is true to most marine and fresh water organisms reared in intensive systems.

In many cases, and although banned in most countries, to combat this problem, antibiotics are used as growth promoters and/or specifically against bacteria infection (Hernández Serrano, 2005). For example, in many hatcheries, fish juveniles are supple-mented with antibiotics several days prior and few days after transferred to sea cages.

Alternative therapyLow immune system and responses may

result in very high mortalities due to spe-cific pathogens that antibiotics are helpless against. For example, White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is one of the most devastat-ing viruses in the shrimp industry. It has caused the collapse of the shrimp industry in many countries both in South America and South East Asia (FAO, 2006).

Phytotherapy such as the use of herbal extracts in herbal medicine for humans is known for thousands of years. In some countries such as China, India, SEA and some countries in South and Central America phytotherapy considered mainstream while in Western medicine,

naturopathy and herbal medicine are more and more acknowledged.

Different medicinal plants and herbs and/or combinations of them known to have properties such as anti-bactria, anti-fungal, physiological systems (immune system, digestive system,) supporting, hormonal balancing and many other properties.

Strategies for prophylaxis and control of WSSV include improvement of envi-ronmental conditions, stocking of specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp post-larvae and enhancement of disease resistance by using immuno-stimulants.

Immuno stimulants are substances, which enhance the non-specific defense mechanism and provide resistance against pathogenic organisms (Citarasu et al., 2006).

There are many scientific publications looking at different mechanisms and ways to enhance the specific and non-specific immune systems in fish and crustaceans. Many plant-derived compounds have been found to have non-specific immuno-stimulating effects in animals, of which more than a dozen have been evaluated in fish and shrimp (Citarasu et al. 2002, 2006, Sakai, 1999).

Many herbs and plants have been used for millennia as home remedies in many cultures around the world for both human and animals. Some of these remedies have potent anti-viral as well as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.

These natural plant products have been reported to have various properties such as anti-stress, growth promoters, appetisers, tonic and immuno-stimulants.

Moreover, these substances also possess other valuable properties; they are non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible. No herbal-resistance immunity has been found by any pathogen to date.

Although the properties of herbs and plants are well known, documented, and in use in human herbal medicine around the world, currently very few commercial remedy


F: Herbal medicine

Nutra-Kol is a vibrant Australian company focusing on the nutrition and health of aquatic organisms. Nutra-

Kol products include feed additives and natural health solutions for the aquaculture industry.

These products are the result of a unique combination of expertise in marine biology and naturopathy. Nutra-

Kol products are scientifi cally designed and tested in collaboration with commercial hatcheries, research and

development centres, universities and fi sh farmers.

The products are based on natural ingredients with the majority of them produced in Australia. Nutra-Kol is

Western Australia based, supplying worldwide.‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for broodstock and larvae‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for broodstock and larvae‘Tailor- -made’ Nutriti on and natural health soluti ons for broodstock and larvae

Naturally...

Nutratt ract - natural feed att ractant

Naturally...Naturally...Nutragreen - natural herbal remedies

Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturati on diet Nutra-Kol Pty LtdWestern Australia, Australia

Tel: +61 8 9403 2287Fax: +61 8 9403 2287

Email: [email protected]

Meet us at World

Aquacultre, Natal Brazil

Nutratt ract - natural feed att ractantNutratt ract - natural feed att ractantNutratt ract - natural feed att ractantNutratt ract - natural feed att ractantBett er Performance

Nutragreen - natural herbal remediesNutragreen - natural herbal remediesNutragreen - natural herbal remediesNutragreen - natural herbal remediesBett er stress resistance

Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturati on diet Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturati on diet Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturati on diet Nutrafeed - Crustacean semi-moist maturati on diet Bett er Fecundity

NutroKol_190x58mm.indd 1 16/02/2011 11:38

somnifera, Mucuna pruita, Ferula asafoetida and Piper longum extracts.

Recently, commercial maturation semi-moist diet (NutraFeed, Nutrakol) that included herbal extracts fed to p. vanamei resulted in over 40percent increase in total nauplii produced with 44percent reduce in mortality compared to the normal fresh feed

Adiguzel et al. (2005) control-led infection of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxyspoum with

extract of O. basilicum. Other herbal extracts are very effective against gills and skin flukes such as Benedenia seri-olae (Kolkovski, personal comment, Nutrakol Pty Ltd).

Herbal compounds have the ability to inhibit the generation of oxygen anions and scavenge free radical, hence reducing stress effects. Herbal antioxident effect was dem-onstrated by Citrasu et al. (2006) when P. kurroa (picrorhiza) was used as antis-tress compound for black tiger shrimp.

Other herbs such as, Astragalus mem-branaceus, Portulaca oleracea, Flavescent ophora and A. paniculata and many other are know to have specific and none specific anti stress affects.

Medicinal plants are also know to have hormonal boosting affects with some herbs are been used in herbal medicine as natural ‘viagra’ and in hormonal replacement therapy for menopause woman.

Babu (1999) demonstrated sig-nificant increase in fecundity, gonadal weight and reduced intermoult period in P. mondon when the shrimp fed maturation diet containing W.

exists for use in large-scale aquaculture in the world.

Medicinal plants in aquaculture

It is well known and documented that medicinal plants have strong antibacterial effects. Phenolics, polysaccharides, prote-oglycans and flavonoids known to play an important role in preventing and/or controlling bacterial infections.

Herbs such as S. triblobatum, A. pan-iculata and P. corylifolia were found to reduce vibrio in P. monodon three time when supplied in enriched Artemia (Citrasu et al. 2002, 2009). Many other studies with different species and with different herbal extracts and medicinal plants were published.

Several plant products found to have potent antiviral activity against fish and shrimp viruses.

For example, Direkbusarakom et al. 1996 found that shrimp fed ethanol extract of Clinacanthus nutans had 95 percent survival rates when exposed to Yellow head virus (YHV) compared to only 25 percent survival in control group of black tiger shrimp.

Antifungal properties were also found in many plants.

Table 1: the use of herbal extracts in shrimp boodstock diets

Botanical name Family Distribution Useful parts Biological effect in

aquaculture reference

Cinnamonumzeylanicum Lauraceae India, Sri

Lanka Bark Endocrine system,Growth promoter

Punitha,2003

Elettariacardomomum Scitaminaceae India, Burma,

Sri LankaDried ripe

seedsEndocrine system,Growth promoter

Punitha,2003

Eugeniacaryophyllata Myrtaceae India, Sri

Lanka

Fruits anddried flower

buds

Endocrine system,Growth promoter

Punitha,2003

Mesuaferrea Guttiferae

India, Burma,Andaman,NicobarIslands

Flowe buds,seeds and

bark

Endocrine system,Growth promoter

Punitha,2003

Asparagusracemous Liliaceae India Leaves and

Root Endocrine system Devi, 1995

Mucunapruriens Papilionaceae Tropics Seeds, roots

and legumes Endocrine systemBabu andMarian,2001

Witaniasomnifera Solanaceae India Root and

leaves Endocrine system

Babu, 1999;Citrasu,2008

Table 2: Herbs, plants and algae incorporated into diets

Plant’s name Parts used for the extraction

Withania somnifera Roots and leaves

Mucuna pruriens Seeds and roots

Myristica malabarica Seeds

Mimosa pudica Roots and leaves

Ipomea digitata Tuberous root

Asparagus racemosa Leaves, bark and juice

Hygrophila spinosa` Whole herb

Phasedus roxburghii Seeds

Moringa tinctoria Inflorescence and gum

Hemidermus indicus Root

algae Parts used

Nannochloropsis occulata Whole cells

Chlorella salina Whole cells

Dunaliella salina Whole cells

Skeletonema costatum Whole cells

Spirulina salina Whole cells


F: Herbal medicine

now banned for use in the EU, USA and many other countries.

Natural plant products present a viable alternative to antibiotics and other banned drugs being safer for the reared organism and humans, as well as, the environment.

Authorities should review the current legislation regarding the use of herbal and natural remedies in aquaculture taking the above issues into consideration and allow-ing more flexibility in the use of herbal medicine in aquaculture.

tions. Legislation regarding the addition of herbal extracts, as feed additives need to be reviewed and allowed.

ConclusionThe development of drug-resistant

pathogens has been reported from all areas of aquaculture. Treating microbial infections in fish and crustaceans involves dissolving high quantities of broad-spectrum chemo-therapeutic agents in the culture medium or supplying it in the food.

Most of these antibiotics and drugs are

and nutritional boosters used (Kolkovski et al., 2010).

IssuesAlthough herbal remedies have been in

us for human therapy for millennia, there has been relatively little research into the use of medicinal plants in aquaculture.

Standardisation is an issue when whole plant or herb is use during the extrac-tion process. Moreover, in many countries including the EU, US and Australia, the same herbals extracts approved for use in human naturopathy and herbal medicine are treated as drugs when used in aquaculture, forcing the registration of herbal remedies, a process that cost hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars and can takes years.

A review of this legislation should be carried out taking into account the benefits of herbal remedies over currently used chemotherapeutic agents.

Herbals can be used not only as remedies but even more so, as growth promoters, stress resistance boosters and preventatives of infections.

Therefore, the use of herbal extract as feed additives can significantly benefit any organism cultured under intensive condi-

the breakthrough

For more information visit:

biotronictop3.biomin.net

PerforizerTM

The BIOMIN PerforizerTM damages the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria thus boosting the synergistic effect of organic acids and the phytochemical.

Biotronic® Top3 with the unique Perforizer™- effect

Naturally ahead

•Increased weightgain•Improvedfeed conversion•Highreturnon

investment

Ads_BioTop3_EN_IAF_CIL_2_2011.indd 1 28.02.11 09:17

Company productsNutrakolspecializedinnutritionalandhealthsolutionsforaquaculture.‘Tailor-made’dietsandadditivesforbroodstockandenrichmentsforlarvae.Theseproductscanbemanufacturetospecificrequirementsorspecies.Crustaceanbroodstocksemi-moistdietsforcompletereplacementoffresh/frozenfood.NutraGreennaturalhealthsolutionssolelybasedonherbalextractsandspecificallydesigntosupportgonadaldevelopment,immunesystemanddigestivesystem.

AuthorsDrSagivKolkovskiistheprincipalscientist,marineaquaculture,attheDepartmentofFisheries,westernAustralia.HeisalsotheR&DdirectoratNutrakolPtyLtd.

JudithKolkovski,NDisanutritionistandherbalistandthegeneralmanagerofNutrakolPtyLtd.

NutrakolPtyLtdisspecializedindevelopingandmanufacturingnutritionalandnaturalhealthsolutionsforaquaculture.


F: Herbal medicine

Fish culture operations around the world are confronted to the significant challenges of managing their production

costs and ensuring that the quality of their products meets the high stand-ards that consumers demand.

In response to high price of fishmeal and other feed ingredients, feeds for salmon and trout have been progressively formulated to contain increasing levels of economical protein sources.

While the effect of various protein sources on growth performance and nutri-ent utilization of fish has been the focus of much research, relatively limited effort has been invested in assessing the effects of different feed ingredients on product quality.

Flesh pigmentation is a crucial quality criterion of farmed salmon and trout. The expensive pink or red carotenoid pigments (astaxanthin, cantaxanthin) included in the diet represents between 10 to 20 percent of the costs of salmon and trout feeds. Given the very high cost of these pigments

and the importance of pigmentation on final product quality, the impacts of feed ingredients on flesh pigmentation of salmon and trout is an issue that deserves more attention.

Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a by-product of the corn wet milling process with high protein and low phosphorus contents, high digestibility and consistent quality which makes it a valuable ingredient for fish feed formulations. Other corn products, such as corn distillers dry grains and soluble (DDGS), are also finding increase use in aquaculture feed formulations.

Anecdotal evidence from feed manufac-turers suggests that high dietary incorpora-tion levels of CGM or other corn products may negatively affect flesh pigmentation in fish.

CGM and other corn milling by-products contain relatively high levels (100-500 ppm) of yellow xanthophyll carotenoids, mainly lutein and zeaxanthin. Observations scat-tered in the scientific literature suggest that xanthophyll carotenoids may impair pigmentation on salmonid fish, either by

imparting an undesirable yellowish hue to the flesh and/or by reducing efficiency of utilization of the expensive carotenoid pigments incorporated in the diet. However, the results of most studies published so far have been equivocal.

Skonberg et al. (1998) observed that fil-lets from rainbow trout fed a diet contain-ing 22 percent CGM (and no supplemental synthetic pigments) had a higher ‘yellow’ colour value (measured by Tristimulus colorimeter) and received significantly lower preference scores than that fish fed a diet without CGM or a diet with 22 percent CGM supplemented with syn-thetic pigment (100 ppm canthaxanthin). Mundheim et al (2004) found a significant linear reduction in the colour (assessed using the Roche color fan) of fillets of Atlantic salmon fed diets (supplemented with 64ppm astaxanthin) with increasing replacement of fishmeal by a combination of CGM and soybean meal (2:1 ratio) in diets.

A linear reduction in growth and feed efficiency of the fish fed the diets with

Effects of Corn Gluten Meal on Flesh Pigmentation of Rainbow Troutby Patricio Saez1*, El-Sayed M. Abdel-Aal2 and Dominique P Bureau1

1UG/OMNR Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.2Guelph Food Research Centre, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

*Corresponding author, email: [email protected]


F: Pigmentation

increasing levels of CGM + soybean meal was observed.

Conversely, Olsen and Baker (2006) observed no effect of increasing dietary lutein levels (0, 11, 23ppm) on muscle astax-anthin concentration of Atlantic salmon fed a diet containing 55ppm astaxanthin.

Absorption of lutein was very low com-pared to that astaxanthin in these fish.

However, these authors identified a weak but non-significant tendency of lower flesh astaxanthin content in fish fed feed with 23ppm lutein.

Experimental designA 12-week growth trial was recently

conducted at the UG/OMNR Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory to assess the effect of CGM incorporation in the diet on

growth and feed efficiency, as well as flesh pigmentation and astaxanthin concentration of rainbow trout.

Two isoproteic and isoenergetic (on a digestible basis) practical diets were for-mulated to meet all the known nutrient requirements of rainbow trout (see Table 1). A control diet (Diet 1) was formulated to contain no corn gluten meal while a test diet (Diet 2) contained 19 percent corn gluten meal (see Table 1). The diets were supplemented with 50 ppm of astax-anthin (Carophyll® Pink, DMS Nutritional Products) and steam pelleted to appropri-ate size using a laboratory pellet mill.

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), weighing 132g/fish, were reared at 15°C in four 500L plastic tanks (25 fish/tank) part of a freshwater recirculation aquatic system.

Each experiment diet was allocated to two tanks and the fish hand fed to near-satiety two times a day for 12 weeks.

Instrumental Colour Analysis

Fish were manually skinned and filleted right

after slaughter. Instrumental colorimetric analysis of fillets was performed with a tristimulus colorimeter.

Measurements were processed at three points over and tree point below the lateral line: close to the head; midway between the head and the tail; and close to the tail. All measurements were performed in the colori-metric space L* (lightness, L*=0 for black, L*=100 for white) with a* scale represents the intensity in red, and b* scale represents the intensity in yellow. The hue is an angular measurement where 0° (H°ab= 0) denotes the red hue and 90° (H°ab= 90) denotes the yellow hue. The C* is an expression of satura-tion or intensity and clarity of the colour.

Analysis of Carotenoids by HPLC

Carotenoids from the diets and muscle samples were extracted, separated and quantified by HPLC with short C30 column (YMC Carotenoid, Water, Mississauga, ON). The separated carotenoids were detected and measured at 450nm, and the identifica-tion of the carotenoids was based on the congruence of retention times and UV/vis spectra with those of pure authentic standards.

Table 1: Formulation, analyzed chemical composition and pigment content of experimental diets.

Diets

Ingredients (g/100 g diet) 1 2

Fish meal, herring, 68% CP 28 16

Corn gluten meal, 60% CP - 19

Poultry by-product meal, regular 15 11.5

Soybean meal, 48% CP 10 15

Feather meal, steam-hydrolyzed 6 4

Blood meal, whole, spray-dry 2 2

Brewer's dried yeast 6 6

Wheat middlings, 17% CP 12.4 8.9

Fish oil, herring 12 12

Vegetable oil 4 5

Vitamin premix 1 1

Biolys® (52% lysine) 1 1.5

DL-Methionine, feed-grade 0.5 0.5

Mineral premix 0.5 0.5

Ca(H2PO4)2 1.5 1.5

Carophyl pink (8% astaxanthin) 0.0625 0.0625

analyzed composition (% dry matter)

Dry matter 94.0 93.9

Crude protein 50.9 50.6

Lipids 23.8 23.1

Digestible energy, MJ/kg (estimated) 20.1 20.6

analyzed pigment concentration (mg·kg-1 dry matter)

Astaxanthin 48.2 56.7

Lutein ND 28

Zeaxanthin ND 15

β-cryptoxanthin ND ND

β-carotene ND ND

ND = not detected

AQUA NOR Forum - presentation of the issues, discussion of the solutions

I.Up-scaling land-based systemsII. Up-scaling (marine) cage systems

III. Up-scaling the ecological approach to production

www.easonline.org

UP-SCALINGAQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

Optimising system size for enhanced productivity with environmental equilibrium

August 17-18, 2011. Trondheim, Norway.Within AQUA NOR 2011, 16-19 August 2011

Organised by the European Aquaculture Society, with


F: Pigmentation

The results of the present study support the anecdotal evidence that yellow xanthophyll pigment present in corn products may have the potential to negatively affect flesh pigmentation of salmonids.

The results from the present and other studies suggest a possible interac-tion between xanthophyll pigments and astaxanthin. The potential mechanisms (e.g competitive inhibition during intes-tinal absorption, transport in lymphatic lipoproteins, or deposition in muscle fibre cells) have not been studied (Olsen and Baker, 2006).

It is worth noting that the xanthophyll pigments concentration in CGM used in the present study was relatively low (142mg·kg-1). Much higher xanthophyll concentrations (224 to 550mg mg·kg-1) have been reported among different batches of CGM (Park et al., 1997). Discrepancies between studies may be related to differences in dietary xan-thophyll carotenoid concentrations and types (e.g. lutein vs. zeaxanthin).

The effects of yellow xanthophyll pigments on pigmentation of the flesh of salmonid fish remains very poorly characterized and more systematic work needs to be carried out on this issue.

References Bjerkeng,B.,Følling,M.,Lagocki,S.,Storebakken,T.,Olli,J.J.,Alsted,N.,1997.Bioavailabilityofall-E-astaxanthinandZ-isomersofastaxanthininrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss).Aquaculture157,63-82.

Choubert,G.,Cravedi,J.,Laurentie,M.,2009.Effectofalternatedistributionofastaxanthinonrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)musclepigmentation.Aquaculture286,100-104.

Mundheim,H.,Aksnes,A.,Hope,B.,2004.Growth,feedefficiencyanddigestibilityinsalmon(SalmosalarL.)feddifferentdietaryproportionsofvegetableproteinsourcesincombinationwithtwofishmealqualities.Aquaculture237,315-331.

Olsen,R.E.,Baker,R.T.M.,2006.Luteindoesnotinfluencefleshastaxanthinpigmentationintheatlanticsalmon(SalmosalarL.).Aquaculture258,558-564.

Park,H.,Flores,R.A.,Johnson,L.A.,1997.Preparationoffishfeedingredients:Reductionofcarotenoidsincornglutenmeal.J.Agric.FoodChem.45,2088-2092.

Skonberg,D.I.,Hardy,R.W.,Barrows,F.T.,Dong,F.M.,1998.Colorandflavoranalysesoffilletsfromfarm-raisedrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)fedlow-phosphorusfeedscontainingcornorwheatgluten.Aquaculture166,269-277.

to that of the fish fed the control diet. This suggests an adverse effect of CGM inclusion on flesh astaxanthin deposition. No lutein and zeaxanthin were detected in the flesh of the fish fed the two diets (see Table 3).

The absence of significant differences for any of the colour attributes measured by colorimetric analysis between muscles from fish fed Diet 1 and Diet 2, even though the former contained a significantly (p<0.05) lower astaxanthin concentration is perplexing.

However, this phenomenon has been reported in the past for rainbow trout (Choubert et al, 2009). Numerous fac-tors, such as muscle light scattering and absorption, can affect salmon flesh colour. Colour and pigment concentra-tion are not always perfectly and linearly related.

ResultsCGM inclusion in the diet had no signifi-

cant effect on growth and feed efficiency of the fish (see Table 2). On average, rainbow trout grew from 132g to 535g during the 12 weeks trial, representing an average thermal-unit growth coefficient (TGC) of 0.240, with a feed efficiency (gain:feed) of 0.89.

Tristimulus colorimetric analysis did not show significant (P>0.05) differences for any of the colour attributes meas-ured for the flesh of fish fed Diet 1 and Diet 2, suggesting that the incorporation of CGM had not effect on flesh pigmen-tation (see Table 3).

However, analysis of carotenoid pig-ments by HPLC revealed significantly (p<0.05) lower astaxanthin concentration of the flesh of fish fed the diet containing 19 percent CGM (Diet 2) compared

Table 2: Growth performance and fed efficiency of rainbow trout (IBW=132 g/fish) fed experimental diets for 12 weeks.

ParameterDiet 1 Diet 2

Final body weight 540 ± 29 531 ± 5

Gain (g/fish) 402 ± 27 400 ± 4

Feed efficiency (gain:feed)1 0.91 ± 0.05 0.88 ± 0.05

TGC2 0.239 ± 0.01 0.243 ± 0.01

Data are mean ± Standard deviation, n=2 tanks.

1Feed efficiency (live weight gain:dry feed intake), 2TGC=thermal unit growth coefficient.

No significant differences observed.

Table 3: Fillet carotenoid concentration and retention, and colour of rainbow trout fed experimental diets for 12 weeks.

Initial Final

Fillet colour attributes Diet 1 Diet 2

L* 45.9 ± 1.8a 40.5 ± 0.6b 40.4 ± 1.4b

a* 1.3 ± 1.1b 9.9 ± 1.3a 9.6 ± 0.7a

b* 4.8 ± 1.4b 13.4 ± 0.5a 12.8 ± 1.0a

H°ab 76.1 ± 11.5a 53.6 ± 2.6b 53.2 ± 0.1b

C* 5.0 ± 1.6b 16.6 ± 1.2a 16.0 ± 1.2a

Fillet carotenoid concentration (mg·kg-1)

Astaxanthin NDc 5.6 ± 0.5a 3.2 ± 0.5b

Lutein ND ND ND

Zeaxanthin ND ND ND

β-cryptoxanthin ND ND ND

β-carotene ND ND ND

Data are mean ± standard deviation, n=2 tanks, means of 5 individuals per tank.

ND = Not detected.


F: Pigmentation


beautifulGROWiNG iS

Our hydrolysates have a superior concentration of Natural Active NutrientsTM

Thanks to their biological action on fish and shrimp growth mechanisms, they boost your feed performance and help you substituting fish meal.

[email protected] - www.aquativ-diana.com

FRAN

CE /

00 3

3 2

97 4

0 42

09

This section presents an overall assessment of aquaculture products and their production with

special reference to the two regions, Asia and Europe. Production volume, product quality and price, production patterns (species diversification) as well as consumption patterns are covered below.

Approximately 220 species of aquatic animals and plants are currently cultured worldwide, in a vast range of production systems, ranging from low–input extensive systems to high–input intensive aquafarms in ponds, caged enclosures and tanks.

In broad terms, aquaculture produc-tion systems used for producing these aquatic animals and plants can be divided into feed–dependant systems or fed aqua-

culture (e.g. finfish and crustaceans) or non–fed aquaculture systems where culture is predominately dependant on the natural

environment for food (e.g. aquatic plants and molluscs).

In 2006, global aquaculture production reached 66.7 million tonnes, growing at an annual rate of nine percent, while increas-ing its proportional contribution to total fisheries output. Excluding aquatic plants, aquaculture output in 1970 accounted for 3.9 percent of total fisheries production, by 2001, that proportion had increased to 29 percent and by 2006 to 36 percent (FAO, 2008a). Thus, aquaculture continues to make a significant contribution to total fisheries production over the last few decades.

This increasing contribution, however, is largely an Asian phenomenon because Asia accounted for 61.43 million tonnes or 92 percent of total world aquaculture production in 2006, while Europe contrib-uted 2.17 million tonnes or 2.2 percent

(see Figure 1). In terms of value, the

Asian region’s share was US$68.61 million or 80 percent of total value of world aquaculture pro-duction. The Asian con-tribution is significantly influenced and skewed by China.

When China is excluded, the Asian con-tribution to total world aquaculture production drops dramatically to

24.2 percent in terms of quantity and 29 percent in terms of value. As is evident, currently, aquaculture production is over-

whelmingly concentrated in one country, China.

Considering the geographic spread and potential economic contribution of aqua-culture in relation to aquafeeds, a better assessment may be made by excluding Chinese fish and aquatic plants to under-stand the progress made by the other 105 countries that have reported aquaculture production of over 1000 tonnes in 2006.

When aquatic plants are excluded from production estimates for the Asian region and Asia excluding China, aquaculture pro-duction contributes 90 percent and 23.2 percent, respectively, in terms of quantity and 78 percent and 29.2 percent in terms of value, respectively, to the world total aquaculture production.

Aquatic plant production is dominated by China. Seventy–three percent of total aquatic plant production in Asia is in China. There is no noticeable change in terms of quantity or value of aquaculture in Europe, when plants are excluded.

Regional contribution to global production

In Asia, fed aquaculture accounted for 54 percent of the region’s total aquaculture production, indicating that almost half of Asia’s aquaculture production comes from non–fed aquaculture.

However, the non–fed aquaculture pro-duction within Asia is not evenly distributed and is mainly centred in China. Fifty percent of China’s total aquaculture production (including plants) is non–fed aquaculture production.

Asia’s fed aquaculture, excluding China

The second article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book

by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan

"In 2006, global aquaculture production reached 66.7 million

tonnes, growing at an annual rate of nine percent, while increasing its

proportional contribution to total fisheries output"

Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production:

An assessment of aquaculture production

with special reference to Asia and Europe


Feed Management


FIAAPInternational2011

VICTAMInternational2011

The showpiece event for the world’s

aquafeed industry

3 – 5 M a y 2 0 1 1 C o l o g n e E x h i b i t i o n H a l l s . C o l o g n e . G e r m a n y

Visit VICTAM International, the world’slargest event for the production and processingof aquafeed and animal feeds, together withFIAAP International, the only dedicated tradeshow and conference for the supply, use andformulation of ingredients & additives foraquafeed and animal feeds.

“a partnership in synergy”

Visitors to the shows will find the world’s foremostcompanies supplying specialist equipment,technology, ingredients & additives, used in theformulation & production of aquafeeds andanimal feeds alongside systems for their handling,storage, packaging & distribution.

Everything you need from the raw material to the finished productSupporting conferences:� The IFF Feed Processing Conference� The FIAAP Conference�Petfood Forum Europe 2011�Aquafeed Horizons� Feed Safety Assurance in a Globalizing Industry

Co-located with GRAPAS InternationalThe exhibition and conference for flour & rice milling,grain processing, industrial pasta & noodle processing,extruded snack & breakfast cereal production.

Plus

For conference programmes, delegate registration, travel,accommodation and free visitor registration contact:Email: [email protected] Website: www.victam.comTel: ++31 33 246 4404 Fax: ++31 33 246 4706

In contrast, Europe contributed 4.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity to total world fed aquaculture production.

More importantly, Asia, excluding China, contrib-uted 26.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity and 30 percent in terms of value to total world fed aquaculture production, indicating that the demand for aquafeed ingredients is also heavily skewed towards China.

In terms of crustaceans fed aquaculture produc-tion, Asia contributed 91.5

percent of total world production (see Figure 2). When China is excluded from the Asian equation, the contribution of the rest of Asia is 37.5 percent of total world crustacean production. Europe’s contribution to world farmed crustacean production is negligible.

Therefore, the impact of commodity volatility will be felt to a greater degree in Asia than in Europe.

Implications for aquafeed supply

Future pressure on the demand for feed ingredients will depend on the chang-ing proportions of fed and non–fed aqua-culture to total aquaculture production, the demand and the types of species used

to meet the demand of aquatic products. The demand for feed ingredients will

also depend on whether the trend will be to increase mass production of low–value species using aquafeeds or to increase production in high–value species, which generally requires high quality performance diets.

Either way, the demand for all aquafeed ingredients will increase. Production of high–value species will put upward pressure on fishmeal and fish oil demand and prices, while production of low–value species will increase the demand and price for feed ingredients such as grains and oils of plant origin.

Coming in the next issue (May/June 2011) of International Aquafeed an excerpt of chapter two from Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquacul-ture production.

and including aquatic plants, amounts to 64.2 percent. If the recent trend in the slowing down of the annual growth of the non–fed aquaculture sector continues (see section below), while maintaining an increase in total aquaculture production, the demand for aquafeed in Asia will signifi-cantly increase.

In contrast to the Asian situation, finfish and crustacean aquaculture production in Europe is 100 percent dependent on aquafeeds.

Asia’s aquaculture production is also dominated by the use of aquafeeds.

Asia is the largest global consumer of aquafeed ingredients. Aquaculture produc-tion, mainly of crustaceans and finfish, relies on farm–made or complete industrial diets. It is estimated that Asia contributed 88.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity and 71 percent in terms of value to total world fed aquaculture production (see Figure 2).

ARCHIVEEvery feature that appears in International Aquafeed magazine, will also appear in our online archive. Please visit:http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php

ONLINEEvery edition of International aquafeed is also available in full on the International Aquafeed website:http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/online.php

More information:Krishen J. Rana & Sunil SiriwardenaInstitute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom

Mohammad R. HasanAquaculture Management and Conservation Service, Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)Website: www.fao.org

Coming in the next issue of The International Aquafeed magazine (May/June issue) will be an excerpt of chapter two from Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production.The full publication can be found at:http://www.fao.org/ docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm


Feed Management

March-april 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 39


9 -11 March, BITEC Bangkok, Thailand

Find your suppliers of innovative products and services in the Fish, Molluscs, Crustaceans and Algae business

Visit ourwebsite for

more information!

www.aquatic-asia.net

adv_aqua2011_210x147_aV2.indd 1 17-09-10 15:49

www.perendale.co.uk

Are you a Perendale

bookworm?Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of International Aquafeed, has set up an online Amazon-based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture. From early 2010 you will be able to read an extended review before mak-ing your selection and purchasing directly from Amazon.

Also on Twitter: http://twitter.com/Aquaculturists

TheAquaculturistAregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

HimynameisMartinLittle.IamtheAquaculturists,withabackgroundinMarineZoologyandeightyearsworkinginthefieldasaconsultantfisheriesobserver in theNorthAtlantic, Iamnowpartof InternationalAquafeedmagazine,andaswellasmycolumn in thepagesof themagazineIwillberunninganaccompanyingblogthatcanbefoundathttp://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

Hiwelcometotheaquaculturists,duringFebruarytherewasagoodselection of news covered, on February 1, 2011 a story aboutSeaweedfarmingwascovered,thestorylookedathowseaweed

maybeuseasanalternativetoaquaculturefishfeed.OnFebruary8,2011theNelsonMarlboroughInstituteofTechnologyofNewZealandstartedtheir diploma of aquaculture course which had proved popular as thecoursewasfullandtheyhadfiveapplicationsforthenextyearscourse.

OnFebruary18,2011wepostedastory,onhowfarmingseacucumberscouldbetheanswertohelpingwildpopulationrestoretheirnumbers.ThesenewsstoriesandmorefromFebruarycanbefoundinourmonthlyroundupe-magazineandbygoingtotheaquaculturist’sblogathttp://theaquacul-turists.blogspot.com.

http://theaquaculturists.blogspot.com/

Aquaculture for a Changing World

Gold Sponsor

World AquAculture 2011

SESSION SPONSORSAlltech Biotechnology

Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal HealthBIOMIN

Gold Sponsors

AquacultureAmerica2011

February 28 - March 3

New Orleans MarriottNew Orleans, Louisiana

Aquaculture on Parade

Associate SponsorsAmerican Tilapia Association International Association of AquacultureAmerican Veterinary Medical Association Economics and ManagementAquacultural Engineering Society Latin American Chapter WASAquaculture Association of Canada Striped Bass Growers AssociationCatfish Farmers of America US Shrimp Farming AssociationGlobal Aquaculture Alliance US Trout Farmers Association Zebrafish Husbandry Association

THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPOSITION OF

Health Session Sponsor

For More Information Contact:

Conference ManagerP.O. Box 2302 • Valley Center, CA 92082 USATel: +1.760.751.5005 • Fax: +1.760.751.5003

Email: [email protected] • Web: www.was.org

2011 combo CMYK.indd 1 12/12/10 6:22 AM

Book reviewTilapia Cultureby Professor A.-F.M. El-Sayed

ISBN:978-0851990149

In 2006 Professor A.-F.M. El-Sayed wrote Tilapia Culture, a comprehensive book on Tilapia. In the book he

starts with an extensive history of tilapia culture right up-to modern day practices. He has been engaged in research and teaching activities in marine sciences, particularly, fish biology, fisheries and aquaculture, for 30 years.

He authored or co-authored over 100 peer-reviewed publi-cations, in addition to four books. El-Sayed has participated inmorethan40local,regionalandinternationalconferencesinfish-eries and aquatic sciences as a keynote speaker, session chair,papers presenter or chairman/member of the organising com-mittees.HeisalsoamemberofthescientificcommitteefortheInternationalMasterinAquacultureprogram,whichishostedattheUniversityof Las Palmas De Grand Canaria, Spain. He obtained his B.Sc.in Oceanography,Alexandria University,Alexandria, Egypt, andM.Sc.inFishbiology,AlexandriaUniversity,Alexandria,Egypt,andaPh.D.inAquaculture(FishNutrition),MichiganStateUniversity,USA.Inchapteronehegiveanhistoricalaccountoftilapia,earlyaqua-culture,globaltilapiaproductionandcapturefisheries.HelooksatmajorproducersandthespeciesthatareculturedhealsocoversthemajorproducersinAsia,AfricathatproduceculturedtilapiaaswellasSouthAmerica,NorthAmericaandtheCaribbean.In chapter two he dealswith the basic biology and ecologyof

tilapia, looking at the taxonomy, body shape and externalmor-phology as well as its geographical distribution and the factorsaffectingit.Healsocoversthehabitatdiversitytheenvironmentalconditionsoftheregionsthattilapiaarefoundin.Chapterthreecoversenvironmentalrequirements,suchastem-perature,salinity,dissolvedoxygen,ammoniaandnitrates.HealsolooksatpH,photoperiodandwaterturbidity.In chapters four he looks at semi-intensive culture, with anOverviewofPondFertilization, inorganicandorganic fertilizers.Healsocoverssupplementalfeeding,polycultureandintegratedculturealongwitheconomicefficiencyofintegratedculture.Inchapterfivehedelvesintotheintensivecultureareaoftilapiaproduction, lookingatstockingdensitiesalongwithcagecultureandtankandracewayculture.Aswellasgreen-watertankculture,tilapia culture in recirculating systems, effluent treatment andmanagement he also looks at tilapia production in aquaponicsystems.In laterchaptersof thisbookProfessorElSayed looksatnutri-tion and feeding, reproduction and seedproduction, stress anddisease.Healsocoversharvesting,processingandeconomicsandtheroleoftilapiacultureinruraldevelopmentalongwithrecenttechnological innovations.The final chapter of this book dealssolelywiththeenvironmentalimpactsthattilapiaculturehashadontheenvironment.A superb and comprehensive book, Professor El Sayed hasproduced a complete guide to the understanding of tilapiaculturethatiswellwrittenandpresented.Inmyopinionthisisavaluablebook; thisbook is for students, researchersandpracti-tionersinaquaculture,aswellasanyonewithaninterestintilapiafarmingorfishfarmingingeneral.Definitelyonetohaveinyourbookcase.

Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Volume 1

ISBN0-632-05412-3

In this first volume of the Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries (2002), edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds

the main aim is to bring together the study of fish biology with the study of fisheries.

Thisbookissplitintofoursections:Partone:Biodiversity-Inthissectionthere

aretwochapterscoveringphylogenyandsystematicsoffishesandanhistoricalbiogeographyoffishes.Thesecondchapterdealswithphylo-geneticmethodsandclassification.Thethirdchapterlooksatconceptsandmethods.Parttwo:PopulationandPopulationStructure-Inthispart,therearesevenchapterswrittenbyanumberofauthors.Chapterfourlooksatthephysiologyof livingwater.Chapterfive,dealswithenvironmental

factors and ratesofdevelopment andgrowth.Chapter six coversrecruitment,understandingofdensitydependence.Chapters sevenandeightlookatthelifehistoriesoffishandmigration.Chapterninecoversgenetics,chapter10dealswiththebehavioralecologyofrepro-ductioninfish.Partthree:FishasPredatorsandpreywiththreechaptersdealingwithfishforagingandhabitatchoice.Part four:Fish inEcosystemshas fourchaptersdealingwith trophicecologyandthestructureofmarinefoodweb,communityecologyoffreshwaterfishesandcomparativeecologyofmarinefishcommunitiesandtheinteractionsbetweenfish,parasitesanddisease.Thisisawell-writtenandcomprehensivebookdealingwithcomplexinteractionsbetween fishandtheenvironmentthey live in,whetherit be freshwaterormarine. This volume (withmany contributingauthors)hasbeenwelleditedby J.B.Hartand JohnD.Reynolds.Aworthybookforanyonewithadeepinterestinfisheries.Amusthavebookforanyfisheriesormarinescientist.


Book reviewHandbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries Volume 2

ISBN:0-632-06482-X

The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries: Volume 2 (2002) is the second volume in the

series edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds.

Paul J.B . Har t is Professor in theDepar tment of Biology, Universityof Leicester, UK. He has co authoredtextbook Fisheries Ecology (1982) and

hehasco-editedTheImpactofSpeciesChangesinAfricanLakes(1995)andReinventingFisheriesManagement(1998).Heisco-editorofthereviewjournal,FishandFisheries(BlackwellScience)andheisapastPresidentoftheFisheriesSocietyoftheBritishIslesJohn D. Reynolds is Professor of Evolutionary Ecology at theUniversity of EastAnglia, UK. He has co-authored a textbook,MarineFisheriesEcology(2001),hasco-editedConservationofExploitedSpecies(2001)andisco-editorofthejournal,AnimalConservation.HewasawardedtheFSBIMedalof theFisheriesSocietyoftheBritishIslesin2000.Inthissecondvolume,webeginwithachapterthatconsidersthehumandimensionoffisheriesmanagement.

PartOne:Chaptertwodealswithfishcapturedevicesinindustrialandartisanalfisheriesandtheirinfluenceonthemanagement.Chapterthreelooksatmarketingandmarkets,determinationofvaluesandcreatingvaluesalongwithcommunicatingvalues,deliveringandfuturevalues.Chapters four and five charts the history of fisheries and theirscience and management along the nature of fishing and over-fishing,pluspost-secondworldwar. It alsocovers thegatheringofdataandresourcemonitoringandfisheriesmanagement.Part two provides fundamental methods of stock assessment,includingsurplusproductionmodels, virtualpopulationanalyses,methods for forecasting, length-based assessments, individualbasedmodelsandeconomics.Partthreecoversfisheries inawidercontext lookingatmarineprotectedareas,fishandfisheries,exploitationandotherthreatstofishingconservation.Italsolooksatecosystemeffectsoffishingandrecreationalfishing.Thissecondvolumeofthehandbookisawellwrittenandpre-sentedfollow-uptothe first. It isanexcellentstartingpoint foranyundergraduateandgraduatestudentwhoisinterestedinthehistoryoffishingandthemethodsemployedinfisheries.Aswellastheeconomicsof fisheries itsagoodhandbooktohaveasareference. I feel this isaworthwhile investmentandwillbeaninvaluable reference tool for students, researchers and anyoneworkinginthefieldsoffishbiologyandfisheries.


THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE FOREVERYONE INVOLVED IN THE

GLOBAL AQUAFEED INDUSTRY

An easy-to-use publicationfor manufacturers of fishfeed to source suppliers.Designed to identify allaquafeed ingredients,raw material feedstuffs,feed additive micro-ingredients, productionmachinery, plant andequipment availableon the world market.

Sections include:■ Extruder & Expander Guide - Technical specification chart■ Product Guide - locate suppliers by products covered■ Trade Names index■ A-Z Company Index with full contact details■ Diary of Events

To request further information or to be included in the next directory,please contact Barbara Williams at [email protected]

To obtain copies, please contact our Circulation Department on +44 (0) 1923 692674

The International Aquafeed Directory is publishedby Turret Group Ltd,173 High Street, Rickmansworth, Herts WD3 1AY.Tel: +44 (0) 1923 692660

2010/11 edition out now

filler 4 23/2/10 16:27 Page 1

Classified Adverts


Additives•AdvancedBionutrition•AgresearchInc

www.chemoforma.com

VANNAGEN®

Chemoforma-class.indd 1 03/02/2009 15:20

•Kiotechagil•KrillCanadaCorp•InveAquaculture

Elevator buckets

St. Louis, Missouri USAT:+1 314 739 9191•F:+1 314 739 5880

www.tapcoinc.com

ELEVATOR BUCKETS & BOLTS

STYLE CC-XD (XTREME DUTY)Polyethylene Elevator Bucket

®

AquafeedClassified40_2x40mFINALrevsd 2/23/10 12:35 AM Page 2

Equipment for sale•AFoethBV•Condex(UK)Ltd

•FilterScreenSupplyLtd

Extruders

www.buhlergroup.com

Buhler AGCH – 9240Uzwil, SwitzerlandT: +41 71 955 11 11F: +41 71 955 28 96E: [email protected]

•CaliberControl•Coperion•ESEIntec•FudexGroupSpa•InstaProInternational

WWW.OTTEVANGER.COM

CRAFTMANSHIP IN THE ANIMAL FEED AND FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY

•Setrem•SuehiroEPM•TGCExtrusion•Wenger

Services (publications)

Are you a Perendale

bookworm?Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of International Aquafeed, has set up an online Amazon-based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of recently-published reports and books on aquaculture. From early 2011 you will be able to read an extended review before making your selection and purchasing directly from Amazon.Consult Perendale Publishers Online Book Store at: www.perendale.co.ukIMD_40x40m_classAD

www.internationalmilling.com

Whatever you are looking for in the milling industry? ...

... fi nd it with IMD

IMD_40x40m_classAD.indd 1 15/03/2010 12:44Shrimp feed additive

Cholesterol SF and XG

Maximum weight gain

Optimum growth

Easy processing

Defined particle size

[email protected]

Aquafeed_banner_6x4.indd 2 10-02-2010 09:36:08

Shrimp feed & larval diet

•ArtemiaInternationalLLC

Vacuum•A&JMixing•AndritzFeed&Biofuel

•GAMEEngineeringLtd•Stolz-Sequipag

MORE EXPOSURE

FOR YOUR

ADVERTISING

SPEND

Classified advertisments, now also appear in "The Aquaculturists Review"

and new online publication from Perendale Publishers.

Please visit:http://theaquaculturists.

blogspot.com/

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

To place a classified advert in our next issue, and take

advantage of our great extra online exposure,

please contact the Sales Team:

Caroline WearnTel:+44 1242 267706


Sabby MajorTel: +44 1242 267706



75%

BOOKED

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IDL2011-Aquafeed.ai 12/20/2010 2:52:28 PM

EVENTS

Is there an event that our readers need to know about!

Eventslistingsarefreeofchargeandwillappearintheprintedmagazineandonline.Toaddyoureventtoourlisting,[email protected]

Events Key:

* = See our magazine at this show

• = More information available

EVENTS 2011

28th February 11 •- 3rd March 11AquacultureAmerica2011,NewOrleans,Louisiana,USAContact: Mario Stael, MAREVENT Begijnengracht 40 9000, Gent, Belgium

Tel: +32 9 2334912Fax: +32 9 2334912Email: [email protected]: www.marevent.com

28th February 11 - 1st March 11GLOBALG.A.PPublicWorkshopAquaculture,NewDelhi,IndiaContact: Daniela Fabiszisky, GLOBALG.A.P Spichernstr.55 50672 Cologne Germany

Tel: +4922157993 33Fax: +4922157993 89Email: [email protected]: www.globalgap.org

2nd March 11GLOBALG.A.PTour2011NewDelhi(India),Shangri-LaHotelNewDelhi,IndiaContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany

Tel: +49 221 57993693Fax: +49 221 5799389Email: [email protected]: www.tour2011.org

3rd - 4th March 11GLOBALG.A.PPublicWorkshopCFM(CompoundFeedManufacturing),NewDelhi,IndiaContact: Daniela Fabiszisky, GLOBALG.A.P Spichernstr.55 50672 Cologne GermanyTel:+492215799333Fax:+492215799389Email:[email protected]:www.globalgap.org

3rd - 4th March 11GlobalSummitonNutrition,HealthandHumanBehaviour–SustainableLC-Omega-3foraBetterWorld,KempinskiHotelDuke’sPalaceBruges,BelgiumContact: Dr. Ignace Debruyne, Haverhuisstraat 28, B-8870 Izegem, Belgium

Tel: +32 51 31 12 74Fax: +32 51 31 56 75Email: Ignace.debruyne @omega3summit.orgWeb: www.omega3summit.org

9th - 11th March •*AquaticAsia2011,BITEC,BangkokInternationalTrade&ExhibitionCentre,Bangkok,ThailandContact: Guus van Ham, P.O. Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands

Tel: +31 30 2952302Fax: +31 30 2952809Email: [email protected]: www.aquatic-asia.net

12th April 11GLOBALG.AP.Tour2011–MexicoCit,MexicoCity,SheratonMariaIsabelHotelandTowers,MexicoContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP, Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany

Tel: +49 221 57993 693Fax: +49 221 57993 89Email: [email protected]: www.tour2011.org

3rd - 5th May •VictamInternational,Cologne,GermanyContact: Patricia Heimgartner, Box 197, 3860 Ad Nijkerk, The Netherlands

Tel: + 31 33 2464404Fax: + 31 33 2464706Email: [email protected]: www.victam.com

4th May 11GLOBALG.A.PNewsConference,EuropeanSeafoodExposition,Room1122,Brussels,BelgiumContact: Claudia Meifert, GLOBALG.A.P Spichernstr.55 50672 Cologne Germany

Tel: +49 221 57993 25Fax: +49 221 57993 89Email: [email protected]: www.globalgap.org

12th May 11GLOBALG.A.PTour2011–CapeTown,Stellenbosch,SpierHotelCapeTown,SouthAfricaContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


22nd - 25th May 11TheAlltech27thInternationalAnimalHealthandNutritionSymposium,Lexington, Kentucky, USAContact: Roel Coenders, Alltech, 3031 Catnip Hill Pike, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA

Tel: +1 859 8873244Fax: +1 859 8873256Email: [email protected]: www.alltech.com/

26th - 29th May •Aquarama2011,SingaporeContact: Doris Woo / Linda Tan, No.3 Pickering Street, 02-48, China Square Central, Singapore 048660

Tel: +65 65920889Fax: +65 64389060Email: [email protected]: www.aquarama.com.sg

6th - 10th June •WorldAquaculture2011inclGiantPrawn2011,Natal,BrazilContact: Mr Mario Stael, Marevent Begijnengracht 40 9000 Gent Belgium

Tel: +32 9 2334912Fax: +32 9 2334912Email: [email protected]: www.marevent.com

7th - 7th June 11 •GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–SaoPauloContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


15th - 17th June •IndoFisheries2011Expo&Forum,GrandCityExpoSurabaya,IndonesiaContact: Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, Indonesia

Tel: +62 21 8644756Fax: +62 21 8650963Email: [email protected]: www.indolivestock.com

15th - 17th June 11 •5thFoodProteinsCourse2011,NewOrleans,USAContact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC BilthovenThe Netherlands

Tel: +31 30 2252060Fax: [email protected]: www.bridge2food.com

Aquatic Asia 2011 OnMarch9-11AquaticAsia2011willopenitsdoorattheBITECcentreinBangkok,Thailand.AquaticAsia2011showcasestheindustry'sproducts,devel-opmentsandinnovationsintheAquacultureandMarineculturebusiness.TheAquaculturebusinesshasgreatgrowthperspectiveandinthisgrowingmarkettheAsian-Pacificregionhassecuredasubstantialposition.Over85%oftheglobalproductionisposi-tionedintheAsiaPacificregion.Thisjustifiesaded-icatedeventfortheAsiaAquacultureindustries.AquaticAsiacooperateswiththetopmediapartnersinAquabusiness.MeetupwithPerendaleandfindoutaboutInternationalAquafeed,theAquaculturistandotherPerendalepublica-tionsatstand02.B037

AQUA NOR FORUMTheAQUANORFORUMisaplaceforscience,industry,consumersandpolicymakerstodiscussthekeyissuesthataffectaquac-ulturedevelopment.OrganisedbytheEuropeanAquacultureSocietyincooperationwiththeNor-FishingFoundation,SINTEFandCREATE,AQUANORFORUM2011willaddressoneofthecriticalcon-straintstothedevelopmentofaquacultureinEurope-notablyaccesstositeswithhighwaterqualitytoensurehighqualityaquacul-tureproducts.Byup-scalingproductionsystemsanincreaseinproductivitycanbeobtainedforanyspecificsite;butthismustbecom-pliantwithlegislation,withregardtofishwelfare,withregardtohusbandryandespeciallywithregardtotheenvironmentalimpactsofincreasedproductionsystems.


EVENTS

18th - 18th October 11GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–Atlanta,TheWestinPeachtreePlaza,Atlanta,USAContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


10th - 12th November 11ExpoPesca&AcuiPeru,JockeyConventionCenter,PeruContact: JKUMAR ( J K), 674/6 U.E, Karnal, India

Tel: +91 9812 390009Fax: +91 1844 030999Email: [email protected]: www.thaiscorp.com

23rd - 23rd November 11GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–BangkokContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


15th - 15th September 11GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–Warsaw(Poland),LeRoyalMéridienBristol,PolandContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany

Tel: +49 221 57993 693Fax: +49 221 57993 89Email: [email protected]: www.tour2011.org

28th - 29th September 11ProteinTechnologyinnovation2011Conference,Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsContact: Marjolijn Cohen, Jan van Eijcklaan 2, 3723 BC Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Tel: +31 30 2252060Email: [email protected]://www.bridge2food.com

18th - 21st October •AquacultureEurope2011,Rhodos,GreeceContact: EAS, Slijkensesteenweg 4, B8400 Ostend, Belgium

Tel: +32 59 323859Fax: +32 59 321005Email: [email protected]: www.easonline.org

12th - 12th July 11GLOBALG.A.PTOUR2011–Cairo(Egypt),InterContinentalSemiramis,EgyptContact: Nina Kretschmer, c/o GLOBALGAP Foodplus GmbH, Spichernstr.55, D-50672 Cologne, Germany


17th - 18th August 11 •*AquaNorForum2011,Trondheim,NorwayContact: Alistair Lane, European Aquaculture Society, Slijkensesteenweg, 4, 8400 Oostende, Belgium

Tel: +32 59 323859Fax: +32 59 321005Email: [email protected]: www.easonline.org

8th - 9th September 11 •BioMarineBusinessConvention,Nantes–FranceContact:PierreErwes,LaGraveduTour,40430Callen,FranceTel:+33678078284Email:[email protected]:http://convention.biomarine.org

GLOBALG.A.P - Aquaculture Standard New Developments

AquacultureStandardNewDevelopments,Version4:Scopeextendedforaqua-culturespeciesbelongingtofinfish,crustaceansandmolluscs-newspeciesimplementationandcerti-fication.Aquafeedsupply:Advancesinthefullchainsupplyrecognition.Postharvesthandling:Toolprovidedtocoverthefoodchaindemands.Jointtrainingandauditingoutcome:WWFInternationalStandardsforResponsibleTilapiaAquaculture.

March-april 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 47

Meet us in one of the following cities:

New Delhi – India, 1/2 March 2011 Mexico City – Mexico, 11/12 April 2011Cape Town – South Africa, 11/12 May 2011Sao Paulo – Brazil, 6/7 June 2011 Cairo – Egypt, 12/13 July 2011 Warsaw – Poland, 14/15 September 2011 Atlanta – USA, 17/18 October 2011Bangkok – Thailand, 22/23 November 2011

Register now on www.tour2011.org

Good Agricultural Practice

New Delhi I Mexico City I Cape Town I Sao Paulo I Cairo I Warsaw I Atlanta I Bangkok

Everything you need to know about Good Agricultural Practice Certification at a place near you!

Coming Your Way

Would you like to know more about the GLOBALG.A.P TOUR 2011? Then please see www.tour2011.org or contact Nina Kretschmer: [email protected] Follow us on Twitter@GLOBALGAP!

[email protected] Woo / Esther See

AQ11/AquafeedMag

In every issue of International Aquafeed we will be providing a list of companies and web links related to key stories & topics within each specific issue.

If you would like information on how your company can get involved, please contact our Marketing Team.

Tel +44 1242 267706

WEB LINKS

Almex b.v. =www.almex.nl

Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co =www.amandus-kahl-group.de

Biomin Holding GmbH =www.biomin.net

Brabender GmbH & Co KG =www.brabender.com

Braime Elevator Components Ltd =www.go4b.com

Buhler AG =www.buhlergroup.com

Chemoforma Ltd =www.chemoforma.com

Dinnissen BV =www.dinnissen.nl

Dishman Netherlands BV =www.dishman-netherlands.com

Extru-Tech =www.extru-techinc.com

Geelen Counterflow =www.geelencounterflow.com

IFFO Limited =www.iffo.net

Krill Canada Corp =www.krill.ca

Muyang Group =www.muyang.com

Novartis International AG =www.novartis.com

NutraKol Pty Ltd =www.nutrakol.com

Nutri-Ad International nv =www.nutriad.net

Ottevanger Milling Engineers B.V. =www.ottevanger.com

Shanghai ZhengChang International Machinery and

Engineering Co., Ltd =www.zhengchang.com

Sonac =www.sonac.biz

SPF (activite Aquativ) =www.aquativ-diana.com

Tapco Inc =www.tapcoinc.com

The Nor-Fishing Foundation =www.nor-fishing.no

University of Stirling =www.stir.ac.uk

Wynveen International B.V. =www.wynveen.com/

Zhengchang Group (ZCME) =www.zhengchang.com

Innovations for a better world.

A hammer blow to your operating costs. The hammer mill Granulex™ is the new

dynamic grinding machine from Buhler. Designed for ultimate power, Granulex™

delivers high capacity grinding up to 75 t/h. Swiss-made reliability and supreme

ease of maintenance minimize downtime, so you can make maximum use of

this productivity. It’s an investment in quality that is sure to show a rapid return –

and deliver a hammer blow to your operating costs. For more information, visit

www.buhlergroup.com.

GranulexTM

High capacity hammer mill.

Powerful 400 kW motor for high

capacity grinding.

Largest screen area of any 400 kW

hammer mill reduces wear of

screens and hammers.

Screens and hammers designed for

replacement by a single person in

less than 30 minutes.

Smooth running sliding doors on

both sides for fast and easy

maintenance.

Closed machine housing

preventing dust settlements and

easy to clean, plain surfaces.

Visit us at Victam in Cologne, Germany, hall 6, booth D041/E041

DFZP_210x297_Granulex.indd 1 03.02.2011 07:41:43

march april 2011 - international aquafeed

Documents

copyright perendale

aquaculture strategy

feed pelletsaquaculture

bolt n gobolt n

mcs aquaculture officer

aqua feed pellets

aquafeed technology

aquafeed photoshoot