International Winter Wheat Improvement Program:

breeding strategies and methodologies to develop stripe rust resistant germplasmA. Morgunov (CIMMYT-Turkey)B. Akin (CIMMYT-Turkey), Y. Kaya (B. Dagdas International Agric. Research Institute, Turkey)M. Keser (ICARDA-Turkey)K. Nazari (ICARDA-Syria)Z. Mert (Central Field Crop Research Institute, Turkey), R. Sharma (ICARDA-Uzbekistan)T. Wuletaw (ICARDA-Syria)

Presentation outlinePresentation outline

IWWIP objective, operations and productsIWWIP objective, operations and products

Importance of rusts for winter wheatImportance of rusts for winter wheat

Durability of Yellow rust resistance: case of Durability of Yellow rust resistance: case of Bezostaya 1Bezostaya 1

Turkey and regional variation in pathogen Turkey and regional variation in pathogen virulencevirulence

Genetics of resistance to Yellow rustGenetics of resistance to Yellow rust

Breeding system to develop resistance Breeding system to develop resistance germplasmgermplasm

Germplasm performanceGermplasm performance

IWWIPIWWIPThe objective is improvement of winter/facultative wheat The objective is improvement of winter/facultative wheat on a global scale with focus on CWANA region through on a global scale with focus on CWANA region through international breeding program in Turkey, facilitation of international breeding program in Turkey, facilitation of international germplasm exchange and networking. international germplasm exchange and networking.

IWWIP operational networkIWWIP operational networkLocation Yield

PotentialDrought Cold Stem

RustYellow rust

Leaf rust

DH Quality Mol. Mark.

Adapazari +

Aleppo + + + + +

Ankara + + + +

Diyarbakir + +

Edirne + +

Erzurum + + +

Eskisehir + +

Konya + +

Kastamonu +

Mexico + +

Samsun + +

IWWIP international nurseriesIWWIP international nurseriesFacultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery (FAWWON)(FAWWON)– Irrigated and SemiaridIrrigated and Semiarid

– IWWIP and introduced germplasmIWWIP and introduced germplasm

– 120 cooperators 50 countries120 cooperators 50 countries

International Winter Wheat Yield Trials (IWWYT)International Winter Wheat Yield Trials (IWWYT)– Irrigated and SemiaridIrrigated and Semiarid

– Regional focusRegional focus

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

No. of entries

No. of entries

FAWWONIntroduced germplasm

Long term records of rusts in Long term records of rusts in winter wheatwinter wheat

Disease (LR, YR, SR. PM) data extracted from the Disease (LR, YR, SR. PM) data extracted from the following international nurseriesfollowing international nurseries– International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery:1969-1981International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery:1969-1981– International Winter Wheat Screening Nursery: 1985-1991International Winter Wheat Screening Nursery: 1985-1991– Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery: 1992-2010Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery: 1992-2010

Disease severity data extracted for:Disease severity data extracted for:– Most susceptible genotype in each nursery Most susceptible genotype in each nursery – Bezostaya 1 – long term check available in all nurseriesBezostaya 1 – long term check available in all nurseries

Data grouped by time periods and regions:Data grouped by time periods and regions:– Global – 1047 records, including CWANA (252), W. Europe Global – 1047 records, including CWANA (252), W. Europe

(284), E. Europe (324), N. America (107)(284), E. Europe (324), N. America (107)– 1969-81 – 420 records; 1988-2000 (427); 2001-2010 (200)1969-81 – 420 records; 1988-2000 (427); 2001-2010 (200)

In cooperation with R. McIntosh

Frequency of rusts reported in winter wheat Frequency of rusts reported in winter wheat int. nurseriesint. nurseries Yellow RustLeaf Rust

Stem Rust

In cooperation with R. McIntosh

Effect of variety Bezostaya 1 on winter Effect of variety Bezostaya 1 on winter wheat breeding and productionwheat breeding and production

Bezostaya 1 Bezostaya 1 (Lutescens-15/Skorospelka-2 = KievT-(Lutescens-15/Skorospelka-2 = KievT-139/Ukrainka/3/Kanred/Fulcaster//Klein139/Ukrainka/3/Kanred/Fulcaster//Klein33) 33) – Developed by P.P. Lukyanenko at Developed by P.P. Lukyanenko at

Krasnodar Agricultural Research Institute, Krasnodar Agricultural Research Institute, Russia, and was released in 1959 Russia, and was released in 1959

– By early 1970 was cultivated across By early 1970 was cultivated across Southern Russia, Ukraine, Central and Southern Russia, Ukraine, Central and Eastern Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus Eastern Europe, Turkey, the Caucasus and Central Asia on an area exceeding 10 and Central Asia on an area exceeding 10 mln ha annually. mln ha annually.

– Even today this variety is still grown in low Even today this variety is still grown in low input areas of CWANA on an estimated input areas of CWANA on an estimated area of 0.5 - 1 mln ha.area of 0.5 - 1 mln ha.

– Durable resistance to rusts: Durable resistance to rusts: Lr 34 Lr 34 – – Yr 18 Yr 18 plus other genes.plus other genes.

Country No. of var. Country No. of

var.Armenia 2 Lithuania 1Austria 9 Macedonia 4Azerbaijan 3 Moldova 9Belorus 1 Poland 1Bulgaria 46 Romania 17China 2 Russia 17Croatia 4 South Africa 1Czech Rep. 3 Switzerland 6France 2 Turkey 3Germany 5 Turkmenistan 1Hungary 19 Ukraine 28Italy 16 USA 7Kazakhstan 17 Uzbekistan 4Kyrgyzstan 7 Yugoslavia 50 285

Source: http://genbank.vurv.cz/wheat/pedigree

Number of WW varieties Originating from Bezostaya 1

Severity of Yellow and Leaf rusts of Bezostaya 1 Severity of Yellow and Leaf rusts of Bezostaya 1 as compared to susceptible genotype, 1969-2010as compared to susceptible genotype, 1969-2010

Yellow Rust

Leaf Rust

Most Susceptible genotype

Bezostaya 1

In cooperation with R. McIntosh

Bezostaya 1 study conclusionsBezostaya 1 study conclusionsCurrent wheat improvement programs stress the importance of using Current wheat improvement programs stress the importance of using sources of durable resistance in breeding new cultivars. The sources of durable resistance in breeding new cultivars. The Lr34/Yr18/Pm38Lr34/Yr18/Pm38 pleiotrophic set together with a potential contribution to pleiotrophic set together with a potential contribution to stem rust resistance is currently an important target for selection because it stem rust resistance is currently an important target for selection because it is now amenable to molecular selection. is now amenable to molecular selection.

Nevertheless continued monitoring of disease response levels over time will Nevertheless continued monitoring of disease response levels over time will be essential to ensure that adequately low disease levels are maintained. be essential to ensure that adequately low disease levels are maintained.

Increased use of genes like Increased use of genes like Lr34Lr34 combined with strategies to minimize the combined with strategies to minimize the cultivation of extremely susceptible varieties, that allow inoculum build-up cultivation of extremely susceptible varieties, that allow inoculum build-up during the cropping season and contribute to pathogen survival during the during the cropping season and contribute to pathogen survival during the non-cropping phase, will contribute to long term maintenance of low non-non-cropping phase, will contribute to long term maintenance of low non-damaging disease levels. damaging disease levels.

Durable disease resistance of Bezostaya 1, combined with its adaptability Durable disease resistance of Bezostaya 1, combined with its adaptability and good end-use quality, was a significant reason for its huge impact in and good end-use quality, was a significant reason for its huge impact in agriculture.agriculture.

Virulence of Yellow Rust Virulence of Yellow Rust population in winter wheat areaspopulation in winter wheat areas

Summary of yellow rust samples analyzed at USDA-Summary of yellow rust samples analyzed at USDA-Washington State University, Pullman (Dr. Chen Washington State University, Pullman (Dr. Chen Xianming) in 2009 and 2010Xianming) in 2009 and 2010– All isolates were virulent to All isolates were virulent to YrA, Yr6, Yr26, Yr28, Yr31, and YrA, Yr6, Yr26, Yr28, Yr31, and

YrExp2YrExp2. . – All isolates were avirulent to Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, and YrSP.All isolates were avirulent to Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, and YrSP.– Most isolates were virulent to Most isolates were virulent to Yr2, Yr7, Yr8, Yr17Yr2, Yr7, Yr8, Yr17, and , and Yr27.Yr27. – Most isolates were avirulent to Yr15, Yr24, Yr25, and Yr32.Most isolates were avirulent to Yr15, Yr24, Yr25, and Yr32.

Location 0-20% 20-40% >40%Haymana 218 17 22Uzbekistan 190 48 31

Location 0-20% 20-40% >40%Haymana 80 7 5Diyiarbakir 52 12 25Erzurum 29 5 64

Number of entries with different reaction to Yellow Rust in 2010Candidates FAWWON Advanced Yield Trial

Genetic basis of resistance in IWWIP Genetic basis of resistance in IWWIP germplasmgermplasm

Study by Dr. Beyhan Akin at WSU-Pullman in 2009Study by Dr. Beyhan Akin at WSU-Pullman in 2009– 162 genotypes resistant in Turkey and the region162 genotypes resistant in Turkey and the region

– Seedlings and adult plant tests using US isolatesSeedlings and adult plant tests using US isolates

Type of resistance/Resistance genes All germplasm studied IWWIP germplasmNumber of

entries% Number of

entries%

Adult Plant Resistance (APR) only 44 27 8 15Including Yr18 16 19 2 4Major genes only 11 6 0 0Major genes and APR 107 67 44 85Including: unknown major gene + Yr18 40 24 24 46 Yr1 + unknown APR gene/s 5 3 0 0 Yr17 + unknown APR gene/s 3 2 0 0 Yr17+Yr18 1 0.6 1 2 Yr9 + unknown APR gene/s 4 2 1 2 Yr9 + Yr18 8 5 5 10 Yr5 or Yr10 or Yr15 0 0 0 0Total 162 100 52 100

Genetic basis of resistance in IWWIP Genetic basis of resistance in IWWIP germplasmgermplasm

Line Origin Resistance type

2009 Ankara

2010 Ankara

USA

APR only

Major genes +

APR Pullman VernonPYN/BAU MX-TCI Unkn.   10MSMR 0-40MS 30 2494J6.11//TRAP#1/BOW MX-TCI Yr18   20MS 20MSS 20 20GRISET-9 TCI Yr18   20S no plt 40 30TORIK-16 MX-TCI   Un+Un 0 0 2 2CRR/ATTILA MX-TCI   Un+Un TR 0 5 28023.16.1.1/KAUZ MX-TCI   Un+Un TR 0 20 2338-K1-1//ANB/BUC/3/GS50A TCI   Un+Un 0 0 50 10ZANDER-44 TCI   Un+Un 0 0 5 2ATAY/89ZHONG2 TCI   Un+Un 0 0 20 0ID800994.W/MO88 MX-TCI   Un+Yr18 10MSS no plt 40 10PONY/OPATA//PSN/BOW MX-TCI   Un+Yr18 0 10MS 30 20AGRI/BJY//VEE/3/PRINIA MX-TCI   Un+Yr18 0 0 5 0BONITO-36 MX-TCI   Un+Yr18 TR 0 40 20AGRI/NAC//ATTILA MX-TCI   Un+Yr18 0 0 5 10ID800994.W/FALKE MX-TCI   Un+Yr18 5MR no plt 30 5DORADE-5 TCI   Un+Yr18 0 0 2 5KRASNODAR/FRTL TCI   Un+Yr18 0 20MSS 2 5RSK/CA8055//CHAM6 TCI   Un+Yr18 0 0-5MS --- 10338-K1-1//ANB/BUC/3/ TCI   Un+Yr18 0 1MR 20 2PYN/BAU//YUNA TCI   Un+Yr18 20MS 1MR 30 10VORONA//MILAN/SHA7/3/MV17 TCI   Un+Yr18 60MSS No plt 20 5VORONA/OPATA//PYN/BAU TCI   Un+Yr18 10MRMS 5MS 40 10F4141-W-1-1/PASTOR//PYN/BAU TCI   Un+Yr18 10MRMS 1MRMS 30 2SABALAN/GRK//PYN/BAU TCI   Un+Yr18 0 0 5 2BILINMIYEN96.55 TCI   Yr17+Yr18 0 0 5 0

IWWIP YR Breeding approachIWWIP YR Breeding approachThe resistance breeding strategy is based on utilization of primarily adult plant The resistance breeding strategy is based on utilization of primarily adult plant resistance coupled with some major genes effective in the region in the resistance coupled with some major genes effective in the region in the background of diverse broadly adapted germplasm from the region and outside. background of diverse broadly adapted germplasm from the region and outside.

Around 1000 crosses are made annually incorporating different sources of Around 1000 crosses are made annually incorporating different sources of resistance including modern spring wheat germplasm. Majority of simple resistance including modern spring wheat germplasm. Majority of simple crosses are back- or topcrosses to resistant adapted parents to reinforce crosses are back- or topcrosses to resistant adapted parents to reinforce resistance and productivity. resistance and productivity.

The segregating populations are grown under contrasting environments The segregating populations are grown under contrasting environments (irrigated and rainfed) to select for both broad and specific adaptation. They are (irrigated and rainfed) to select for both broad and specific adaptation. They are also exposed to stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust pressure at hot spots in also exposed to stripe rust, leaf rust and stem rust pressure at hot spots in Turkey and Syria. Some priority crosses are fast-tracked through double haploid Turkey and Syria. Some priority crosses are fast-tracked through double haploid system at ICARDA. system at ICARDA.

The resulting F7-F9 lines are subjected to robust multilocational testing for yield, The resulting F7-F9 lines are subjected to robust multilocational testing for yield, diseases and other agronomic traits at key locations in the region.diseases and other agronomic traits at key locations in the region.

The resistance of the best germplasm is characterized through greenhouse The resistance of the best germplasm is characterized through greenhouse seedling and adult plant stage tests as well as field tests and utilization of seedling and adult plant stage tests as well as field tests and utilization of molecular markers. Selected lines (around 100 per year) along with the molecular markers. Selected lines (around 100 per year) along with the germplasm submitted by global cooperators are multiplied and distributed germplasm submitted by global cooperators are multiplied and distributed through several international nurseries.through several international nurseries.

YR LR SR    OVERALL   UZB02 UZB02 KEN01

ENTRY CROSS YLD %LC RNK 1 1 1(19.10)1 BEZOSTAYA 4394 81 20 50 20  2 KINACI 5327 98 14 25 0  3 KATIA 5372 99 11 80 0 50MS4 KONYA 5010 93 19 80 20 60S5 LOCAL CHECK 5411 100 9 100 0  6 Mv17//Attila/Bcn 5225 97 18 0 20 40M

7 VORONA/HD2402//ALBATROSS ODESSKIY 5598 103 4 10 15 50S8 MOTAH/BOUHOUTH6 5237 97 17 60 0 30MS9 ATTILA/3/AGRI/NAC//MLT 5557 103 5 0 0 40S

10 ATTILA/3/AGRI/NAC//MLT 5364 99 12 0 0 60S11 ZANDER-10//BOW/NKT 5462 101 7 0 60 40S

12TX69A509.2//BBY/FOX/3/GRK//NO64/PEX/4/CER/5/CHIL/2*STAR 5805 107 2 70 0 30S

13TX69A509.2//BBY/FOX/3/GRK//NO64/PEX/4/CER/5/CHIL/2*STAR 5902 109 1 60 10 30MS

14 PYN/BAU//F6038W12-1 5497 102 6 0 60 40S15 AGRI/BJY//VEE/3/BUL6687.12 5337 99 13 0 50 5R

16UNUMLI BUGDAY/3/AGRI/BJY//VEE/4/AGRI/BJY//VEE 5282 98 15 10 10 15MS

17 338-K1-1//ANB/BUC/3/KIRGIZ 5385 100 10 10 50 50S

18TAST/SPRW//ZAR/5/YUANDONG 3/4/PPB8-68/CHRC/3/PYN//TAM101/AMIGO 5447 101 8 0 30 40S

19TAST/SPRW//ZAR/5/YUANDONG 3/4/PPB8-68/CHRC/3/PYN//TAM101/AMIGO 5731 106 3 0 50 40S

20CO724377/NAC//SERI/3/ERYTHROSPERMUM5678/87 5271 97 16 30 30 40MSS

1212thth IWWYT-IRR : IWWYT-IRR : 2008-09 - 21 locations2008-09 - 21 locations

1111thth IWWYT-SA: IWWYT-SA:2008-09 - 15 locations (four < 3 t/ha)2008-09 - 15 locations (four < 3 t/ha)

YR

    OVERALL   OVERALL < 3,0 T/HA UZB02ENTRY CROSS YLD %LC RNK YLD %LC RNK 1

1 GEREK79 3394 79 20 2018 92 20 202 ALTAY 4245 98 11 2219 101 8 903 KARAHAN 4143 96 15 2219 101 9 2.54 BAYRAKTAR 3837 89 18 2372 108 2 405 LOCAL CHECK 4314 100 10 2201 100 12 100

6NWT/3/TAST/SPRW//TAW12399.75/4/OK82282//BOW/NKT/5/PEHLIVAN 3904 91 17 2218 101 10 70

7RSK/NAC//90ZHONG657/3/TAM106/TX78V3630/4/F474S10.1 4163 97 14 2084 95 19 5

8 KSK46/BUC//DARI-16 4191 97 13 2135 97 16 30

9 TRK13//BOW/NKT/3/CHIL/2*STAR 4680 108 2 2348 107 3 2.5

10SHARK-6/3/CROC1/AE.SQUARROSA (224)//2*OPATA 4321 100 9 2290 104 5 70

11TX69A509.2//BBY/FOX/3/GRK//NO64/PEX/4/CER/5/KAUZ//ALTAR 84/AOS 4866 113 1 2464 112 1 0

12 SOM-6//CA8055/GRK 3770 87 19 2117 96 17 7013 SUBEN-1/SOM-7 4198 97 12 2199 100 13 40

14 ZHETISU//PYN/BAU/3/338-K1-1//ANB/BUC 4457 103 7 2170 99 14 0

15UNUMLI BUGDAY/3/AGRI/BJY//VEE/4/AGRI/BJY//VEE 4108 95 16 2215 101 11 0

16 GRK/CTY//MESA/3/RL6043/4*NAC/4/MNCH 4558 106 5 2310 105 4 90

17 BOW/NKT//KATIA1/3/AGRI/BJY//VEE 4413 102 8 2222 101 7 0

18AGRI/NAC//MLT/3/KAUZ*2/CHEN//BCN/4/AGRI/NAC//MLT 4509 105 6 2277 103 6 0

19 1D13.1/MLT//ATTILA/3*BCN/3/1D13.1/MLT 4568 106 4 2160 98 15 0

20TIRCHMIR1//71ST2959/CROW/4/NWT/3/TAST/SPRW//TAW12399.75 4603 107 3 2087 95 18 5

Yield Gains (%) – IWWYT-IRYield Gains (%) – IWWYT-IR

HYV - Compared to Kinaci 97

HYV compared to Local Checks

Yield Gains (%) - IWWYT-SAYield Gains (%) - IWWYT-SA

HYV - Compared to Gerek 79

HYV - Compared to Local Checks

Country Released

Variety Name Institution Cross

Bread WheatAfghanistan 1994 Pamir 94 ARIA-MAIL YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRAAfghanistan 1996 Gul 96 ARIA-MAIL ID800994.W/VEEAfghanistan 2002 Solh 02 ARIA-MAIL OK 82282//BOW/NKTAfghanistan n.a. Sultan 95 ARIA-MAIL AGRI/NACArmenia 2006 Armcim Armenian Res. Inst. of Farming 1D13.1/MLTAzerbaijan 2010 Tale-38 Azeri Res. Inst. of Farming SPN/NAC//ATTILAGeorgia 2002 Mtshetskaya 1 Mtskheta Breeding Station TAST/SPRW//ZARGeorgia Lomtagora-09 Lomtagora Seed Farm SHARK/F4105W2.1Georgia Lomtagora-123 Lomtagora Seed Farm FRTL/NEMURAIran 1996 Zarrin Myandoab Agric. Res. Station NAI60/HEINE VII//BUC/3/F59.71/GHKIran 2002 Tous Mashad Agric. Res. Station SPN/MCD//CAMA/3/NZTIran 2010 Zare SPII 130L1.11//F35.70/MO73/4/YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRAKazakhstan 2007 Egemen Kazakh Res. Inst. of Farming BHR/AGA//SNI/3/TRK13Kyrghyzstan 2004 Azibrosh MIS Cooperative Farm OK82282//BOW/NKTKyrghyzstan 2004 Zubkov MIS Cooperative Farm 1D13/MLT//KAUZKyrghyzstan 2005 Almira Kyrgyz Res. Inst. of Farming F.474S10.1Kyrghyzstan 2005 Djamin Kyrgyz Res. Inst. of Farming NS55-58/VEETajikistan 2007 Alex Tajik Res. Inst. of Farming PYN/BAU

Tajikistan 2007 Norman Tajik Res. Inst. of Farming OR F1.158/FDL//BLO/3/SHI4414/CROWTajikistan 2008 Ormon Tajik Res. Inst. of Farming NWT/3/TAST/SPRW//TAW12399.75Turkey 1990 KARASU 90 East Anatolia Agric. Res. Inst., Erzurum LOVRIN 11/BOLAL 2973//MIRONOVSKAYA 264Turkey 1995 SULTAN 95 Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir AGRI/NACOZARI F 76Turkey 1997 Kinaci 97 Bahri Dagdas International Agric. Res. Center, Konya YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRA

Turkey 1998 YILDIZ 98 Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir55.1744/PULLMAN SELECTION 101//MAYA 74/3/MUSALA/PRIMO//MAYA 74/ALONDRA

Turkey 1999 GOKSU 99 Bahri Dagdas International Agric. Res. Center, Konya AGRI/NACOZARI F 76Turkey 1999 GÜN 91 Central Field Crop Res. Inst., Ankara FUNDALEA 35.70/MOCHIS 73Turkey 2000 CETINEL 2000 Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir MALCOLM/4/VPM 1/MOISSON 951//HILL 81/3/STEPHENSTurkey 2001 ALPU 2001 Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir ID800994.W/VEERYTurkey 2001 IZGI Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir CA8055/KUTLUK 94

Turkey 2001 SONMEZ Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir BEZ//BEZ/TVR/3/KREMENA/LOV29/4/KATIA1=Nalim 4 = ES98KE14Turkey 2001 ALPASLAN East Anatolia Agric. Res. Inst., Erzurum TX69A509-2//BLUEBOY II/FOXTurkey 2001 NENEHATUN East Anatolia Agric. Res. Inst., Erzurum NORD DEPREZ/PULLMAN SELECTION 101//BLUEBOYTurkey 2002 SOYER Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir ATAY 85/GALVEZ S 87

Turkey 2002 BAGCI 02 Bahri Dagdas International Agric. Res. Center, Konya HN7/OROFEN//BEIJING 8/3/SERI M 82/4/74CB462/TRAPPER//VONA

Turkey 2002 SAKIN Black Sea Agric. Res. Inst., Samsun PITIC 62/FUNO*2//VALDIVIA/3/CO723595

Turkey 2002 DAPHAN East Anatolia Agric. Res. Inst., Erzurum JUPATECO F 73/4/COLLAFEN/3/II14.53/ODIN//CI13431/WA00477Turkey 2002 YILDIRIM East Anatolia Agric. Res. Inst., Erzurum ID800994.W/VEERYTurkey 2003 CANIK2003 Black Sea Agric. Res. Inst., Samsun ANZA/VRZTurkey 2004 EKİZ Bahri Dagdas International Agric. Res. Center, Konya F885 K1.1/SXL Turkey 2004 OZCAN Black Sea Agric. Res. Inst., Samsun K8/MM2Turkey 2006 MÜFİTBEY Anatolian Agric. Res. Inst., Eskisehir NGDA146/4/YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRA/5/F130L1.12Turkey 2007 HANLI Sakarya Agric. Res. Inst., Adapazari OK82282//BOW/NKT/3/F4105

Turkey 2007 BESKOPRU Sakarya Agric. Res. Inst., Adapazari 362K2.111/6/NKT/5/TOB/CNO67//TOB/8156/3/CAL//BB/CNO67/4/TRMTurkmenistan 2004 Bitarap Turkmen Res. Inst. of Farming SN64//SKE/2*ANE/3/SX/4/BEZ/5/SERIUzbekistan 2002 Dostlik Gallyaoral Res. Inst. of Grain YMH/TOB//MCD/3/LIRA

Area under IWWIP originated Area under IWWIP originated varietiesvarieties

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

Turkish research institutes: Ankara, Edirne, Turkish research institutes: Ankara, Edirne, Eskisehir, Izmir, Konya, Adapazari, Diyarbakir, Eskisehir, Izmir, Konya, Adapazari, Diyarbakir, Erzurum, Adana & SamsunErzurum, Adana & Samsun

ICARDA and CIMMYT staffICARDA and CIMMYT staff

Numerous global cooperatorsNumerous global cooperators