intro mis lec

8/4/2019 Intro MIS Lec

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ITEC 1010 Information and Organizations

Introduction to

Information Systems


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Information Concepts (1)

Data vs. Information

Data

Raw facts Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in

a special way

Information

A collection of facts organized in such a way thatthey have additional value beyond the value of the

facts themselves


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Terminology

Process

A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve

a defined outcome Process

(n) An executing program. The term is used looselyas a synonym of task.

(v) To perform some useful operations on data.


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Terminology

Knowledge

An awareness and understanding of a set of

information and how that information can be madeuseful to support a specific task

Knowledge base

The collection of data, rules, procedures, and

relationships that must be followed to achieve valueor the proper outcome


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Types of Data

Data Represented by

Alphanumeric data Numbers, letters, and other characters

Image data Graphic images or pictures

Audio data Sound, noise, tones

Video data Moving images or pictures


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Data Information

Data InformationTransformation


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Characteristics of

Valuable Information Characteristics

Accurate, complete, economical, flexible,

reliable, relevant, simple, timely, verifiable,accessible, secure


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System

System

A set of elements or components that interact

to accomplish goals

A combination of components working

together


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System Elements

Inputs

Processing mechanisms

Outputs


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System Components and Concepts

System boundary

Defines the system and distinguishes it from

everything else System types

Simple vs. complex

Open vs. closed

Stable vs. dynamic

Adaptive vs. nonadaptive


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System Performance and Standards

Efficiency

A measure of what is produced divided by what is

consumed Effectiveness

A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its

goals

System performance standard A specific objective of the system (next 2 slides)


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System Variables and Parameters

System variable

A quantity or item that can be controlled by the

decision maker

E.g. the price a company charges for a product

System parameter

A value or quantity that cannot be controlledby the decision maker

E.g., cost of a raw material


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Information System (IS)

Definition

A set of interrelated elements or components thatcollect (input), manipulate (process), and disseminate

(output) data and information and provide a feedbackmechanism to meet an objective


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What is an Information System?

Schematic model of an information system

Input Processing Output

Feedback


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Input, Processing, Output,

Input

The activity of gathering and capturing data

Whatever goes into the computer Processing

Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

Output

Useful information, usually in the form of documents

and/or reports

Anything that comes out of a computer


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Feedback

Feedback

Output that is used to make changes to input or

processing activities

Forecasting

A proactive approach to feedback

Use for estimating future sales or inventoryneeds


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Manual vs. Computerized

Systems Manual systems still widely used

E.g., some investment analysts manual draw charts and

trend lines to assist them in making investmentdecisions

Computerized systems

E.g., the above trends lines can be drawn by computer

Evolution Many computerized system began as manual systems

E.g., directory assistance (411)


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Computer-based Information

Systems A CBIS is composed of

Hardware

Software

Databases

Telecommunications

People

Procedures

Together they are

Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and processdata into information


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Parts of a CBIS

Five parts

Hardware

Software

Database

Telecommunications

Networks


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Hardware

Hardware

Computer equipment used to perform input,

processing, and output activities The objects that you can actually touch, like

disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards,

printers, boards, and chips.


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Software

Software

Computer programs that

govern/determine/control the operation of thecomputer

Computer instructions or data


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Database

Database

An organized collection of facts and

information A collection of information organized in such a

way that a computer program can quickly

select desired pieces of data


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Telecommunications

Telecommunications

The electronic transmission of signals for

communications; enables organizations to linkcomputer systems into effective networks

Refers to all types of data transmission, from

voice to video


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People and Procedures

People

The most important element in most computer-

based information systems Includes people who manage, run, program,

and maintain the system

E.g., IT professionals (you!)

Procedures Includes the strategies, policies, methods, and

rules for using the CBIS


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Business Information Systems

Types

Transaction processing systems

E-commerce systems

Management information systems

Decision support systems

Expert systems


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Transactions Processing Systems

Transaction

Any business-related exchange

E.g., generating a weekly payroll

Transaction processing system (TPS)

An organized collection of people, procedures,

software, databases, and devices used to recordcompleted for for business related exchanges


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Payroll Example

Hours

worked

Pay

rate

Payroll

transaction

processing

Payroll

checks


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Types


E-commerce systems



Expert systems


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E-Commerce System

E-commerce

Involves any business transaction executed

electronically

Conducting business on-line

For example, between

Companies

Companies and consumers

Business and the public sector

Consumers and the public sector

Example for placing a purchase order


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Types


E-commerce systems



Expert systems


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Management Information Systems

An MIS is


software, databases, and devices used toprovide routine information to managers and

decision makers


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Schematic of MIS

Common

databases

Marketing

management

information

system

Financial

management

Information

system

Manufacturing

management

Information

system

Order

managementinformation

system

TPS


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Types


E-commerce systems



Expert systems


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ITEC 1010Information and Organizations

Decision Support Systems

A DSS is


software, databases, and devices used tosupport problem-specific decision making

A DSS helps a manger do the right thing


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Types


E-commerce systems



Expert systems


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Expert Systems

An expert system is

A computer application that performs a task that would

otherwise be performed by a human expert

gives the computer the ability to make suggestions and

to act like an expert in a particular field

Examples: diagnose human illnesses, make financial

forecasts, schedule routes for delivery vehicles

Expert systems typically include artificial

intelligence (next slide)


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Artificial Intelligence (1)

The branch of computer science concerned with making computers

behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy

at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence

includes

games playing: programming computers to play games such as

chess and checkers

expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life

situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnosediseases based on symptoms)

natural language : programming computers to understand natural

human languages


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neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attemptingto reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animalbrains

robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to

other sensory stimuli

Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are

able to simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have

occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chessprograms are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM

super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world chess champion


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Gary Kasparov in a chess match.

In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly

plants, but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have

great difficulty identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and

they still move and handle objects clumsily.

Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards

because it would allow people to interact with computers without

needing any specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a


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computer and talk to it. Unfortunately, programming computers to

understand natural languages has proved to be more difficult than

originally thought. Some rudimentary translation systems that

translate from one human language to another are in existence, but

they are not nearly as good as human translators. There are also

voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into

written words, but they do not understand what they are writing;they simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited --

you must speak slowly and distinctly.


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Working with Systems (1)

Systems development

The activity of creating or modifying an existing

business system

Systems investigation and analysis

Defines the problems and opportunities of an existing

system

Systems design Determine how a new system will work to meet

business needs


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ITEC 1010

Working with Systems (2)

Systems implementation

Creating and acquiring system components

defined in the design

Systems maintenance and review

Checks and modifies the system so that it

continues to meet changing business needs

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