march | april 2013 - international aquafeed magazine

8/23/2019 March | April 2013 - International Aquafeed magazine

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Transforming aquaculture

production using

oxygenation systems

Nutritional benefits of

processed animal proteins – in European aquafeeds

Towards aquafeeds with

increased food security

Bioenergetics – application in aquaculture nutrition

Volume 16 I s sue 2 2013 - mARCH | APR I l

INCORPORAT ING

f Ish fARmING TeChNOlOGy



An internAtionAl mAgAzine for the AquAculture feed

industry - incorPorAting fish fArming technologyCONTENTS

AQUA

I n t e r n a t I o n a l

FEED

Volume 16 / Issue 2 / March-April 2013 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2013 / All rights reserved

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept

no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2013

Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior

permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

Aqua News

4 Alltechfeedsurveyfindssignificantgrowthinaquaculture

5 Newglobalpartnershiptopromoteaquacultureinfightinghunger

6 AQUACULTUREUPDATES

7 IFFOintroducesnewlogo

8 FriendoftheSeacertificationforCloudyBayClams

9 Activesalmonfarmmapshowssmallfootprint

9 Alltechconductstrialsintoalgaeapplications

Features

14 NutritionalbenefitsofusingProcessedAnimalProteins(PAPs)inEuropeanaquafeeds

18 Bioenergetics-applicationinaquaculturenutrition

22 Towardsaquafeedswithincreasedfoodsecurity

26 Escapesprimarilycausedbyequipmentfailure

28 Theroleofbioremediationinwaterqualitymanagement

34 Themultifunctionaldietarypropertiesofspirulinaanditsuseinaquaculture

38 Effectofdietaryinclusionofseaweedsonintestinalproteolytic

activityofjuvenileseabream,Sparus aurata

42 Challengesfacingtheaquaculturefeedindustry

45 Aquafeedproduction worldwide

Regular items

5 THEAQUACULTURISTS

32 PHOTOSHOOT50 EXPERTTOPIC-COBIA

56 INDUSTRYEVENTS

VIVRussia

WorldAquaculture2014

Aquaculture2013

60 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS

62 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW

64 INDUSTRYFACES

www.perendale.co.uk



Editor

ProfessorSimonDavies

Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors

AliceNeal


ProfessorKrishenRana


DrYuYu


Editorial Advisory Panel

•Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)

•ProfessorAntónioGouveia(Portugal)

•ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)

•ColinMair(UK)

•DrDanielMerrifield(UK)

•DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)

•DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)

•DrKimJauncey(UK)•EricDeMuylder(Belgium)

•DrPedroEncarnação(Singapore)

•DrMohammadRHasan(Italy)

Circulation & Events Manager

TutiTan


Design & Page Layout

JamesTaylor


International Marketing Team (UK Office)

DarrenParris


LeeBastin


TomBlacker


Latin American Office

IvànMarquetti


PabloPorceldePeraltaEmail: [email protected]

India Office

RajKapoor


China Office

NancyYung


More information:

International Aquafeed 7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square

Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706

Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

2013 has started with several meetings and workshops and a busy schedule for me

as both editor and academic. I have just returned for Brussels where I spoke at the

Nutra-ingredients meeting that largely focused on human gastro-intestinal health but

attracted a large gathering of scientists from major European companies and government

agencies concerned with probiotics, prebiotics and legislation

of feed additives and supplements. My contribution on fish

and the role of probiotics was well received by the medical

fraternity as we were able to learn so much from each other

in terms of research directions and the functionality of novel

dietary ingredients in humans and animal systems.

MyfollowingvisittoScotlandenabledmetovisitBioMar’simpressivefeedplantfacilitiesinGrangemouthwheremylatestPhDstudent,DanielLeemingisnowstartinginanewpositioninR&D.Thedrinkswereonhimofcourse!

InthisissuethatIdedicatetoDrJohnEHalverwhopassedawaylastyear,Iincludeanarticleintributetothisgreatscientistwhowasso

distinguishedinthesubjectoffishnutritionforover50years.Inthisissuewefeaturecobiaasourguestfishspecies.Anamazingfishwithuniqueattributesandacapacityforproductionthatshouldintheoryrevolutionisemarinefishfarming.Itspotentialhasnotbeenfullyrealised todate,butactiveresearchtowardsproducinghealthyhatcheryraisedjuvenilesforon-growingwillallowitsexpansion.Itsversatilityshouldseethisfishbeingsuccessfullyfarmedinmanyregionsinthenearfuture.IfirstencounteredcobiadirectlyonaBritishtradevisittoSalvador,Brazilin2008andwasfascinatedbyitsrapidgrowthcharacteristicsandexcellenttastequalities.

WereportontheuseofoxygenanditsvitalroleinintensivefishproductionusingthelatesttechnologyanddeliveryandcontrolsystemsbytheLindeGases.

WearealwaysinterestedinthescopeforrawmaterialinclusioninfeedsandwehavebeenheavilyinvolvedinPlymouthwithstrategicresearchtooptimizetheuseofanimalby-productsfromcategory3sourcesforuseinaquafeeds.Onthistheme,EricDeMuylderexaminesthepotentialofprocessedanimalproteins(PAPs)fromaEuropeanperspectivepriortotheirre-introductioninaquafeedsinEuropeinJuly.

Fish bioenergetics is fundamental toefficient feed formulations since energy isa core requirement inmaintenanceandgrowthoffishanditsmodeofintake,lossesdrivetheneedforprotein,aminoacidsandothernutrients.The‘plane’ofnutritionandfeedintakeallrelatetoenergydensityinfeeds.IngridLupatschdescribes theapplicationofbioenergeticswith examplestakenfrom her elaborateresearch workonmarinefishsuchasseabream.

Wealsolookatthemultifunctionaldietarypropertiesofspirulina,theroleofbioremediationinwaterqualitymanagementbyGoncaloASantosofBiominandthehealthbenefitsofoliveoilandolivepomaceinfishfeeds.

Togetherwithallourmainnewsandregularfeatures,wehavequiteaspectrumoftopicscovered.Enjoy!

Professor Simon Davies

CROESO - Welcome

New team member joins IAFInternationalAquafeedispleasedtoannounceanewadditiontotheteam.DrYuYujoinsusasanassociateeditorandwillworkonourChineseeditions.

DrYuYubeganhisacademiccareerattheNationalChung-HsingUniversity,Taichung,TaiwanwherehegainedhisundergraduatedegreeinAnimalHusbandryin1968.Hemoved toMichigan,USAforhispostgraduatestudies,completingaPhDinDairySciencein1974.

Aftergraduation,heworkedattheUniversityofGuelph,CanadaasaresearchassociateandthenasdirectorofresearchanddevelopmentattheUnitedCo-operativesofOntario.

In1992,DrYuYumovedtoKongKongtotakeuptheroleofAsiaregionaldirector, technicalservices,atRalstonPurinaInternationalbeforemovingtotheNationalRenderersAssociationin1996.

AtpresentheisthedirectorofEastBrightConsultinginHongKongandtheUSA.WearelooingforwardtoDrYuYulendinghisexpertiseinanimalnutritionandfeedformula- tiontothemagazine.


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I t was with much sadness thatIlearnedofthepassingbeforeChristmas 2012 of Dr John

Halver,therecognised‘fatheroffishnutrition’atthegreatageof 90 years. He was a won-derfulfriendandcolleaguewho

hadgivenmeinvaluableadviceand support over many yearsasIembarkedonmycareeratPlymouth.Hewasatrulyremark-ablepersonandhighlyacclaimedworld-classscientist.

Ifirstmethimin1985atafishnutritionworkshopinBrighton,England.HewalkedovertomeontothefamousBrightonpierandaskedmeifIhadunderstood the morning talks, giving me hischaracteristicmischievousglintof

the eye as he quizzed my bio-chemistryknowledge.Iseemed to pass his test and my secondPhD examination was thank-fullyapprovedonthespot!ThiswasHalver,thetrueprofessorand mentor who I was privi-legedtomeetandhavefrequentexchangeswithoverthenext30years.

Itwasin1989attheToba,JapanfishNutritionSymposiumthathe

calledmeintohishotelroomwhereIhadsupperwithJohnandhiswifeJanethatIsawhiskindnessandloveforscienceatfirsthand.Ireallygottoknowhimwellafterthatvisit.Hewasaman

o f s up re m eintel lect ande n dl e ss w i ta n d h a da c a pa c i tyf or k now l-edge acrossso many dis-

c ip l ines bute s p e c i a l l yn u t r i t i o n a lbiochemistryand his spe-c i al i st a r eaof fish nutrition.

I n d e e d havingservedw i t h d i s - t i n c t i o n i n

the SecondWor l d Wa r(receivingtwobronzemedalsand a purple

heart)hewasaskedbytheUSgovernmenttoembarkondevel-opingfeedsandsettingnutritionalstandardsforfarmedfishleading to research on mycotoxins and the famous Halver test diet todeterminevitaminandaminoacidrequirementsoffish.JohnHalverspentmuchofthe1980sand90sworkingonvitaminCandanti-oxidantssuchasvitaminEandseleniumandwasinstrumentalinprovidingaplatformforfuturescientiststoinvestigatethemanyareasoffishnutrition.HisfirstandsecondeditionsofHalvers’FishNutritionisaclassictextforalltimeandanexcellentrefer-enceworkinthissubjectfoundinsomanyuniversitylibrariesand

institutionsinvolvedinaquacul- turescience.My personal signedcopywillneverleavemystudywherethegreatmanwrote‘Bestwishes,JohnHalver-havefun!!’ThiswastypicallyHalver,sciencemustbefunaswellashardwork. John wasneveramiss atall the

major prestigious conferencesandsymposiaworldwide.Hewasfamousforhisquestioningofpre-sentersandthedetailedcross-

examinationoftheirtalkstohelpstimulate their further under-standingofthecomplexitiesoffish metabolism. It was alwaysdonewithfinesseandpoliteness.IwouldmeethimalloverEurope,

Asia,USAandhispaceandsharp-nessofmindwasincredibletowitness.

In Brazi l , itwas Halver whofoundthatperfectlittlerestau-rantservingthelocalfishandhischemistryskillsweremostappli-cableinservingthewineatits

best.IndeedoneofhishobbieswastomakehisownMerlotathisranchhomeinWashingtonState. He enjoyed life to thefullandlovedthecompanyofyoungerscientistsandstudentswhosharedhispassion.

ItwasonSeptember10,2001 thatIhostedJohnandJaneHalveratmyhomeinPlymouthandwedinedthateveningatalocalres- taurant.Thatdaywe hadtakena

tour by boat of the Royal NavybaseandsomeguestUSNavywarshipswereinport.Iwillneverforgettheprideinhimseeinghisnation’smilitaryrepresenta- tion and we discussed in depthouralliancesandlonghistoryofUS-UK friendship.We walkedontheseafront,theiconichoeandIactedasthetourguideshowingthefamouslandmarksofPlymouth,andtherichhistoryof this maritimecity and the legacyofSirFrancisDrake.Hewasfas-cinatedbyitall,absorbingeverydetail.

Tragically the next day onSeptember 11 news of theWorldTradeCenterandotherattackswereannouncedastheHalvers’arrivedinIrelandasastopoverfortheirjourneyback totheUnitedStates. Theworldchangedforever, and travelling thecornersoftheglobebecame

evenmoreofachallengeafter thosefatefulevents.

Inearly2009,attheAquacultureAmericavenueinSeattle,JohnHalverwasinhiselementashegreetedmeandmyPhDstudents tohis owncity bythe ocean.Hemetusattheairportfullofenergyanddroveusalltoourhotels.Mycolleague Dr DanielMerrifieldandIweredinnerguestsattheHalvers’ home in Seatt le and

weenjoyedhisendlessstoriesandreminisceofhislongdistin-guishedacademiccareeraswe tucked into the wild salmon hehadcaughtwithhishomemadewine. As Emeritus Professor

at the School of F isher ies in the Uni ver si ty of Washington ,wetouredhislaboratoriesandmodestoffice.Hewasstillamanofbooksandpapers.

Knowingmyinterestinaircraft,he drove usto Puget SoundandtheBoeingplantwherewe

hadamarvellousdaytogetherseeing the wonders of tech-nology.Itwasduringthisvenue thatHalverwasasbusyasusualpart icipating in the NationalResearchCouncilmeetingstoupdatethenutritionalrequire-mentsoffishforthefinalNRC;2011document.

I l as t m et J oh n i n Po r t o,P o r t u ga l a t t he 2 01 0Aquaculture Europemeeting

whereweenjoyedthesunshineandhospitalityofthisfinecityanditsgatheringofexpertsinaquaculture.JohnHalverhadmanynewideasandwaspar-

ticularly interested in thenutr i- tional bioche mist r y of ag einginhumans.WhenIaskedhimwhyhesaidcharmingly,“Simon,when you reach my age i t ’snaturaltowanttoknowhowandwhyweageandwhatwecandoaboutit?”

His a ttent ion was focusedon l ipid membrane funct ionandtheroleoflongchainfattyacidsandtheimplicationoffishoil.Hewasactivelyengagedinseveralpatentsforcancertreat-mentandworkingcloselywithinstitutions in Hungary wherehewasalsoamemberoftheHungarianNationalAcademyofSciences. John died peaceful ly at home

inSeattleonOctober24,2012andhehadbeenworkingtotheendonmanuscriptsandscien- tific reports. I am so thankful tohaveknownhimasafriendandspeak for hundreds who havebenefittedfromhiscompanyandguidanceinallwalksoflife.

We wil l serve h im wel l torememberhisplaceinthehistoryofthescienceoffishnutritionandfeedingandcontinueinourquest

forknowledgebasedonrigorousresearchunderpinnedbygoodsenseandhumour. As the one and only, John Halver

would say, “work hard, but have

fun!”

Atributetothe'fatheroffishnutrition'ProfessorJohnEHalver



AstudybyMarineInstituteandNUIGGalway,Irelandhasconcludedthatsea

licedonotplayasignificantroleinsalmonmortality.Theresearch,whichhasbeenpublishedinthe Journal of Fish Diseases,involved

morethan350,000fish,releasedintoeightdifferentriversin28separateexperimentsoveranineyearperiod.

In this long-term study, onegroup of salmon smolts were

treatedwith a commercialagentwhichprotectsthemagainstsealiceinfestationforeightweeksaftergoingtosea.Thereturnratesofcontrolorunprotectedmirrorgroupsoffishwerecomparedwiththe‘protected’fishtoseeif

they suffered any additional sealiceinducedmortalityfollowingreleaseintothesea.

T he r es ea rc h h as b ee nwelcomedbytheIrishFarmers’A s s o ci a t io n A q u a c ul t u re

Executive,RichieFlynn.Flynnsaid,“Thefactthatthepaperconfirms thatsealice“isaminorandirreg-ularcomponentofmarinemor- tality inthestocksstudiedand isunlikelytobeasignificantfactorinfluencingconservationstatusof

salmonstocks”ishugelyimpor- tant in focusing attentionon therealthreatstowildfish.”

F ly nn a r gu es t ha t m or eresearchshouldbedoneinto ju veni le wi ld sa lm on de at hs .

“ Ene r gy a nd t i me m us t b espentontryingtounderstandand,ifpossible,dosomethingabout lessening the factorswhich cause 95-96 percentofwildjuvenilesalmontodiewhentheytraveltoseatofeed.

Revis i ting a l l the impacts ofwildsalmondeaths(includingangling)onthe4-5percentof thoseluckyenoughtoreturntoourriverseachyearshouldbeafactorinthis,”hesaid.

Theworldisproducing959milliontonsoffeedandhasincreaseditsproduc-

tion byat least 4 percent in thelastyear,accordingtothe2013Global FeedTonnage SurveyreleasedbyAlltech.Thecompany

assessed the compound feedproductionof134countriesinDecember.2012throughinfor-mationobtainedinpartnershipwithlocalfeedassociationsandAlltech’s sales team, who visitmore than 26,000 feed millsannually.

“ Th e 2 01 3 p ub li -cation of the annualyear-endassessmentbyAlltechisbeingreleased

asanindustryoutlookresource for the newcalendaryearandwillhopeful ly a l low gov-ernments,non-govern-mental organisationsandthegreaterpublic to appreciate the value that the feed industryis generating globally,”sa id Aidan Connol ly,vicepresidentofAlltech

anddirectorofAlltech’sa nnua l G l ob a l F e edTonnageSurvey.

Amongthe134coun- tries assessed inAlltech’s survey,Chinawasreaffirmedasthechiefproduceroffeedat191million tons and an est imated 10,000feedmills.Consistentwithlate2011 assessments, the UnitedStatesandBrazilfollowedwith179million tons produced by5,251feedmillsand66million

tonsproducedby1,237feedmills

respectively.Overall,a26million ton inc rease was obs er ved inBRIC countries (Brazil, Russia,IndiaandChina)yeartodate.

Asiacontinuestobetheworld’snumberoneproducingregionat350milliontons.However,Africa

exceededAsiainpercentgrowthover2011results,increasingits tonnage nearly 15 percent from47millionin2011to54millionin2012.

Globally,thesurveyidentified26,240 feed mills, with NorthAmericaandEuropeservingas

hometomorethanhalfofthem.TheMiddleEastwasestimatedtohavethelargestfeedmills,withanaverageofmorethan63,000tonsproducedpermill.Sixtypercentof feed produced globally i spelleted,withpercentagespartic-ularlyhighinEurope.

Whenanalysedbyspecies:

• Poultrycontinuestodominate

witha43percentshareofthefeedmarketat411million tons, likely due to religiousandtastepreferencesaswellascost.Itgrewbyapproxi-mately8percentover2011estimates.Sixtypercentofall

poultryfeedtonnageisdedi-catedtobroilers,withtherestfedtoegglayers,turkeys,duckandotherfowl.

• Thepigfeedsectormatchedpoultry’s8percentgrowth,movingto218milliontonsglobally.

• Theruminantfeedmarket,comprisingdairy,beefandsmallruminants,grewmore tha n 13 percent betweenlate 2011 and December2012,andnowrequires254milliontons.

• E qu in e f ee d t on na geincreasedalmost17percent

to10.8milliontons.

• Aquaculture is thefastestgrowing species sectorby tonnagewithgrowthgreater than55percentsince2011.

• Pet food represents 20.5milliontons,40percentofwhichareproducedinthe

UnitedStates,butBrazilcon- tinuestomakeconsiderableadvancesinthissector.

“Aswelooktothedemandsof the future, chiefly the feeding of9billionpeopleby2050,thesesurveyresultsshouldstiroptimismandresolvewithinourfeedand

foodindustries,”saidDrPearseLyons,presidentofAlltech.“Ourglobalfeedindustryisrisingtothe

challenge,andwe’reseeinggrowthacrosstheboard.Moreover,we’reseeingitinsomeparticularlykeyareas– BRIC, Africa andaquaculture.”

Globalfeedproductionhas traditionally beendifficult toquantifybecausemanycoun- tries lack a national feedassociation.Forthisreason,Alltechbeganinlate2011toleverageitsglobalpresence toobtainafinerestimateof theworld’sfeedtonnage.Theresultsoftheannualyear-end

assessmentareannouncedinJanuaryasanindustryoutlookresourcefor thenewcalendaryear.

Connollypresentedthe2012Alltech Global FeedTonnageSurveyfindingsatajointmeetingoftheInternationalFeedIndustryFederation and the Food andAgricultureOrganization(FAO)

inOctober2012.

Alltechfeedsurveyfindssignificantgrowthinaquaculture

Research:Sealicedonotaffectsalmonmortality

4 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Mach-Api 2013

Aqua News



Newglobalpartnershiptopromoteaquacultureinfightinghunger

Amajorinternationalinitiativehasbeenlaunchedtobetterunderstandtheroleofaquacultureinfoodsecurityinpoorcountries.

Bringingtogetheraglobalallianceofdevelopmentagencies,gov-ernmentsanduniversities,theinitiativewillhelplow-incomefood-

deficitcountriesinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmericatodevelopsus- tainable policies for improving the livelihoods of millions of poorpeople.

TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isfundingthethree-yearprojectwithonemillioneuros,whichismanagedbyFAOinpartnershipwithaglobalallianceof20developmentagencies,governmentsanduni-versities.

Pivotal roleFishistheprimarysourceofproteinfor17percentoftheworld's

population-nearly25percentinlow-incomefood-deficitcountries.Fishisalsoagoodsourceofomega-3fattyacids.Omega-3fatty

acidsbenefittheheartandbraindevelopmentofhealthypeople,andthoseathighriskof-orwhohave-car-diovasculardisease.Nearly50percentof thefish thatweeatnowcomesfromaquaculture.

Althoughaquacultureiswidelyregardedtoplayapivotalroleinfightinghunger,littleisknownaboutitsexactimpactonfoodandnutri- tionsecurityandpovertyalleviationindevelopingcountries.

Given population growth projections, increasingdemandsforfishproductswithstableproductionofcapturefish-eries,aquaculturewillneedtoexpandtomeetthefuturedemand

forfish.

Impact on food securityThenewpartnershiprepresentstheworld'sregionswhereaqua-

cultureplaysamajorroleandsupportsthelivelihoodsofmillionsofsmall-scalefishfarmers.Italsoincludeskeyinstitutionswithastrongexpertiseinresearch,developmentprojectimplementationanddis-semination.

Theproject,AquacultureforFoodSecurity,PovertyAlleviationandNutrition(AFSPAN)willdevelopnewwaystoquantifythecontri-butionofaquaculturewithbettertoolsandmoresystematicandquantitativeassessments.Moreover,itwillelaboratestrategiesforimprovingtheimpactofaquacultureonfoodandnutritionsecurity

andpovertyalleviation."Theprojectwillworkcloselywithfishfarmingcommunitiesand

willfocusonfieldresearchinmanymajoraquaculturecountriesin the developing world. It will develop tools and methodologies tohelp keypartnersto develop policies gearedto improvingaqua-culture'scontributiontofoodandnutritionsecurity,"saidRohanaSubasinghe,seniorFAOexpertonaquacultureandcoordinatorof theproject.

Aqua News

ThebreedingcycleoftheEuropeaneelshaspuzzledaquaculturistsforyears.NooneknowshowthespeciesmakesitsepicjourneyfromplacesasdiverseasNorthernAfricaandIcelandtotheSargassoSeatospawn.Todate,nobabyeelshavebeenbredincaptivity.

However,themysteryofeelmatinghabitsmayberevealedthankstosatellitetechnology.AnEU-fundedresearchprojectcalledEeliad,usedsatellitetaggingtokeeptrackof600eelsastheymigrate.Researcherscould track the satellite tags as far away as theAzores.This

suggeststhattheeelsaresavingenergybyhitchingarideontheAzoresCurrent.bit.ly/12wb6PZ

How much wouldyoupayfora bluefintuna?A fishfanaticinJapanhassplashedout$1.76milliononasinglespecimen.ThefirstauctionoftheyearatTokyo'sTsukijifishmarket,sawthe222kgtunasellfor155.4millionyen, threetimesthepreviousrecordsetlastyear.

The winning bidder, Kiyoshi Kimura, president ofKiyomuraCo.,whichoperatestheSushi-Zanmairestau-rantchain,said,"thepricewasabithigh,"buthewantedto"encourageJapan,"accordingtoKyodoNewsagency.

bit.ly/XqBLGs

Here’s aquestion: howdoyou stopbananasripening tooquickly?

Theanswer:wraptheminshrimpshellsResearchersinChinahavecomeupwithasecondary

bananacoatmadefromdiscardedshrimpshells.Ahydrogelcoatingmadeofchitosan,derivedfrom

crustaceanshells,canpreventabananafrombecomingoverripeforabouttwoweeks,accordingtoXihongLi,leadauthorofanewbananastudyreportedthisweekattheAmericanChemicalSociety'sannualmeeting.

http://bit.ly/X934Zx

Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry

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We like to celebrate the wonderful, funny and

just plain weird world of aquaculture. Here

are some of the off the wall stories that caught our

attention recently.

www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

FEATURES

EveryissueofInternationalAquafeedisavailabletoviewonlineinour

Archivesection.Bothfullonlineedi-

tionsandindividualfeaturescanbe

viewed,anditiscompletelyfree.

www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php



view

AQUACULTURE

by Dominique P Bureau, member

of the IAF Editorial Panel

On the usefulnessof bioenergetics andthe need for morerational approaches

Bioenergetics,thestudyofenergytransactionsinbiologicalsystems,hasfoundwideapplicationinanimalnutrition,includingthatofaquaculturespecies.Acenturyago,EgeandKrogh(1914)firstappliedtheprinciplesofbioenergeticstofishes.Today,weformulatefeedstoacertaindigestibleenergy(DE)basisandensurethatthefeedshaveaproperdigestibleprotein(DP)toDEratio(DP:DE).Itisalsoincreasinglycommonforfeedmanufacturerstoaltertheessentialnutrientconcentrationsofthediet,and

aquaculturiststoadjusttherationtobedeliveredtothefish,onthebasisoftheDEof thefeedused.Bioenergetics-drivenmodels,suchasthoseproposedbymymentor,DrCYoungCho,haveprovenveryusefulandpracticalforestimationoffeedrequirementandwasteoutputsoffishpopulationsheldincaptivity.ThesuitabilityofcomparingfeedsonthebasisoftheirDEcontenthasbeen

demonstratedonanumberofoccasionsinthescientificliterature.

Despiteitsincreasingacceptanceandpopularityinaquaculturenutrition,it

mustneverbeforgotten thatbioenergeticsisa‘system’aimedatsimplifyinginterpretationofhighlycomplexofbiochemicalprocesses.Hundredsofwidelydifferentcompoundscontainenergy(Gibb'sfreeenergy).Animalsdonotsimplymetabolizethisenergyperse,instead,theymetabolize

specificnutrients,eachwith theirspecificrolesandmetabolicfates.Consequently, thewidelyheldbeliefthat‘animalseattomeettheirenergyrequirement’isoverlysimplistic.

Whileitistruethatanimalsneedtoconsumenutrients thatwillbecatabolizedtoharnesstheirchemicalenergy,whichwillthenbeusedinlifesustainingprocesses,itmustberecognisedthataverylarge

proportion(wellover50%undermostconditions)of thefeedintakeofananimalis toacquirenutrientsthatareprecursorsforthebiosynthesisofmoleculesthatarestructuralorcatalyticcomponents(structuralproteins,enzymes,phospholipids),storageforms(triglycerides,glycogen)orbiologicallyactivemolecules(hormones,cytokines,lipidmediators,etc.).Theamountof‘energy’thatneedstobeconsumedis,thus,largelydrivenby1)whattheanimalseekstoachieve(itsgrowthpotential,desiredbodycomposition,etc.),2)thenutritionalcompositionof thefeed,and3) thespecificmetabolicrulesthatgovern theutilizationofthe individualnutrientsconsumed.Inthiscontext,toboildownsuchcomplexprocessestoasingletermorfactor,i.e.the

‘energy’contentofthedietorrequirementoftheanimal,isnotsensible.

Evidencesuggeststhatsignificantdifferencesexistbetweendifferentaquaculturespeciesintermsoftheefficiencyofdifferentenergy-yieldingnutrients(aminoacids,lipids,digestiblestarch)tosupportproteindepositionandgrowth.Arguablythemostsignificantlimitationofbioenergeticsmodelsisthat theyarebasedon ‘hierarchyofenergyallocation’,aconceptaccordingtowhich‘growthisthesurplusofenergyafterallothercomponentsofthe

energybudgethavebeencoveredorsatisfied’(Kitchelletal.,1977).Thisconcepthasproventobearelativelyflawedsinceyoungfishfedamaintenanceration(rationsupportingzerobodyenergydeposition)canstilldepositproteinandgrow.

Toquantitativelylookattherequirementandutilization

ofalldietarycomponentsinadetailedandintegrativefashionishighlydesirablebutitisalsoextremelycomplex.Consequently,bioenergeticsofferstodayarelativelysimpleandpracticalwayoflookingattheglobalnutrientneedsof theanimalandthepartitioningofthesenutrientsbetweencatabolismasfuelsandanabolismasstoragein tissues.However,weshouldbeunsatisfiedwith

thissituationandshouldstrivetodevelopmorerationalapproachesandmodelsbasedonmoreorlessexplicitrepresentationofbiochemicalreactionsandmetabolicrolesandfatesofnutrients.

Anumberofthistypeofmodelshasbeendevelopedbyvariousresearchgroupsforvariousfishspecies.Giventhe

complexityofthetask,all these‘mechanistic’modelshavebeendevelopedwithsomedegreeofsimplificationofmetabolicpathways,includednumerousassumptions,andbeengenerallydrivenbymoreorless transparentandrationalpartitioningrules.Thesehighlydetailedmodelscanworkwellwithinthenarrowrangeofconditions

forwhichtheyaredeveloped.However,theygenerallyfailtoaccuratelydescribenutrientutilizationbyfishunderawiderangeofconditions(differencesinfeedcomposition,environmentalconditions,husbandrypractices,lifestages,geneticbackgroundofanimals,etc.)encounteredinfishculture.

AmajorbottleneckhasbeenthelackofcriticalmassintermsofR&Deffortinvestedonthis topic.Effortsinthepasthavelargelybeenidiosyncratic,piece-meal,andshort-termin

nature.Thereisaneedformoreconcerted,long-termsystematicR&Defforts.Morecomprehensiveandrationalapproachesandmodelsallowingmoreaccuratedescriptionandpredictionoftheconversionofdietaryinputsintobiomasswouldmakepossibletheelaborationofeffectivestrategiesaimedat

improvingtheeconomicalandenvironmentalsustainabilityofaquacultureoperationsworldwide.

Wanttoknowmore?Disagree?Havefeedbackandsuggestions?Contactmeat:[email protected]

AQUACULTUREUPDATES

S pa rs ho lt C ol le ge i nHampshire,UKhasunveileditsnewaquaculturebuildingandlaunched an apprenticeshipinaquaculture.The£500,000Salmonid Rearing andTrialsCentrewasofficiallyopenedonJanuary31,2013andwillbehometostudentsstudyingFishHusbandryandFisheryManagement.

Vietnameseseafoodproducers

areplanningtocontestaUSDepartment of Commerceanti-subsidy investigation toseewhetherthecountryandsixothershavebeenengagedin unfai r t rade pract ices.TheVietnameseAssociationof Seafood Exporters andProducers(VASEP)saysthat theshrimpindustry inVietnami s not s ub si di se d b y t hegovernment.

Researchers in theJapanese

prefectureofNagasakihavestartedaprojecttofeedkelpgrouperatanonshorefacility.Theexperimentalstudyaims to shor ten the raising period to two years instead of fouryears i t currently takes inoffshorecages.

Net pen aquacul ture in

Washington State, USA maycometoanendifaproposedbil l i s passed by the StateHouse. Rep. KevinVan De

Wege, a Sequim Democrat,filedtheone-pageproposaltoallowcountiestobannetpenaquaculture.Unsurprisingly,fishfarmersintheareahavecomeoutinoppositiontothebill.



IF FO ( th e I n te r na ti on a lFishmealandFishOilorgani-sation)logohasundergonea

makeover.The organisation wasformedin2001,buthasacol-

lectivehistoryofover50years,encompassingtheactivitiesofits predecessors, namely theFishmealExporters’Organisation(FEO),InternationalAssociationof F i sh Meal Manufacturers

( I AF M M) a nd I n te r nat i ona lFishmealandOilManufacturers’Association(IFOMA).Theorgan-

i s at i on c o nt in u es t omovewiththetimesand

is introducinganewlookfor2013.

Whilethefishmealandfishoil

industriesarestillatthecoreof theorganisation,recentyearshaveseenmembersfromthehumannutraceuticalsector, marinecrus- tacean processing, algae cultiva- tion and even retai ling join theorganisationastheimportanceofrenewable, responsiblymanagedmarine ingredients has grown.

Toreflectthisbroadermember-ship,theIFFOboardagreedamodernisedlogoandstrapline,whileretainingthenameIFFOtomaintainalinktothelonghistoryoftheorganisation.

IFFOintroducesnewlogo

The re-introduct ion ofprocessedanimalproteins( PA P s) d e r iv e d f r om

category3materialsdeemedfitfor human consumption fromnon-ruminant sources is due

within the EU member statesfromJune,2013underrevisedlegislation.The use of PAPs inallfarmedanimaldiets,including those of fis h, was banned in the EU in 2001 (par t of animal

health protect ion measuresagainstTransmissibleSpongiformEncephalopathies(TSEs).

Consequently, the EU aquac-ulturesectorwasdisadvantagedwithin the global aquaculturemarketandalternativesourcesofprotein(principallyplantby-productssuchassoybeanmeal,variouspulsesandgrainproteinconcentrates) were the maincommoditiesusedincombina- tion with fishmeal. Ani mal by-

productsarehoweveravaluable

proteinresourcethathavebeenavoidedforoveradecadeand this has constrained the poten- tialtoreduceourdependenceonmarinesourcesofbothproteinandfatforaquafeeds.

Strategic research conductedbythePlymouthUniversityFishNutritionandAquacultureHealthgroupfrom2005to2011commis-sionedbyStephenWoodgate(pre-viouslytechnicalDirectorofEFPRA;European Fat Processors andRenderersAssociation)resultedinseveralpeer-reviewedpublications(Daviesetal2009;Laporte,2007).Theseinvestigationsvalidatedthesafetyandefficacyofpoultryby-productmeatmeals,feathermealsand porcine blood proteins foruseindietsfortrout,seabass,seabream,turbot,tilapiaandcarp.

Thiswork,carried out underProfessor Simon Davies, hasclearlydemonstratedthefeasi-

bilityofreplacingfishmealwith

these products at high inclusionlevelsresultinginexcellentgrowth,feedefficiencyandaddedhealthbenefitsforthesespecies.

Whilsthavingexcellentdigest-ibilitycharacteristics,poultryby-

products were shown

toincreasebonedensity,support the immuneresponseoffishandpro-vidingeffectivereplace-

mentoffishmealatupto50percentwithoutcompromisinggrowthanddevelopmentoffish.Theseinvestigationswerehigh-lighted in documentation for-warded byEFPRAto the EUEuropean Food SafetyAgency

(EFSA)assupportingevidence to recons ider their introduction in aqua-feeds produced inEurope.

Processedanimalproteins(PAPs)inaquafeedformulationsinEurope

Th e E u ro pe an F ee dM a n u f a c t u r e r s ’Federation (FEFAC)

President Patr i ck Vanden

A ve nn e w el co me d t heEuropeanCommissiondecision toadopt and publish thenewregulation on the reauthori-sationofnon-ruminantproc-essedanimalproteinsexclu-sivelyforuseforfishfeeding.Hestatedthat“thismeasurepaves the way for our EUaquacultureproducerstostepuptheireffortstoencourage thesustainabledevelopmentof

EUaquaculturebycreatingalevelplayingfieldwithseafoodimports f rom th ird countries”.

“EFSA has provided clearscientificevidencethatnon-ruminant PAPs producedinaccordancewiththehighEUprocessingstandardsaresafe.TheycanhelpinreducingtheEUdependencyonfishmealimportsthuscontributingto the Common Fisher ies Policy

reformgoalsofpairingsustain-ablewildfisherieswiththesus- tainabledevelopmentofaqua-culture”.

He highl ighted that "theEuropean feed industry isfullycommittedtosupport the competi tivenessandsus- tainabi lity ofaquaculturepro-ductionintheEU,assetoutintheCommissionproposalon theCommonFisher iesPolicyandsupportedbytheEPCommitteeonFisheriesi n t he ir De cem b er 2 0 1 2voteontheCFPreportofMEP Mrs U l r ike Rodust” .Thenewmeasurecontrib-utestoglobalfoodsecurity,byreducingtheEUdepend-ency on sea food import swhichaccountformorethan70 percent of thecurrentEUconsumption".Henoted that PAPs ar e wi de ly us edbyaquacultureproducersinAsiaandNorth-andSouth-America,whoareexportingfarmedfishtotheEU.

FEFACwelcomesreturnofPAPsintheEU

Mach-Api 2013 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 7

Aqua News


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/march-april-2013-international-aquafeed-magazine 10/688 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Mach-Api 2013

Aqua News

Iceistheno-brainerwaytokeepfishfreshduringtrans-portation. However,scientists

atNofima,Norwaybelievethaticeandinsulatedboxescreateafalsesenseofsecurityandrestrictinnovationinthesector.According to the feed research institute, in2010Norwayexported922,000

tonnes of sa lmon – the vastmajorityofthispackedfreshinpolystyrenefishboxeswith5–6

kgoficeper22kgoffish.Thisisequivalentto7,500articulatedlorriesfullofice(around230millionlitresofwater).

Nofimahasbeenworkingonalternativemethodsfortrans-

portationoffishincluding'superchilling'.

Thismethodinvolvesreducing

the temperature down to theequalisationtemperatureofthefish,typically-1to-2°C.Superchil ling is the easiest way ofincreasing the primary qualityperiodofthefishandmaybe

combined with packaging ina protected environment ofcarbon dioxide and nitrogen,

duringbothdistributionandinconsumerpackaging.Thisenableshighqualitytobemaintainedforseveralweeksinacoolingchain thatisinaccordancewiththereg-ulations(0to+2°C).

C

loudyBayClams,NewZealandhassuccessfullyundergonebothfishery

andchainofcustodyauditanditssurfclamscannowcarryFriendoftheSeainternationalsustaina-bilitysealofapproval.

Theauditedfishingvesselsforstormclam(Mactramurchisoni),diamond(Spisulaaequilatera)andmoonshell(Dosiniaanus)andTuaTua(Paphiesdonacinia),werefoundtobecom-pliant with all Friend of the Seacriteriaforsustainablefishery.

Thetargetstocksinthethree

identifiedfishing areas (withinFMA7andFMA3onthenorth-eastcoastoftheSouthIslandofNewZealand)arenotover-exploitedandoverfishingisnotoccurring.

TheTotal Allowed Catch issetandmonitoredbyboththecompany and the Ministry of

PrimaryIndustry(MPI).Basedonstockassessmentsandtheresultsoffisheriesmonitoringquotaareallocated foreach FMAeveryyear.

Theclamsareharvestedfromasandysubstratealongthecoast-line.Thefishingmethodisbasedonahydraulicwinnowingclamrake, designed and developedbythecompanyitself.TheClamRakemeshis10mmdiametre

andnonetsareused.Theuseofwaterjetsisdesigned tomaximizecatch,minimizemor- tality of clams and minimise theeffectsofdraggingthedredge

th ro ug h th e sa nd . Th e on ly

by-catchistheoccasionalpaddlecrabwhichrepresentslessthan1percentofthecatch.Ifaliveand

unharmed,theyarereturnedtosea.

Fishingisnotallowedinpro- tectedareas.GPS recordsoftheareaharvestedwereavailableforeverysinglevessel.MarineGPS tracking and navigation systemsare f it ted to al l vessels sup-plyingCloudyBayClams,thusmakingallfishingtripstraceable.Fishingareas areharvested in‘paddocks’withinthedesignated

fishing(QMA)areas.Thedown-loadingofthisdataisautomatedandhenceunequivocalandnon-forgeable.

According to NZ legislationallofthecatchisrecordedon

the Catch Landing Effort Return(CLER)aswellasanydiscardson the vessel (e .g . return of

undersized l ive clams to sea)andbroughtonshore.Accuratedataandinformationoneverycatch report ing f i shing area, time, and quant ity are available.ReportingactivityissubjecttoMPIauditing.

Wasteandenergymanagementsystemsareinplaceandimple-mented.

“Friend ofthe Sea certif ication confi rms our eff or ts and

continuouscommitmenttosus- tainability" explains Mike Ponder,general manager Cloudy BayClams“and i t represents animportantaddedvalueforourproduct”.

Superchilledstorage

FriendoftheSeacertificationforCloudyBayClams



Theargumentthathundredsofsalmonfarmscreateagauntletforwildmigrating

fishhasbeenchallengedbyamapshowingactivefarmsduring2012’soutmigrationseason.

“Salmonfarmsareverywellsited

andchosenbasedon the condi- tionsoftheareaandwhat’sbestforallfish–wildandfarmed,”saidMaryEllenWalling, Executive Director,BritishColumbiaSalmonFarmer'sAssociation(BCSFA).“Thesemapsputintoperspectivewhatlittlespaceour farms actually take up whilecontributingtoBCasanimportantfarmingsectorintheprovince,particu-larlyinourcoastalcommunities.”

ThisisthethirdyearthattheBCSFAhasproactivelyproduced this ref erence for the publi c ,with themaps nowcompletebackto2007.Farmershavesup-portedcontinuingthisinforma- tionreleaseaspar toftheircom-

mitment to sharing news andfactsabouttheirfarmswiththepublic.

“Ourfarmersworkhardeachdaytogrowhealthyfood,soedu-catingthepublicaboutthatcom-mitmentisakeyresponsibilityforus,”saidWalling.

The spr ing is a part icular lyi mp or t a nt t im e f or s al mo nfarmers,whoemploynumerous

managementpracticestoprotect the health of both farmed andwildfishyearround.FromMarch to July, the frequency of countsfor naturally-occurringsea liceandfish health monitoring onfarmsincreasestogivespecial

considerationtowildfishspeciesmigrating from freshwater out to their feeding grounds in theNorthPacific.

Thesemapsareparticularlyhelpfulfollowingthereleaseof the final repor t of the CohenCommiss ion of Inqui ry into th e De cl in e of Fr as er Ri ve rSockeye,whereJusticeBruceCohenrecommendedfurther

r e se a rc h i n t h e D i sc ov er yIslandsarea.

“We’veseenlotsofestimatesabouthowmanyfarmsareinthatarea,butthisisasolidrecordfor the public that they can use toinform themselvesdirectly,” said

Walling.TheBCSFArepresentssalmon

farmcompaniesandthosewhosupplyservicesandsuppliesto the indust r y. Sa lmon fa rm ingprovides for 6,000 direct andindirectjobswhilecontributing$800-million to the provincialeconomyeachyear.

Themapcanbeviewedonlineatwww.salmonfarmers.org

Activesalmonfarmmapshowssmallfootprint


Aqua News

The U.S Food and DrugAdministrationhaspart-n er ed w it h t he J oi nt

Inst itute for Food Safety andApplied Nutrition (JIFSAN) at the Univer sity of Mar yland toofferatrainingmoduleforaqua-cultureproducerstohelpthem

complywithFDAregulationsforimportingseafood.JIFSANhouses theonline trainingonits websiteandprovidescertificatesofcom-pletiontothosewhotakeit.

TheUnitedStatesimportsapprox-imately90percentofitsseafood.Thetrainingcourseisdesignedfor

foreignproducerswhoexporttheirproductstotheUS,andmayalsobeusefulforforeignregulators.FDAreceivesnumerousinquirieseachyearfromimportersandproducersofseafood,particularlyaboutthechemicalsordrugstheyareusingorwouldliketouse.Thenewmodule

isdesignedtoclarifyhowFDAreg-ulatesdrugsforaquaculture,andprovidesinformationtohelpidentifywhatdrugsmaybeusedandhow they should be used to preventunacceptableresidues.The coursealsoincludesasectiononthejudi-cioususeofantimicrobials.

Withtheworld’spop-ulationsettobreak9 bi l lion by 2050,

sourcingsustainablehighqualityproteinandnutrientsisbecomingincreasingly important.This isespeciallyvitalconsideringcurrentfoodsystemscannotsustainsuchaprominentinflux.

Though according to Becky

Timmons,directorofapplicationsresearchandqualityassuranceat

AlltechUSA,thisisagreatoppor- tunityfor theagricultureindustry to sustainably provide the nec-essary nutrients for the ever-increasingpopulation.

WithashortfallintheavailabilityofOmega-3fattyacids,vegetablesources are increasingly beingsubstituted inthe production offarmedfish.Thissubstitutionleads

to lower levelsof Omega-3fattyacidsinthemeat.Althoughfish

consumptionhasdoubledsince2005, though the nutrit ionalbenefitsstillremainthesame.

Recently,atAlltech’sGlobal500,Timmonsspokeaboutthepossi-bilitiesforalternative,value-addedenrichedproducts.Althoughtheseproductsarealreadyavailablein today’s markets, they are usuallyfortifiedwithfishoralgaloilafterproduction.Timmonssuggeststhatfeedingtheanimalstheoildirectly

wouldresultinnoticeablealgalbenefitsinthemeatitself.

Discussingthebenefitsofvalue-addedsolutions,Timmonsexplains,“Considerwhatyouropportuni- ties are and do not be afraid ofscienceandforwardthinking,staycurious! Lookforwardandsayif thereis a challengethen thereisalsoanopportunity.Thereisawayforustodifferentiateourselvesin thosetimesofchallenge.”

Followingtrials,AlltechhasseenasignificantuptakeofOmega-3

fatty acidsin meat in variousspecies.

Wa t e r a n dE n v i r o n m e n t a lA f f a i r s M i n i s t e r,

Edna Molewa has publ ished the Env ironmental ImpactAssessment(EIA)Guidelinefor

AquacultureinSouthAfricaforpubliccomment.Published under section 24J

of the National EnvironmentalManagement Act, 1998 (ActNo.107of1998),theguideline

seekstoaligntheEIAprocessandenvironmentalauthorisations to the specific nature of aquac-ulture.

Italsoseeks toidentify andpromoteawarenessofthepoten-

tialpositiveand negativeimpactsassociatedwithaquacultureandpresentmeasuresofmitigation tothe potentialimpactsofaqua-culture.

“Aquaculture does not take

placeinavacuumandtheguide-lineemphasisesthisandprovidesparticularsaroundtheauthorisa- tion requirements in aquacultureunderpinnedbyvariousenviron-mentallegalframeworks,including

theBiodiversityAct,theProtectedAreasActandtheWasteAct,”says thedepartment.

Theguidelinealsohighlightsthescaleofthepotentialimpactsofaquacultureandtherisksposed

to the environment if aquaculture is not implemented along theprinciplesofsustainability.

Molewasaysthattheguidelinewillassistwiththecreationofanenviron-mentallyresponsibleandmoresus- tainableaquacultureindustry.

“Itisenvisagedthattheprinci-

plesoutlinedinthisguidelinewillresultinthedevelopmentofenvi-ronmentallysustainableprojectsandultimatelyanenvironmentallyresponsibleaquaculturesectorforSouthAfrica,”Molewasays.

EnvironmentalimpactguidelineforaquacultureinSouthAfrica

Alltechconductstrialsintoalgaeapplications

FDAandJIFSANannounceonlinetrainingforaquacultureproducersandimporters



Withdemandforworldfood

supply intensifying year on

year, forecasters predict

that in the not-too-distant

future,theaveragefamilyislikelytofindfish

onthedinnerplatefarmorefrequentlythan

proteinfromlandrearedanimals.Theworld

population needs large supplies of protein

anditcostssignificantlylesstocultivatefish,

thantoraiselandanimalssuchascows,pigs

andpoultryforslaughter.

This scenario is expected to drive theworld food business into the direction ofaquaculture with increasing momentum in the years to come. Contemporary trendssupportthisprediction.Inthepast50years,globaldemandforfishproductshasdoubledand today nearly halfof the world’s sea-foodcomesnotfromwildcatches,butfromland-based and off-

shorefishfarms.Aquaculture is

poised to intensifyacrosstheworld,notonly in established fish-producing countrieslikeNorwayandScotland,butalsoinChina,Vietnam,India,BrazilandcountriesaroundtheMediterraneanSea.Chile’saquaculturesector,whichwasgreatlyimpactedafewyearsagoby infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), a viraldiseaseaffectingAtlanticsalmon,isalsomak-ingarobustcomeback.

According to projections offered by theFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO)oftheUnitedNations,itisestimatedthattomaintain the current level of per capita fishconsumption, global aquaculture productionwillneedtoreach80milliontonnesby2050.

LindeGases,adivisionofTheLindeGroupandagloballeaderinaquaculturetechnology,has been closely tracking these trends andcontinuestoinvestheavilyindevelopingthekindoftechnologyrequiredbothnowandin thefuturetosupporttheexpectedexpansioninworldaquaculture.Lindeanticipatesgrowthintheworldaquacultureindustrybetweensix to eight percent in 2013 alone. This meansfishfarmswillneedtogearuptheiroperations to be equal to the challenges of maintainingoptimal fish production conditions, such asappropriatenutrition,diseasepreventionandmostimportantly,maintainingahealthywaterenvironment.

Controlling the concentration of oxygendissolvedinwateriscrucialtothesuccessof

aquaculture.Generallyspeaking,theclosertheoxygenconcentrationisto airsaturation,thebetterwillbetheenvironmentforhealthyandreliablefishgrowth.Maintainingtherightlevelsofoxygenimprovesfeedutilisation,shortens the growth period, reduces fish mortalityand mitigates the need for vaccination andantibiotics.

From land to seaDependingonthefishspecies,themost

common approach in today’s aquaculturesector is to grow these fish on land in acontrolled freshwater environment until the

fish grow to weigh about 100 grams, as is the case with the salmon industry, which is themost dynamicarea ofthe industryat themoment.Oncethefishreach100grams,theyaretransferredtoseacageswheretheycanbegrowntoapproximately4-5kilogramsdur-ingaperiodof14-24months.

Thelatestadvanceisa moveto growing the young salmon up to 200 grams on landandthe larger fish farming companies agree that this practice is likely to progress to a

pointwherethefishareeventuallygrowntofull slaughter size on land. Before this hap-pens,however,themostlikelydevelopmentis expected to be an intermediate stagebetweencultivatingthefishonlandandtrans-ferringthemtoseacages,thatinvolvesclosed

systemswhichfloatinthesea.

For technol-ogy partners likeLinde, regardlessofwhetherthefishare being reared

in closed systemson land or in thesea, their task is to ensure that the

oxygenation systems they supply keep pacewiththedynamicsofthechangestheindustryisexperiencing.

This trend towards thinking beyond the traditional16 to20metrediameter fresh andsalt water tanks is taking hold in the leadingaquaculture regions and it is likely that tanksasbigas40metresindiameterandbiggerwill

becomeareality.Tosupportthistrend,Lindeis focusing on developing technology that willgetthehydrodynamicsrightandensureoxygenisfullydistributedthroughouttheselargetanks.

Aninterestingpotentialbenefitofincreas-ingland-basedaquacultureisthatwhenintro-

Transforming aquaculture productionusing oxygenation systemsby Linde Gases Division, Germany


FEATURE



duced on a large scale it could bring fishproduction to the place where the fish isactuallyconsumed.

The Marine Harvest Group, the world'slargestprivatefishproducer,isbuildingever-largertanks.AtKårstø,Norway,thecompanyhas plans to produce 6,000 tons of salmonper year, onshore, to an average size of 1kilogram,infishtanks40metresindiameterand10metreshigh,withvolumesofwateras

highas12,000cubicmetres.MarineHarvestalso intends to explore the possibility ofbuildingalandbasedfishfarminaquarryatMjølkevikvarden, in Askøy, Norway, where the company believes there is potential tobuilda plantbigenough toproduce50,000 tonsperyearof1kilogramsalmon.

This is equal to 5 percent of the totalbiomass production of salmon and troutin Norway today — currently about 1 mil-lion tons per year. Theoretically, if 20 of theseplantswhere inoperationtoday, allof

Norway’ssalmonproductiontofullslaughtersize could be accomplished on land. Keyparameters associated with this installationare20,000cubicmetrefishtanks,35metresindiameter.

Pioneering technologyOneofthemostpioneeringtechnologies

to be introduced to the industry has beenLinde’s SOLVOX® OxyStream system. The

uniquenessofthetechnologyisbasedonitsability to perform three critical functions inonesystem-dissolvingoxygeninthewater,producingthecorrectmarinehydrodynamicsandstrippingoutpotentiallyharmfulnitrogen-andallthisviaaverylowenergyrequire-ment.Thesystemiseasilyinstalled,asanewset-up or as a retrofit to existing fish farm tanks, and is maintenance-free because it isnot associated with any ancillary equipment

tomanagewaterpressure.SOLVOX® OxyStream significantly

increases fish production volume, optimisesfish meat quality and considerably improvesoperationsfromanenvironmentalstandpoint.Itisacombinedoxygenationandflowsystem that not only dissolves the optimal amountof oxygen in the inlet water flow, but alsodistributesitevenlyatanadjustableflowpat- tern throughout the tank, ensuring that thefishstockbenefitfromthephysicalexerciseinvolved in swimming against the flow. The

flow regime can be fully tailored according to fish size, stock density and fish species,suchassalmonorcod.Thesystemcomprisesa standalone unit, allowing water flow andoxygen dosing to be individually controlledforeachtank.

Themicro-bubblescreatedbySOLVOX ®OxyStream create the additional benefit ofhelping to reduce the concentration of dis-solvedinertgasessuchasnitrogen,argonand

carbon dioxide. In particular, oversaturationofnitrogen,eveninrelativelysmallquantities,canendangerthewellbeingoffishstock,slow-ing growth and increasing the possibility ofdisease, andultimately, evenmortality. With theinstallationofOxyStream,externaldegas-singunitstopreventinertgasbuild-upwill,inmanycases,becomeobsolete.

Depending on the application, pumpingpressuresaslowas0.05to0.2bararenor-

mally sufficient to oxygenate the incomingwater,stripnitrogenandcreateoptimaltankhydrodynamics. This low operating pressuremakesthesystemveryenergyefficient.

The capabilities of this technology wereproved during trials conducted at a MarineHarvestfacilityin2011.ResultsshowedthatOxyStreamwastheonlyoxygenationsourcesuitableforrearingyoungsalmonhatchedin

tanksrunningonfreshwater,beforegradually transitioning them to seawater. This createsan optimum environment in which to rear

salmon, ensuring the correct oxygen levels throughouttheentire productionperiod andkeeping fish stress levels to an absoluteminimum.

Importantly,thetechnologymakesitpos-sible to precisely predict flow velocity and to adjust this velocity in the circular on-land tanks, Depending on their state of matu-rity, fish need a certain water velocity toremainhealthy.Ifthevelocityisnotcorrect,


FEATURE

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,

Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, [email protected] www.akahl.de



fish behaviour and swimming patterns canbecome erratic, utilising more energy and thereforerequiringmorefood.

The global aquaculture industry hasrespondedtotheintroductionofthissystemwith immense interest and the Linde teamcurrentlyhasmanyunitspilotingatcustomersites and has fielded enquiries from NorthAmerica, the UK, Norway, France, Chile,Australia and even from Saudi Arabia and

Israel.

Future developmentsAs larger tanks are being contemplated,

Linde is already investing in future develop-ments and, to this end, in 2012 openeda state-of-the-art Innovation Centre forAquaculture-apioneeringR&DandtestingunitlocatedatÅlesund,Norway.Thislocationwasspecificallychosenforitsproximitytotheheart of the world's most industrialised fishfarmingcommunity.

Inadditiontohighlyequippedlaboratories, the centre features a number of test and

demonstration aquaculturetanks, the largestof which is 55 cubic metres and has beenbuilttoahighlyinnovativespecification.The

tank allows both aquaculture technologistsandcustomersaliketoobservehowthelatestoxygenation technologies impact fish devel-opment within an optimal on-land farmingenclosure.Inadditiontoanoverheadwalkwayextendingthefulldiameterlengthofthetank,Lindehasmaximisedobservationalopportu-nities via eye-level inspection windows andunderwaterlighting.

Outside of Norway, development inaquaculture is going on in many othercountries . A fter being h it by the ISA

virus, the aquaculture industry in Chileisramping upagain with a robust focuson oxygenation technology to supportdisease control . Technology capable ofmak ing more oxygen ava il ab le at lowenergyisalsoattractingattentionincoun-

tries pla nn ing toe xpandth eir aquacult ureindustries.

Linde is also doing research into thespecies of fish most likely to be producedinhighervolumesinfutureyears.Whiletheexisting salmon industry will continue togrow,indicationsarethatothertypesoffish,particularlythosecapableofbeingharvestedin warmer watertemperatures of about 25 to30degreesCelsius,willcometothefore.

In fact, a research team at the newLinde Innovation Centre for Aquaculture issimulating conditions in tropical areas, bothforfishcultivatedinfreshandsaltwater.Thisis expected to pave the way for Linde todeveloptechnologysurpassingcurrentstate-of-the-artsystemsinthisarena.

Broader technologiesLinde’s existing aquaculture offering, fea-

turing broader technologies and products,willcontinuetoplayaroleintheforeseeable

future. Each facility, type of water and fishcrophasdifferentrequirementswhichcanbe

met,incombination,byelementsdrawnfromanentireproductfamily.Someofthisequip-mentisdedicatedtosaltwaterandsomeis

optimalforfreshwaterfishfarming.With 50 yearsof experience in aquacul-

ture,Lindehas accumulatedtheexpertisetoidentifytherighttypeofequipmentforeachcustomer’suniquerequirementsviathemostcost effective solution — minimum use ofoxygenandenergy.

In addition to SOLVOX® OxyStream,Linde’s SOLVOX® technology line offers awide range of oxygenation systems for theaquaculture industry, comprising equipmentforoptimiseddissolutionofoxygeninwater,

perfect distribution of oxygenated water to thefish andaregulation conceptfor smoothandreliableoperation.

SOLVOX®Stream creates a better tankenvironment and improves the wellbeing offarmedfish.Itprovidesgoodtankhydraulics

andevenoxygendistributionthroughoutthewater volume. This makes the fish spreadout throughout the entire water volume.Comprising of a slot tube with water flowindicator, SOLVOX® Stream ensures thatoxygenated water is homogenously distrib-utedoverthecompletedepthofthetank.Itisalsodesignedtoachieveanoptimalcircula- tionspeedinthefishtank,appropriatetothefish species and size. SOLVOX®Stream is

usedincombinationwithoxygenationequip-mentsuchasSOLVOX®A,guaranteeingthat the required environmental conditions, in terms of hydraulics and oxygen concentration, can be set individually for each tank.SOLVOX®Stream can be customised forflowratesrangingfrom50litresperminute to20,000 litresperminuteand animportantfeatureisthewaterflowindicatorthathelpscontrolwaterflowintoeachtankandopti-miseswaterusage.

SOLVOX®C, a pressure dissolver for

seawater and fresh water, comprises conesdesigned to increase the concentration of

gases in water to a high level. In standardoperation, gas transfer efficiency is close to 100 percent. Since the cones can beoperatedatelevatedpressure,thedissolvedoxygenconcentrationcanbeincreasedsig-nificantlyabovesaturation.SOLVOX®CVisanadditionaloptiontoboosttheoxygena- tion capacity of the cones, allowing up to50 percent higher oxygen dosing withoutincreasing the water flow rate or energy

consumption.SOLVOX®B is widely used as anemergency oxygenation system because itrequiresnoauxiliaryenergyandsupportsthelifeofthefishintheeventofasystemfailure.Operationalenergyisprovidedsolelybytheoxygentankpressure.

Linde’sSOLVOX®CDceramicdiffuserisahigh-performance,aluminium-housedoxy-gen dissolving system thatensures uniform

bubbles across the entire surface and mini-mises bubble coalescence. It is also suitablefordissolvingoxygenintoshallowtankswith

waterdepthsoflessthan1metre.Itsmainfield of application is to provide additionaloxygentoindividualtanksandraceways,butit is also frequently installed for emergencyoxygensupply.

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FEATURE



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After the BSE crisis in the EU

in late 2001, processed animal

proteins (PAPs) were banned

fromutilisationinfeedsforaqua-

cultureand livestock. Some productswere

re-introducedin2005(bloodproducts,milk

products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as

theydidnotposeanyriskoftransferringBSEtoconsumptionanimals.Meanwhilethebulk

of processed animal proteinswasusedfor

otherapplicationsandexportedtomarkets

outsideEurope.

The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal hascausedimportantincreasesinfishfeedprices.Itisthereforelogicalthatfishfeedproducerscontinuouslylookforalternatives,butallotherpotentialproteinsourcesarebecomingscarceand expensive.The re-introduction of PAPsintoEuropeanaquafeeds,effectiveonJune1,

2013,would helpthe European aquacultureindustry to solve part of the raw materialproblem.

SustainabilityIt would also reduce considerably the

carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since theseproteinsourcesarelocallyavailableandwillpartially substitute imported soybean mealfrom the Americas and fishmeal from PeruandChile.

Thecarbonfootprintof PAPsis much

lower than the footprint of vegetablemeals(Figure1).Alsotheemissionsrelated to land useand land usechange(LULUC)arehigherforvegetablemeals.Thecarbonfootprint of poultry meal originates from the production of the by-products (based

on a a llocat ion according to economicvalueofmeatandby-products),plusener-gy for transporting the by-products anddryingofthematerial.

Aquaculture is often criticised for usingmorefishthanproducingfish(FIFO>1).There-introductionofPAPsprovidesachanceto

lowertheFIFOconsiderably.Apartfromsustainability,alsonutritionally,PAPsarethefirstproteinssourcestobeused toreplacefishmeal,foranumberofreasons:

High protein and amino acid contentPAPs are rich in most essential amino

acids except methionine. They are particu-larlyhighinarginineandotherwatersolubleamino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic

acid),whichactasattractantandpalatantinaquafeeds.

Digestible proteinsDigestibilityvariesalotbetweendifferent

PAPsandisaffectedbyqualityofrawmateri-alsbeforedryinganddryingmethod.Wecan

observethatgoodqualityPAPsshowdigest-ibilitylevelswhichareashighasthehighestqualityfishmeals.(Table2)

Partially soluble proteinsBothfishmealandPAPscontainimportant

amounts of water soluble proteins, in theform of peptides or longer chains. Thesewater soluble proteins are highly digestible,but also will improve the attractibility and

Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the

requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon

Feather meal

Poultry mealMeat andbone meal

SalmonidsGilthead

sea bream

Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46

mino acids (in % of CP)

rginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0

Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8

Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3

eucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0

Valine 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3

ysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0Phenylalanine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3

Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0

hreonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2

ryptophan 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6

Nutritional benefits of using Processed AnimalProteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds

by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2


FEATURE



palatability of aquafeeds. Highly digestibleprotein sources are essential in formulatinglarvalandstarterdietsforfish.Palatabilityofdiets becomes increasingly important when

dietsareformulatedtocontainlessfishmeal,butmorevegetableproteins.

Presence of digestible P and CaPhosphorus digestibility is a major prob-

lem in aquafeed formulation. The phospho-rus present in vegetable proteins is mostly trappedinphytineand isnotavailableforthefish.Utilisation of phytase canbe a solution

to increase the availability of phosphorus.Thephosphorus present in meat and bonemeal and poultry meal has a higher avail-ability.As a consequence,the faecesof fish

containingmoreanimalproteinswillcontainless phosphorus which will find its wayinto the environment. This excreted phosphoruscancauseeutrophication.Thisisparticularlyaproblemforcagefarming,andtroutfarminginflowthroughponds.

Low fibre contentMostcommercialfishspecies,culturedin

Europeforhumanconsumptionarecarnivo-rous species. Their ability to digest fibers islimited.Vegetableproteinsourcearegenerallyhigh in fiber content, while animal proteins

containverylittleamountsoffibers.

Lipid content as energysource, but not as sourceof essential fatty acids

One disadvantage of PAPs could be thepresence of lipids with saturated fatty acidscomparedtounsaturatedfattyacidsinfishmeal.Lipidsinfishnutritionhavearoleforprovid-

Figure 1: Carbon footprint of poultry meal and threevegetable meals per tonne of products (Ponsioen &

Blonk, 2010)


FEATURE

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ingessentialunsaturatedfattyacids(linolenic,EPAandDHAfor salmonids and EPA andDHA for marine fishes) andasenergysource.

For fish species that can tolerate higher amounts oflipidsintheirdiet,likesalmo-nids,seabreamandseabass,acombinationofanimal,veg-etableandfishoilcansatisfyboth requirements, withoutalteringthefattyacidcontentofthefishflesh.

Presence of somenutrients whichstill need to be

investigatedDue to the ever-increas-

ingpricesandscarcityoffishmeal,researchiscontinuouslysearchingforalternatives.Thisisoftenpossibleuptoacertainlevel,buttotalreplacementoftenresultsingrowthloss,even thoughdietswere formulatedto contain the

sameamountsofessentialnutrientsforwhich therequirementsareknown.Replac ing f ishmeal by PAPs gener-

ally results in better results than replacingfishmeal by vegetable proteins. There areprobably some unknown nutrients still tobe discovered, which are present in ani-malproteinsbutnotinvegetableproteins.Hydroxyproline,taurineandnucleicacidsaresomenutrients that has attracted attentionrecently by researchers, but their require-ments still need furtherinvestigation.Thereare probably more nutrients to be discov-

eredinthenearfuture.

ConclusionPAPs are high quality protein sources.

Their re-introductioninto European aqua-feedswillfacilitate the formulationof highproteins fish feeds, since their availabilityis better than fishmeal.This will also help the strive towards more sustainable aqua-culture. PAPs contain a lot of interestingnutrients and are a better alternative toreplace fishmeal than vegetable protein

sources. ■

Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fishoil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In

treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receivefirst the diet with poultry oil and than the

diet with only fish oil

Table 2: Overview of Apparent Digestibility Coecients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility of Proteins (ADP) observed

for Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources

ainbow trout Gilthead sea bream

DC DP DC DP

fish meal 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5

Danish fish meal 95,8

Hydrolyzed feather meal 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7

Meat and bone meal 55,9-72 83-89 35-79Poultry meal 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9

Soybean meal 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9

Soy protein concentrate 53,2 90,4

Corn gluten 80-95 74,5-89,5 90

"PAPs are high quality protein sources.

Their re-introduction into European

aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation

of high proteins fish feeds, since their

availability is better than fishmeal"

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Bioenergetics describe the flow

ofenergyandnutrientswithina

biologicalsysteminourexample

a fish or shrimp. It describes

the biological process of utilisation and

transformationof absorbednutrients for

energy, forown bodysynthesis.Thefeed,

that is consumed, is transformed in the

body, complex chemical compounds are

broken down into simplercomponents -

protein into amino acids, carbohydratesintoglucose,lipidsintofattyacidsandwith

thisprocessenergyisreleased-whichis

usedformaintenance,forrenewingworn

out tissue and building new tissue - for

growth. The major organic compounds

infeedssuchaslipid,proteinandcarbo-

hydrates are the sources of energy but

they also supplythebuildingmaterial for

growth.

There are different types of energy,chemicalenergy,electricalenergy,mechani-

calenergyandheat.Thesedifferentformsof energy can be transformed into eachotherbutonlyatacost,thetransformationis not 100 percent efficient. What is lostismostlyintheformofheat.Heatisalso the only form of energy, into which all theothers canbe transformed andmeasured.The chemical energy stored in feed andanimal t issue is measured using a bombcalorimeter.Theamountofheatproducedby complete oxidation of feed or tissueis known as the heat of combustion or

gross energy (GE). Heat energy is usuallyexpressedinkilocalories(kcal)orkilojoule(kJ).Onekcalequalstheenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureofonekgofwaterbyonedegree Celsius(°C). Onekcal equals4.184kJ.

Forthebio-energeticmodel,thetwolawsofthermodynamicscanbeapplied

1. Energy cannot be created ordestroyedwithinasystembutmaybe changed into different forms(whatgoesinmustgoout)

2.Inasystemwhereenergyistrans-formed(fromfeedtoflesh)thereisadegradationandlossofenergy

intheformofheat(nothingis100percentefficient)

TheflowofenergyfromfeedtogrowthinananimalisillustratedinFigure1.Notall the energy from the feed is digested, sub-stancessuchasfibreandcellulosefromplantingredientspassthroughthedigestivesystemwithoutbeingavailabletothefish.Thecon-sumed GE minus faecal energy losses (FE)iscalledthedigestibleenergy(DE)whichis thenavailableforthemetabolicprocessesof

ananimal.The next major

losses occur, whenenergy containing com-pounds (on DE basis)are transformed by thef ish, broken down tosmaller units and thenused to bui ld i ts ownenergy reserves or todeposit protein asgrowth. As mentioned

above, this process of trans formation is never100 percent, there arealways losses and theyare mostly in the formofheat.Inpoikilotherms

such as fish this heat is lost to the sur-roundingwater,inhomeothermsitispartlyused to keep the body temperature con-stant. Only the net energy (NE) is nowavailable for maintenance and for growth.Maintenancerequirementrepresentsener-gyneededformovements,osmo-regulation,blood circulation, first this energy has tobe supplied before the remainder can bechanneledintogrowth -the main productinfishculture.

Quantification of energydemand in fish

By quantifying the energy budget - theenergy input on one hand and the variousenergy losses on the other hand, valuableinformationcanbegainedinordertoopti-misefeedsandguaranteeoptimalfishgrowth.By defining demands for maintenance andgrowth (Figure 1) and anticipating certainlosses beforehand, feeds can be formulatedandfeedingtablesestablished.

Bioenergetics - applicationin aquaculture nutrition

by Ingrid Lupatsch, Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, Swansea University, United Kingdom

Figure 1: Schematic presentation of theenergy flow through a fish


FEATURE



Maintenance requirementFishrequireenergyformaintainingbasic

processes of life such as blood circulation,osmo-regulation, excretion and movement,regardless of whether or not feed is con-sumed.Ananimaldeprivedoffeedcontinues to require energy for those processes andwill obtain it from the catabolism of ownbody reserves. Depending on the activity,severalmetaboliclevelscanbedistinguished:

basal,standard,routineandactivemetabo-lism.

Metabolicrate(Q)atalllevelsofactivity,depends largely on the size of the fish and the water temperature, and is (at constant temperature) proportional to the metabolicbodyweightintheformof

Q = a BW(kg)b

Where(kg)b:Metabolicbodyweighta is the constant for given conditions

(species,activity,temperature)b isthescalingexponentofthemetabolic

bodyweightMostmetabolicstudiesonfisharecarried

outviaindirectcalorimetry.Thisisbasedon the assumption, that energy production inananimalisanaerobicprocessandrequiresoxygen for oxidising nutrients either from the foodor fromthetissue. In thiscase it isassumed that the amount of oxygen takenup by respiration will release an equivalentamount of energy which can be calculated

fromtheoxy-caloricvalue.Anothermethodisthecomparativeslaughtertechniquewhichmeasures the caloric value of the tissuesutilisedduringfasting.

Figure2illustratestherelationshipbetweenmetabolic rate of a fasting fish (gilthead seabream)andweight.

The relationship between fasting metabo-lism and fish weight is not linear and results(Figure 2) were fitted to ln- lnfunctions ashave traditionallybeen used by animal nutri- tionists to express metabolic body weight.The antilog of these functions describes the

allometric relationship common in biologicalmeasurements.

Metabolic rate (kJ /fish /day) =

41.5 BW(kg)0.80

(1)

With an exponentof b= 0.80 for the metabolicbody weight, the implica- tion is that metabolic rateisincreasingwithincreasingfishweightinabsoluteterms

(kJ/fish/day),butsmallerfishspendmoreenergyperunitsize than bigger fish. Thisconceptofmetabolicbodyweight will be clarified fur- theron.

It should be noted that the fasting metabolism isonly an approximation of themaintenancerequirement;allowancemustbe made for the efficiency of utilisation of the dietary energy. This can be achieved by

feedingfishgradedlevelsfromzerofeedup tomaximumintake.Energygainorloss infishisthendeterminedbycomparativeslaughter technique. The following Figures 3 and 4describetherelationshipbetweenenergyfed(DE) and energy retainedfor sea breamof twodifferentsizes.(at210C).

ItisobviousfromFigure3thatasmoreenergy is consumed the more energy isgained,untilthefishrefusetoeatmore.Figure3 also demonstrates that the relationshipbetweendailyDEconsumed(x)andenergy

retained (y) is linear and can be describedbythefollowingequationsforeachthetwofishsizes:

Sea bream of 30 g y = - 2.2 + 0.66 × (2)

Sea bream of 100 g y = - 4.6 + 0.67 × (3)

Duringfastingthefishwouldloseenergyasexpected-2.2kJperfishof30gand4.6kJperfishof100gperday.TheDErequire-ment for maintenance (no energy gain orloss) can be found where energy gain (y)

is set at zero. According to the equationsabove,themaintenancerequirementperday

would amount to 2.2 / 0.66 = 3.33 kJ for the 30 g fish and 6.86 kJ for the 100 g fish.As mentionedbefore, absolute maintenance

requirementisincreasingwithincreasingfishweights,butregardedperunitofweightgainit is decreasing. Energy requirement of thesmallerfishis110kJ/kgandforthelargerfishonly69kJ/kg.

Theslopesofthelinesarenearlyidenticalat0.67;theycanberegardedastheefficiencyofutilisationofenergy.PerunitofDEcon-sumed67percentisretainedasgrowth,theremainderislostasheattothewater.

InFigure4thesamedatasetisusedbutdaily energy retention in fish is presented

referring to the metabolic weight of kg0.80

.ByexpressingDEintakeandthesubsequentretention of energy per metabolic weight(kg0.80)theresultingregressionsoftherela- tionshipsforbothf ishsizescanbecombined.

ThustherelationshipbetweenDEfed(x)andenergygained(y)bothexpressedinkJ/kg0.80/dayisasfollows:

at 21ºC y = - 33.7 + 0.67 × (4)

Accordingtotheequation(4),themain- tenance requirement perdaywouldamount

to 33.7/0.67 = DEmaint =50.3 kJ x kg0.80(at 21ºC). Againthe slopeof the line,the

Figure 2: Metabolic rate (kJ/fish/day) ofgilthead sea bream at increasing sizes


FEATURE

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efficiency of energy utiliza- tionforgrowth remains thesame at 0.67. The recipro-calof0.67is1.49(1/0.67),which means that 1.49 kJofDEhavetobeinvested to produce 1 kJ of energyas growth, in otherwords, the energy cost to depositoneunitofenergyasgainis

closetooneandahalfunitsof energy from the feed(basedinDE).

Besidesfishweight,water temperature is one of themajor factors to determinemaintenance requirement.Addingdataofanadditional trial with sea bream per-formed at 27ºC provides the following equation for therelationshipbetweenDE

fed and energy gained per(kg)0.80(Figure5):

at 27ºC y = - 51.5 + 0.66

× (5)

According to equation(5),themaintenanceenergyrequirement would amount to DEmaint = 78 kJ kg0.80at a temperature of 27ºC,while at 21ºC the mainte-

nance requirement was cal-culated as 50.3 kJ kg0.80 asshown before. However inboth instances the slope of the line (efficiency) remains thesame evenatthe higher temperature.

Requirementsfor growth

To be able to estimatefeedrequirementsitisessen- tial to predict the growth

potential of the target spe-cies. In contrast to terres- trialanimalsfishseemtogrowcontinuously, growth doesnot cease and reaches anasymptote,which in aquacul- turehowevermightneverbeattained.Asgrowthisaffectedby temperature, it increaseswith increasing temperaturesup to an optimum abovewhichgrowthdecreases,until

theupperlethal temperatureisreached.Togetherwiththeantici-

pated increase in weight, the energy content of thisgainisanotherfactordeter-

miningthesubsequenttotalenergydemandoffish.

Thefollowingequationsdescribethedailyweight gain ofgilthead sea breamforwater temperaturesranging between 20 and 28ºCand the energy content per unit of weightgain.

Weight gain (g / fish / day) = 0.024 × body

weight (g) 0.514 × exp 0.060 × Temp (6)

Energy content of fish (kJ / g wet weight) =

4.66 × BW(g) 0.139 (7)

Modelling requirementsThecalculationofdailyenergyandconse-

quentlythefeeddemand(basedondigestibleenergyDE,i.e.theamountabsorbedthrough the gut) for fish can then be described asfollows:

DE intake (kJ/day) = a x BW (kg)b + c x

energy gain (kJ/day)

where DE = digestible energy intake

BW = body weight (kg)

The expected live weight gain, which isdependent upon fish size and water tem-perature,canbepredictedwiththefollowingcommonequation,whereagaina,b,andcareconstantstypicalforafishspecies:

Weight gain (g/day) = a x BW (g)b

x expc x Temp

Theaverageenergycontentoftheweightgainforafishisdependentonthefishsizeandcanbedescribedas:

Energy content (kJ/g fish) = a x BW (g)b (i.e. it

is body weight dependent)

The expected daily energygain is there-fore:

Weight gain (g) x energy content of fish (kJ/g)

Forthequantificationofdailymaintenancerequirementwhichistheenergyrequirementatzerogrowth:

DEmaint (kJ) = a x BW (kg)b

The cost of production as DE intake( in units of k J for energy) for one unitof energy deposited as f ish energy (asgrowth) is for many fish species around1.50or1/1.50=0.67=efficiencyforgrowth

Combining thoseequations suggests that the feed allowance based on energy intakecanbecalculatedasfollows:

Feed (g) = [(Maintenance + (weight gain) x

(composition) x (1.50)]

Figure 3: Relationship between DEconsumed and energy gained (in kJ / fish /

day) for two sizes of gilthead sea bream

Figure 4: Relationship between DEconsumed and energy gained (in kJ /

kg0.80 / day) for two sizes of giltheadsea bream (at 210C)

Figure 5: Relationship between DE consumed andenergy gained (in kJ / kg0.80 / day) for gilthead sea

bream at increasing temperatures.


FEATURE



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From both nutritionist and aqua-

culturist points of view, our aim

is to sustainably produce aquaticfoodwithsuperiorsensoryproper-

ties and high cardioprotective properties.

The reason is that although preventable,

cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the

top global cause of death and stroke.The

preventionofatherosclerosisis,therefore,a

majorobjectiveofmodernmedicalandbio-

chemical investigationsinto themechanism

of atherosclerosis and how the structure

of food components determines their role

inthemechanism(s)involved.Thecomposi-

tion of aquafeeds and their impact on thenutritional valueof aquatic food is a focal

point of today’s research anddevelopment

bothinacademiaandindustry.

Since the study of the seven countries(Keys et al.,1984),someunansweredques- tionsstillremainastowhycohortsinGreeceandItalyhadcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)at low frequencies but high levels of serumcholesterol(Figure1).

Thereiscompellingliteratureontheben-eficial roleof omega-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids(omega-3PUFAs)andthereisacorebeliefthatfishisgoodforourheartbecauseofthesePUFAs.Mechanistically,though,itisnot clear howomega-3 PUFAs work. Their

postulatedmechanism in preventingathero-sclerosiscouldbethroughloweringthelev-

els of triacylglycerol, preventing arrhythmias,decreasing platelet aggregation or loweringbloodpressure(Saravananet al.,2010).

On the other hand, the association ofomega-3PUFAsandCVDshasbeenrevisedrecentlybyevaluatingallrandomizedtrialson the supplementation of omega-3 PUFAs toadults(Rizos et al.,2012).Inthisreview,theresultsof20studieson68,680patientswereevaluated and omega-3 PUFAs were notfoundtobestatisticallysignificantlyassociatedwithCVDsinvariouspatientpopulations.In the light of this study, we may need to re-focusourresearchqueststowardsfeedandfoodcomponentswithprovedcardioprotec- tiveactivities.

Polar lipids of fishLipid microconstituents of specific food

that constitute important ingredients of theMediterranean Diet have been found that theyhave in vitro(inthetesttube)importantcardioprotectiveproperties(by inhibitingthe

actions of the so called Platelet ActivatingFactor,PAF).PAFisthemostpotentinflam-matorylipidmediator,awell-recognizedago-nistofplateletaggregationthatplaysacrucialrole in atherosclerosis, i.e. the developmentofcardiovasculardiseases.Theselipidmicro-

constituents can practically inhibit the onsetof atherosclerosis and the development of

CVDs(Zabetakiset al.,2013).Suchlipidshavebeenfound inawiderangeoffoodsuchasredandwhitewine,yoghurt,fish,oliveoilandolive pomace. Further in vivo (using rabbits)studiesofoliveoil,olivepomaceandaqua-culturedfish(Nasopoulouet al.,2010)havere-confirmedthatitisthepolarlipidfractionof these food sources that can reduce the thicknessofatherosclerotic lesionsin hyperc-holesterolaemicrabbits(Figure2).

Inafurthermechanisticstudy,ourgrouphas recently demonstrated that the polar

lipidsofseabreamhavedown-regulatedPAFbiosynthesisandup-regulatedPAFcatabolism;practically the polar lipids of fish can inhibitatherosclerosis related enzymatic activities

(Nasopoulouet al.,2011b).

Heavy dependency on fish oilsThe steadily increasing population on

Earthmakes the sustainableproductionoffoodoneofthemajornutritionalproblemsfor mankind to address. In terms of foodsecurity in aquaculture, we need to facesuccessfully a ‘paradox’ on the sustainable

productionoffishfeed:today,highamountsoffishoil(FO)arerequiredtoproducefishfeed.Currently,40percentand60percentoftheglobalproductionoffishmealandfishoil, respectively, are used in aquaculture.Salmonid diets alone consumed over 55

percentofthefishoilusedbytheaquacul- ture sector in 2006. About 50 percent ofworldmarinefishstockshaverecentlybeenestimated as fully exploited, 32 percent asoverexploitedandonly15percentasunder-exploited. These exploitation data suggest

that the diminishing levels of available wildfish worldwide combined with the fact thataquaculturedcarnivorousspeciesrequirelargeamountsofwildfishintheirfeedcreateanemergingnecessitytoimproveourresourcemanagementpractices.

Towards aquafeeds withincreased food securityby Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry, University of Athens, Greece

Figure 1: Rate of mortality dueto Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)per quartile of serum cholesterolin pooled cohorts of the SevenCountries Study (adopted from deLorgeril M et al . Cardiovasc Res2002;54:503-515)


FEATURE



Need for novelsources

In order to reducedependence on fish oil, sig-nificant breakthroughs have

occurred over the past fewyearsinreplacingitwithplantoils.Bysubstitutingfeedswith

plantoils,italsoservestoreducecostsduetothefactthatvegeta-

bleoilshavesteadilyincreasingproduc- tion, high availability and better economic

value.Severalstudieshavebeencarriedout toinvestigatecertainvegetableoilsaspos-

siblesustainablepartialsubstitutesforfishoilsincompoundedfishfeeds.Themost

commonvegetableoilsusedforfishfeedpro-ductionhavebeensoybean,linseed,rapeseed,sunflower,palmoilandoliveoil.

Soybeanandrapeseedoilareconsideredpossible alternative lipid sources for salmo-nids, freshwater and marine fish since they

are rich in PUFAs, especially linoleic (18:2ω−6)andoleicacid(18:1ω−9),butdevoidof n-3PUFA. However, in some cases, fishoil substitution by 60 percent rapeseed oilhas been found to decrease European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) growth. Soybeanoilappearstobeabetterplantlipidsourceregardinggiltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)growth while considerable savings in feedcostscouldbeachievedifitcouldbeusedas

a partial dietary substitute for fish oil withincompoundfeeds.Thesameistrueoflinseedoil and rapeseed oil, although to a lesserextent.

Furthermore,theuseofpalmoilindietsofAtlanticsalmonandrainbowtrouthasgiven

growthandfeedutilizationefficiencycompa-rabletofishfedwithequivalentlevelsoffishoil.Oliveoilcouldalsobeusedasapartialsubstitute for dietary fish oil in Europeansea bass culture, during growth out phase,Atlantic salmon (salmo salar ) and rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)withdatashowingsimilargrowthratestotheoneswhenfishwasfedon100percentfishoildiet.Allthesestud-

ieshavebeenrecentlyreviewed(NasopoulouandZabetakis,2012).

New, al ternative and in a way ‘non-orthodox’, sources of l ipids need to beidentified and valorised in order to achievesustainableproductionoffishfeedsandthus

enablingthefurtherdevelopmentofaquacul- tureapplications.Suchpromisinglipidsourcesarevegetableoils(VO).TheuseofVObasedaquafeedshassomestrongadvantages.Olivepomace (OP) andolive pomaceoil (OPO)are natural by-products of olive oil production, which contain micro constituents withatheroprotective(substances)activitysuchasPAF-inhibitorsandphenolic/polyphenolicmol-

Figure 2: Representative optic micrographs x 100 of aortic wall sections stained withhaematoxylin and eosin from the two experimental groups, where atherosclerotic

lesions appear as foam cells (↑). (A) Group A (atherogenic diet); (B) Group B(atherogenic diet enriched with sea bream polar lipids) (adopted from Nasopoulou et

al ., 2010). Copyright, “Food Chemistry” Elsevier

B)


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eculeswithantioxidantandotherpleiotropicactions. Extensive research has beencarriedby our team on olive oil by-products andfishwithregardtotheircapacitytopreventatherogenesis.

Recently,thepossibilityofpartiallyreplac-

ingfishoilingiltheadseabreamandseabassgrow-outdietbylipidsobtainedfromOPandolivepomaceoil(OPO)hasbeenreported.Inactualfact,thefeedingofOPtofishresultsin an improvement in its ability to preventatherosclerosis and therefore cardiovasculardiseases(Nasopoulouet al.,2011a).

GM plantsThere have been numerous studies on

genetically modifying the plant oil profile so theplants increase thebiosynthesisof either the precursors of omega-3 and omega-6

fatty acids or these fatty acids themselves.These modifications have focused on C 18Δ6-desaturatedfattyacids(suchasγ-linolenicand stearidonic acid), omega-6- long-chainPUFAs(suchasarachidonicacid)andomega-3-long-chain PUFAS (often referred to as‘fishoils’)(suchasEPAandDHA)andtheyhave been recently revised (Haslam et al.,2012). The research approach is based on the assumption that omega-3 and omega-6PUFAs have considerable nutritional valueand thus efforts have focused in enhancing

the bioformation of these molecules in the‘designer’oils(aftergeneticmodification).However, under the light of recent evi-

dence that omega PUFAs have less nutri- tionalvalue thatpreviously considered(Rizoset al., 2012), these genetically engineering

approachesneedtobecarefullyconsidered.Scientifically, we need to assess any relatedenvironmental impact when GM plants arecultivated and commercially, we need toaddressthepublicconcernsandneedoftheconsumers (at least in EU) for ‘GMO free’

food.

Food for thought / future actionsIn today’s rapidly changing world, we

areaskedtofaceconflictingproblemsandissues such as the overproduct ion andwasteoffood,obesity,CVDsanddiabetesin the developed countries, famine andmalnutrition in the developing countries,climate change, scarcity of water, rationaluseofcultivatedlandandsustainableuseofresourcesandenergy.Inthiscomplexandswiftly changing environment, the issue of

foodsecurity and onhow we can securenutrition for the entire human populationbecomes a top prior ity for a ll of us in the feed and food arena.The sustainableproductionoffoodisacomplexchallenge.Someinsightsinapproachingthischallengehavebeenhighlightedwiththisarticle. ■

References

HaslamRP,Ruiz-LopezN,EastmondP,MoloneyM,SayanovaO,NapierJA.2012.Themodificationofplantoilcompositionviametabolicengineering-better

nutritionbydesign.PlantBiotechJournal2012:1-12.KeysA,MenottiA,AravanisC, et al.1984.TheSevenCountriesStudy:2,289deathsin15years.PrevMed13(2):141-54.

NasopoulouC,KarantonisHC,PerreaDN,TheocharisSE,IliopoulosDG,Demopoulos

CA,ZabetakisI.2010. In vivoanti-atherogenicpropertiesofculturedgiltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)polarlipidextractsinhypercholesterolaemicrabbits.FoodChem120:831-6.

NasopoulouC,StamatakisG,DemopoulosCA,ZabetakisI.2011a.Effectsofolivepomaceand

olivepomaceoilongrowthperformance,fattyacidcompositionandcardioprotectivepropertiesofgiltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)andseabass(Dicentrarchus labrax).FoodChem129:1108-13.

NasopoulouC,TsouprasAB,KarantonisHC,DemopoulosCA,ZabetakisI.2011b.Fishpolarlipidsretardatherosclerosisinrabbitsbydown-regulatingPAFbiosynthesisandup-regulatingPAFcatabolism.LipidsHealthDis10:213.

NasopoulouC,ZabetakisI.2012.Benefitsoffishoilreplacementbyplantoriginatedoilsincompoundedfishfeeds.Areview.LWTFoodSci.

Technol.47:217-224.RizosEC,NtzaniEE,BikaE.KostapanosMS,ElisafMS.2012.Associationbetweenomega-3fattyacidsupplementationandriskofmajorcardiovasculardiseaseevents.Asystematicreviewandmeta-analysis.JAMA308:1024-33.

SaravananP,DavidsonNC,SchmidtEB,CalderPC.2010.Cardiovasculareffectsofmarineomega-3fattyacids.Lancet376(9740):540-50.

ZabetakisI,AntonopoulouS,DemopoulosCA.2013.ThePreventionofAtherosclerosisbyFoodComponents:PolarLipidsversusOmega-3PUFAs.

Commentaryonwww.athero.orgpublishedon22.1.2013(http://www.athero.org/commentaries/comm1119.asp).

More InforMatIon:


Negative environmental impactof olive pomace


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Equipment failure or operational

errorsarebehindthreeoutoffour

farmedsalmonescapes.Twooutof

three escapes are due to holes in

seacagenetsaccordingtoanewstudy.

Researchers working on the SECUREproject (Securing fish – farming technologyandoperationstoreduceescapes)haveana-

lysedallescapeincidentsbetween2006and2009reportedbyNorwegianfishfarms.Theirefforts provide the industry and researcherswithnewinsightsintothefactorsleadingtolossatNorwegianproductionfacilities.

Structural failures most commonEquipmentfailureordamageisthemajor

factorbehind the escape offarmed salmon.FiguresfromtheSECUREprojectshowthat68 percent of escapes occurred because ofstructural failure. An additional 8 percentwere able to escape due to human error

duringoperations.Elevenpercentofescapes took place from land-based facilities and anequalpercentageescapedduetoexternalfac- tors.All in all, the researchershave revealedclearexplanationsfor96percentofthetotalescapesreportedfrom2006to2009.

Factors changing over time“Commonstructuralfailuresincludeprob-

lems with mooring lines, collapsed floatingcollarsandholestorninthenettingofaseacage.Badweatherisanotherfactorcontrib-

uting to structural failure and escape. Wehavealsodocumentedincidentsofautomaticfeedingdevicesloosenandcausingdamage,”says Østen Jensen, research manager withSINTEFFisheriesandAquacultureandprojectmanageroftheSECUREproject.

The escape incident reports reveal thatequipment suppliers and fish farmers havemanaged to solve some of the equipmentproblemsthatpreviouslyledtoahighnumberofescapes.

“Escapes caused by mooring or floatingcollar failure have become more and morerare.Thegreatestchallengenowfacingpro-ducersofsalmonandtroutishowtoprevent

wearand tear tothenetting. Holesformedfromchafingcontactbetweenthenetandthesinkertubechainwereresponsibleformore than 50 percent of total escapees between2008and2010,”DrJensensays.

Fewer large-scale escape eventsOperationalerrorduringactivitiessuchas

delousingormaintenance,combinedwithfish transfer, account for close to 20 percent of theescapefigures.Thelastlarge-scalesalmonescapeevent,inwhich175,000fishescapedaproductionfacilityinTrøndelag,occurredin

connectionwithdelousing.“Large-scaleescapeeventsinwhichmore

than 10,000 fish are involved comprise 19percentofthetotalnumberofescapesduring the period studied. As much as 91 percentofallfishthatescapedcanbeattributedtolarge-scaleevents,”saysDrJensen.

The reduction in the number of largeescape events is the most significant fac- tor behind the substantial reduction in thenumberofproductionsalmonescapeesfrom2006to2009.

Characteristics of fishlikely to escape

Behaviouraldifferencesamongthevariousspeciesoffarmedfishalsoplayintotheriskofescape.Whereasonlyonepercentofsalmon

escapescanbeattributedtobiologicalfactors,oneoutofeveryfourescapedfarmedcodgotoutthroughholesinthenetscausedeitherbypredatorsorthecodthemselves.

“Incontrasttosalmonandtrout,codwilloftenbite the netting and tearthe net wall.The cod also display more interest in suchholesandarefarmoreeagerthansalmonor troutto trytoswimthrough them,”addsDr

Jensen.

The Houdinis of the seaCodarebetterescapeartiststhanother

species of production fish, opting to swim throughobstaclesratherthanaroundthem.

AspartoftheSECUREproject,research-ers at Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheryand Aquaculture (Nofima) have analysed the behavioural characteristics of cod whichmakethemmorelikelytoescapethanotherproduction species. Usingcontrolledexperi-ments, researchers have studied how they

behaveinseacages.Codconstantlybiteandnibbleonthenet

threads, showinggreat interest in investigat-inganythingthatappearsunnaturaltotheirenvironment. This affects how net repairshould be approached at cod-productionfacilities. Repairs are most effective whencolours and shapes of the repaired nettingconformtotheoriginal.Theendsofthreadsneedtobeaffixedsothattherepairwillnotdeviateinappearancefromtherestofthenetting.

Improved reportingFish farmers are required to report all

escapeeventstotheDirectorateofFisheries. Jensensaysthatescape incidentreportinghasimproved substantially since the Norwegian

ESCAPESprimarily caused by equipment failure

by Torkil Marsdal Hanssen, Norway


FEATURE



AquacultureEscapesCommission(AEC)intro-ducedanotificationtemplatefiveyearsago.

Placing responsibility on suppliersTwoproblemareasstandoutintheefforts

to reduce the risk of escapes in Norwegianaquaculture. Jensen believes that both canbe solved by the suppliers of aquacultureequipment.

“Ifthe aquaculture industryis ever going

torealisticallyrealiseitsvisionofzeroescapesfrom sea-based production facilities, it mustsolve two big challenges. The first is thatweightingsystemscurrentlyinusetomaintain the shape and volume of the net pens lead towearand tear in thenetting. Thesecondisfindingways todecrease the incidence ofoperational–orhuman–error.”

Solutions can be developedDr Jensen points out that the key to

solvingbothchallengescanbefoundinthe

supplierindustry.“Improvedproductdesignandprocedures

canmitigateand,inpart,preventbothwearandtearaswellashumanerrorduringopera-

tionsatsea. Muchoftheequipmentinuseinsea-basedfacilitiesshouldberedesignedandsimplifiedtomakeitdifficultorimpossibletouse incorrectly. Under the SECURE projectwehaveacquiredtheknowledgeneededtodevelop better and more secure solutions.Thenextstepisuptothesuppliers.”

Suppliers have already begun applying

the documented findings from the SECUREprojecttotestnewsolutions.TheResearchCouncilofNorwayallocatedfundingtotwonewresearchprojectsthisyear(Towardssus- tainable fish farming at exposedmarine sites[SUSTAINFARMEX2011-2014]andExposedFarming)thathavecarriedoutmodellingtestsusingnetswithintegratedsinkertubes.

Certification schemeimproves safety

The SECURE project has documented anumberoffactorssignificantforavoidingnet

abrasionandtearing:• Insufficient weighting of net-cages, use

of exceedingly large nets, sea-currentconditions and biofouling lead to netdeformation and risk of abrasion and tearing.

• Washing nets by machine reduces thestrengthofnetthreadsby10-20percentafter4-5washings.

• Attachingthesinkertubetothenethasproven to be a more secure solution thanusingslidingconnectors.

• Conic net pens create more distancebetweenthenetandthechain,reducing therisk ofabrasion andtearing. Inspiteof this, the majority of net pens arecurrentlycylindricalinshape.

“Fish producers are able to buy freely

on the market and can purchase nets andfloating collars separately. Itis byno meansautomatic that the net chosen will suit theselectedfloatingcollarwhenassembled.Weneedtohaveamoreintegratedapproachto the design of fish-farming systems to ensure thatcomponentsarecompatible,”explainsDr Jensen,whobelievestheintroductionof facil-itycertificationisastepintherightdirection.

Providing

input forregulationsAsofJanuary

1,2013,allfish-productionfacilities in Norwaymust have certification stating thatthefacilityisusingcompatiblecomponents.

“TheSECUREproject

has providedknowledge ofimportance to the design ofregulations that that will form the basis forfacility certifica- tio n, amo ngother things.We have seen that the layout

ofafacilitycom-binedwithwavesize can haveunforeseencon-sequences. Thehighest wave

doesnotalwayscarrythegreatestforce.Wehave found examples where a low-crestedwaveexertsmuchgreaterforceonafacility than a steep wave. Twice the force is notunusual,andthisshouldobviouslybeincorpo-ratedintothespecificationsforthedesignanddimensions of a production facility,” Jensenconcludes.

More information: www.forskningsradet.no


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Withtheexpansionanddevel-

opmentof theaquaculture

industry, several challenges

arise.The intensificationof

production systems increases the pressure

on the environment, which can severely

affect water quality and as a consequence

fish or shrimp performance and the inci-

denceofdiseases.

Inaquaculture,theapplicationofbeneficialbacteria (probiotics) is not only associatedwith gut health (feed probiotics), but alsowith bioremediation improving the environ-ment (water and soil) in which the animalsarereared.Theeffectsofbiodegradingstrains(suchasBacillus sp.,Paracoccus sp.,Thiobacillus

sp.)addeddirectlytothewaterinvolvethemodulation of the microbiology profile inponds,degradationofundesirablewastecom-pounds (ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen sulfide),

enhanced mineralization of organic matter,

decreasedanaerobicconditions in pondsoilandreducedsludgeaccumulation.

Moreover, enzymes can be an effective tool in the degradation of organic matterin very intensive production systems. Thesepositivechangesintheenvironmentaresup-ported byproven benefitsfor the perform-anceandsurvivalofshrimpfromthelarvalto

grow-outstages.

Toxicity of nitrogenouscompounds

Nitrogen compounds, such as nitrite,nitrate and ammonium ions / ammonia are toxic when their concentrations exceed acertainlevelintherearingwater.Ammoniumnitrogen that occurs partly in the form ofammonium ion (NH4+) and ammonia(NH3+)originatesfromdecomposingorganicwasteandanimalexcretionsinthefarm.Thesensitivity to ammonium nitrogen depends

largelyonthespecies.Some fish have developed strategies, for

example, the formation of glutamine in thebrain to detoxify ammonium to urea, toprotectthemselvesfromtoxicammonialevels(Randall and Tsui, 2002). Nitrite (NO2-) isusually present belowdangerous concentra- tionsinfreshandmarinewater.

However, prolonged exposure to highnitritelevels,especiallywhenoxygenislimited,

leadsto anoxiaand slow suffocationof theanimals, because nitrite changes hemoglobinintomethemoglobin,aformthatisnotabletobindoxygen(LewisandMorris,1986).

Nitrate (NO3-) is the least dangerouscompound and low concentrations are notproblematic.Similartonitrite,nitrateconvertshemoglobin, into a non-binder for oxygen.Permanent exposure to high nitrate levelscausesweightlossandahigheroccurrenceofinfectiousdiseases.Toavoidthesecomplica- tions, excess nitrate needs to be removed to reach lower, non-toxic concentrations

(Camargaet al.,2005).Thisisoftenachievedbywaterrenewalatthefarms.

Bioremediation in aquacultureWatewater management in aquaculture

systems is crucial to maintain a good healthstatusoftheanimalsaswellastocounteract the negative impacts on the environment.Bioremediation, the application of micro-organisms like bacteria to removedangerouswasteproducts,isapromisingtoolforonsite treatment of watewater and contaminated

sediments. For the bioremediation of nitrog-enous compounds, bacteria have to performnitrificationanddenitrification.Bacterialnitrifica- tionistheoxidationofammonium/ammonia(NH4+,NH3+)tonitrate(NO3-)viahydroxylamine and nitrite (NO2-). Denitrification

The role of

bioremediation in waterquality management

by Goncalo A. Santos, MSc, technical manager – aquaculture, BiominHolding GmbH, Austria


FEATURE

Figure 1: Nitrification and denitrificationprocesses in aquatic environments



describes the reduction of nitrate to nitrousoxideandfinallytonitrogengas,whichreturnsinto the atmosphere (Chávez-Crooker andObreque-Contreras,2010).Althougharangeofbacterialspeciesarecapableofnitrificationand/ordenitrification,notallspeciesareappli-

cable for bioremediation products. RecentlystrainssuchasParacoccus sp.andThiobacillus sp.havegainedinterestduetoitsdegradingcapa-bilities. AlsoBacillus sp. isalso wellsuited toperformseveralfunctionsinthewatercleanupapplication(Nakano et al.,1998).

Asinglestrain,rarelyharboursalldesiredqualitiesnecessaryforanefficientdegradationoftoxiccompounds,thereforeacombinationofstrainsthatperformbestforoneorseveral

compoundsismorelikelytoensureastableperformance.

Beneficial bacteria and enzymesto improve water and soilquality in aquaculture ponds

Akeyfactorforsuccessfulaquacultureis to understand the interactions between themicrobialenvironment,gutfloraandimmunesystemoftheshrimp,aswellasthefactors that determine the persistence of microbialspeciesintheinternalandexternalmicrobialecosystems. Whilenatural environments arebalanced, the farming environment favours

the growth of micro-organisms as it is richinnutrientsandfeedwaste.Farmedspecies

are constantly exposed to and challengedby micro-organisms from the surroundingenvironment.

These environmental challenges areobviously influenced by different factors,including farm management and rearing

methods.Aquacultureoperationsgenerallyinvolvethestockingandfeedingofshrimpin open or semi-closed water systems.Semi-closed pond systems have a lowwaterturnoverandcanaccumulategases,nutrients, metabolites, waste, etc., whichcan deter iorate the water quali ty andcreate anoxic conditions in the soil. Thiscanstronglyaffecttheperformanceofthefarmedspecies.Thus,goodpondmanage-

Figure 2: Pond interactions without the addition ofbeneficial bacteria

Figure 3: Pond interactions with theaddition of beneficial bacteria


FEATURE

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ment is crucial for high production anda healthy crop. Since water quality playsan important role, itis of great value tounderstandthevariousinteractionstakingplace within the ponds. These are quitecomplexanddependdirectlyonthepondenvironment, stocked biomass, input ofnutrientsandpondmanagement.

AscanbeseeninFigure2,theaccumula- tionanddegradationoforganicwaste in the

pondwillresultinanincreasedconsumptionof oxygen (O2) and production of wastecompoundssuchasammonia(NH3),nitrites(NO2 -) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), whichcanleadtoaphytoplanktonbloom.Massivegrowthofphytoplanktoncanfurtherdepleteoxygenduringthenightandcontributetoaphytoplanktonbloomcrash.Allthesefactorscontribute to the contamination of waterand soil, creating favourable conditions for

pathogenstogrowandaffectingtheconditionoftheshrimp.Underthesepoorconditions, the shrimp faces higher levels of stress and

ismoresusceptibletodiseases,whichcouldresultinpoorgrowthorafailedcropthroughdiseaseoutbreaks.

With the inclusion of beneficial bacteria(Figure 3), organic matter is utilized as asource of nutrients by the bioremediationbacteria,whichreducestheamountofwasteaccumulatinginthepond.Additionally,specificnitrifyinganddenitrifyingbacteriawillconvertNH3andNO2- into nitrogen gas, reducing

the level of such toxic compounds. SomebeneficialbacteriacanalsodegradetoxicH2S,improvingwaterqualityandodor.Thecom-

binationofallthesefactorswillimprovewaterquality and the condition of the pond soil,resultinginabetterenvironmentforshrimpwithbettergrowthandhealthstatus.

In the bioremediation process, enzymesplay the role of catalysts that acceleratebiochemicalreactionsinpondsoilandwater.Whenaddedtotheculturewaterorspreadontop ofthe pond soil, enzymes are able to degrade the major organic constituentsnormallyfoundinshrimpandfishponds.Eachenzyme has its mode ofaction and is veryspecific in the chemical reaction it catalyzes

(Table1).Enzymes are also naturally produced and

excreted by some microbes. These extracel-lularenzymes, suchas cellulase,proteaseandamylase,areproducedduringtheaerobicfer-mentationoforganicmatter bymicro-organ-isms, for example by some Bacillus species.Bacilliarecommonlyfoundinpondsedimentsandcanalsobeaddedtothepondwaterforbioremediationpurposes.Some Bacillus sp.arealsoabletodegradenitrogenouscompounds.In addition, their large variety of excreted

(extracellular)enzymeshelpstospeedupthedegradationoforganicmatterandtoxiccom-poundssuchasammonia.TheefficientremovalofnitrogenouscompoundscanalsobecarriedoutbynitrifyinganddenitrifyingbacteriasuchasThiobacillus andParacoccus.

Table 1: A diverse range of enzymes used as

bioremediation agents in aquaculture

nzyme substrate

my;lase ß-Glucoside

Cellulase Cellulose

ipase ipids and fat

Protease Protien

Xylanase Xylan, Hemicellulose

Peectinase Pectin

Figure 4: Average growth rate (g/day) of shrimp during the production period


FEATURE



Whilesomemicro-organismsproliferateina narrowrange of environmental conditions(pH,oxygen,availability,etc.),certainenzymesareabletoactinmultipleenvironments.

Nevertheless, some products combining thepositiveeffects of beneficialbacteriaandenzymesarealreadybeingusedasbioreme-diationagentsinaquaculture.

Efficacy of enzymes inbioremediation

Enzymes have the capacity to stabilize the soil organ ic matter and can be usedeffectivelytomanagesoilqualityandrear-ingconditionsforaquaticspecies.Thereisnot one specific enzyme that works bestinallcases.Ablendcontainingavarietyofenzymesmaybethemosteffectivemeansforbioremediationinaquaculture.Enzymesgreatly reduce sludge accumulation andanaerobic condit ions in pond bottoms.They promote a faster degradation of

the accumulated organ ic matter especiallyunder intensive production condit ions.This organic matter comprises uneatenfeed, dead plankton, mineral soils, faecesandpathogenicmicro-organismsinthesoilwhere theconditions areoftenanaerobic.However,forallthesebioremediationproc-esses catalyzed by enzymes, the presenceof beneficial bacteria is important as well.Enzymesacceleratemicrobialprocessesby

breaking apart large sludge particles, thuscreatingwidersurfaceareaswhichcanthenbefermentedbymicrobes.Thisreductionofsludgeanddeadorganicmattercanbeseenvisuallynotonlythroughbetterwaterquality,butalsothroughbettersoilquality.

Field trialInafieldstudyinChina,itwasobserved

that the combined appl ication of the

bioremediation products AquaStar® Pond(Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp.,Pediococcus

sp. , Paracoccus sp., Thiobacillus sp) andAquaStar® PondZyme (beneficial bacteriaandablendofamylases,xylanases,cellulasesand proteases) to the water, according toaspecificapplicationprogramme,improvedwater quality, soil condition and ultimately,shrimpperformance.

Fourearthshrimpponds(0.7–0.8ha/pond) with a depth of 1 – 1.2 m werestockedwithjuvenileshrimp(approximately

1.4g/shrimp)withadensityof50shrimp/m².Thetrialwascarriedoutforaperiodof57 days with a dosage of500 g/ha ofproduct applied once a month to the treatment group (two ponds). The controlpondsconsistedoftwopondswithnormalproductionoperations.

The soi l of the AquaStar® ponds inPicture 1 was of yel low colour which isregarded as the best bottom type, while

the soi l of the control ponds in Picture 2exhibited a dark black colour, an indica- tion of the accumulat ion of dead organicmatter.

Resultssuggestedthatwiththecombineduseofbeneficialbacteriaandenzymes,pondsoils containing black and glutinous organicsludgeturnedintoamoreyellowsoil.

Intermsofperformance,theaveragedailyweightgainofshrimpintheAquaStar®group

increasedby36percentandfeedconversionratioimprovedby9percentcomparedwith the control (no probiotic inclusion). TheresultsareshowninFigure4and5.

Basedon theseresults,itwas concluded that in the search for more effective andenvironmentally-friendly treatments, benefi-cialbacteriahaveemergedasaviablealter-native. The application of bioremediationsolutions in aquaculture can also benefitfromtheinclusionofenzymes,especiallyinintensive productions. AquaStar® positively

affects the performance of shrimp whilemaintaining a stable environment in thepond, proving to be an effective manage-menttoolinaquaculture.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.biomin.net


FEATURE

Central Ofce and Orders

Jesús Aprendiz, 19. 1º A-B 28007 Madrid

T. +34 915 014 041 [email protected] www.norel.es

V i s i t N O R E L

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Ecobiol AquaPathogenic bacteria antagonist

Enhances friendly intestinal microflora

Improves Feed Conversion Ratio and growth

Helps mantain optimal health status

Reduces mortality in the ponds

Controls water quality



WorldFish,amemberoftheCGIARConsortium,isaninternational,nonprofitresearchorganisation

dedicatedtoreducingpovertyandhungerbyimprovingfisheriesandaquaculture.Fromnewsyntheses

andanalysistotargeted,onthegrounddeliveryandknowledgesharing,WorldFishtechnologies,

productsandserviceshelptomakedevelopmenthappeninmorethan19countriesaroundtheworld.

Withitspartners,WorldFishhasraisedincomesformillionsofpoorpeoplebydevelopingsustainable

aquaculturevaluechainsthatgenerateequitablebenefitstoparticipants,andhasempoweredpoor

communitiestoparticipateinthesustainableco-managementoftheirfisheries.Ithashelpedcountries

copewithdisasterandconflictbyrestoringfisheries,helpingdevelopaquaculturebasedonlivelihoods,

providednationswithtoolstoimprovetheplanningandmanagementofmajorriverbasins,and

developedwidely-consultedglobaldatabasesandstrengthenednationalcapacitiesforfisheries

management.

Foundedin1975,thecentreiscommitted

tomeetingtwokeydevelopmentchallenges:

improvingthelivelihoodsofthosewhoare

especiallypoorandvulnerableinplaceswhere

fisheriesandaquaculturecanmakeadifference;

andachievinglargescale,environmentally

sustainable,increasesinsupplyandaccesstofishataffordablepricesforpoorconsumersin

developingcountries.

Workinginpartnershipwithprivateandpublicsectorsandcivilsociety,

WorldFishdevelopspro-poorsustainableandequitableaquaculturevalue

chainsthatsupporttheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals.WorldFishtakesa

comprehensive,multidisciplinaryresearchapproachthatacknowledgesthe

complexandmulti-facetedproblemsthatfacefisheriesandaquaculture.

Failuretoembracethiscomplexityhasledtopiecemealeffortsinthe

pastandunduefaithinsingletechnologyordevelopmentapproaches.The

centreprioritizesitsresearcheffortstoincludethoseareasinwhichitwill

havethebiggestimpacts,andassumestheroleofbrokerandcatalystof

researchamongthefullrangeofdevelopmentpartnersneededtoclose

thegapbetweenresearchanddevelopmentaction.

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Incommercialandhighstockingdensity

culture practices, feeding plays a signifi-

cantroleinfastgrowthandhighyields.Aqua feed contains many ingredients

in highly balanced nutritious components

for enhancing the digestive mechanisms in

fish and shrimp bodies. It leads to better

bodyweightsandhealth,optimumimmunity

and greater survival rates. Spirulina is a

uniquehighqualitynaturaldietwithenriched

optimumproteinforfishandshrimpwhichis

proven tobe a suitable supplementary feed

inaquaculture.

Spirulinaisabluegreenalgaelikeaspiraloflongthin threads undergenusArthrospira, thephylum Oscillatoriaceae.Spirulina iscalledblue green algae (cynobacteria) because ofpresenceofbothgreen(chlorophyll)andblue(phycocyanin)pigmentsinitscellularstructure.Thetwospecieswhicharemostimportantfor theirnutritiousvaluesareSpirulinamaximaandSpirulinaplantensis.

Nutritional food valueTheuseofspirulinaascom-

plementary feed in various sec-

tors of aquaculture can resultinfastgrowthfactors,enhancedpigmentationandbetterimmunesystems. It is considered as anexcellent food, lacking toxicityandhavingcorrectivepropertiesagainst the pathogenic micro-organisms. It lacks cellulose cellwallsandthereforedoesnotrequireschemicalsor processing in order tobecomedigestible.Thedigestibilityis83–84percent.Spirulinaisregardedasarichsourceofprotein,vitamins,

essentialmineral,aminoacids,EFFAlikegammaLNAandantioxidantpigmentslikecarotenoids.

Biochemical compositionProteinandaminoacids:Spirulinacontains

60-70 percent protein along with phenolic

acids, tocopherols, carotenes and linolenicacidsforwhichrepresentsanimportantstaple

indiets.Theessentialaminoacidsarepresentaround47percentoftotalproteinweight.Thespectrumofaminoacidrepresentthatthebio-logicalvalueofproteinsinspirulinaisveryhigh.

Aminoacidandbiologicalfunctionof fishandshrimp

• Isoleucine:Required foroptimalgrowth,nitrogen equilibrium in the body. Used to synthesize othernon-essential aminoacids.

• Leucine:Increasesmuscularenergylevels.• Lysine:Buildingblock ofbloodantibod-

ies strengthens circulatory system andmaintainsnormalgrowthofcells.• Methionine:Vital lipotropic(fatandlipid

metabolizing) amino acid that maintainsliverhealth.Ananti-stressfactor.

• Phenylalanine:Stimulatesmetabolicrate.• Threonine: Improves intestinal compe-

tenceanddigestiveassimilation.• Tryptophane: Increases utilization of B

vitamins,improvesnervehealth.• Valine:Stimulatesmusclecoordination.

Carbohydrates: Spirulina contains about15-21 percent carbohydrates in the form of

glucose,fructose,sucrose,rhamnose,mannose,xylose and galactose. It provides the appro-priate and important foodstuffs for aquaticcultureanimalswithpoorintestinalabsorption.Carbohydratesoccurinsufficientquantitiesofmesoinositolphosphatewhichisanexcellent

sourceoforganicphosphorusandinositol.Ahigh moleculatory weight polysaccharide are

believedtohaveeffectonDNArepairmecha-nisms,immune-stimulatoryandimmunoregula- toryproperties.

Nucleic acids: Spirulina contains 2.2-3.5percentofRNAand0.6-1percentandDNA,whichrepresentslessthan5percentoftheseacidsbasedondryweight.

Essential fatty acids: Spirulina has a highamountofpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFAs)and 1.5–2.0 percent of total lipid. Spirulinais rich inγ-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid(LA),stearidonicacid(SDA),eicosapentaenoicacid(EPA),docosahexaenoicacid(DHA)andarachidonicacid(AA).

β-carotene and vitamins: Spirulina contains vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin),B3 (nicotinamide), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folicacid),B12(cyanocobalamin),vitaminC,vitaminD and vitamin E. The β-carotene, B-groupvitamin, vitamin E, iron, potassium and chlo-rophyllavailableinthespirulinacanpromote

themetabolismofcarbohydrate,fats, protein, alcohol, and thereproductionofskin,muscleandmucosa. Spirulina contains large

amounts of natural β-caroteneandthisβ-caroteneisconvertedintovitaminA.

Minerals: Spirulina is a richsource of potassium, and alsocontains calcium, chromium,copper, iron, magnesium, man-ganese, phosphorus, selenium,

sodium, zinc, molybdenum, chloride, germa-niumandboron.

Photosyntheticpigments:Spirulinacontainsmanypigmentsincludingchlorophylla,xantho-

phyll,betacarotene,echinenone,myxoxantho-phyll, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, diatoxanthin,3-hydroxyechinenone, beta-cryptoxanthin,oscillaxanthin,plusthephycobiliproteins,c-phy-cocyaninandallophycocyanin.

Natural pigment enhancers: Phycocyanin

Table 1:

Physical properties General analysis

Composition 100% Protein 60-70%

ppearance Fine powder Carbohydrate 15-25%

Colour Dark blue green Fats (lipids) 06-08%

dour & taste Mild like weed Minerals (sh) 07-13%

Digestibility 83-84% Moisture 03-17%

Particle size 64 mesh through Fibre 08-10%

The multifunctional dietaryproperties of spirulina andits use in aquacultureby Dr S V Pamulapati, chairman and managing director and Prakash Chandra Behera, technicalmanager (aqua), PVS Group, India


FEATURE



(blue):14percent,chlorophyll(green):1per-cent,carotenoids(orange/red):47percent.

Nutritional supplementaryproperties

Spirulina can be used asa partial supple-

ment or complete replacement for proteinin aqua feeds.Spirulina is a feed supplementfortheallfishes,giantfreshwaterprawnsandmarinewatershrimpsandsignificantlyimprove-ment occurs on growth, survival, immunity,viabilityandfeedutilization.Itisacheaperfeedingredientwithhigherproteinlevelsthanotheringredinetsofanimalorigin.

Feeding onspirulinahelps toimprovedis-ease resistance andan improvement in their

survival rate.Fast growthoccurs whenfed a dietcontainingspirulina meal(Britz,1996).

Chelatingof toxic min-erals(neutrali-

sationoftoxicminerals)

Spirulinahas a uniquequality todetoxify (neu-

tralise) or to chelate toxic minerals, and thischaracteristic is notyet noticed in any othermicroalgae (Maeda and Sakaguchi, 1990;OkamuraandAoyama,1994).Spirulinacanbeusedtodetoxifyarsenicfromwaterandfood.Italsomaybeusedtochelatizeordetoxifyor

neutralizethepoisonouseffectofheavymetals(minerals)fromwater,foodandenvironment.Spirulina provides phycocyanin, a source ofbiliverdin,whichisamongthemostpotentofallintra-cellularantioxidants.

Immunomodulatory propertiesSpirulina is an effective immune modula-

tor.It exhibitsanti-inflammatoryproperties,inparticularbyinhibitingthereleaseofhistamine

frommastcellswithmediatedallergicreactions.Itshowsantioxidativeandfreeradicalscaveng-ingproperties.Spirulinaexposureenhancesthephagocyticfunctionsofmacrophagesinaquaticcultureanimals.

It also has antiviral and anti-carcinogenicproperties. Itimprovesthe bacterialgut tractclearancepotentialoffish/shrimpandspirulinasupplementsdevelopsthephagocyticcell.

Spirulinaisasafediettouseintermsof

improvedimmunecompetencewithoutcom-promisingtheperformingbehaviorsofaquaticculture animals. A novel sulphate polysac-charide of spirulina inhibits the replication ofseveralenvelopedviruses.

Thenutrientsofspirulinahelptofightfreeradicals,cell-damagingmoleculesabsorbedby the body throughpollution, poordiet, injury,orstress.Byremovingfreeradicals,thenutri-entshelptheimmunesystemfightcancerandcellular degeneration. Spirulina is a powerful tonicfor the immunesystem.Thisenzymeis

amajorsourceofsuperoxideinananimal’sbody,andisinvolvedindozensofdegenerativeprocessesinvolvedindiseaseresistance,agingandsimilarprocessesinfish,shrimpandotheraquaticanimals.

Spirulina in building redblood cells and stem cells

Spirulinaisrichinabrilliantbluepolypep- tide ca lled Phycocyanin. Phycocyanin

Table 2:

mino acid Per 10 gm % of total mino acid Per 10 gm % of total

Isoleucine 350mg 5.6 Cystine 60mg 1.0

eucine 540mg 8.7 rginine 430mg 6.9

ycine 290mg 4.7 Histidine 100mg 1.6

Phenylalanine 280mg 4.6 hreonine 320mg 5.2

yrosine 300mg 4.8 Proline 270mg 4.3

Methionine 140mg 2.3 Valine 400mg 6.5

Glutamic acid 910mg 14.6 lanine 470mg 7.6

spartic acid 610mg 9.8 Glycine 320mg 5.2

ryptophan 90mg 1.5 Serine 320mg 5.2


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affects the stem cel ls that make up thecel lular immune system and red bloodcellsthatoxygenatethebody.Phycocyaninstimulating hematopoiesis, (the creationofblood),emulatingtheaffectofthehor-mone erythropoetin, (EPO). Phycocyaninalso regulates production of white blood

cells,evenwhenbonemarrowstemcellsaredamagedbytoxicchemicalsorradia- tion .

Spirulina anti-viral andanti-cancer abilities

Calcium-Spirulan is a unique polymer-ized sugar molecule extract of spirulina andcontaining both sulphur and calcium. The treatment of this water-soluble extract hasbetter recovery rates when infected with alethal Herpes virus. This mechanism occurs

becauseCalcium-Spirulandoesnotallowthevirustopenetratethecellmembranetoinfect thecell.Thevirusisstuck,unabletoreplicate.Itiseventuallyeliminatedbythebody'snatu-raldefenses.Spirulinacanpreventorinhibitcancers in aquatic animals, and fishes. Theunique polysaccharides of spirulina enhancecellnucleusenzymeactivityandDNArepairsynthesis.

Antimicrobial propertiesSpirulina excretes variable quantities of

productsfromitsmetabolismsuchasorganic

acid,vitaminsandphytohormones.Cellextractof spirulina has shown antimicrobial activitiesagainstpathogenicbacteriaaslike Bacillussps,Streptococcussps,Saccharomycesspsetc.

Bio-mineralisation activitiesSpirulina thrives in high alkaline waters

and it incorporates and synthesizes manyminerals and derivative compounds intoits cell structure. Transformed into naturalorganicformsbyspirulina,mineralsbecomechelated with amino acids and they are

moreeasilyassimilatedbythebody.Alongwith adequate calcium and magnesium in the water (especially for marine organisms),Spirulina helps insure proper electrolytefunction, calcium levels over calcium andothermineral.

Enhancing reproductionResearchhasshownthatfreshandsaltwa-

ter fish and shrimp exhibit superior growth,maturity,energeticbehavior,andmoreelegantcoloring when fed spirulina. It is also welldocumentedthatspirulinaimprovesspawning,fecundity,fertilityandhatchingrates.Itstimu-

lates the reproductive processes, increasessurvivalratesofyoungerfish,postlarvaeandpromotes the appetite of fish or prawn toattainfullmaturity.

Spirulina as a colourantThecolourappearanceisthemostimpor-

tant characteristic in shrimp and fish forchoice and demand in the food market. Adietcontainingspirulinapromotesthephysi-ological activities for generating colour pig-mentationsandglazingappearanceinvarious

parts of body. Carotenoids are responsiblefor the development of various colours ofcrustaceans(Brittonet al.,1981).Astaxanthinhasbeenshowntobethepredominantcaro- tenoid associated with the red body colourof the black tigerprawnPenaeus monodon(HowellandMatthews,1991).Spirulinaplat-ensis and pacifica stain contains the highestlevels of β-carotene and zeaxanthin of anynatural source. They both are convertedtoastaxanthinthroughanoxidativeprocessfor

thedesireredpigment.Amarkedincreaseincarotenoidcontentofthecarapaceofblack

tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) occurredwhenspirulina-supplementeddietsare given.A practical strategy for the improved pig-mentation of cultured P. monodon is theincorporationofspirulinadietforonemonthbeforeharvest.

ConclusionsSpirulina appears to have considerable

potentialfordevelopment,especiallyasasmall-scalecropfornutritionalenhancement,livelihooddevelopment and environmental mitigation.As

naturalfeed,spirulinacanplayanimportantroleinaquaculture,especiallyinaquaticfarmingandhatcherieswheretheresultsarequitesignificant.Ifspirulina feedsfurtherimprove, itseffectswillbemoreobviousandtheprospectsofspirulinawillbeverybright. ■

References:

Banerjee,M.&Deb,M.1996.PotentialofflyashandSpirulinacombinationasaslowreleasefertilizerforricefield.CientificaJaboticabal,24:55–62.

Borowitzka,M.A.1988.Vitaminsandfinechemicalsfrommicro-algae.InM.A.Borowitzka&LBorowitzka,eds.Micro-algalBiotechnology,pp.153–196.Cambridge,CambridgeUniversityPress.ofMalaya.

Britz,P.J.1996.ThesuitabilityofselectedproteinsourcesforinclusioninformulateddietsfortheSouthAfricanabalone,Haliotismidae.Aquaculture,140:63–73.

Gauthamkolluri&RAshaRajani,Feedingofspirilina-ABoosttothePoultryProduction,Poultrymagazine,Oct-12Pageno31-33

Lu,J.&Takeuchi,T.2004.Spawningandeggqualityofthetilapia,OreochromisniloticusfedsolelyonrawSpirulinaplatensisthroughoutthreegenerations.Aquaculture,234:625–640.

Maeda,S.&Sakaguchi,T.1990.Accumulationand

detoxificationoftoxicmetalelementsbyalgae.IntroductiontoAppl.Phycol.,109–136.

Nakagawa,H.,Gomez-Diaz,G.1975.UsefulnessofSpirulinasp.mealasfeedadditiveforgiantfreshwaterprawn,Macrobrachiumrosenbergii.Suisanzoshuku,43:521–526

Okamura,H.&Aoyama,I.1994.Interactive toxiceffectanddistributionofheavymetalsinphytoplankton.Toxicol.&WaterQuality,9:7–15.

Paoletti,C.,Pushparaj,B.&Tomaselli,L.F.1975.RicerchesullanutrizionemineralediSpirulinaplatensis.AttiXVIICongr.NazMicrobiol.,2:833–839.

Ruan,J.S.,Long,C.S.&Guo,B.J.1988.Spirulinapreventeddamageinducedbyradiation.J.Genetics,10:27–30.(InChinese).

ShabirAhmad,M.ashrafKhan,NajarA.M&MansoorAhmedSpirulina-Nutritionalresearch,AquaInternational,Feb-10,page22-27

Stott,A.E.,Takeuchi,T.&Koike,Y.2004.Performanceofanewartificialabalonehatcheryculturesystemintermsofsettlementoflarvaeandgrowthandsurvivalofpost-larvaeHaliotisdiscuss(Reeve).Fish.Sci.,70:1070–1081.

Tompkins,J.,DeVille,M.M.,Day,J.G.&Turner,M.F.1995.CultureCollectionofAlgaeandProtozoa.CatalogueofStrains.NaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil.Kendal,UK,TituWilsonandSonsLtd.

Venkataraman,L.V.,Somasekaran,T.&Becker,E.W.1994.Replacementvalueofblue-greenalga(Spirulinaplatensis)forfishmealandavitamin-mineralpremixforbroilerchicks.BritishPoultrySci.,3:373–381.

Vonshak,A.&Richmond,A.1988.Massproductionoftheblue-greenalgaSpirulina:anoverview.Biomass,15:233–247.

Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon


FEATURE



In thelast years considerable attention

hasbeenpaidontheuseofseaweeds

(SW)asapossibleingredientforaqua-feeds.Red,greenandbrownSWcanbe

takenfromtheirnaturalhabitatandbrought

to the shore by the action of winds and

tides. Otherwise, biomass can be obtained

from secondary and tertiary treatment of

effluents. Wastewater treatment utilising

photosynthetic organisms is an interest-

ing alternative to reduce

the ecological impact of

domestic, industrial or

aquaculture e ff luents .

Generally,high-qualityalgalbiomass is yielded from

algalcultivation,represent-

inganexcellentsourceof

hydrocolloids,carotenoids,

and bioactive substances,

which allows dif ferent

industrial applications. In

addition,thereiscurrently

an increas ing interest

for the potential of SW

in human and animal

nutrition.

Seaweed asingredientin aquafeeds

AlthoughnutritionalpropertiesofSWarenotaswellknownasarethoseoflandplant-basedingredients,theirchemicalcompositionmaybecharacterisedbylowcontentinlipids,moderate in protein, but rich in non-starchpolysaccharides, minerals and vitamins. Lipidcontents range from 0.3 to 7.2 percent,

althoughalgallipidsarerichinPUFAsuchasC20:5n3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) andC22:6n3(docosahexaenoicacid,DHA).Theproteincontributionisrangedfrom10to30g/100 g dry weight, which may vary greatlyamongSWspecies,environmentalconditions

(especiallyundernitrogen-enrichedcondition)andseason.

Thehighbiologicalvalueofalgalproteinsmakes algae suitable for inclusion both inanimalfeeds(especiallymarinespecies)andinhumandiets.Thehighcarbohydratecontent(30to60%)isaverymarkedcharacteristicinmost SW, comprising mainly soluble carbo-hydrates,likesugars,andpectins,alginicacid,agar and carrageenan as well. Besides their

potential nutritional value, from a techno-logicalpointofview,SWcanalsobeusedasadditivesinthefeedindustry,forinstance,asexcellentfeedagglutinants(improvingtextureandwaterstabilityofpellets),orasattractants(increasingfeedintake).

The effects of seaweeds on fish

SeveralstudieshaveprovedthatadditionofsmallamountofSWinaquafeedsresultedin considerable positive effect on growthperformance and feed utilisation efficiency,carcass quality, physiological activity, intesti-nalmicrobiota,diseaseresistance,andstress

response(Valente et al.,2006).Nonetheless,ithas been also notedin otherpublications

that high SW inclusion reduces fish growthandfeedefficiency.Fromtheliteratureavail-ableitcanbedeductedthattheresponseofanimalstoSWseemstobedose-dependentand species-specific. Moreover, certain sub-stances with antinutritive activity may bepresent in SW, like lectins, tannins, phyticacid, and protease and amylase inhibitors

(Oliveiraet al.,2009).Suchantinutritionalfactorsmightinterferewithbioavailabilityand/ordigestibilityofnutri-

ents.Specialemphasisshouldbe focused on proteaseinhibitors. Binding of protease inhibi tors to pro- teolyt ic enzymes causes the pancreas to secretelargeramountsofdigestiveenzymestoovercomethenegative effects of inhibitors on the digestion ofdietary protein. This factcan lead to decreased

weightgain,andpancreatichypertrophy in some fishspecies. For this reason,studies aimed to include

SW in aquafeeds must also bring up theirpossible effects on fish digestive physiology.Todate,thereisscarceliteratureanalysingifSW inclusion causes negative consequencesondigestivephysiologyoffish.

Evaluating the effect of seaweedson digestive proteases

Inarecentstudy,weevaluatedtheeffectofinclusionoftwoSWas dietaryingredientsonintestinalproteolyticactivityofjuvenileseabream.Gracilaria cornea(GR)and Ulva rigida(UL)werechoseninthepresentstudyowing to its fast growth, low-cost production and

Effect of dietary inclusion

of seaweeds on intestinal

proteolytic activity of juvenile

sea bream, Sparus aurata

by María Isabel Sáez, Tomás Martínez and Javier Alarcón,Universidad de Almería-CEIA3, Spain

Figure 1: Detail of experimental feeds. UL-25percent (above) and control (below)


FEATURE



successfulintegratedcultureinfish-farmefflu-ents.BiomasswasobtainedfromtheMarineBiotechnology Centre (ULPGC, Spain). SWwerecultivatedin750Lsemicircularfibreglass tanks filled with seawater plus the fishpondeffluentsofapilotaquaculturesystem(11m 3withanoptimaldensityofSparus aurataof20kgm-3,andawaterrenovationrateof6–8volday -1).RedandgreenSWwerewashed

withseawater,sun-driedfor48hours,groundandsievedthrough0.1mmsievebeforebeingusedasadietaryingredient.

Dry algal biomass was incorporated intosix experimental diets (40% crude proteinand12%crudelipid)atincreasinglevels(5,15 and 25%). A feed without SW servedas a control diet. Feeds were made at theUniversityofAlmeria-CEIA 3facilities(Serviceof Experimental Diets; http://www.ual.es/stecnicos_spe).Everyexperimentalfeedwasrandomly assigned to triplicate group offifteenseabreamjuveniles(15.4ginitialbody

weight). Fish were fed by hand twice perday(9:00and17:00)atarateof3percentof their body weight for 70 days. At theendofthetrial,fishwerekilledaccordingto the requirements of the Directive 2010/63/UE, and digestive tract was removed, and then processes toobtain enzymatic extracts.Intestinal proteases were analysed by twodifferentapproaches:a)quantifyingthelevelofintestinalproteolyticactivity,andb)visual-izing the profile of intestinal proteases inzymograms(Alarcónet al.,1998).Inaddition,

thepresenceofproteaseinhibitorsinSWwas testedaccordingtoAlarcónet al.(1999).

Checking the presence of protease inhibitors in SW

Resultsrevealedthepresenceofprotease

inhibitors in SW.Dose-responsecurves showed that UL containedsubstances able toreduce digestiveproteolytic activityin sea bream (up to77%), whereasanegligible inhibition

by GR was found(4%). Obvious dif-ferences in thekinetic of inhibitionof protease activitywerefoundforUL.Equation definingsuch curvemay beusedtopredicttheexpected percent-age of reductionin protease activ-

ity, once proteaseactivityinthediges- tive tract and the

amount of feed ingested are known. Forinstance,inthecaseof40gseabream,totalproteaseactivityreleasedafteramealisaround1,300units.Thosefishthatconsumed0.5gofafeedcontaining15percentofUL,showedaratiomgULperunitofactivityof50,whichdetermined areduction nearly40percentintheactivity of digestive proteases.Fortunately, fishhavemechanisms to compensate theeffectof die- taryantinutrients.

Zymogramsobtained afterelectrophoretic.separation ofproteinsisause-fultooltoknow

indetailthetypeof inhibitioncaused by protease inhibitors.From the zymo-gram, it is clear that Ulva pro-duces a general-ised inhibition inalkaline proteas-esofseabream.On the contrary

Gracilariadidnotaffectanyoftheactivebands.

The sameresults wereobserved after

incubationofdigestiveproteaseswithextractsoftheexperimentaldiets.Themeaninhibitionranged from 11 to 48 percent. In general,UL-supplemented feeds showed inhibitionvalues higher than the GR-supplementeddiets,whichdidnotexceed16percent.ForULdiets,itwasfoundthatpercentageofinhi-bitionwaspositivelycorrelatedwiththeSWinclusionlevel,whichagreeswiththeabovementioned dose-response curve. Inhibition

producedbyGRfeedscannotbeassociated totheuseof thisSW.

Effect of seaweed on digestiveproteases of sea bream

Digestiveenzymeswereaffectedbydiets,asfish haddifferent enzyme activitylevel ofalkaline proteases after 70 days of feedingexperimental diets. In general, a decreasein alkaline protease activity was evidencedwhenfeedsincludedULorGR.Inparticular, the proteolytic activities of fish fed Ulva

supplemented-feeds were significantly lower than those of fish fed on control diet. Thepresence of protease inhibitors in SW maybe the reason of the progressive decreaseintheproteolyticactivityinfishfeddietwithincreasing levels of Ulva meal. Supporting this hypothesis, it has been confirmed thataqueousextractsofUlvamealinhibitalkalineproteasesofS. aurata.Moreover,thedropin

Figure 2: Dose-response curves obtained when differentamounts of SW meal (0 to 300 µg) were incubated with a

fixed amount of proteolytic activity (1 U) in the inhibitoryassay. Protease inhibition was expressed as the percentage ofreduction in proteolytic activity. Such curves are a simple way

to evaluate how hypothetical variations in the inclusion of

SW might affect sea bream digestive proteases


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thelevel ofalkalineprotease activitywasnot

accompanied by a decrease of fish growthandfeedutilization,sinceallfishgrewequally(unpublished data). Santigosa et al. (2008)reportedasimilarfindingwhentroutwerefedondietsincludingplantproteins.

On the other hand, the ana lysi s ofzymograms revealed that the pattern ofintestinal proteases was not modified byinclusionofSW.Allseabreamspecimensshowed the same number and distr ibu- tion of active fractions as in control group(afterelectrophoreticalseparation,thepat-

tern of intestinal proteases in this speciesis characterized by five groups of activebands). These results confirmed that the type ofalkaline proteases secreted into theintestinal lumen was not modified by anyof experimental diets. The existence of a

compensation mechanism against dietaryprotease inhibitors in juvenile sea breamhasbeenpreviouslyprovedbySantigosaet

al.(2010), whofoundsimilarresultswhenfish were fed diets with soybean trypsininhibitor.

According tothe results,it isclear that the amount of the pancreat ic proteasessecretedintotheintestinallumeninjuvenile

S. aurataisaffectedbytheuseofSW,par- ticularlyUlva.Nevertheless,itisalsoevident that these ingredientsdidnot cause qualitative changes in the composition of alkalineproteases, given that all fish showed thesamepatternofproteolyticenzymesintheirintestines, and thatgrowth performance offishwasnotaffected,asdeducedfromtheinvivofeedingtrial.

ConclusionsIn vitroproteaseinhibitionassaysareause-

fultooltoassessthepresenceofantinutrients

inSWwithpotentialuseinaquafeeds.Basedon the results of this study, SW, especiallyUlva rigida, have antinutritive factors able toinhibitdigestiveproteasesofS. aurata.Feeding

juvenile S. aurata on seaweed-based dietsdecreased the amount of proteolytic activ-ity secreted intothe intestine. However, theinclusion of SW does not alter the patternof proteolytic enzymes in sea bream, whichreveals a compensating mechanism in thisspecies.Researchisbeingcurrentlyconducted toassess theeffectofSWonotherdigestive

enzymes, intestinal microbiota, blood and tissue metabolites, and intestine and liverhistologyafter70daysoffeedingSW-baseddiets. Further research is needed in order to known the impact of SW in a long-termfeedingassay. ■

References

AlarcónFJ,DíazM,MoyanoFJandAbellánE.(1998)Characterizationandfunctionalpropertiesofdigestiveproteasesintwosparids;giltheadseabream(Sparus aurata)andcommondentex(Dentex dentex).FishPhysiolBiochem.19:257-267.

Alarcón,FJ,Moyano,FJandDíaz,M.(1999).Effectofinhibitorspresentinproteinsourcesondigestiveproteasesofjuvenileseabream(Sparus

aurata).AquaticLivingRes.12:233-238.Oliveira,MN,Ponte-Freitas,AL,Urano-Carvalho,AF,Taveres-Sampaio,TM,Farias,DF,Alves-Teixera,DI,Gouveia,ST,Gomes-Pereira,JandCastro-CatanhodeSena,MM.(2009)Nutritiveandnon-nutritiveattributesofwashed-upseaweedsfromthecoastofCeará,Brazil.FoodChem.11:254-259.

Santigosa,E,Sánchez,J,Médale,F,Pérez-Sánchez,JandGallardo,MA.(2008).Modificationsofdigestiveenzymesintrout(Onchorynchus mykiss)andseabream(Sparus aurata)inresponsetodietaryfishmealreplacementbyplantproteinsources.Aquaculture252:68-74.

Santigosa,E,SáezdeRodigrañez,MA,Rodiles,A,GarcíaBarroso,FandAlarcón,FJ.(2010).Effectofdietscontainingapurifiedsoybeantrypsininhibitorongrowthperformance,digestiveproteasesandintestinalhistologyinjuvenileseabream( Sparus

aurataL.).AquacultureRes.41:e187-e198.

Valente,LMP,Gouveia,A,Rema,P,Matos,J,Gomes,EFandPinto,IS.(2006)EvaluationofthreeseaweedsGracilariabursa-pastoris,Ulva rigidaandGracilaria corneaasdietaryingredientsinEuropeanseabass(Dicentrarchus labrax)juveniles.Aquaculture252:85-91.

Figure 4: Inhibition of seabream intestinal proteases

after incubation of extractswith solutions prepared using

experimental diets containing 5,15 and 25 percent of Ulva (UL)

and Gracilaria (GR) meal

Figure 5: Total alkaline protease activity measured in extracts of sea bream fed

different experimental diets containing graded levels of SW

Figure 3: Inhibition ofintestinal proteolytic enzymes

by Gracilaria cornea andUlva rigida meal. Qualitative

analysis: visualization ofinhibition of active fractions in

zymograms

More inforMation:

María Isabel Sáez Casado



FEATURE



FEATURE

ASIAN GATEWAY TO AN AQUATIC WORLD OF WONDER

www.aquarama.com.sgFor more information, please contact:

Iman Tam • [email protected]

co-located with

The 4th International Pet

& Accessories Exhibition

SANDS EXPO AND

CONVENTION CENTERMARINA BAY SANDS SINGAPORE

V E N U E

C H A N G E

SANDS EXPO AND

CONVENTION CENTERMARINA BAY SANDS SINGAPORE



Challenges facingthe aquaculture

feed industryWe talk to feed producers about the

challenges that the industry is facing,

what products they are currently

developing and what the future holds.

Environmentalfoot print

ALLER AQUA: At Aller Aqua,we are committed to meet-ing a number of environmental targets, complying with strict

product and manuf acturingstandards. The 1989 Danish ActontheProtectionoftheMarineEnvironmentsetsstrictstandardsforfeedintendedfortheDanishmarket. Danish legislation stipu-latesthatthefeedconversionrateofgrowerfeedmustnotexceed1.0.Atthesametime,82percentofthefeedmustbedigestible,and therearelowmaximumlimitsforphosphorusandnitrogen.

BIOMAR: The BioMar Group is

eco-conscious and continuouslyfocusesonreducingenvironmen- tal impact from the productionof fish feed. All BioMar factorieshavemodernproductionfacilities,which meet high standards forenvironmentally friendly production.Furthermore, BioMar has devel-oped and improved its productranges over the years toreduce the environmental impact of fishfarming. This happens throughfocusing on sustainability in the

development and production offeed and through a focus ondeveloping efficient feed types,where the nutrients are utilisedbythefishforgrowthratherthanlosttothefarmenvironment.

Alternative proteins

BIOMAR:Astheworldproduc- tionoffishmealandfishoilcannotbe increased significantly withoutriskofdamagingnaturalfishstocks

and the need for fish productsforhumanconsumptionobtained through aquaculture is growing,one of BioMar’s long-term goalsis to reduce our dependenceon marine raw materials. Thisis achieved by including alterna- tives such as vegetable proteinsandoils, thus reducing the needfor marine raw materials. Thischangeisacomplextaskwithanumberofissuestobeaddressed.BIOMAR

Alternative proteins

BIOMAR:Astheworldproduc- tionoffishmealandfishoilcannotbe increased significantly withoutriskofdamagingnaturalfishstocksand the need for fish productsforhumanconsumptionobtained through aquaculture is growing,one of BioMar’s long-term goalsis to reduce our dependenceon marine raw materials. Thisis achieved by including alterna-

tives such as vegetable proteinsandoils, thus reducing the needfor marine raw materials. Thischangeisacomplextaskwithanumberofissuestobeaddressed.BIOMAR

Fish health

BIOMAR: BioMar’s Smart Feedscomprises feed products withactive ingredients or different types of premixes of vitaminesand minerals, which are key tokeepfishhealthyandprovideopti-malfishgrowthandtherebycon- tributetoahealthy farmbusiness.

Sustainable feeds

REED MARICULTURE: ReedMariculture's Instant Algae prod-uctsareclosertonaturethananyother feed on the market. Weproduce whole-cell, whole-foodmicroalgaefeedsandenrichmentsfrom marine algae using propri-etary processes. Our productsprovide fish, bivalve and shrimphatcheries with clean, conven-ient,longshelf-lifefeedsthataresuperior choices to replace orsupplement live microalgae. Ourfeeds ensure stable and rapidly-reproducing rotifer populations thatofferrichnutritionalvalue.

BIOMAR: Sustainability is deci-sivetothecontinuouslong-termdevelopment of the aquacultureindustry.Itentailsthattheindus- try is run on a commercial basiswhich meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the needs of the future. BioMarfocusesthroughthedevelopmentprogramBioSustainonincreasingsustainabilityinfishfarming.-

Feed costs andefficiencey

BIOMAR: Organic food prod-ucts are rapidly gaining importance among consumers. BioMarproduces a number of differentfeedtypescertifiedforfarmingoforganic fish to cover this grow-ing need. New feed conceptsareconstantlybeingdevelopedin

ordertocaterfornewconsumer trends and help our customersgrowtheirbusiness.

Feed solutions– working with

the farmers

BIOMAR: In BioMar we see the reduction of farm impactas an important mean to facili-

tate continued growth for theaquaculture sector, especiallyin the land based aquaculture,where scarce water resourcesneed tobe preserved and protected. Environmental regulationhasoverthe last yearsin manycountries lowered the limits for theacceptable amountsof nutri-entsinthewastewater.BioMar therefore focuses on developingfeedswithanoptimalbalanceofnutrients,sothatthefishutilisesa maximum of the nutrients in

thefeedforgrowth,whileamini-mumofnutrientsarelosttothewater. A more efficient uptakeofnutrientsinthefishdoesnotonlybenefittheenvironment,butitalsoimprovesfarmeconomy.


AQUAFEEDPRODUCTION

The future

NOVUS:"Weexpecttocontinue to grow ourexistingmarkets andexpandourfootprintinthesemar-ketsthroughnewtechnologiesandpartnerships.Wewillgrowthroughmarket relevancy, for example,overthepast25yearsthesalmon

industryhasachievedanincreaseinproductivityfrom15to20%whilereducingnitrogenwaste fourfold.Novusprobiotics(livemicroorgan-ismswhichconferahealthbenefit)assistwiththestabilityofpondcul-

tures,therebyhelpingtomaximizepond watercarrying capacity andenhancingoverallfishhealth.Inthisway,morefisharegrownwithlesswater,asthewaterislesstoxic,andlessoverallwasteresults.

"Novusisaparticipantinthefarm-

to-table nutrition continuum andbecauseofthis,wehaveadistinct

responsibilitytothecommunities

we serve. Novus’s vision is 'To

HelpFeedtheWorldAffordable,

Wholesome Food and Achieve

a Higher Quality of Life'. Our

performance as a company and

ourvisionarenotseparate-each

isconnectedinextricablywiththe

other. Ineverythingwedoover

the next five years and beyond

youcanexpecttobeabletocon-

nectouractionswithourvision".See the full interview with Thad

Simons, Novus president and CEO

on page 62



AQUAFEEDPRODUCTION

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AQUACULTURE

NEWS

GLOBAL http://www.perendale.com

MOBILEYoucannowfindIAFcontentonyourmobile

phone,includingfullfeaturearticles(nottomention

awholehostofotherPerendalecontent-including

TheInternationalMillingDirectory)

Simplyvisitwww.perendale.comonyourmobileto

launchtheourapp-itsallfree.

EVENTSOurEventsregistercontainsalltheinformation

thatyouneedaboutalloftheup-comingindustry

events,andformsanessentialpartofourappfor

allindustryprofessionals

G e t y o u r f r

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G e t y o u r f r

e e A P P

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t t p : / / w w w . p e r e n d a l e . c o m



PathogenicbacteriaantagonistEnhancesfriendlyintestinalmicrofloraImprovesfeedconversionratioandgrowth

HelpsmaintainoptimalhealthstatusReducesmortalityinthepondsControlswaterquality

www.norel.es

Insta-Pro®extrudershavebeenimprovedin

ordertosuccessfullyproducehighqualitypetfoodandaquaticfeeds.WenowofferNEWspecially designed: Volumetric Feeder /

MassFlowBinoptions/Petfoodand

FishfeedPreconditioners/Petfood/Fishfeedcutterheads,whichgreatly

improve the performance of our

extruderswhenproducingPetfoodsandAquaticFeeds

Theexperienced

specialistsofCoppens

Internationalguarantee

innovativefishfeed

programs

ofhighqualityforspeciesliketrout,sturgeon,

catfish,carp,tilapia,marinefishandmore.

Theseprogramsconsistoflivefeeds,hatchery

feeds,nurserydiets,broodstockdietsanda

widerangeof(pre)-growers.Eachprogram

ensuresoptimumresultthroughoutthelifecycleof

yourfish.Coppensis

trulydedicatedtoyour

performance!

www.coppens.eu

Aquafeed production

a B a l o n e

a l l I G a t o r S

a Q U a r I U M F I S H

B a S S

C a r P

C a t F I S H

C o n C H

C r a W F I S H

C r U S t a C e a n

e e l

H a l I B U t

l a r V a l

M a r I n e S P e C I e S

M o l l U S C

P r a W n

r e D F I S H

S a l M o n

dvanced Hatchery echnology

quatic co Systems

quaculture equipment td

stec quaculture Business

rgent Chemical abs

BioMar

BlackSea FeedsCoppens International

Creveec

Cenzone

Coastal quatic Proteins

Crystal Feed Products

WS

picore

Florida qua Farms

Grupo Dibaq

Guabi nimal utritian

IV

Insta Pro Internationale Gouessant quaculture

ovalek Inc.

orel

utraKol Pty

cean Star International

cialis

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eed Mariculture

SP Int Corp

Salt Creek Inc.

Service qua C

Skretting

San Francisco Bay Brand

rouw

Uni President nterprises Corp

V.D.S. BVB

Washington Fish Growers

Zagro sia

Zeigler Bros

Otohime® premium Japanese larval andweaning feeds; 17 sizes from 75 µm to 10 mm

TDO™ top-dressed with Haematococcus, naturalstimulants, and more!

ClorAm-X ®detoxifies and removes ammonia,chlorine and chloramines in fresh and salt water

1 kg Bag

|

1 -

1

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Instant Algae® single species, blends and custom feeds

RotiGrow ® grow-out, enrichment and greenwater feeds

Shellsh Diet ® for all stages from D-Larvae tobroodstock

Instant Zooplankton® clean Mini-L160 rotifers andParvocalanus copepod cultures

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Hatcher Feeds

AQUAFEEDPRODUCTION



OurNEWShaped Feeds (type-SF)

Preconditioners increase produc-tioncapacity,improveshapingofpet

foods,andreducewearontheex-

truderbarrel.Aswithothershapedproducts, fine grinding prior

to extrusion is essential toensurea good pelletshape.

Additionalflavoring,vitamins,

minerals,andfatcanbeaddedbysprayingafterextrusion.

[email protected] www.trouwnutrition.co.uk

TrouwNutritionInternationalisthegloballeaderinpremixes,

innovativefeedspecialitiesandnutritionalservicesfortheanimalnutritionindustry.

Thecompanyhaslocationsin25countriesandaround3,000employees.Since1931,itsfeedtofoodsolutionshavemettheneedsoffeedproducers,integrators,distributorsandhomemixers,aswellasthe

companionanimalindustry.

Extrusion technology

Sibal,steppedinwaterproductmarketin1984withfishmealand oilproduction.In2003sibalstartedextruded fish-feedproductionunderthe brandofBlackSeafeed.WithtwoplantsSibalhas12ton/perhfeed production capacity. Sibal combining 100%anchovyflourandHUFArichanchovyfishoilwith

thelatestextrusiontechnology,isservingtofishingsectorwithabalancedfoodformulationandwideproductspectrum.

www.sibal.com.tr

worldwide

S e a B r e a M

S H r I M P

S t r I P e D B a S S

S t U r G e o n

t I l a P I a

t r o U t

t U r B o t

W e a n I n G D I e t

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M I D D l e e a S t

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C H I n a

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S o U t H e a S t a S I a

a U S r t r a l a S I a

Longrecognizedastheultimate

supplierofsuperiorquality

Artemiacystsandlivefood

enrichments,INVEAquaculture

alsooffersacompletelineofhighly

nutritionaldrydietsforbothfish

andshrimplarvaeandbroodstock,

guaranteeingthebestbalance

betweenformulationandlivefood.

www.inveaquaculture.com

AQUAFEEDPRODUCTION



PRODUCTSHOWCASE

2013

Extru-Tech, Inc.-IntroducesNewValveOptions.Extru-Tech,Inc.SABETHA,KS.February2013—Inacontinuedefforttoimproveproductperformanceand

roductioncontrol,Extru-Tech,Inc.hasintroducedanewMid-BarrelValve(MBV),swellasanewEnergyManagementValve(EMV).Usedindependently,ortogether,othproductsofferincreasedcontrolofSME(SpecificMechanicalEnergy).

Becauseitisaninternalcomponent,theMBVcanbeaddedinanypositionalonghelengthofthebarrelforon-linecontrolofSMEandproductdensity.Used

withthecompany’shighlyadaptablesinglescrewextruders,thenewMBVallowsmanufacturerstoachievehigherSME,highercookandlowerbulkdensity,evenwithreshmeatandhigh-fatrecipes.

ThenewEMVlocatedatthebarreldischarge,

meanwhile,controlsthefinalcharacteristicsoftheroductbydynamicallyadjustingtheextruderierestriction—evenwhenthemachineis

noperation.BecauseoftheadvancedEMVdesignitalsollowstheflowofoff-specextrudatetobedivertedaway

www.extru-techinc.com

New extrusion programme-ANDRITFEED&BIOFUELhas

aunchinganewandimprovedextrusionprogrammefortheproduction

ofallkindsoffishfeed,andpet-food. ThenewimprovedextrudersareasedontheexperiencegainedfromthepopularANDRITZEED&BIOFUEL

x620,Ex920,Ex617,andEx917extruders,whichallhaveprovedtheirprocessversatility,ontrollability,andenergyefficientextrusionerformance,leadingtoveryuniformandhigh

utrientvaluefeedsforaquacultureandpetsformanyyears.

www.andritz.com

Almex-specialisesinsinglescrewextrusionequipment,fromthe

extrusionunittocompleteinstallations.AlmexextrudersandContivarExpandersareinuseworldwideatfishfeed-,oilextraction-,petfood-,animalfeedplants,thefoodindustryandtheprocessingandchemicalindustries.Pleasevisitourwebsitesformoreinformation.

www.extruder.nl www.expander.nl

aquastar.biomin.net

AquaStar®-WiththedevelopmentoftheAquaStar®productline,

BIOMINservestheneedsoftheindustryfornaturalandsustainable

solutions.AquaStar ®isawell-defined,multi-strainprobioticproductforfishandshrimpwhichpromotesabeneficialgutmicrofloraaswellasanimprovedenvironmentalconditioninponds, therebyimprovingefficiencyinproduction:

Controls pathogenic microorganisms

Stabilizes water quality and pond

bottom

Improves gut health and

performance

Bühler’s new hammer mill Granulex-ThehammermillGranulex

isthenewdynamicgrindingmachinefromBühler. Designedforultimatepower,highcapacitygrindingupto75tph.ThecompanysaiditsSwiss-madereliabilityandsupremeeaseofmaintenanceminimizedowntime,soyoucanmakemaximumuseofthisproductivity

Bühlersaysitisaninvestmentinqualitythatis

suretoshowarapidreturnanddeliverahammerblowtoyouroperatingcosts.

www.buhlergroup.com



A selection of products

currently available in the

aquaculture industry

Use the QR code to reach

each company from your

phone or tablet.


www.ge-pro.de

Gold Mehl FM -GoldMehlFMisaprocessedpoultryproteinwithighproteincontentandhighproteindigestibility.

hisisachievedbyusingdryingprocesswithoptimalconditionsusingowTemperature(LT)dryingtechnology.

AcomparisonbetweenGoldMehlFManddemandofEAAbyfishandhrimpindicatesthatabalanceexistswithinmostEAAthuspositioning

GoldMehlFMasareplacerofFishMeal.

With85%crudeproteincontentandmorethan85%invivoigestibility,theproductisauniqueofferinginthecategoryfAnimalProteinsandisbeingusedwidelyinifferentpartsoftheworld.

Beta S – The natural Immune Modulator-LeiberBeta-S®consistsofisolated1.3-1.6-β-D-Glucanmoleculesfrombrewers’yeastcellwalls. Thankstoapatentedandgentleproductionprocess, their native structure stays intactsothat theyhaveaneffectiveandimmune-modulatingimpactduringintestinalpassage.

LeiberBeta-S®hasascientificallyprovenpositiveeffectontheimmunevariablesoffishincludingtheantibodytiter,theimmuneglobinlevel,andthemortalityrate.

ExcellenceinYeast–Excellentforfish!

www.leibergmbh.de

www.muyang.com

Single screw extruder-Leadingextrusiontechnologyandintelligentcontrol;by-passforavoidingblockage;simpleoperation,preciseandreliable.

Highefficiency-DDCconditionerandoptimalextruderscrew&chamber,minimumSMEinput;recoverableenergy,maximumenergyutilization;uniquesuspendingcutter,replacementandadjustmentwithoutdowntime.

Wideproductionrange-Controllabletemperature,pressureanddensitythankstomodularizeddesignandmanyadd-ons,minimizingreconfigurationacquired.

Satisfyingproductquality-Uniformextrudedpelletswithhighfatabsorption,uniquevisualappearance,environmentfriendlyandsustainable.

New Wenger Extrusion Process for Shrimp Feed ProductionWenger’snewMicroAquaticExtrusionSystem

urpassesthecapabilitiesofothersmalldiameter

quaticfeedprocesses,andredefinesallprevious

hrimpfeedproductiontechnology.BasedonWenger’sversatileC2TXConicalCo-RotatingTwin-

crewExtruder,thenewsystemistailoredspecificallyorsmall-diameteraquaticfeedsandemploystheddedinnovationofobliquedietechnologyndahigh-shearconditionertobringneweasibilitiestoshrimpfeedproduction,aswell

asothertypesofsmallandmicro-diameteraquaticfeed.

www.wenger.com www.tapcoinc.com

Xtreme Duty (CC-XD) elevator bucket-TapcoInc.’s508mmx

254mm(20”x10”)XtremeDuty(CC-XD)elevatorbucket—with

26,837.64mm(1,056.6cubicinches(ratedatindustrystandardof110%

ofwaterlevel)ofactualcapacity—runsatspeedsupto940fpm.The

508mmx254mm(20”x10”)CC-XDfeaturesa15.875mm(5/8”)thick

roundedfront.

Thebucketsaremadewith35%-50%moreresinthroughout,and

areavailableinnylon,urethaneandpolyethylene.U.S.FoodandDrug

Administration(FDA)-compliantresinsarestandardin

polyethyleneandurethane.

FDA-compliantnylonresinis

availablebyspecialrequest.For

moreinformation,contact

YassineAbbadat1314739

9191or18002882726



See our review of productslaunched and displayed

at the 'Aquaculture

2013' event in Nashville,

USA turn to page 58

Liptocitro Growth Plus-isanaturaladditivedevelopedbyLiptosawithgrowthpromoterandhepaticprotectoreffect.

Thisadditivecanbeincorporatedinfeed

ishsincefingerlingperioduntiltheendof

growingphaseinallsortsofaquaculture

ish(marineandfreshwater)andshrimp.

LiptocitroGrowthPlusgettoreducethe

cycleproductionthankstoFCRreductionandimprovementindailygainofweight.

AsgrowthnaturalpromoterLGPgetthat

ishhavebetterprotection

tateversusbacterialdiseases

hankstoBacteriostaticand

bactericideeffectagainst

microorganismsG(+)yG(-)”

www.liptosa.com www.evonik.com

AMINOCarp® -isatooldeliveringaminoacidrecommendationsfor

growingcommoncarp(cyprinuscarpiossp.).

Thesoftwarecalculatesaminoacidrecommendationsbasedonuserinputslikegrowth,feedingintensityandproductionconditionslikedurationoffeedingperiod,proportionofnaturalfeedintotalfeedintakeanddailyfeedingfrequency.

www.akahl.de

The extruder OEE -withanexchangeableandhydraulicallyadjustable

dieisanadvancementoftheKAHLannulargapexpander.

Theuser-friendlyandflexibleplantisavailableindifferentsizes.Manyparameterscanbeinfluencedtoobtainanoptimumproductquality.Starchismodifiedby90%/Thedevicecanbeusedforfeedsforallanimalspecies/Highwaterabsorptioncapacity/Highfatcontentsofupto30%forhighenergyfeedarepossible/Differentproductshapesarepossible

TheKAHLextruderOEEprovidesfishandshrimpfeedwithspecialpropertiesforfishfarming.Floatingorveryslowlysinkingpelletsfortilapia,carp,catfish/Slowlysinkingpelletsfortrout,salmon,andperch/Water-stablepelletsforcrustaceans/Rearingfeedwithagranularsizeof0.1-2mm

Chinese Largest Capacity Pellet Mill SZLH1068-SLH1068pelletmillisoneofthenationalkeyscienceandtechnologysupportprojectsof

heeleventhfive-yearplan.Itisalsothekeypromotionprogramofthe

nationalagriculturalministryofthetwelfthfive-yearplan.

SZLH1068pelletmillisoneofthenationalkeyscienceandechnologysupportprojectsof theeleventhfive-yearplan. Itsalsothekeypromotionprogramofthenationalagriculturalministryofthetwelfthfive-yearplan.

DevelopedandmanufacturedbyZhengchang,SZLH1068hasattaineddomesticlargestcapacityof45-55tonperhour.Itwillbeputinusein160t/hfeedfactoryforthecompanyofHewei.TheuccessfulmanufactureofSZLH1068haslaidsolidtechnologyoundationforthemassiveandintensivedevelopmentofChinaeedindustry.TheadoptionofSZLh1068pelletmillwillgreatlyavetheinvestment,productionandmanagementcostsforfeedactoryandcreatemorevaluesforthem.

www.zhengchang.com

www.reed-mariculture.com

Rotifers -aresmall(50-1000µm)zooplanktonthatoccurinfreshwater,

brackish,andmarineenvironments. Rotifersfeedonmicroalgaeandareconsumedbyawidevarietyoffish,shellfish,corals,andotherorganisms.Theyareusedextensivelyinaquacultureandaquariumsbecauseoftheirveryhighreproductiverates(asgreatasdoublingorbetterevery24hours),easeofculturing,optimalsizeforlarvalfish,andnutritionalprofilethatcanbetailored totheneedsofpreyspeciesbyuseofspecialfeedssuchasReedMariculture’sRotiGrow®andN-Rich®microalgaefeeds.

Themostcommonlyusedmarinerotifersarethe

speciesBrachionusplicatilis(L-type)andBrachionusrotundiformis(S-typeandSS-type).ReedMariculturesuppliespureculturesofastrainofBrachionusplicatilis(L-typerotifers)withatypicalloricalengthofabout160µm.Thisspeciesiseuryhaline,capableof thrivinginsalinitiesof5-40ppt.



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EXPERTT●PIC

Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth lookat a particular species and how its feed is managed.

COBIAEXPERT TOPIC



1

ChinaThevastmajorityoftheworld’scobiaispro-ducedinChina.Infactin2004,thecountryproduced 80.6 percent of global exportsaccordingtotheFAO.However,despitethis, there is little available information on cobiafeedsorfarmingstrategiesusedbyChinesefarmers.

2

VietnamIn2008,Vietnamproduced1,500tonnesofcobia, making it the third largest producerbehindChinaandTaiwan.

Oneofthelargestcobiaoperationsinthecountry is run by Marine Farms Vietnam, asubsidiaryofMarineFarmsASA,Norway.Thecompanyhasashorebasefacility,hatcherysiteandtenseasites,whichrangefrom20mto32mindepth.Thefarms,whicharelocatednorthofNhaTrang,producemorethan1,500metrictonsofcobiaperyear,withthecapacity

toproducemorethan6,000tonsifneeded.Not content with only V ie tnamesecobiaproduction,MarineFarmsalsohasacobiaoperationinBelizewhichhasbeengrowing cobia in offshore cages s ince2006.

3

TaiwanTaiwanisoneofthepioneersofcobia

aquacul ture . In i ti a ll y broodstock f i shwerecaught f romthewi ld but in the 1990s, thecountrybecamethef i rst in th e wo rl d to su cc es sf ul ly sp aw nco bi a.By1997,thetechnologyandknow-howwasinplacetoraisesizeablequantitiesofcobia . Today,broodstockaretakenfrom grow out cagesand transported to on sh or e po nd s to sp aw n. Ju ve ni lecobia(1.5-2years)issenttogrowoutp ond s, ne ar sho re ca ge s o r o f fs hor ecages.

AccordingtoFAOdata, cobiapro-d uc er s i n T ai wa n u se b ot h f lo at in gandsinkingpel letscomprisedof42-45percentcrudeprote inand15-16per-cent l ipid . The FCR i s approx imate ly1.5:1.

4

USAEighty-fivepercentofseafoodintheUSAisimport-

ed but there is burgeoning interest in increasingdomesticaquacultureproduction.Cobiaisapromis-ingcandidateforaquacultureproductionduetoitsrapidgrowthrateandgoodfleshquality.Thefirstaquacultureresearchonthespecieswasnotedin1975 in NorthCarolina, USA. Cobia eggs werecollectedoffthecoastandraisedinarearingtrial.

LikeTaiwan,therehavealsobeensuccess-fulspawningeffortsontheUSA.

While the early production cycle in Taiwanfavoursoutdoorponds,juvenilecobiaintheUSA tend to live in fibreglass tanks. According to the

FAO,thesetanksareeitheroperatedasrecircula- tionsystems,flow-throughoracombinationofboth.Researcheffortshavefocusedonextendingthe

cobia spawning season with the aim of reachingyear-roundeggproduction.Todate,eggshavebeensuccessfullyfertilizedduring10monthsoftheyear.


EXPERTT●PIC

3

1

24



Developingecologically efficient,

economically viable

and nutritionally

adequate feeds for

cobia Rachycentron

canadumThe University of Miami and other USinstitutions have teamed up with feedmanufacturing companies, producersand the American Soybean Associationto develop competitive practical feedsfor this emerging aquaculture species

by Jorge A Suarez, Carlos Tudela, DrewDavis, Matthew Taynor, Lindsay Glass,

Ron Hoenig and Daniel D Benetti

Cobia isthe onlymember ofthe

family Ranchycentridae. It is atropical and subtropical species

widely distributed worldwide

(Briggs, 1960; Shaffer andNakamura, 1989;

Ditty and Shaw, 1992; Benettiet al., 2008),

exceptintheeasternPacific,whereitrarely

found(Briggs,1960;Collette,1999;Benettiet al.,2008).Cobiaarerecognisedfortheirfast

growth,excellentmeatquality,andhavebeen

intensively farmed sincethe 1990s(Liaoet

al.,2004;Benettiet al.,2007).

Thesecharacteristics,alongwithexcellentmeat quality andgood market demand andprice, raised enormous interest in commer-cialaquaculturedevelopmentofthisspecies.Indeed,whilecobiawasalittleknowncandi-datespeciesforaquacultureaboutadecadeago, today it has established itself as a top

quality culturedmarinefish tropical/subtropi-calinAsiaandtheAmericas.

Technologyforreliablebroodstockspawn-ing and mass production of fingerlings hasbeen mastered at the University of MiamiExperimental Hatchery (UMEH) and otherprivate companies and government institu- tions around the world. However, while thefundamentaltechnologyforcobiaproductionfrom egg to market is in place (Liao et al.,2004;Benetti et al.,2008;2010),manyyearsofresearchanddevelopmentarestillneeded

torefinethecultureprocess,allowingcobiatodeveloponanindustrialscale,especiallyatthegrow-outstage.

Those working with the species both at the R&D and production concur that themost crucial remaining roadblocks to be

addressed and resolved at this juncture arerelatedtofeedsandnutrition.

Atthepresenttime,feedsrepresentthemostexpensiveitemoftheproductioncostsfor cobia, and the inabi lity to provide asustainable, high-quality feed that meets theenergetic and nutritional requirements of these fast growing fish continues to eludeproducers.Topqualitydietswithhighinclu-sion levels of fishmeal and fish are avail-able but costs are prohibitively high frombothecologicalandeconomicalperspectives.Therefore,thecollectivegoalofresearchers,

feedmanufacturersandproducersistofor-mulate,developandmanufactureecologicallyefficient and economically viable diets thatwillmeetthenutritionalrequirementsof thisspecies.Thisreviewsummarisestheseefforts.

Theevaluationoffeedingredientsiscrucial tonutritionalresearchandfeeddevelopmentforaquaculturespecies.Inevaluatingingredi-ents,thereareseveralimportantpointsthatmustbeunderstoodtoenablethejudicioususeofaparticularingredientinfeedformula- tion(Glencrosset al.,2007).Thedetermina-

tionof nutrientdigestibility isthe firststep inevaluating the potential of an ingredient foruseinthedietofanaquaculturespecies(Allanet al.,2000).

Aconstraintfortheexpansionofcobiaaqua-cultureistheavailabilityofhighqualityformu-


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lated diets whichreduceoreliminate fishmealprotein.Suitablereplacementsareoftenofplantorigin,buttheevaluationofnutrientdigestibilityinnew ingredients should be aninitialstep inevaluatingitspotentialforfishmealreplacement.Therefore,theapparentdigestibilitycoefficients(ADCs)ofproteinandaminoacidsofanovelvariety of non-GMO soybean meal, Navita™,andanindustrystandardsoybeanmeal(defattedsoybeanmeal/roastedsolvent-extracted),were

evaluated at University of Miami for juvenilecobia, Rachycentron canadum. Results indicated thattheNavita™ishighlybio-availabletocobia,asADCsforproteinandaminoacidsobtainedfor this ingredient were significantlyhigher fornearly every analysedcomponent of the feed than the ADCs of the conventional soybeanmeal. ADCs crude protein were 81.8% and68.5%, respectively, for Navita™ and conventionalsoybeanmeal.Similarly,ADCsofselectedamino acids ranged from 68.3-108.6% for theNavita™ meal, whereas the same coefficient

ranged from 41.4-97.8% for the conventionalsoybeanmeal.Findingsfromthepresentexperi-ment highlight the potential of Navita™ as asuitable FM replacement in cobia diets andshould help to maximize cobia growth whileminimising the excretion of fish metabolites(Daviset al.,2012).

Reviewing cobia nutritionIn their thorough review of cobia nutri-

tion, Fraser and Davies (2009) pointed out the importanceof payingspecialattention to

the amino acid requirements when replacingfishmealwithalternativeproteinsources.Chouet al.(2004)mentionsthatmethionineis theprimary limiting amino acid replacement instudiesoffishmealwithsoybeanmeal.Lungeret al.(2007)foundthattheaminoacidtaurinesupplementationatalevelof5gkg1dryweight,increased weight gain and feed efficiency incobiafeddietswithhighlevelsofplantprotein.

Fraser and Davies (2009) conclude thatnutritionalstudiesoncobiaarelimitedbecausemosthavebeenconductedusingjuvenilefishwith much lower weights than harvestable

size.Thecobiacommercialweightisbetween4 and 10 kg; however nutritional require-ments have only been examined in juvenilefishweighing50g.Althoughdifferencesintherequirementswereminimal,itwouldstillhaveahighimportantcommercialimpact,especial-lyconsideringproteinandlipidsarethemajordietarycomponentsinfishdiets.Theaccuracyof the nutritional requirements would notonlyhaveapositiveeconomicimpactontheindustry,butalsodecreasetheenvironmentalpollutionbydecreasingnutrientloadinginthe

aquaticecosystem.AsreviewedbyWelchet al(2010),theimportanceoftheresponsibleuse of natural resources such as fishmeal,fish oil and vegetable crops to ensure theenvironmental sustainability of aquafeeds iswellrecognised.

Although nutritional principles are similarfor all animals, the amounts of nutrientsrequiredvaryamongspecies.Thereareabout40essentialnutrientsinfishdiets(Akiyama et

al.,1993).AccordingtoTacón(1989),nutri- tionalrequirements inthe dietof allculturedaquaticspeciesmaybecategorizedunderfivedifferent nutritional groups: proteins, lipids,carbohydrates,vitaminsandminerals.

Major nutrient requirements for juvenile cobia

Protein:Oneofthemostimportantnutri-entsinthedietofmarinefishisprotein.Thisis attributed to two factors, which are thehighcostoftheingredientandtheorganisms’high protein nutritional requirement. Excessprotein not only increases feed costs but italsoincreasestheexcretionofnitrogeninto the environment. The first article used todetermineproteinrequirementsincobiawas that of Chou et al.(2001),whodetermined

byregressionanalysis,aproteinrequirementof44.5%.Craig,SchwarzandMcLean(2006)conductedafactorialstudywithtwolevelsofcrudeprotein(40%and50%)andthreelipidlevels(6%,12%and18%).Theauthorsfoundasignificantdifferenceinfeedefficiencyof7.4gcobiafedwiththelowestlevelofprotein.On the contrary, when the authors usedlargercobia(49.3g)nosignificantdifferencesin feed efficiency were found between thedifferentlevelsofprotein.

Amino acids: The nutritional value of a

proteindietisinfluencedby thecompositionofitsaminoacids.Forthisreason,theprotein tobeused inpracticaldiet formulationsmustbe based on digestible amino acid profileand quantitative amino acid requirementsin the targeted species. In cobia, studies ofamino acid requirements are limited, only two of the ten amino acids have been con-sideredessential(Wilson2002).Zhou et al.(2006)determinedmethioninerequirementsin juvenilecobia. The authors statethat formaximumgrowthandlowerfeedconversionratio,therequirementofmethionineis1.19%

(drydiet)inthepresenceof0.67%cysteine,correspondingto2.64%dryweightofdietaryprotein.

Forlysine,Zhouet al.(2007)determined therequirementsin juvenilecobia.Theresultfor lysine requirements were 2.33% and5.30% dry weight of dietary protein. Thesevaluesofmethionineandlysineareinaccord-ance with the requirement values of otherimportantfishspeciesinaquaculture(Wilson2002).Recently,Renet al.(2012)determined the requirementsof arginine on the basis of

SGR and FER. The optimal dietary argininerequirementsofjuvenilecobiawereestimated tobe2.85%ofthedietand2.82%ofthediet,respectively.

Lipids:Lipids are animportant source ofhighlydigestibleenergy,inparticular,freefatty

acids derived from triglycerides constituting themajorenergysourceformuscle inalmostallanimals.Theyarealsokeycomponentsofcellular and subcellular membranes (phos-pholipids, sterols, etc.). Performing functionsasbiologicaltransportersintheabsorptionoffat-soluble vitamins are precursors of pros- taglandinsand hormones(Fenucci andHaran2006). For juvenile cobia, the lipid require-ment was estimated at 5.76% (Chou et al.,

2001).Wanget al.(2005)usedthreeisopro- teicdiets(47%protein)withthree lipidlevels(5%,15%and25%drymatter).Theauthorsfound no significant differences in growthbetweenthecobia(7.7g)feddietscontaining5percentand15percentlipids.Howeverthecobia fed 25 percent lipid had a significantreductionindailydietconsumption,suggest-ingthatlipidlevelsabove15percentreducedgrowthduetodecreasedfeedconsumption.

Carbohydrates: Because cobia commer-cialfeedscontainstarchandcerealproducts,

related research on carbohydrate require-ments are very important. Schwarz et al.(2007) suggests that cobia are able to useup to 360g/kg-1 of dietary starch from lowmolecularweightcarbohydratesuchasdex- trin. Webb et al. (2009) determined thatcobia can use carbohydrates to levels of340g/kg-1(drydiet)withanoptimumenergyprotein of approximately 34mg protein kJ-1metabolisableenergy.

Vitamins:Vitaminsarenutrientsnecessaryforgrowth,health,andreproductionoforgan-

ismsandarerequiredinverysmallamountsinfishdiet.Maiet al.(2009)determinedtherequirementsofcholineinjuvenilecobia.Therequirementdeterminedby‘brokenline’forweightgainwas696mg/kg-1cholinedietascholine chloride. Unfortunately there is notenoughinformationontherequirementsforvitaminsandmineralsinCobia.

Future research areasFor the futurewe propose the following

researchintheareaofcobianutrition:• Determine nutritional requirements at

differentsizesclasses• Further requirements of amino acids,

vitaminsandminerals• Continueresearchreplacementof fish-

mealandfishoiltoalternativesourcesofproteinandlipid

• Complement existing information ondigestibilityandenergybalanceofpro- tein ingredients of plant and animalorigin

• Monitoring the quality of commercialfeeds,usedbytheindustry

• Implementa tion of manag ementpracticesIn conclusion, the collaborative effort of

researchers,feedmanufacturersandproduc-ers are driving steadfast progress towardsdevelopingpracticalandeconomicaldietsfor


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cobiaatalldevelopmentalstages.Governmentsupportaswellasinterestandfundinggener-ated by American Soybean Association andits various affil iated groups have been ofparamount importance in advancing knowl-edgeandtechnologiesthefield.Theindustryis much further ahead than it was about adecade ago. It is recognised that enhanced

knowledge and better nutrition are allowingcobiaaquacultureproductiontocontinuetoexpandexponentiallyworldwidewhilemov-ingawayfrominadequatedietsandtrashfish.Thedevelopment of an ecologicallyefficientand economically viable cobia aquaculture

industry is and will continue to benefit allstakeholders,fromproducerstoconsumers.

References

Allan,G.L.,Parkinson,S.,Booth,M.A.,Stone,D.A.J.,Rowland,S.J.,Frances,J.,Warner-Smith,R.,2000.ReplacementoffishmealindietsforAustraliansilverpech,Bidyanusbidyanus:I.Digestibilityof

alternativeingredients.Aquaculture186,293-310AkiyamaD.,1993.Elusodeproductosabasedesoyaydeotrossuplementosproteicosvegetalesenalimentosparaacuacultura.MemoriasdelPrimerSimposiumInternacionaldeNutriciónyTecnologíadeAlimentosparaAcuacultura,pp.257-269.

Benetti,D.D.,M.R.Orhun,I.Zink,F.G.Cavalin,B.Sardenberg,K.Palmer,B.Denlinger,D.BacoatandB.O'Hanlon.2007.Aquacultureofcobia(Rachycentron canadum)intheAmericasandtheCaribbean.Pages57-78.In:IC.LiaoandE.M.Leaño(editors)In:CobiaAquaculture:Research,DevelopmentandCommercial

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Benetti,D.D.,2008.CobiaaquacultureexpandingintheAmericasandtheCaribbean.GlobalAquacultureAdvocate1(2):46-48

Benetti,D.D.,B.O’Hanlon,J.A.Rivera,A.W.Welch,C.MaxeyandM.R.Orhun2010.Growthratesof

cobia(Rachycentron canadum)inopenoceancagesintheCaribbean.Aquaculture302:195-201

Briggs,J.C.,1960.Fishesofworld-wide(circumtropical)distribution.Copeia3,171-180.Catacutan,M.R.&Pagador,G.E.,2004.Partialreplacementoffishmealbydefattedsoybeanmealinformulateddietsforthemangroveredsnapper,Lutjanusargentimaculatus(Forsskal1775).Aquacult.Res.,35,299–306.

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Collette,B.B.,1999.Rachycentridae.In:Carpenter,K.E.,andNiem,V.H.

(Eds.),TheLivingMarineResourcesof theWesternCentralPacific.Volume4.Bonyfishespart2(MugilidaetoCarangidae).FAO.Rome.

CraigS.R.,SchwarzM.H.&McLeanE.,2006. Juvenilecobia(Rachycentron canadum)canutilizeawiderangeofproteinandlipidlevelswithoutimpactsonproductioncharacteristics.Aquaculture261,384-391.

Davis,D.,Suárez,J.,Buentel lo,A.,Benetti,D(abstractacceptedinOctober2012).Apparentdigestibilitycoefficientsof

proteinandaminoacidsofanovelnon-GMOvarietyofsoybeanmealforjuvenilecobia,Rachycentron canadum;Abstract,oralpresentation,2013AquacultureAmericaConference,WorldAquacultureSociety,February21-25,Nashville,Tennessee.


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FenucciJ.&HaránN.,2006.EstadoactualyperspectivasdelanutricióndeloscamaronesPeneidoscultivadosenIberoamérica.subprogramaii“acuicultura”redtemáticaii.c.pp153

FraserT.&DaviesS.,2009.Reviewar ticleNutritionalrequirementsofcobia,Rachycentron

canadum(Linnaeus):areview.AquacultureResearch.1-16.

Glencross,B.D.,Booth,M.,Allan,G.L.,2007.Afeed

isonlyasgoodasitsingredients–areviewofingredientevaluationstrategiesforaquaculturefeeds.AquacultureNutrition.13;17-34.

Liao,I.,Juang,T.,Tsia,W.,Hsueh,C. ,Chang,S.,Leano,E.,2004.CobiacultureinTaiwan:currentstatusandproblems.Aquaculture237,155-165.

LungerA.N.,McLeanE.&CraigS.R.,2007.Theefectsoforganicproteinsupplementationupongrowth,feedconversionandtexturequalityparametersofjuvenilecobia( Rachycentron

canadum).Aquaculture264,342-352.

Mai,K.,Xiao,L.,Ai,Q.,Wang,X.,Xu,W.,Zhang,W.,

Liufu,Z.,Ren,M.,2009.Dietarycholinerequirementforjuvenilecobia,Rachycentron canadum.Aquaculture289,124-128.

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thermalregimes:evidenceforcompensatorygrowthandamethodforcoldbanking.JournalofAppliedAquaculture19,71-84.

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cobiaRachycentron

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Tacón.A,Nutricionyalimentaciondepecesycamaronescultivadosmanualdecapacitación.,1989.organizacióndelasnacionesunidasparala

agriculturaylaalimentaciónBrasilia,Brasil.

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canadum).Aquaculture249,439-447

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juvenilecobia,Rachycentron canadum.AquacultureNutrition.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00672.x

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ZhouQ.C.,WuZ.H.,TanB.P.,ChiS.Y.&YangQ.H.,2006.OptimaldietarymethioninerequirementforjuvenileCobia(Rachycentron canadum).Aquaculture258,551-557.

ZhouQ.C.,WuZ.H.,ChiS.Y.&YangQ.H.,2007.Dietarylysinerequirementofjuvenilecobia(Rachycentron canadum).Aquaculture273,634-640.


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THE 8TH INDONESIA’S NO.1 LIVESTOCK,FEED, DAIRY AND FISHERIES

INDUSTRY SHOW

5 - 7 June 2013

BNDCC - Bali Nusa Dua Convention Center

Bali - Indonesia

PT. NAPINDO MEDIA ASHATAMA

Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV Blok M1 No.10, Billy & Moon, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta 13450, IndonesiaTel: (62-21) 8644756/85, Fax: (62-21) 8650963, E-mail: [email protected]

incorporating with

Directorate General ofLivestock andAnimal Health,Ministry of Agriculture,Republic of Indonesia

Hosted by Organised bySupported by

Official RegionalPublication

Supporting PublicationsOfficial LocalPublication



INDUSTRYEVENTS

I N D

U S T R Y E

V E N T S

11th-12thMarch13GLOBALG.A.PPublicWorkshopAquaculture,Bangkok,ThailandContact: Daniela Fabiszisky,

GLOBAL G.A.P, Spichernstr.55,

50672, Cologne, Germany

Tel: +49 2215 799333

Fax: +49 2215 799389

Email: [email protected] Web: www.globalgap.org

13th-15thMarch13AquaticAsia2013,BITEC,BangkokInternationalTrade&Exhibition,Centre,Bangkok,ThailandContact: Guus van Ham, P.O.

Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The

Netherlands

Tel: +31 302 952302

Fax: +31 302 952809


Web: www.aquatic-asia.net

13th-15thMarch13VIVAsia2013,BITEC,BangkokInternationalTrade&ExhibitionCentre,88Bangna-tradRoad,Bangna,Prakanong,Bangkok10260,ThailandContact: Anneke van Rooijen, P.O.


Netherlands

Tel: +31 302 952772

Fax: +31 302 952809


Web: www.viv.net

24th-27thMarch13AridlandAquacultureSymposium&Workshops(RecirculationandAquaponics),UAEUniversity Contact: Roy Palmer, World

Aquaculture Society, 143 J. M. Parker

Coliseum, Louisiana State University,

Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

Tel: +61 419 528733

Fax: +1 2255 783493


Web: www.was.org

26th-28thMarch13

AGRAMiddleEast,DubaiInternationalExhibitionCentreDubai,UAEContact: Rizwan Mustafa, PO Box

28943, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Tel: +971 44 072424

Fax: +971 44 072485


Web: www.agramiddleeast.com

24th-25thApril13EuropeanAlgaeBiomass,Vienna,AustriaContact: Dimitri Pavlyk, 5/13 Great

Suffolk Street, London, SE1 0NS, UK Tel: +44 2079 812503

Fax: +44 2075 930071


Web: www.wplgroup.com/aci/confer-

ences/eu-eal3.asp

25th-26thApril13GLOBALG.A.PPublicWorkshop,Aquaculture,Brussels,BelgiumContact: Daniela Fabiszisky,

GLOBAL G.A.P, Spichernstr.55,

50672 Cologne, Germany

Tel: +49 2215 799333

Fax: +49 2215 799389


Web: www.globalgap.org

22nd-24thMay13VIVRussia2013,InternationalCrocusExhibitionCenter,Moscow,RussiaContact: Guus van Ham, P.O.


Netherlands

Tel: +31 302 952302

Fax: +31 302 952809


Web: www.viv.net

30thMay13-2ndJune13Aquarama2013,Hall401-403,SuntecSingapore,InternationalConvention&ExhibitionCentre,1RafflesBoulevard,SuntecCity,Singapore039593Contact: Ms. Jennifer Lee, 3

Pickering Street, #02-48 China

Square Central, Singapore 048660

Tel: +65 65 920891

Fax: +65 64 386090


Web: http://aquarama.com.sg/

5th-7thJune13INDOLIVESTOCK2013EXPO&FORUM,BaliNusaDuaConventionCenter,Bali,IndonesiaContact: Didit Siswodwiatmoko /

Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV

Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy

& Moon, Pondok Kelapa Jakarta

13450, Indonesia

Tel: +62 218 644756 ext: 118

& 123

Fax: +62 218 650963


Web: www.indolivestock.com

9th-12thAugust13AquacultureEurope2013,NTNU–Trondheim,Norway Contact: Conference manager,

Slijkensesteenweg 4, 8400 Ostend,

Belgium

Tel: +32 59 323859

Fax: [email protected]

Web: www.easonline.org

9th-12thSeptember13BioMarineBusinessConvention2013,WorldTradeCongressCentre,

Halifax,NS,CanadaContact: Sylvie Couture, 1200,

Montreal Road, Building M-19,

Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada

Tel: +1 6139 912060

Fax: +1 6139 937250


Web: www.biomarine.org

22nd-27thSeptember1320thAnnualPracticalShortCourseonAquacultureFeedExtrusion,NutritionandFeedManagement,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,Texas,USAContact: Mian N Riaz, Food Protein

R&D Center, Texas A&M University,

College Station, Texas, USA

Tel: +1 9798 452774

Fax: +1 9798 452744


Web: www.tamu.edu/extrusion

6th-10thOctober13TenthInternationalSymposiumonTilapiainAquaculture(ISTA-10),CrownePlazaHotel,GivatRam,HaaliyaSt.1,Jerusalem,IsraelContact: Prof Gideon HULATA,

Agricultural Research Organization,

The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet

Dagan 50250, IsraelTel: +972 37 610692

Fax: +972 37 610799

Email: [email protected] or


Web: www.ista10.com/

10th-12thOctober13ShanghaiInternationalFisheries&SeafoodEXPO2013,ShanghaiNewInternationalExpoCenter,Shanghai,ChinaContact: Shelly Zhou, Suite 1101,

11F, Xiusen Building, No. 129

South Laiting Rd, Songjiang District,

Shanghai, 201615, China

Tel: +86 13818 503302

Fax: +86 2167 759097


Web: www.sifse.com/en

7th-9thNovember13EXPOPESCA&ACUIPERU,CentrodeExposicionesJockey,HipodromodeMonterrico,Lima33,PeruContact: Guillermo Thais, Thais

Corporation S.A.C., Av. Jatosisa

Mz-A, Lt-12, Urb. San Fernando –

Pachacamac, Lima 19 - Peru

Tel: +511 2 017820 (202)Fax: +511 2 017820 (209)


Web: www.thaiscorp.com

7th-11thJune14WorldAquaculture2014,AdelaideConventionCentre,SA,AustraliaContact: Australia - Sarah-Jane

Day, International – John Cooksey,

Marevent, Begijnengracht 40, Ghent,

9000 Belgium

Tel: +32 92 334912


Email: [email protected]: www.aquaculture.org.au

Aquarama,May 30- June 2, 2013Suntec,Singapore

Singaporeisanaptlocationfor Asia’s biggest orna-mental f i sh show. The

countryistheworld’slargest

exporterofornamentalfish,withexportstotalling20.3percentofglobalproductionin2008.Aquarama returns for a thir- teenth year with an exhibi tiondedicatedtoallthingsaquarium-related.Withafocusoninter-nationalornamentalfish,inver- tebrates , plants and acces so-ries,theshowoffersplentyofopportunitiestogetimmersedinaquatics.

InternationalindustryplayersattendAquaramatosourcenewproducts,setnewindustrystand-ards,orlearnaboutthelatest technology and industr y devel-opments.There will be farmvisits,anewproductsshowcaseandavarietyoftradeandpublicseminars.

Thi s year the three t radeseminarswillfocusaroundthe theme of ‘cur rent aquat ics –

futureperspectives’.Session1:Industry-related Conservationwilllookathotissuesintheaquatics world including, theongoingstudiesontheplightoftheBanggaicardinalfish,theAmazonianornamentalfishery,conservationandmanagementstrategiesforIndianornamentalfish,andCITESandCBDissuessurroundingthedragonfish.

S es si on 2 : H ea lt h a ndBiosecurityintheOrnamental

AquaticIndustrywillexaminebiosecurityissuesinAustralia,fishhealthmanagementincommer-cialpremisesandbarcodingofornamentalfish.

FinallySession3:HusbandryandLegislationcoversgovern-mental perspect ives on theornamentalaquaticindustry,theliverocktrade,wild-caughtandcaptive-bred seahorses, nanoaquaria,Brazilianlegislationand

the next CITES Conference of theParties.

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.aquarama.com.sg



INDUSTRYEVENTS

InternationalCrocusExhibitionCenter,Moscow,Russia

V

IVissynonymouswithhigh-quality agriculture shows.Formed in the 1970s ,

VakbeursIntensieveVeehouderij(orintensiveanimalfarming)cateredfor the burgeoning interest in arablefarming,milkandcattleproductionintheNetherlands.Sincethen,VIVhasgrownfromanationaltradeeventintosevenseparateshowsheldaroundtheworld.TodayVIVshowsattractover1,000interna- tionalcompaniesandvisitorsfromover140countries.

VIVRussiaisoneofthesuccess

storiesoftheVIVfamily.Atthebeginning of the century theRussianeconomybegantogrowrapidlyagainafterthecrisisat the end of the 1990s.A strongemphasisfromcentralgovern-ment onself-sufficiency for theRussian meat industry provedfert ile ground forVIV Russia.

Startingin2004thisVIVshowquicklybecameapointofref-erence for the Russian meatindustry.

Now in itssixthedition,VIVRussia 2013 showcases new

productsandservices,state-of- the ar t tec hnologies and the

latesttrendsintheanimalproteinindustry.Inadditiontotheexhi-bitionanextensiveconferenceandseminarprogrammeisalsoplanned.

GuusvanHam,projectmanager,VIVwantstoprovideRussiancom-panieswithaplatform,offeringeverythingthatisneededtobuildefficient supply chains for theintensiveproductionofpoultrymeat,eggsandpork.Animalfeedandanimalhealth–atthebegin-

ningofthesupplychain–andproductprocessing–attheendof

thechain–willplayaveryimpor- tantroleinthis.“WewanttoshareourknowledgewiththeRussiansintheseareasinparticular.Wewillalsobepresentingsolutions

fortheeffectsofantibioticsuseduringaseriesofcongressesandseminars.Thesecongresseswillbehigh-level,objectiveandnon-com-mercial,”saysGuusvanHam.

VIV’scentralthemeremainstheconversionof vegetable productsin to animal protein, primarily in

theformofmeatandeggs.Butthegrowingeconomiesoftheworld

arealsorespondingtoanincreasingdemandforfishproductsatVIV

More InforMatIon:

www.viv.net

VIVRussia May 21-23, 2013

Pl an s a re a lr ea dy i nfu ll swing for Wor ldAquaculture Adelaide

2014 (WAA14) which takesplaceJune7-11,2014.

“The theme for the con-ference is ‘Create, Nurture,Gr ow ’ w hich ref lec ts thedynamicnatureofaquaculturedevelopment in the region,”

says Dr Graham Mair chair-ma n, Wor ld A quacult ur eAdelaide2014

“Agreeing the theme earlyonhasgivenusaheadstartandwe have a number of strong teams already working on arange of conference develop-ment tasks and we are confi-dentthat,withthesupporttheeventisreceivingfromindustryandgovernment,thiswillbean

exciting and rewarding event,”addsMair.The Program Committee

headed by Professor JoseFernandez-Polanco and Dr

Jenny Cobcroft have their Callfor Papers ready to roll outsoonaftertheconference.

Wor ks ho ps a nd t ours ,both pre and post confer-ence, will be featured addi-

tionstothestrongconferenceprograminAdelaideandtheywill include important activities for farmers, researchers

andstudentsalike.Mair emphasised, “We are

gratefulforthesupportwearereceiving from all our spon-sorsandthewillingnessofthemanyorganiserstoputintimeandefforttodevelopthewiderange of planned activities. Iamcertainthattheendresultwill be excellent and memo-rable experience for delegatesandwelookforwardtoseeing

everyone in Adelaide in June2014”.

More InforMatIon:

www.was.org


PlansunderwayforWorldAquacultureAdelaide2014 June 7-11, 201420

th

Annual Practical Short Course on Aquaculture Feed Extrusion,

Nutrition, & Feed Management

September 22-27, 2013

For more information, visithttp://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion

or contact

Dr. Mian N. Riaz

[email protected] 979-845-2774

Hands-On Experience

Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas

o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat),coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feedformulation, and MUCH MORE!

Extruding Aquaculture Feeds

o 30+ lectures over a wide variety of aquacultureindustry topics

o one-on-one interaction withqualified industry experts

o at the internationallyrecognized Food ProteinR&D Center on the campusof

o discussion and live equipment demonstrationsfollowing lectures on four major types of extruders

VIV Russia 2013



Innovations & Products Review-fromkeyindustryevents

Review Aquaculture2013, Nashville, USAInternational Aquafeed’s Tom

Blacker heads to the ‘music city’

for Aquaculture 2013

T

he World Aquaculture

Society's popular event,

Aquaculture 2013 took

place in a downtown

conference centre in the 'musiccity',Nashville,Tennesseebetween

February 22-24, 2013. Roger

Gilbert,proprietorofPerendalePublishersLtdandTomBlacker,market-

ing and sales and directories coordinator were exhibiting, alongwith

hundredsofothersinthemainexhibitionhall.

From earlyon the firstmorning,participants gatheredin the mainballroomfortheOpeningandPlenary.TheofficialSteeringCommittee’sopening address, the session movedto official awards, speeches andpresentations with great enthusiasm and an optimisticnote prevailedfor the imminenteventat large. Notably, Novus Inc.'s Craig Browdy

wontheUSAquacultureSocietyDistinguishedServiceawardandDrEdwardAllisonpresentedaninterestinglectureonglobalwarmingandaquaculture.ThebeginningwasfantasticallyimpressiveandDrAllison'sspeechplacedaquaculturesuperblywellinthecontextofglobalwarm-ing.Overlappingthiswastheexpoandtheseminarroomtheexhibition

hallwasalivewithmanyvisitorsbrowsingthelongaislesfilledwithallkindsofstands,products,prizedrawsandpublications.

Fromthefirstmomentonwards,ourstandinthecentreoftheexhi-bitionhallhadvisitorsinterestedtoseeandhearaboutourtitles.WenoticedagenuineinterestinboththeEnglishandEspañolInternationalAquafeed issues on show. Regular readers gave great feedback andnewreadershadsomeinsightfulopinions.Hundredsofcopiesofourmagazines were distributed, In fact, therewere limits needed on thedistribution so as to ensure participants over the entire event couldreceivecopies!

Theatmospherewasrelaxedthroughoutthevariousareasandthefoodanddrinksatsomeexhibitor'sstandswereawelcomeopportunity tomingleandnetwork.Someofourregularadvertiserswere inattend-anceandwereverypleasanttomeetindeed.

There were no shortage of academic seminars with question andansweralloverthreefloorsofalargeconferencecentre;theonesweattendedwerefantasticandinspirationaltospurusontostandards.Imanagedtofindtimetoattendtwo.ThefirstwasanAlltechseminarentitled'Successfulfishoilsparinginwhiteseabassfeedsusingsaturatedfatty acid-rich soy oil' on Friday and Reed Mariculture's Eric Henrypresenting'Practicalrotiferculture for zebrafish facilities'on Saturday.Bothwereinformativeandinterestingandprovidedgoodquestionand

answersessions.The presence of feed producers, academics, manufacturers andorganisations all in the vibrant capital of Tennessee was truly uniqueanditexceededourexpectationsofthevalueitwouldbring.Thenextaquacultureexhibitionhastoreachthehighstandardsasthisone!




Model TT - Transport aerator

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arriveattheirdestinationlivelyandhealthy.

After several years of testing, we are now offering a new,

improvedmotorforModelTTbuiltexclusivelyforFresh-floCorp.

ThebasicModelTTaeratorisdesignedforuseinfreshwater

orsaltwater.

www.freshflo.com


Sibal,steppedinwaterproductmarketin1984withfishmealandoilproduction.In2003sibalstartedextrudedfish-feedproductionunderthebrandofBlackSeafeed.WithtwoplantsSibalhas12ton/perhfeedproductioncapacity.Sibalcombining100%anchovyflourandHUFArichanchovyfishoilwiththelatestextrusion

technology, is serving to fishing sectorwith a balanced foodformulationandwideproductspectrum.

www.andritz.com

Flo-Ration

The Power House, Inc. announces a revolutionarynew aerator. Flo-Rationwas designed and developed

to replace paddlewheel aerators. It is based on theprovenandpatentedPowerHouseverticalliftaeration

technology. The 1-hp Flo-Ration is adjustable tooperate inoneofthreepositions…HORIZONTAL...VERTICAL…or45DEGREES.Flo-Rationisavailablein115or230Volts;50or60Hz.Cordlengthsareavailablefrom50to200feet.A2-yearwarrantyisincluded.

www.thepowerhouseinc.com


Sibal,steppedinwaterproductmarketin1984withfishmealandoilproduction.In2003sibalstartedextrudedfish-feedproductionunderthebrandofBlackSeafeed.WithtwoplantsSibalhas12ton/perhfeedproductioncapacity. Sibal combining 100% anchovy flour andHUFA rich anchovy fish oil with the latest extrusion

technology, isservingtofishingsectorwitha balanced

foodformulationandwideproductspectrum.

www.sibal.com.tr




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T h ea

quaf eed

i nt er vi ew

To set the scene, what are Novus’ principletechnologies especially for aquaculture?

Consumerdemandforfish-basedproteininemerginganddevelopedmarketsisontherise.Atcurrentmarketdemand,7milliontonsofaquaculturefishareproducedannuallyand thisfigurewillcontinuetoincrease.Yet,thetraditionalmodelusesoceanfishforproducingfishmealtosupplyaquaculture

production.Asproducerslookforcheaper,morerenewablefeedstocks,vegetableprotein,especiallysoybean,hasbecomeanincreasinglyattractiveingredientinthefeedmix.However,vegetableproteinrequiresassistancetoincreaseitsbioavailabilityforaquaspecies.

Novustechnology,whichenhancesthedigestibilityofvegetableprotein,allowsforconsiderablereductionsoffishmealinclusioninaquadiets,upto80%,dependingonthespecies.ThisoptimisedHealth-through-Nutritionapproachisaccomplished throughahighlycostefficientfeedsupplementsolutionblend.Novus’sproprietaryblendofGutEnvironmentModifiersinfluencesthegutflora(microorganismsthatliveinthedigestive tracts)ofshrimpandotherspecies,effectivelyenhancingtheir

abilitytocopewithstressfulcultureconditions.Asaresult,animalseatbetter,digestmoreandgrowfaster,allthewhilereducingthewasteofuneatenornon-digestedfeedintothesurroundingsystem

Can you put Novus into aglobal context for feed?

OurtotalsalesworldwideareoverUS$1.3billion.Overhalf thisrevenueisaccruedthroughmethionineproductsales,butintermsofgrowthandoverthepasttenyearswehaveseennon-methionineproductsgrowingrapidlytooverUS$300millionfromUS$30million–thiswehaveachievednotjust

throughinternaldevelopmentbutalsothroughacquisition.Liquidmethioninehasbeenonthemarketfor30yearswhilemethionineitselfhasbeenavailableinpowderformforalmosthalfacentury.MethionineisaUS$1billionmarketworldwideandisaveryimportantingredientintheproductionofpoultry.ThatislikelytoremainandincreaseaswesearchforareplacementtoChileanfishmealinlivestockdiets.Forexample,aswestarttofeedmoresoybeansasaproteinreplacementforfishmealwewillneedmoremethioninetohelpbalancetheproteininfishmeal-freediets.

Methionine is one product, but what other

innovative products are you working on?Frommethioninewehavedevelopedotherproductssuchaschelatedtracemineralsthatcanbedeliveredtoanimalinanefficientway.Theseproductshavethepotentialtoreduce theamountofmineralswefeedtoanimalsbyimprovingbio-availability.Thatwillmeanlessmineralsinthedietandthereby

reducetheimpactontheenvironmentwhilestillremainingcompetitive.Wehavenowbroughtthistechnologytoaquacultureandsupplythemarketwithbothstraightsaswithfullorganicmineralpremixes.

Iseethecompanymovingintosupra-nutritionalproductsthatimprovehealthofanimalswhileatthesametimereducingoreliminatingmuchofthedrugusageweseetoday.WehaveastrongfocusinTherapeuticnutritionandourtechnology

portfolioincludesorganicacids,manufactureredinGermanypre-andprobiotics,andextractsofessentialoilsnowcomingoutofourresearchanddevelopmentprogrammersinSpain.Wehavebeensuccessfulinlaunchingandcustomizingthese technologiesforaquacultureapplications,rangingfromvibriosisinAsianshrimp,toenteritisinMediterraneanseabreamorsealiceinsalmon.

Are there other non-dietaryproducts under development?

Feedqualitycanbeaugmentedwithmoldinhibitorsbasedonorganicacidstodetoxifyrawmaterialsbyusingamycotoxin

binder.Thisisaveryimportantareaforfeedmanufacturing,especiallyindroughtyearswhencornqualityforinstanceispoorandcontaminationishigh.

Wearealsolookingatpreservingfatprofilesfortheirnutrientvalues,usingforexample,proteaseenzymestoassistingettingmoreproteinvalueoutofthefinalfeed.WeareinpartnershipwithVereniumtodevelopingnewheat-stable,phytazeproductswhichwillultimatelyhaveapplicationsforaquafeedindustry.

How important are differencesbetween markets when it comesto product development?

Ifwelookback21yearswewereclearlyfocusedonthepoultryindustrywhichwasaveryfastgrowingsectoratthe time.TenyearsagoweincreasedproductionandourglobalfootprintbybuildinginfrastructureinAsia,mostlythroughadistributionnetworksupportingthegrowthofmethioninesalescoupledwithourliquidapplicationsystems,whichprovedhighlysuitableinfeedmills.

Todayweareleveragingadeepunderstandingofnutrientabsorptionandguthealth.Goodnutritioncanreducecosts tofarmersandreducetheamountofwastethatisleftfor theenvironmenttoabsorb.Weareinthe‘wastereduction’businessandbyproducingproductsthatallowvariousspecies togrowtotheirgeneticpotentialsupportsthatcause.

Inhumantermsitshouldn’tbeabouttakingdrugsormulti-vitaminseverymorning,buttohavemorecontroloverourhealththatwecanachievethroughourowndiets.

Evenwithlessqualityfeednowavailableweshouldbeabletoachievemorethroughsounddiets.

Novuswillsooncelebrateits22ndbirthday!NovusInternational,Inc.wasfoundedin1991,buttheirscientificroots

andhistoryoriginatedover50yearsago.Inthe1950s,St.Louis,Missouri-basedMonsantoCompanybeganconducting

livestockandpoultryfeedmetabolismstudies.In1959,oneofitsproductsreceivedFDAapprovalasananimalfeed

additive,whichhelpedlaunchtheMonsantodivisionthatwouldbecomeNovus.In1991,inanefforttofocusonitscorebusi-

nesses—seed,herbicideandbiotechnology—MonsantosolditsFeedIngredientsdivisiontoMitsui&Co.,Ltd.andNipponSoda

Co.,Ltd.ThenewownerssawNovus’sstrategicpotentialforgrowth.

InternationalAquafeedhadtheopportunityinLondonrecentlytointerviewtheheadofNovus,PresidentandCEOThadSimons,whosayshisorganization’sVisionisto“helpfeedtheworldaffordable,wholesomefood.”

Th

dSi

N

id

t

d

CEO

The aquafeed interview

AnextendedversionofthisinterviewcanbefoundontheAquaculturistblog.



Watch the interview on yoursmart phone

Simply download the Aurasmalight app, and then subscribe toour channel athttp://auras.ma/s/1shRr

Point your phone at the imagebelow and watch it come to lifewith the full interview



AkerBiomarinerecognisedforsustainabilityefforts

AkerBioMarinehaswonanawardfromthe Nutrition Business Journalforitsroleinbuildingthekrillfisheryinfrastruc- ture.TheNorwegiancompanygainedthe‘InvestingintheFuture’awardforitsworkincreatingacontrolledkr illsupplychainintheAntarcticwitha long-termfocusonsustainableharvesting.SustainabilityhasbeenakeyconcernofAker

BioMarine’sbusinesssinceitsinception.ThecompanyhascooperatedwithWorldWildFundforNature,Norway,hasMarineStewardshipCouncilcer tificationandhascollaboratedwith theCommissionforthe ConservationofAntarcticMarineLivingResources.

“Withasensibleapproachtokrillfisherygovernancebyexternalmanagement,andtakingtheresponsibilityforourownhar-

vestingactivitiesseriously,we havealwaysbelieved thistobe awin-winrelationship;otherwisetherewouldbe noreasontoinvest,”saysWebjørnEikrem,EVP,UpstreamOperations,AkerBioMarine.

www.akerbiomarine.com

USperchfarmwins‘IndustryoftheYear’award

BellAquaculture,thelargestyellowperchfarmintheUSAhasbeennamed‘IndustryoftheYear’at theJayCountyChamberofCommerceatitsAnnualMeetingandAwardsBanquet.TheIndian-basedcompanywasciteda"aninternationalpacesetterinthefieldofaquaculture,"

byBillBradley,executivedirector,JayCountryDevelopmentCorporationforitsworkconvertingwastefishintofertilizer.

"Iwas verysurprisedand both thrilled andhumbled thatBellAquaculturewaschosen for thisspecialhonor.Onbehalfofourentirecompany,IthanktheJayCountyChamberforsinglingoutBellAquacultureandourindustryasawholewiththismuchappreciatedpublicrecognition,"saysNormanMcCowan,president,BellAquaculture.

www.bellaquaculture.com

EvonikcontributiontoassistHurricaneSandyreliefefforts

InlightofthedevastationcausedbyHurricaneSandyonOctober29,2012,specialitychemicalcompanyEvonikhasdonated$5,000tothePiscatawayOfficeofEmergencyManagement.Thedonationisatokenofgratitudeto

theemergencypersonnelwhoworktokeepthecommunityofPiscatawaysafe.ThelargesttropicalstormeverrecordedintheAtlantic,SandyisoneofthecostliestnaturaldisasterstheUnitedStateshasseen.Alongwithadeathtollofover100,Sandyisestimatedtohavecausedbillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandlostbusiness.“Wehopethefundingwillhelpthedepartmentastheywork with ourcommunity torecover from the storm,” says GeorgeMossaad,Piscataway’ssitemanager.

ThisisnotthefirsttimeEvonikhasbeenlinkedtonaturaldisastersupport.Inrecentyears,thecorporationhasalsoprovidedreliefandrebuildingeffortsfollowinghurricanesKatrina,RitaandIkeandtsunamisandearthquakesintheAsianPacific.

TomBates,presidentofEvonikCorporationsays,“Evonikisactivelyinvolvedinhelpingmakethequalityoflifeinlocalcommu-nitiesbetterbyparticipatinginnon-profit,charitableandcommunityorganisations.”

www.evonik.com

BioMarBalticseeschangeinmanagementafter22years

ManagingdirectorforBioMarintheBalticMarketArea,Lars Rahbæk,hasresignedfollowinga22-yearcareer.R&DmanagerinBiomarContinentalEurope,OleChristensen,willtakeovertherole.

OriginallyaBioMarsalesassistantintheDanishmarket,Rahbæktookoverassalesandmarketingmanagerattheendof2001andalsobecameamemberof theDanishmanagementteam.Rahbækhasheldthemanagingdirectorpositionsinceearly2007andfollowinghisresignation,intendstopursueopportunitiesoutsideofBioMar.

AsregionalR&Dmanagersince2007,ChristensenhasactivelyparticipatedindesigningandimplementinganewR&Dstrategyandnewproductdevelopmentprocesses.Alongsidethis,Christensenhasalsobeeninvolvedinalargenumberofprojectswith theaimofimprovingoperationalefficienciesinBioMar’sEuropeanfactories.

Toensurecontinuityduringthistakeover,RahbækandChristensenwillworkcloselytogetheruntilApril2013.www.biomar.com


INDUSTRYFACES

A Q U A C U L T U R E I N

2 0 1 2



Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96

[email protected], www.buhlergroup.com

Fatten up your bottom line. Bühler high-performance animal and aqua feed production

systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they

can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A

service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating

costs and increases capacity utilization. To nd out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com

march | april 2013 - international aquafeed magazine

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