international aquafeed- september | october 2015 - full edition

8/20/2019 International Aquafeed- September | October 2015 - FULL EDITION

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Duckweed

- A sustainable proteinsupplement for the future

Microalgae

- Different types of algaeprovide vital nutrients torotifers, copepods and larvaeof finfish, shellfish and shrimp

Catfish productionin India:

- Present status and prospects

Pea Seed proteinconcentrate inTilapia feeds

VOLUME 18 ISSUE 5 - SEPTEMBER | OCTOBER 2015

AQUANOR 2015 review

I N C O R P O R A T I N G

F I S H FA R M I N G T E C H N O L O G Y


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Editor

Professor Simon Davies

Email: [email protected]

Associate Editors

Dr Albert Tacon


Dr Yu Yu


Dr Kangsen Mai (Chinese edition)


Editorial Advisory Panel• Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt)

• Dr Alber t Tacon (USA)

• Professor António Gouveia (Portugal)

• Professor Charles Bai (Korea)

• Colin Mair (UK)

• Dr Daniel Merrifield (UK)

• Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada)

• Dr Elizabeth Sweetman (Greece)

• Dr Kim Jauncey (UK)

• Eric De Muylder (Belgium)

• Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore)

• Dr Mohammad R Hasan (Italy)

Editorial teamOlivia Holden


Malachi Stone


Peter Parker


Editor - Asia Pacific

Roy Palmer


Publisher

Roger Gilbert


Circulation & Events Manager

Tuti Tan


Design Manager

James Taylor


International marketing team (UK)

Darren Parris


Tom Blacker


Latin America

Ivàn Marquetti


Pablo Porcel de Peralta


India

Ritu Kala


Africa

Nathan Nwosu


More information:

International Aquafeed

7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square

Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom

Tel: +44 1242 267706

Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk

CONTENTSVolume 18 / Issue 5 / September-October 2015 / © Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.

All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent

inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken

on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of

this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner.

Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

REGULAR ITEMS

3-15 INDUSTRY NEWS

6 THE AQUACULTURISTS

28 PHOTOSHOOT

38 EXPERT TOPIC - CARP

44 INDUSTRY EVENTS52 THE MARKET PLACE

54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW

56 INDUSTRY FACES

FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGYSUPPLEMENT

002 The AKVA group automatic feedbarge - the Wavemaster AC850Panorama

FEATURES

12 Pea Seed protein concentrate inTilapia feeds

16 Catfish production in India:Present status and prospects

18 Growth trial and challenge testingfacility opens in Thailand

22 Dusckweed - a sustainable proteinsupplement for the future

30 Microalgae - Different types ofalgae provide vital nutrients torotifers, copepods and larvae offinfish, shellfish and shrimp

36 Microalgae - Q&A with ReedMariculture Inc founder andPresident Tim Reed

EXPERT TOPIC - KRILL


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Meet the Aquafeed team at upcoming international events

The season is certainly changing rapidly and autumnalweather is upon us here in the UK with much rain

and threatening grey skies rolling in from the

Atlantic. The nights are certainly drawing in and

it’s now time for some of us in the UK to stock up and

close the hatches.

Plymouth, England is subject to typical ever changing

maritime weather and it makes for interesting challenges.

As a Welshman though, I am quite used to rain and storms

whether they be climatic or even political (especially in aca-

demia), and we usually find a song or a pub for solace and a

place to think with a drink!It is only a step away from Christmas and reminders of the

festive holidays are already in the shops with advertisements

for food, drinks and all manner of decorations. I can’t wait!!

Increasingly salmon is now presented along with the

traditional turkey and other delights and the consumer has

so much choice at hand in terms of products with various

types of presentation from whole fresh salmon, fillets, smoked

forms, pates and salmon encased in pastry, bread crumbs and

in fish pies and salmon fish cakes etc.

Aquaculture of course is at the core of production and one

forgets that it is central to the supply chain of fresh salmon

or chilled salmon products in our stores and supermarkets.

Retailers are able to set specification requirements for fish at

source and are important in their discerning of quality criteria

and expectations from the consumer for a good reliable and

nutritious product. As such, there is now increasing demand

for salmon and with it a need for bespoken fish feed to sup-

port the growth of salmon, promote excellent health in rela-

tion to welfare and of course guarantee that the fish supplies

the Omega-3 fatty acids (or oils, fats for public perception)

for human health and well-being. Fish oils and fish meals are a

finite resource and we must use them very strategically as fish

farming of carnivorous and especially marine species expands

globally.

The medical research fraternity advocating that we should

ideally consume 1-3 portions per week of salmon for opti-

mum cardiovascular function, improved cognition, brain health

and prevention of strokes is well known and is mentionedfrequently in the TV media and press. However there has

been much concern that the replacement of marine derived,

principally fish oils and fish meals in diets for salmon and other

fish species too has caused a slow trend that could lower

in some instances the Omega- 3 ratio to other fatty acids

(Omega-6 series) in the diet and hence in fish such as salmon

to a worrying threshold. This is not the absolute case as

yet but significant differences in the Omega-3 levels do exist

and certainly between wild Pacific salmon and wild/ farmed

Atlantic salmon. One of the criticisms of the latter is their

typically very high fat content and this is not appealing to some

people with some adverse comments against the farming ofsalmon. However many have not even tasted the rather drier

wild salmon, so it’s a matter of perception and taste.

There is now a major new initiative launched by the

Global Salmon Initiative (GSI) to encourage the develop-

ment of novel Omega-3 alternatives to marine oil sources in

attaining the sustainable agenda for salmon production and

yet also satisfy the demands by the industry for Omega-3

enriched fish.

It is stated by GSI that ‘the farmed salmon industry uses

approximately 350000 tons of fish oil each year, and this

Creoso - welcome

Professor Simon Davies

16-19 November 2015

LAQUA15, Brazil

20-23 October 2015

Aquaculture Europe 2015

The Netherlands,

Stand number 1.6


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What’s best forCardiovascularDiseases?Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food chemistry,University of Athens, Greece

In my May/June article, some of the latest data on the functionality of

statins and fish lipids against Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) were

given. The story goes on and some related developments are given

below.

In the US, an FDA advisory panel has voted at the beginning of June

to recommend approval of two new injectable cholesterol-lowering

drugs that work differently than statins. These two drugs, Praluent by

the drug company Sanofi and Repatha from Amgen, are a class of drugs

known as PCSK9 inhibitors. These drugs block the PCSK9 protein in

the blood, which allows the body to more effectively reduce the levels

of LDL cholesterol.

Two articles claiming cholesterol-reducing statins may be unsafe are to be investigated and could be retracted by the British Medical Journal.

The authors have withdrawn figures suggesting up to 20 percent of

users would suffer harmful side effects such as liver disease and kidney

problems.

Given that about seven million people in the UK at risk of heart

disease are prescribed statins, experts fear the articles, which were

widely reported in October 2014, will have discouraged people from

taking them. British Medical Journal (BMJ) editor-in-chief Dr Fiona

Godlee said last May it was publicising the withdrawal of the side-

effects figures "so that patients who could benefit from statins are not

wrongly deterred from starting or continuing treatment because of

exaggerated concerns over side effects". But the scientific question: howsevere are the real side effects of statins?

On the other front, for example, the one of consuming fish instead of

statins, the news is encouraging:

Eating fatty fish, such as salmon, herring and mackerel, at least three to

four times a week has been shown to boost levels of high-density lipo-

protein (HDL) cholesterol and lessen the risk for cardiovascular disease,

according to a study published in the journal PLoS One. [http://journals.

plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0090352].

In a relevant recent research announcement, Australian researchers

have found [http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-13/fish-oil-not-pro-

tective-against-heart-disease-study-finds/6389126] that fish oil supple-

ments do not protect against heart disease with the evidence sug-

gesting that eating fish is of greater benefit to the heart. Researchersexamined the benefit of fish oil supplements for the hearts of healthy

people and those who have had a heart attack and are taking the sup-

plement to prevent further episodes.

The study, which has been published in the Heart, Lung and

Circulation Journal, has prompted the National Heart Foundation to

review its guidelines on fish and fish oil supplements. The Foundation

said it shows higher fish intake is consistently associated with lower

rates of sudden cardiac death, stroke, heart failure and heart attack.

It is urging all Australians to eat two to three servings of fish a week,

including oily fish.

The evidence is clear and the news for the Aquaculture society

is rosy! Eating fish protects better against CVDs (and without sideeffects) than any current drug at the moment! Plus, fish has a pleasant

flavour!

[email protected]

@yanzabet

demand is expected to grow by approximately five

percent each year in line with industry growth’.

This challenge is already being met by several biotech-

nology companies and a few scientific papers are now

available demonstrating the feasibility of plants, algae

and yeast as sources of EPA and DHA Omega-3’s that

can effectively be retained to enhance the salmon flesh

levels at harvest. The call is for companies to provide a

significant increase in availability of such materials over a

specified time period of at least two years. This I think

will be a most exciting course of action and I believe will

open new opportunities for discovery, innovation and

enterprise in aquaculture. It will be one of those decisive

markers affecting costs, competitiveness and overall suc-

cess of an industry so crucial to Scotland, Norway, Chile,

Iceland, and beyond.

Now in this issue of IAF we have our special expert

feature focusing on Krill and as a growth accelerator

with its numerous nutritional attributes especially those

Omega-3’s and the powerful anti-oxidant astaxanthinwell known for its flesh colouring properties for salmonid

fish.

My colleague Dr Ingrid Luputsch in her new role

at AB-Agri reports on the use of pea seed protein

concentrate in experimental diets for tilapia, something I

have worked on over the years with Professor Antonio

Gouveia in Portugal for many fish species and with

robust outcomes for inclusion in fish feeds.

Our special fish interest in this issue is catfish of

the Asian variety (There is much potential in Claridi

spp., and its excellent eating too, we worked for over

a decade on this tropical species when I was basedat Plymouth University, and bred several thousand in

the heart of the city!) The article by Dr B. Laxmappa,

Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries,

Telangana, India discusses Ictalurus Silurus, pangasius and

Clarias gariepinus species generically called catfish in rela-

tion to their production and contribution to freshwater

aquaculture in India.

In some forms of aquaculture, aquatic vegetation

makes a valuable feed contribution to less intensive types

of production systems and so duckweed is discussed in

a technical/ scientific report. However its processing can

generate an invaluable high protein concentrate for fish,

terrestrial farm animal nutrition and for human nutritionapplications making duckweed an added value product

of significant potential.

We certainly need more trained aquaculture fish

health specialists and I am pleased that we include news

of the opening of the new Fish Vet Asia laboratories at.

Chonburi, 90 minutes south-east of Bangkok.

Finally our events section addresses Aquanor and

previewing the EAS & Aquaculture Europe meeting for

October.

There is a diversity of news items and regular column

writers and so I wish you good reading and a busy and

successful autumn in your business endeavours.Professor Simon Davies

September-October 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 3

NEWS


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Nutriad sponsors

The Aquaculture

Roundtable Series

(TARS) 2015

Nu t r i a d w a s a

proud sponsor of

'The Aquacu l tu re

Roundtable Series (TARS) 2015,'

held on September 19-20 in

Hanoi, Vietnam. The central theme

of this fifth edition of TARS was

'from farm to plate' and focused

on new approaches to improve

feeds and feeding in aquaculture.

The event attracted around 200

participants representing major

aquafeed mills, big farm owners

and major suppliers of the Asian

aquaculture industry.

TARS includes a ser ies of round-

table sessions where stakeholdersfrom industry, academia, govern-

ments and NGOs convene to

share ideas and identify strate-

gies to ensure sustainable devel-

opment of Asia’s aquacul-

ture industr y. This year, par tici -

pants had fruitful discussions in

breakout sessions covering four

themes: Feeding Today's Shrimp;

Freshwater Fish Feeds; Marine

Fish Feeds; and the Aquafeed

Industry.

G loba l Aquacu l ture BU

manager Dr Peter Coutteau pre-

sented a talk titled 'Towards a

paradigm shift in feed specifica-

tions,' comparing feed regulations

for aquafeed in different Asian

countries and those in force in

the EU. Feed standards based on

simple analytical features are not

effective and risk limiting inno-

vation which is badly needed to

face current industry challenges.

Up-to-date aquafeed includes

nutrient quality and functional

properties to improve feed utili-

sation and animal health but also

requires adequate information

(labelling) and continued educa-

tion and suppor t of the farmer.The aquaculture industry would

benefit more from regulations

target ing feed and food safety

rather than feed specifications,

and would further benefit from

uniformity of regulations across

the ASEAN region. Dr Coutteau

received a lot of feedback from

the feed mill industry, which hasbeen limited by national regula-

tions for many years.

The Nutriad Gala Dinner,

organised at the Marriott Hotel

in Hanoi, was an excellent oppor-

tunity for visiting aquafeed profes-

sionals and Nutriad’s expert team

to further discuss on impor tant

topics while enjoying good foodin pleasant surroundings.

Nutriad delivers products and

services to over 80 countries

through a network of its own

sales offices and distributors, sup-

ported by four application labora-

tories and five manufacturing facil-

ities on three continents.

From left: Hai Diep, Area Manager IndoChina; Gim Chong Ho,Commercial/Technical Manager Aquaculture SE Asia; Alexander

van Halteren, Business Development Manager AquacultureAsia-Pacic (AP) and Europe, Middle East & Africa (EMEA); Peter

Coutteau, Business Unit Manager Aqua Additives; Allen Wu, RegionalAquaculture Manager, SE Asia

Biomin opens new

Panama plant

Biomin has further expanded its global

production network with the opening

of a production plant in Panama. The

inauguration marks the latest milestone in

the firm’s local presence that stretches back

nearly two decades. The new plant will allow

for growth and quicker delivery to Biomin dis-

tributors and customers in new and existing

markets throughout the Americas.

The plant produces Mycofix®, an innova-

tive mycotoxin deactivating feed additive, with

plans to produce PoultryStar®, a multi-species

probiotic for poultry, in the future.The site was planned with a long-term per-

spective and an expectation of growth in

mind. It has an installed production capacity

of 3120 tons per year based on one pack-

aging station and a single shift. Its starting pro-

duction goal is 6240 tons per year with two

shifts. Maximum production capacity can reach

12,480 tons per year with the addition of a

second packaging station.

On August 20, 2015 Christian Seiwald,

Chairman of Erber AG, and Esteban Giron,

Vice Minister of Agricultural Development

joined in the cutting of the ribbon inaugu-

rating the plant in Panama alongside BiominManaging Director, Marcelo Ribeiro, marking

a momentous occasion for the company and

the region.

“A strong, longstanding commitment to sci-

entific research has allowed Biomin to deliver

leading products in an ever-increasing number

of markets across the globe,” commented Mr

Seiwald.

Also in attendance were Ruben Beltran,

Managing Director of Biomin USA along with

50 invited guests including key distributors and

customers from throughout the region.

Aquaculture UK under

new management

Ascomber Ltd, the Scottish-based

Event Company and organisers

of Aquaculture UK was recently

acquired by 5m Publishing Ltd.

Ascomber diversifies the 5m Aquaculture

portfolio and compliments ‘The Fish Site’ and

our educational MSc and related post-grad-uate courses delivered in partnership with the

University of St Andrews.

5m Publishing publishes online topics

such as The Poultry, Avicola, Pig, Porcino,

Fish, Beef, Diary, Cattle, Meat, Crop, Pet,

AgriTimes and Sheep sites.

Now in its tenth year, Aquaculture UK is the

most important aquaculture exhibition and

conference held in the British Isles.

Although the ownership will change, the

name will remain the same and International

Aquafeed will continue to serve you under

Aquaculture UK.

David Mack, founder of the event, remains in

an advisory role to ensure a smooth transition

and a successful 2016 event!

You can reach the new team which com-

prises:

Commercial: Matt Colvan at

[email protected]

Marketing: Nicola Pickles [email protected]

Accounts: Sam Baker at

[email protected]

All visitor enquiries to Helena Thompson at

[email protected]


NEWS


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IKEA makes responsibly produced

seafood available to over 600

million customers

IKEA today announces that seafood

sold and served in its stores comes

from sustainable and responsible

sources. The IKEA commitment toASC and MSC certified seafood

marks the next step towards a

wider offer of healthier and more

sustainable food.

http://bit.ly/1V95pUo

Oceana wins landmark decision

that grants access to antibiotics

used by salmon farms in Chile

In a unanimous ruling, Santiago’s

Court of Appeals upheld the ille-

gality claim submitted by themarine conservation organisation,

Oceana, and demanded disaggre-

gated information at salmon com-

pany-level about the amounts and

types of antibiotics used between

2009 and 2013, figures which were

denied to the NGO by the Chilean

Transparency Council last April.

http://bit.ly/1NSJnkC

New Biomin video: mycotoxin

risk management

Mycotoxins cost the l ive-stock industry billions each year.

Harnessing the power of science,

the fifth generation of Mycofix®

unites three strategies to combat

mycotoxins using patented pro-

prietary technology, making it the

most scientifically advanced myco-

toxin protection available.

http://bit.ly/1KAfy27

A regular look inside

the aquaculture

industry

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www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

GePro celebrates 50th anniversary in style

F

ood in the Change - was the theme of

GePro's 50th anniversary celebrations,

which took place in the international city of

Hamburg.The program consisted of some seven presen-

tations, which turned out to be more of a lecture

format from a wide spectrum of professorships from

Germany, the Netherlands to Israel and beyond.

In fact, the subject matter was equally diverse

and not just focused on poultry production and

processing, which is at the centre of GePro's range

of feed industry products.

Bernd Grosse Holthaus, the company’s CEO

and sales director welcomed some 80-plus invited

delegates to the rooftop conference room that

offered views over Hamburg and its harbour.

National television presenter Sabine Stamm

moderated the whole day's program, expertly

weaving the presentations together despite their

diverse nature.From the need for modern agriculture, a review

of poultry production in Europe to pet food devel-

opments and farming fish in the desert and other

topics of Africa; from cultured meat to a novel

approach we should take to sustainability; all capti-

vated an appreciative audience's imagination.

The company hosted its gala dinner for over 300

company personnel and invited customers, sup-

pliers and international press on the Saturday in

Steinfeld in the heartland of Germany's livestock

production region and near its factory north of

Hamburg.

Satellite technology puts

‘mussel’ into shellfish

monitoring

A team of UK scientists are exploring the

use of satellites and meteorological data to

monitor and forecast water quality events

threatening shellfish farms, for the benefit of the

shellfish industry and, ultimately, consumers.

The farming or cultivation of seafood, termedaquaculture, is an important worldwide source of

protein. As global populations continue to rise at

approximately 1.13 percent a year, the expansion

of aquaculture is considered key to help provide

food security for future generations.

In the UK shellfish farming generates £20-25

million turnover each year, with worldwide

demand for shellfish is anticipated to grow by five

percent a year.

This expected growth provides a clear business

opportunity for UK shellfish farming. Tools that

can provide environmental information directly tofarmers will help to continue safe, productive and

sustainable aquaculture farming, whilst also helping

the industr y to expand and meet the nutrition

needs of future populations.

Now, the two-year ShellEye project (www.shelleye.

org), funded jointly by the UK Biotechnology and

Biological Science Research Council (BBSRC) and

Natural Environment Research Council (NERC),

will be helping to advance shellfish farming man-

agement practices. The project will initially focus

on the development of novel satellite monitoring

and short term forecasting techniques, which will

then be integrated into the first water qual ity

monitoring service for harmful algal blooms and

targeted pollution events, specifically for the shell-

fish aquaculture industry.Changes in water quality, such as the formation

of harmful algal blooms, can have a negative impact

upon shellfish farms and, in rare cases, can also

pose a public health issue through the consump-

tion of contaminated stock. Water quality in and

around aquaculture farms in the UK and Europe

is currently monitored by government agencies,

using a series of tests based on collecting water

samples and analysing the flesh of the seafood

being farmed.

Enhancing current monitoring practises, through

the use satel li tes and weather forecasts , wil lprovide farmers with a cost-effective, near real-

time source of information in the form of elec-

tronic bul let ins , to help manage she llfi sh har-

vesting. In turn, this should help minimise poten-

tial health.

6 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | September-October 2015

EWS


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Interestingly the example mentioned was in Nepal,

a country currently suffering the enormous effects

of a recent earthquake, Nepal was a country

where AwF had helped establish aquaculture – see

project reports 2008-2012. I particularly recall Ram

Bhujel (AIT and AwF Volunteer) saying at the AwF

Session during a WAS-APC Conference in Ho Chi

Minh City, Vietnam, how important AwF had been

in his birthplace (Nepal) in showing that aquacul-

ture was possible and also empowering women to

engage.

As the US aid newsletter states, “In rural Nepal,

widespread poverty is compounded by the lack of

access to high-quality, nutritious foods.” According to

a recent report from the Nepal Demographic Health

Survey, 41 percent of children under the age of five

are chronically malnourished, and anemia is a signifi-cant problem, afflicting 47 percent of children and 36

percent of women.

One approach to mitigate the occurrence of

anemia and to improve the overall health of rural

Nepalese is to supplement their diets with vitamin-

rich protein sources, such as fish. Researchers from

Nepal’s Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU)

recognised the potential of aquaculture to help

address this widespread nutritional deficit, and their

recent effort in Nepal successfully established more

than 70 family-run fishponds, all managed by women.

In the first year of operation, the ponds producedover 500 kg of fish for household consumption.

Looking back at AwF Project reports I read that

an aquaculture awareness program was organised,

this involved gathering a group of women and using

computers from a higher secondary school in the

village. A program produced on CD that was based

on the “Women in Aquaculture Project” in Chitwan

was shown, followed by questions and answers. Even

at that stage organisers were reporting that a lot of

women had shown their interest.

From that report I read, “Altogether 52 families

applied and showed interest in culturing fish on

their land which was almost double the number theproject team had expected. Full technical support

(training, field visit and fry supply) was offered to all

of them, and a partial financial support was extended

to all of them dividing them into two categories

i.e. very poor and poor; with more support to the

former.”

According to US Aid, ‘Researchers intend to train

more women in effective aquaculture techniques

by establishing women’s groups to educate rural

Nepalese on fish farming practices and the nutri-

tional benefits associated with household fish pro-

duction.Dr Thilsted highlighted that the characteristics of

a healthy diet for the poor included natural foods

which are locally produced; culturally acceptable

(taste, texture, colour, flavour, etc); affordable; high in

nutritional quality; safe and available year round.

I t is claimed that as much as 47 percent

of the edible US seafood supply is lost

each year, mainly from consumer waste,

according to latest research from the Johns

Hopkins Center for a Liveable Future

(CLF).

The findings, to be published in the

November issue of Global Environmental

Change, come as food waste in general has

been in the spotlight and concerns have

been raised about the sustainability of the

world’s seafood resources.

In the US and around the world, peopleare being advised to eat more seafood to

improve their health and wellbeing, however

overfishing, climate change, pollution, habitat

destruction and the use of fish for other

purposes besides human consumption are

potentially threatening supply.

“If we’re told to eat significantly more

seafood but the supply is severely threat-

ened, it is critical and urgent to reduce

waste of seafood,” says study leader David

Love, PhD, a researcher with the Public

Health and Sustainable Aquaculture projectat the CLF and an assistant scientist at the

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public

Health.

The new study analysed the food waste

issue by focusing on the amount of seafood

lost annually at each stage of the food supply

chain and at the consumer level.

Data was compiled from many sources

and from that, the researchers estimated the

US edible seafood supply at approximately

2.132 billion kg (4.7 billion pounds) per year,

which includes domestic and imported prod-

ucts minus any exported products.Some of the edible seafood supply is

wasted as it moves through the supply chain

from harvest to plate. They found that the

amount wasted each year is roughly 1.04

billion kg (2.3 billion pounds). Of that waste,

they say that 150 million kg (330 million

pounds) are lost in distribution and retail,

260 million kg (573 million pounds) are lost

when commercial fishers catch the wrong

species of fish and then discard it (a concept

called by-catch) and a staggering 590 mil-

lion kg (1.3 billion pounds) are lost at theconsumer level.

The researchers discovered the greatest

portion of seafood loss occurred at the level

of consumers (51 to 63 percent of waste).

Whilst 16 to 32 percent of waste is due

to by-catch and 13 to 16 percent is lost in

distribution and retail operations.

To illustrate the magnitude of the loss,

the authors estimate this lost seafood could

contain enough protein to fulfill the annual

requirements for as many as 10 million men

or 12 million women; and there is enough

seafood lost to close 36 percent of the gap

between current seafood consumption and

the levels recommended by the 2010 US

Dietary Guidelines.

The 2010 US Dietary Guidelines recom-

mended increasing seafood consumption to230g (eight ounces) per person per week

and consuming a variety of seafood in place

of some meat and poultry. Achieving those

levels of demand would require doubling the

US seafood supply, the researchers say.

Waste reduction has the potential to

support increased seafood consumption

without further stressing aquatic resources,

says Roni Neff, PhD, director of the Food

System Sustainability and Public Health

Program at CLF and an assistant professor

with the Bloomberg School of Public Health.

She says that while a portion of the loss

could be recovered for human consumption,

“we do not intend to suggest that all of it

could or should become food for humans.

“It would generally be preferable for the

fish that becomes by-catch to be left alive in

the water rather than eaten, and due to sea-

food’s short shelf life, it may be particularly

challenging compared to other food items

to get the remaining seafood eaten or frozen

before it decays,” she says.

In the report the researchers offer several

approaches to reduce seafood waste along the food chain from catch to consumer.

Suggestions range from limiting the percent

of by-catch that can be caught at the produc-

tion level to packaging seafood into smaller

portion sizes at the processing level to

encouraging consumer purchases of frozen

seafood.

Some loss is unavoidable, but the research-

ers hope these estimates and suggestions will

help stimulate dialogue about the significance

and magnitude of seafood loss.

Note: “Wasted seafood in the UnitedStates: Quantifying loss from production to

consumption and moving toward solutions”

written by Dave C. Love, Jillian P. Fry, Michael

C. Milli and Roni A. Neff is available at: http://

bit.ly/1iJdMFc

Seafood waste reduction sought- Researchers say waste adds to otherproblems threatening global seafoodresources

Roy Palmer, director, Aquaculturewithout Frontiers

Award for

Columbian

champion


NEWS



10/68

Well-balanced multi-stakeholders’ participation is a key prin-

ciple for GMP+ International’s operations in the market. It

is an important strategy to involve and commit the stake-

holders in the whole feed chain as well as following links in animal pro-

duction, like livestock and aqua farming, dairy, meat and egg processing

industry. GMP+ International’s partners are allowed to nominate can-

didates for its expert committees in charge of defining the content of

the GMP+ Feed Certification scheme.

When you search on Google with the phrase ‘well-balanced multi-

stakeholders participation’, it results in a limited number of hits, allrelated to GMP+ International. The pr inciple of ‘multi-stakeholders par-

ticipation’ as such, results in more hits and is a better-known principle

applied in the public sector.

It is a conceptual model for participatory decision-making. It is based

on the view that stakeholders, experts, and citizens could contribute to

developing a wished outcome based on their particular expertise and

experience as well as interests. The concept of this participation model

is oriented toward a multi-actor, multi-value, and multi-interest situation.

These groups represent three forms of knowledge:

a. knowledge based on common sense and personal experience;

b. knowledge based on technical expertise; and

c. knowledge derived from social interest and advocacy.The principle of multi-stakeholders’ participation fits very well to

GMP+ International’s core business related to feed safety and responsi-

bility assurance, which are common interests of the feed and food pro-

ducing industry. Obviously, there is also a public interest about it. It is

based on two of GMP+ International’s core values: integrity and objec-

tivity. These values are taken into account in case of the participatory

decision-making process in combination with transparency about the

pro-cess and final result. GMP+ International integrated the principle

of multi-stakeholders’ participation in two ways: (i) partnership and (ii)

public consultation.

Partnership of stakeholder groups is aimed at involvement of the

stakeholders in the feed and food chain in the decision-making regarding

the content of the GMP+ Feed Certification scheme and the relatedintegrity policy. It is realised by participation of experts in the expert

committees. It should result in suppor t of and commitment to the final

result. Moreover, partnership enables GMP+ International to develop

market oriented products and services.

GMP+ International distinguish two types of partners: (i) trade associ-

ations in the feed and animal production chain and (ii) food companies

(dairy, eggs, meat, and aqua producers). Currently, GMP+ International

has 35 partners (August 2015) representing the whole production

chain of animal products. The 35 partners of GMP+ International are

two international and 30 national trade-associations (in 7 different

countries), as well as three international operating food companies,

all together covering the whole feed and food chain. The goal is to

increase partners’ participation in the relevant countries as much as

possible.

As mentioned before, we strive to a well-balanced participation of

the different stakeholders in the whole chain. The aim is that there isnot any one single link in the chain that will dominate the decision-

making and the division of the seats of the expert committees aims to

realise well-balanced participation of all links.

However, the principle and common target is to focus on the needs

of the ultimate goal: to provide animal products to the consumers

which are safe for their health and produced in a responsible way.

Partnership means that the partner endorses this principle and it is

a touchstone for the decision-making process. Besides that, we seek

to reach consensus in decision-making as much as possible. Therefore

multi-stakeholders’ dialogues contribute to reducing conflicts between

interest groups.

Indeed, partnerships limit participation to the stakeholders’ groups,

which applied for partnership. Their representative experts are initially

and finally involved in the decision making process.

However, we apply also public consultation in order to enable

everyone who is not involved via partnership, to give comments, to

share expertise and to promote its interests. The results of the public

consultation are considered seriously and taken into account in the final

decision-making. We make also publish, when and why we do not take

over comments, with an objective motivation.

In multi-stakeholders’ dialogues, we realise that there are different

interests: own interest, common interest (of industry) and public

interest (of society). Our aim is to promote the common interest,

which fits very well with the public interest of safe and response food

of animal origin. Leading arguments are objective motivation, and anappeal on accountability and social responsibility of the feed business.

Above the different interests, the dialogue is also influenced by the dif-

ferences of cultural dimensions of the participants. That makes such

dialogues not always easy, interesting and sometimes it cost time. The

added value is worthwhile: it is reducing conflicts and contribute to

better results.

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Get more daily industry news at the

Aquaculturists www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com

Want more industry news?Try our daily online news service.

Well-balanced multi-stakeholders’

participation

by Johan den Hartog, Managing Director, GMP+ International


EWS


11/68

Aller Aqua opens

subsidiary in

Nigeria

Aller Aqua Nigeria is now

a reality and the first con-

tainer s with feed have

arrived. A widespread net of local

distributors are ready to sell Aller

Aqua’s high quality fish feed in the

African country.

“It has not been easy getting

this far, but Nigeria has so much

potential – both in terms of edu-

cating existing farmers with regard

to maximising the yield of their

production, but also in terms of

expanding the aquaculture pro-

duction in the country” explains

Hans Erik Bylling, CEO of Aller

Aqua Group. Niels Lundgaard,

International Relationship Managerat Aller Aqua agrees and continues:

“Nigeria is undergoing massive

development at the moment,

and implementing more aquacul-

ture is a good and relatively cheap

way of starting a business. We can

help both established fish farmers

and newly started ones by pro-

viding extruded fish feed of a high

quality, which can give the fish

farms a boost in terms of produc-

tion and economy. Further, we can

help and guide them with the chal-

lenges they may face in their pro-

duction to the benefit of everyone

involved.”

Local partners, supported by Aller

Aqua Nigeria, are ready to take

good care of the customers. It is

Aller Aqua’s philosophy that the cus-

tomers must prosper in order for

the company to do so, and thus, the

Danish company have made every

arrangement for the best possible

start in Nigeria. Aller Aqua has

moved fast, and offices and storage is

ready, as well as 12 employees.

Aller Aqua Nigeria will be par-

ti cipa ting in three upcomingevents; “DELTA 2015” arranged

by FISON (Fisheries Society of

Nigeria), Agra Innovate Nigeria

and CAFAN’s (Catfish Association

of Nigeria) bi-annual fish festival –

all in November.

“This will be a great chance to

meet our customers first hand,”

explains Lasisi Nurudeen, Country

Manager Nigeria. “In order to be

taken ser iously we need to be

seen in the right places, and par-

ticipate actively where the fish

farmers are. The two events will

draw large crowds of both existing

and potential fish farmers. We

can help them set up and better

their production. I have visited the

Danish and German factories and

seen the production, the quality

control, the research station, Aller

Aqua Research, and it is a great

set up. The extruded feeds are

very effective compared to what

we are used to in Nigeria, and

will better the productions here.

It is a highly interesting product

for the Nigerian market, and I am

excited to be part of this projectfrom the very beginning.” Lasisi has

a background in animal nutrition,

and has studied Animal Production

and Fisheries at the Lagos State

Polytechnic, Lagos.

Besides participation in local

events and customer and partner

visits, Aller Aqua Nigeria are

planning on hosting seminars to

further educate local fish farmers

on the benefits of extruded

fish feed and other subjects of

interest. The company is also

ready to collaborate with edu-

cational institutions in terms of

exchanging technical knowledge

and research.

Despite the fact that Aller Aqua

Nigeria has only recently become

a reality, the first feed has already

arrived in the African country, and

more is underway, underlining the

great potential here. With stocks

selling out quickly, it seems that

one of the biggest challenges will

be to ensure availability of the

feeds at all times.

The establishment of Aller Aqua

Nigeria adds another country to thelist of Aller Aqua subsidiaries.

Aller Aqua now exports fish

feed to nearly 70 countries and

the company supply feed for more

than 30 species of fish and crus-

taceans.

Yara enters

agreement to sell

its European CO2 business

Yara International ASA

has signed a non-binding

Heads of Terms with

US-based Praxair, Inc to sell its

European CO2 business for

EU€218 million. The agreement

also includes a sale of Yara’s

remaining 34 percent stake in

the Yara Praxair Holding AS joint

venture to Praxair for an esti-mated EU€94 million.

“The CO2 business has been an

attractive and long-standing part

of Yara’s portfolio, but remains a

relatively small part of the broader

industrial gas industry, and wherePraxair is well positioned to create

additional value. I am confident

that this business will be further

strengthened under Praxair’s

ownership, and at the same time

this agreement allows Yara to

redeploy management and finan-

cial capacity to other value-cre-

ating opportunities” said Svein

Tore Holsether, president and

Chief Executive Officer of Yara

International ASA.

The proposed transaction isconditional upon final transac-

tion agreements, obtaining nec-

essary approvals from com-

petition authorities, and other

customary closing conditions.

The transaction is expected to close in the first quar ter of

2016, with a provisionally esti-

mated post-tax gain of EU€150

million including the Yara Praxair

Holding AS sale.

In 2014, Yara’s European CO2

business sold more than 850

thousand metr ic tons of liquid

CO2 and 50 thousand metric tons

of dry ice, delivering an EBITDA

of EU€21.5 million and revenues

of EU€112 million primarily from

the food and beverage industry.The business operates five CO2

liquefaction plants, 3 CO2 ships,

seven ship terminals and six dry

ice production facilities.

The Yara Praxair Holding

AS joint venture, operating inScandinavia and formed in 2007,

had a 2014 EBITDA of EU€35

million and revenues of EU€145

million (100 percent basis). Yara’s

exit from the joint venture is

regulated through a put/call

option in the joint venture

agreement.

The Heads of Terms also

includes an agreement for Yara to

supply Praxair with raw CO2, gas

and continue to operate three of

the CO2 liquefaction units which

are integrated within Yara’s ferti-

liser plants.


NEWS


12/68

Sachs Merchant

Banking Division

to acquire Hamlet

Protein

Altor Fund IV and Goldman

Sachs Merchant Banking

Divis ion partner to

acquire the majority of Hamlet

Protein from Polaris Private

Equity and the founder of the

company, Ole K Hansen.

Hamlet Protein is a global

provider of soy-based protein

solutions used in high value-

add animal feed for young

animals. The company services

more than 50 countries fromits two production facilities in

Horsens, Denmark and Findlay,

Ohio.

“This is another important mile-

stone for Hamlet Protein and

we are very excited about our

new partnership with Altor and

Goldman Sachs Merchant Banking

Division”, says Søren Munch, CEO

of Hamlet Protein.

“With the strong support

of Altor and Goldman SachsMerchant Banking Division we

are uniquely positioned to accel-

erate the development and

growth of Hamlet Protein and

better service our customers and

partners globally.”

“We have made a successful

management succession and

turned Hamlet Protein into a

leading global provider of specialty

soya for young animal feed with a

strong market position in Europe,US and Asia through developing

global sales organization and sig-

nificant investments in expanding

capacity including establishing a

sales and production facility in the

US”, says Niels Worning, Partner

at Polaris Pr ivate Equity.

”It has been a very successful

partnership with Polaris, where

we, along with a strong new lead-

ership has managed to achieve

a great development for Hamlet the recent year s with a signif-

icant strengthening of Hamlet’s

global market position,” says

founder of Hamlet Protein, Ole

K Hansen.

“We are looking forward to

continuing the positive develop-

ment of Hamlet Protein started

by Polaris in our equal part-

nership with Goldman Sachs

Merchant Banking Division”, says

Søren Johansen, Partner at AltorEquity Partners. “We believe that

Hamlet Protein is ideally posi-

tioned to become the global

champion within high value-add

young animal feed.”

“We are impressed by the

high value-add young animal

feed platform that the manage-

ment team and employees have

built under the current own-

ership”, says Michael Specht

Bruun, Managing Director in theMerchant Banking Division of

Goldman Sachs.

“We see significant growth

potential globally and are excited

about partnering with Altor and

the management team to support

the company’s impressive growth

trajectory both organically and

through acquisitions.”

Closing of the transaction is

subject to customary regulatory

requirements and approvals. Wil liam Blair acted as exclu-

sive financial advisor to the

selling shareholders. Nordea has

provided debt financing for the

transaction.

Cargill acquires EWOS

for €1.35 billion

Cargill has entered into

an agreement with Altor

Fund III and Bain Capital

Europe III to acquire EWOS, a

global leader in salmon nutrition

for 1.35 billion euros. The trans-

action, which is subject to reg-

ulatory approvals, is expected

to close before the end of the

calendar year, says the company

on its website today.

“This transaction, which is sig-

nificant and the second aqua-

culture acquisition Cargill has

announced in as many months, is

a strategic investment in our long-

term growth and evidence of

our commitment to the growingaquaculture industry,” said David

MacLennan, Cargill president and

CEO.

The acquisition gives Cargill

entry into the salmon market and

will make Cargill’s animal nutri-

tion business a leading player in

the growing salmon feed industry,

one of the most advanced and

professionally managed segments

in global aquaculture. As part

of the transaction, Cargill willacquire seven feed manufacturing

facilities; three in Norway, and one

each in Chile, Canada, Scotland

and Vietnam, as well as two state-

of-the-art R&D centres located

in Norway and Chile. EWOS

produces more than 1.2 million

metric tons of salmon feed for

the biggest salmon producers in

the world.

“EWOS is a winning company,”

said Sarena Lin, president of

Cargi l l ’s Feed & Nutrit ion

business.

“Adding its industry-leading

talent and capabilities as well as

its thought leadership in sustain-

able business practices will be

transformational for our aqua-

culture nutrition business. We are

looking forward to welcoming1,000 highly talented and pas-

sionate EWOS employees to the

Cargill Animal Nutrition team and

strengthening our R&D capabili-

ties and accelerating the pace of

innovation to drive strategic long-

term growth for Cargill’s animal

nutrition business.”

Einar Wathne, CEO of EWOS,

said: “Cargill and EWOS will

create a new, world-class aqua

feed supply capability that will

support the growth potential for

fish and seafood consumption

and create new opportunities for

customers and employees alike.

EWOS has a strong brand and

a deep commitment to high

product quality, its people and

sustainable aquaculture. Adding

Cargill ’s vast resources and

global reach to EWOS’ leading

R&D expertise, will allow the

new organisation to provide

world-class, innovative products

and solutions to the global aquaindustry.”

Cargill has established a strong

track record of acquir ing and

integrating businesses, unlocking

additional value for customers by

leveraging the talent and capabil-

ities of acquired organisations in

combination with Cargill’s global

footprint, scale, breadth and

depth of talent, and operational

excellence, risk management, and

expertise in animal nutrition, and

supply chains.

The acquisition adds to Cargill’s

existing aquaculture capabilities in

Mexico, Central America, China,

United States, Southeast Asia, India,

and Ecuador, to which EWOS is

expected to contribute comple-

mentary expertise and leadership.

With this investment, the company

will continue to leverage its global

research and development capa-

bilities, which includes 15 R&D

and Technology Application facili-

ties around the world.This acquisition is the second

Cargill investment in aquacul-

ture over the las t month. In

early July, Cargill announced a

US$30 million joint venture with

Naturisa to build a shrimp feed

facility in Ecuador.

“With the need for protein

expected to grow by 70 percent

worldwide by 2050, farmed fish

and shrimp offers one solution to

meeting this demand, and Cargill

intends to play a major role in this

growing and important market,”

Ms Lin said.

David MacLennan, Cargill presidentand CEO EinarWathne, CEO of EWOS


EATURE


13/68

Tour report Chile: Industry welcomes

new Version five of the GLOBALGAP

Aquaculture Standard

K

ey players in the

Chilean aquacul-

ture industry met

on August 18,

2015 in Puerto Varas at the

GLOBALGAP Tour 2015 stop

organised by DNV GL, one of

the world’s leading certification

bodies, for a presentation of

the new Version five of the

GLOBALGAP Aquaculture

Standard and its impact on

the aquaculture sector in the

country. The new version,

available since July 2015, incor-

porates new elements that

focus on a more sustainable andsocially responsible aquaculture.

Latin AmericaReporting on all GLOBALGAP

certification activities in Latin

America on behalf of the

GLOBALGAP Certification Body

Committee, Jorge Ríos Alveal,

Senior Consultant Food and

Beverage at DNV said that more

than 30 companies are certified

under GLOBALGAP in Chile and

that “the national salmon industry

exports over 98 percent of its

products.”

Valeska Weymann, Senior

Expert and Technical Key

A c c o u n t G L O B A L G A P

Aquaculture presented the

new elements incorporated in

the GLOBALGAP Aquaculture

Standard Version five. Focused

on Caring for Consumers

and Responsible Sourcing at

All Stages of Production, keychanges cover animal welfare,

infrastructure specific to cage

farming, area management,

community , subcontract ing

and workers’ health safety and

welfare.

Changes also include improve-

ments to the overall language

and structure of the document

to ensure harmonised interpre-

tation, with added detailed guide-

lines to ensure animal welfare,

as well as emphasising the sus-

tainable aspects of the fish feed

used.

New requirements have been

added to the criteria for the

Veterinary Health Plan, which

emphasise not only animal

welfare but also the impact on

both the environment and human

beings, with regards to the use of

antibiotics.

International newsAs for recent international

news on the high use of antibi-

otics in Chile, Valeska Weymann

explained that any GLOBALGAP

certified company, including those

in Chile, are only permitted touse antibiotics based on a diag-

nosis.

She added that, “we have

been fortunate that the Rapid

Alert System for Food and Feed

(RASFF) used in Europe has

not identified any weaknesses in

GLOBALGAP certified products,

which means that certification

offers a high level of assurance

that there are no residual chem-

icals.”

Version five of the Aquaculture

Standard also enhances commu-

nication with consumers.

“Today, through the Friends of

the Sea collaboration project, for

example, we intend to promote

higher communication addressing

consumers’ key concerns such as

the use of antibiotics,” explained

Valeska Weymann.

The head of the Department

of the Environment Technological

Institute of Salmon (INTESAL),

Ximena Rojas, presented the

macro-zone management pro-

cesses taking place in the salmon

farming and the current major

improvements in health manage-

ment in Chile, specifically since the crisis of the ISA (Infectious

Salmon Anemia) virus in 2007.

This crisis has accelerated the

introduction of a new productive

model for the Chilean aquacul-

ture sector and strengthened the

role of the national government

in the control and regulation of

aquaculture.

WWW.VIV.NET

VIVMEA 2016

VIVASIA 2017

VIV EUROPE 2018

VIVTURKEY

2015 JUNE 11 - 13, ISTANBUL, TURKEY VIVCHINA

2016SEPTEMBER 6 - 8, BEIJING, CHINAVIVRUSSIA

2015MAY 19 - 21, MOSCOW, RUSSIA

FEBRUARI 16 - 18, ABU DHABI, U. A. E .

MARCH 15 - 17, BANGKOK, THAILAND

JUNE 20 - 22, UTRECHT, THE NETHERLANDS

WORLDWIDECALENDAR 2015 - 2018


FEATURE


14/68

Peas (Pisum sativum) are one of the

four most important crops next to

soybean, groundnut, and beans. It

is a particularly important legume

in temperate areas with numerous food

(dry seed, vegetable) and feed (seed, fodder)

usages.

Field peas have attracted con-siderable attention as an animal

feed due to increased produc-

tion in Europe and Canada and

thus reliable supply and com-

petitive price. Peaseed meal has

been trialed in Atlantic salmon,

Rainbow trout and European sea

bass with encouraging results.

Peas, when unprocessed, con-

tain moderate levels of protein

22-25 percent but also several

anti-nutritional factors (ANF);

however, the levels of ANFs inpeas are low compared with

other legumes and peas did not

induce enteritis in the distal intes-

tine in Atlantic salmon as seen

when feeding soybean meal.

New feed processing tech-

nologies have provided more

suitable products for use in high

protein aquafeeds. Pea protein

concentrate (PPC) is produced

by fine grinding dehulled peas

into pea flour, followed by airprocessing which separates the

particles based on differences in

size and density. The resulting

concentrate has higher protein

and lower carbohydrate and

ANF contents compared with unprocessed

peas, and thus would be a promising protein

source in aquaculture feeds.

The following study examined the efficacy

and nutritional properties of peaseed protein

concentrate as an alternative feed ingredi-

ent and protein source for all-male tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) culture incorporating

growth and digestibility trials.

Fish and rearing conditionsGenetically male Nile tilapia (GMT) were

sourced as fry from Fishgen

Ltd and raised at the Centre

for Sustainable AquacultureResearch at Swansea

University until they reached

the appropriate sizes to be

used in the trials. Fish were

cultured indoors as part of a

freshwater recirculation sys-

tem, which included mechani-

cal and bio-filtration units, a

protein skimmer and a sand

filter. Water temperature

was kept at 27°C and pho-

toperiod was set at 12 hours

of light daily. Temperatureand dissolved oxygen levels

were measured daily, while

total ammonia nitrogen,

nitrite, nitrate and pH were

measured weekly to assure

optimum water quality.

Feed preparationFeeds were prepared

according to Table 1 by mix-

ing the dry ingredients with a

binder and water, extruded through a meat grinder and

afterwards dried at 450C for

24 hrs. The resulting pellets

had a diameter of 2.5mm and

3.5mm for growth and digest-

Pea Seed protein

concentrate in

Tilapia feeds

Table 1: Apparent digestibility coefcients (%) of sh meal and pea seed protein as

determined in tilapia

Dry matter

%

Protein

%

Organic Matter

%

Energy

%

Fish meal* 72.1 ± 0.2 89.5 ± 0.2 82.7 ± 0.3 83.7 ± 0.4

Pea seed concentrate** 73.2 ± 0.1 88.4 ± 1.8 79.3 ± 2.2 80.3 ± 2.3

Table 2: Formulation and composition of experimental feeds (per kg as fed)

Ingredients Fishmeal 30% PPC 60% PPC 100% PPC

Formulation

Fish meal 605 410 210 -

Pea seed concentrate - 165 340 520

Corn Starch 325 340 320 310

Vegetable Oil 40 45 50 55

Vitamin &Mineral 5 5 5 5

Di-calcium- Phosphate - - 25 55

Calcium carbonate - - 25 55

Alginate 25 25 25 25

Composition

Dry matter, g 927 905 903 910

Ash, g 133 98.7 92.9 88.8

Lipid, g 86.6 85.6 84.9 83.6

Crude Protein, g 393 390 393 397

Gross Energy, MJ 17.90 18.00 18.08 18.32

Digestible Protein*, g 352 348 349 351

Digestible Energy*, MJ 14.79 14.76 14.67 14.82

DP/DE ratio g/MJ 23.8 23.5 23.8 23.7

* Incorporating results from digestibility trial

by Josh Cantril, Centre for SustainableAquaculture Research, SwanseaUniversity, Swansea, UK and IngridLupatsch, Aqua Nutrition Manager, ABAgri Ltd


EATURE


15/68

ibility trial respectively and were stable up to

24 hours in water.

Sample preparation andchemical analyses

At the start of the growth trial samples

of about 10 fish were taken and at the end

10 fish from each tank were sacrificed and

blended to create homogenous samples. Sub-

samples for estimation of dry matter were

taken before the remaining homogenate was

oven-dried. The dried samples were once

more mixed in a blender before all remaininganalyses.

Identical analyses were applied for diets,

faecal matter and body homogenates. Crude

protein was measured using the Kjeldahl tech-

nique and multiplying N by 6.25. Ash was cal-

culated from the weight loss after incineration

of the samples for 12h at 5500C in a muffle

furnace. Gross energy content was measured

by combustion in a Parr bomb calorimeter

using benzoic acid as the standard. Chromic

oxide was estimated by wet digestion.

Feed and faeces containing Cr2O3 were

digested in a mixture of perchloric acid, con-

centrated sulphuric acid and Na-molybdate.

The resulting dichromate was determined at

360 nm against Cr2O7 standard solutions.

Digestibility trialDigestibility of the pea seed protein con-

centrate was assessed by adding chromic

oxide, an 0.8 percent inclusion, as the indi-

gestible marker to the feed and collecting the

faecal matter by siphoning. By assessing the

ratio of marker to energy or nutrient in the

feed compared to their ratio in faecal matter,

digestibility of the nutrients can be established.

Fishmeal was used as the reference ingredient

and the test diet was mixed at a ratio of 50

percent fishmeal and 50 percent pea seed

protein. Fifteen tilapia, weighing on average

400g, were stocked in 300L tanks to supply two replicates per treatment. Faecal matter

from a given tank was pooled over the trial

period until sufficient material was collected

for subsequent analyses. Digestibility of ingre-

dients were calculated using well established

equations and are presented in Table 1.

Growth trialFour experimental diets were formulated

Table 3: Performance parameters of tilapia after 35 days of growth at 27oC (mean ± SD)

Treatment Fishmeal 30% PPC 60% PPC 100% PPC

Initial weight (g) 32.2 ± 1.0 32.5 ± 0.6 32.7 ± 1.2 33.4 ± 0.6

Final weight (g) 97.8 ± 2.2 105.7 ± 1.0 100.9 ± 4.1 65.7 ± 3.2

Weight gain g/sh/day 1.88 ± 0.03 2.09 ± 0.01 1.95 ± 0.08 0.92 ± 0.07

Feed intake g/sh/day 2.06 ± 0.05 2.23 ± 0.12 2.09 ± 0.06 1.07 ± 0.02

FCR 1.10 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.06 1.07 ± 0.02 1.16 ± 0.08

Survival (%) 97 ± 4 100 ± 0 97 ± 4 82 ± 8

Table 4: Composition of tilapia per g live weight (mean ± SD)

Initial Fishmeal 30% PPC 60% PPC 100% PPC

Dry Matter, mg 230 248 ± 0.7 274 ± 0.4 266 ± 1.2 247 ± 0.2

Crude Protein, mg 127 139 ± 0.4 150 ± 4.0 149 ± 12.1 133 ± 2.1

Lipid, mg 43.1 65.3 ± 4.0 80.9 ± 1.0 77.0 ± 1.0 63.7 ± 0.4

Ash, mg 59.2 43.6 ± 2.4 43.2 ± 0.8 40.1 ± 1.1 50.4 ± 0.8

Gross Energy, kJ 4.52 5.59 ± 0.18 6.63 ± 0.24 6.37 ± 0.37 5.29 ± 0.0


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to contain 40 percent protein

and nine percent lipid and

to gradually include pea seed

concentrate at the expense of

fishmeal (Table 2). Seventeen

tilapia of 35g initial size were

stocked in 150L tanks provid-

ing two replicates per treat-

ment. The trial lasted 35 days

and fish were fed manually

to apparent satiation up to 4

times daily. Any uneaten pel-

lets were collected at the end

of the day and accounted for.

Thus feed intake was

quantified and evaluated in

relation to growth response.

Through comparative body composition

of fish carcass the relationship between

dietary protein and energy intake and pro-

tein and energy deposition was assessed,

which allowed estimation of the utilisationefficiency of the feeds.

Results and DiscussionComparison of growth performance

among fish showed no difference when

PPC supplied up to 60 percent of the

protein in the diet. But growth obviously

deteriorated in tilapia fed the 100 percent

pea seed diet compared to the other three

feeds. Survival was also slightly reduced

(Table 3).

Despite the poorer growth performance,

results in Table 3 indicate that FCR was not

different among the treatments (Table 3).Furthermore a trend can be inferred that fish

performance improved with the inclusion

of the pea seed concentrate. This differ-

ence was not proven to be significant, but

nevertheless higher weight gain, improved

FCR (Table 3) and increased energy content

(Table 4) can be described which ultimately

resulted in improved energy and protein

retention efficiencies

(Table 5).

The reduced weight

gain was thought to be

correlated with reduced

feed intake in fish fed the

100 percent pea seed

feed as indicated in Table

3.

ConclusionsTilapia performed on

feeds with pea seed pro-

tein of up to 35 percent

dietary inclusion very

well. At this level - equiv-

alent to 65 percent of

fishmeal protein replacement - performance

of tilapia was equivalent to fish when fed

the all fishmeal feed.

The reduced growth of tilapia fed the 100

percent pea seed feed was mainly due todecreased feed intake and palatability might

have been an issue. No significant differences

were found with regards to FCR, energy and

protein retention efficiency values. This fact

supports the notion that whichever pro-

tein source the fish consumed they utilised

equally well.

References available on request

Table 5 : Energy and protein retention efciency (mean ± SD) in tilapia fed pea seed meal at

increasing inclusion levels.

Fishmeal 30% PPC 60% PPC 100% PPC

Digestible Energy intake

(kJ / sh /day)

30.5 ± 0.8 32.9 ± 1.7 30.7 ± 0.9 15.9 ± 0.2

Energy gained

(kJ / sh /day)

11.5 ± 0.3 15.8 ± 0.6 14.1 ± 1.7 5.6 ± 0.3

Digestible Energy

retention efciency (%)

37.7 ± 0.0 47.2 ± 0.7 46.0 ± 4.2 35.4 ±1.5

Digestible Protein intake

(g / sh /day)

0.73 ± 0.02 0.77 ± 0.04 0.73 ± 0.02 0.38 ± 0.01

Protein gained

(g / sh /day)

0.27 ± 0.00 0.34 ± 0.01 0.31 ± 0.05 0.13 ±0.01

Digestible Protein

retention efciency (%)

37.5 ± 1.5 43.4 ± 1.0 42.7 ± 5.4 34.4 ±1.0


EATURE


17/68

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C

atfish, which is a significant group of the fishes in

wetlands, are economically important with a high nutrient

value. Catfishes, owing to their unique taste, few bones,

are considered a delicacy for the fish consumers, but

production of different indigenous catfishes through aquaculture isunexplored in India, although aquaculture contribution of some of

the catfish varieties like Ictalurus, Silurus and Clarias spp. has been

exemplary in the World scenario.

Catfishes are the second major group of freshwater fishes. India,

being a mega-diverse country, harbors 197 catfish species from 52

genera. The Indian families include Amblycipitidae (Torrent catfishes),

Akysidae (Stream catfishes), Bagridae (Bagrid catfishes), Chacidae

(Square head or angler catfish), Clariidae (Air breathing catfishes),

Heteropneustidae (Air-sac catfishes), Olyridae (Long-tail catfishes),

Pangasiidae (Shark catfishes), Plotosidae (Eel-tail catfishes), Schilbeidae

(Schilbid catfishes), Siluridae (Sheat fishes), Sisoridae (Sisorid catfishes).

Present statusConsidering the high market demand for catfish and the avail-

ability of a huge potential resource in the form of many inland water

resources, commercial farming of these species is presently receiving

important attention. In India catfish production is coming from both the

systems of inland resources i.e. capture and aquaculture.

Capture: The inland water resources of the country are in terms

of rivers, estuaries, backwaters and lagoons, reservoirs, floodplain

wetlands and upland lakes, which contribute about 1.05 million

tonnes of fish annually. The principal rivers of India as Yamuna, Ganga,

Brahmaputra, Mahanandi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery including

their main tributaries and distributaries harbors about 11.5 percentof the fish fauna so far know in the world. Many of the catfish species

start from 15 grams size (Mystus tengara) to very large about 50 Kg size

(Hemibagrus maydelli) harvested from these water sources in India.

And many of the well-known food catfishes are also fine sporting fishes.

Aquaculture: Ponds and tanks are the prime resources for freshwa-

ter aquaculture; however, only about 40 percent of the available area

is used for aquaculture currently. In northern India, open waters with

in-flows are common, while southern India has watersheds, termed as

tanks, largely used for crop irrigation along with carp fish culture.

After carps, cat-fish production is also

increasing tremen-

dously throughout the

India since 2001 (Table:

1). Out of 197 catfish

species available in

Indian region, about 30

catfish species are eco-

nomical and which are

produced mainly from

capture fishery, and a

couple of catfish spe-

cies are produced fromboth the aquaculture

and capture fishery in

the country (Table: 2).

There are six catfish

Table 1: Catsh production in India from

2001 to 2010

Year Inland sh

production

(in tonnes)

Catsh

production

(in tonnes)

Catsh

%

2001 3084247 78367 2.54

2002 3165927 101488 3.20

2003 3220407 106282 3.30

2004 3527505 78990 2.23

2005 3727375 132342 3.55

2006 3750736 130027 3.46

2007 4170560 125800 3.01

2008 3799563 174503 4.59

2009 4660463 179843 3.85

2010 5077200 212462 4.18

Table 3: Commercially cultured Catsh species in India.

Sl.

No.

Family Common Name Scientic Name

1 Clariidae Magur Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)

2 Clariidae African catsh

or Thai magur

Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)

3 Heteropneustidae Singhi or stinging catsh Heteropneustes fossilis

4 Siluridae Butter catsh Ompok bimaculatus

5 Pangasiidae Pangas Pangasius pangasius

6 Pangasiidae Sutchi catsh Pangasianodon

hypophthalmus

Catfish production in India: P r e s e n t s t a t u s a n d p r o s p e c t s by Dr B. Laxmappa, Fisheries Development Officer, Department of Fisheries,


EATURE


19/68

species are cultured in India (Table 3). Among six, only two catfish

species viz. Pangasianodon and African catfish culture is intensified in

the country due to its higher production rates by using various local

as well as commercial feeding methods. Of late, Government of India

permitted culture of Pangasianodon and Tilapia species laying down

strict guidelines as an alternative crop to carp fishes.

Pangasius sutchi or Pangasianodon hypophthalmus one of the swift

growing catfishes was first introduced into India in the year 1995–1996

in the state of West Bengal from Thailand through Bangladesh. Initially

farming was carried out in limited area in the States of West

Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. This fish grows to 1–1.5 kg dur-

ing one year. A minimum of 10–15 tonnes/hectare/year is

harvested through due to culture of this fish.

In commercial culture of Pangasianodon farmers are using

both pelleted and extruded feeds. Due to high feed cost and

fluctuation in production costs, in some areas farmers are usinglocal feeds like cooked corn grains, broken rice, chicken waste

etc.

African catfish or Thai magur, Clarias gariepinus culture was banned

in India under Environment Protection Act. But many fishermen still

cultivating this banned catfish illegally in village ponds to make a quick

buck. This species was clandestinely introduced into the state of West

Bengal possibly during 1994 from neighboring Bangladesh and quickly

spread throughout the country, including into cold regions as well as

coastal areas. It is largely cultured in the states of West Bengal, Punjab,

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and

Telangana. Clarias gariepinus is usually fed waste intestines and skin of

chickens so it grows fast than compared toother local species catfish or carp’s fish with

low feeding cost.

ProspectsAquaculture in India has become an indus-

try since late eighties with several entre-

preneurs taking up aquaculture with carps,

catfishes and prawns. Of late, Government

of India has also identified catfish farming as

a National Priority and has emphasised on

diversification of culture practices. The major

chunk of catfish, however, comes from cap-

ture resources, which includes air breathingas well as non-air-breathing varieties. Air-

breathing catfishes have greater potentiality to

utilise shallow, swampy, marshy and derelict

water-bodies for aquaculture; whereas non-

air-breathing catfishes can be well suited to

normal pond environment.

Among the catfishes magur, Clarias batra-

chus is the only species that has received

much attention. Singhi, Heteropneustes fos-

silis is another air-breathing catfish species

being cultured to a certain extent in swamps

and derelict water bodies, especially in theeastern states. In recent years, attempts have

been made to develop the culture of non-air

breathing catfishes like Pangasius pangasius,

Wallagoattu, Aorichthys seenghala, A. aor and

Ompok pabda.

Table 2: Important commercial Catsh species and source of production in India

Sl.

No.

Species Family Source of

production

Common name Scientic name

1 Gangetic mystus Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) Bagridae Capture

2 Day’s mystus Mystus bleekeri (Day) Bagridae Capture

3 Tengara mystus Mystus tengara (Hamilton) Bagridae Capture

4 Gogra rita Rita gogra (Sykes) Bagridae Capture

5 Giant river catsh Aorichthys seenghala (Sykes) Bagridae Capture

6 Long-whiskerd catsh Aorichthys aor (Hamilton) Bagridae Capture

7 Krishna mystus Hemibagrus maydelli (Rossell) Bagridae Capture

8 Indian butter-catsh Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch) Siluridae Capture

9 Pabdah catsh Ompok pabda (Hamilton) Siluridae Capture & Aquaculture

10 Boal Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider) Siluridae Capture

11 White catsh Silonia children (Sykes) Schilbidae Capture

12 Khavalchor catsh Neotropius khavalchor Kulkarni Schilbidae Capture

13 Goongwaree vacha Eutropiichthys goongwaree

(Sykes)

Schilbidae Capture

14 Indian potasi Pseudeutropius atherinoides

(Bloch)

Schilbeidae Capture

15 Gangetic goonch Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton) Sisoridae Capture

16 Stinging catsh Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Heteropneustidae Capture & Aquaculture

17 Magur Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) Clariidae Capture & Aquaculture

18 African catsh Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)* Clariidae Aquaculture

19 Pungas Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton) Pangasidae Capture

20 Sutchi catsh Pangasianodon hypophthalmus* Pangasidae Aquaculture

*Exotic species


FEATURE


20/68

Following the successful launch of

its disease diagnostics laboratory

facilities in Bangkok, Thailand in

July 2014, Fish Vet Group Asia

Ltd has now opened wet laboratory and

challenge testing facilities in Chonburi, 90

minutes south-east of Bangkok.

The facility can accommodate confiden-

tial, replicated growth trials designed to clientspecific protocols for freshwater, brackish

water and marine shrimp and fish spe-

cies and both bacterial, for example Vibrio

parahaemolyticus, and viral, including WSSV

challenge tests.

Best bio-security practicesThe unit, under the watchful eye of

aquatic veterinarian Dr Leo Galli, is operated

under best biosecurity practices. All incoming

stock are screened at source and regardless

of any accompanying specific pathogen free(SPF) status certification are only allowed

into the facility after reconfirmation of their

SPF status by conducting tests in the FVG

Asia Ltd disease diagnostics laboratories in

Bangkok.

Additional mandatory practices on site,

include disinfection of incoming water, pipe-

work and facility equipment.

The facilitiesA series of 400-litre external nursery

tanks are used to grow seed (shrimp PL’s or

fish fry) to the preferr

international aquafeed- september | october 2015 - full edition

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