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Psych 260Psych 260

Kim SweeneyKim Sweeney

ksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.eduksweeney@cogsci.ucsd.edu

www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260

Introduction to Introduction to

Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology

What is an emotion?What is an emotion?

appraisal experiencephysiologicalresponse

behavior

Autonomic & Hormonal

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�� Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal

response which response which then then triggers emotiontriggers emotion�� Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is necessarynecessary for emotionfor emotion

JamesJames--Lange TheoryLange Theory

appraisal experiencephysiologicalresponse

�� Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal

response response and and emotionemotion�� Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is Implication: Autonomic/skeletal response is independentindependent of emotionof emotion

CannonCannon--Bard TheoryBard Theory

appraisal

experiencephysiologicalresponse

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TwoTwo--factor Theoryfactor Theory

�� SchacterSchacter and Singer and Singer (1962)(1962)

appraisal experience

physiologicalresponse

cognitive label

What is an emotion?What is an emotion?

appraisal

experience physiologicalresponse

Bottom-up AND Top-down influences!!

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The Limbic SystemThe Limbic System

�� Circuit implicated Circuit implicated

in crucial in crucial

emotions/instincts: emotions/instincts:

–– FeedingFeeding

–– FightingFighting

–– FleeingFleeing

–– Sexual behaviorSexual behavior

�� The “four F’s”The “four F’s”

HM “Tan”

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PhineasPhineas GageGage

He seemed He seemed almostalmost fine…fine…

�� I first noticed the wound upon the head before I alighted from my I first noticed the wound upon the head before I alighted from my

carriage, the pulsations of the brain being very distinct. Mr. Gage, carriage, the pulsations of the brain being very distinct. Mr. Gage,

during the time I was examining this wound, was relating the during the time I was examining this wound, was relating the

manner in which he was injured to the bystanders. I did not manner in which he was injured to the bystanders. I did not

believe Mr. Gage's statement at that time, but thought he was believe Mr. Gage's statement at that time, but thought he was

deceived. Mr. Gage persisted in saying that the bar went through deceived. Mr. Gage persisted in saying that the bar went through

his head(...). Mr. Gage got up and vomited; the effort of vomiting his head(...). Mr. Gage got up and vomited; the effort of vomiting

pressed out about half a teacupful of the brain, which fell upon pressed out about half a teacupful of the brain, which fell upon

the floor. the floor. (Williams, from Bigelow, 1950)(Williams, from Bigelow, 1950)

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PhineasPhineas GageGage

�� Extensive damage Extensive damage

to to ventroventro--medial medial

prefrontal and prefrontal and

orbitofrontal orbitofrontal

cortexcortex

–– Responsible for…Responsible for…

�� The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his

intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to

have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging

at times in the grossest profanity (which was not at times in the grossest profanity (which was not

previously his custom), manifesting but little deference previously his custom), manifesting but little deference

for his fellows[…]. A child in his intellectual capacity for his fellows[…]. A child in his intellectual capacity

and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a

strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained

in the schools, he possessed a wellin the schools, he possessed a well--balanced mind, and balanced mind, and

was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd,

smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in

executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his

mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his

friends and acquaintances said he was "no longer Gage."friends and acquaintances said he was "no longer Gage."

Harlow

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The The balancebalance

�� Gage lacked the cortex necessary to Gage lacked the cortex necessary to

inhibitinhibit his emotional responses…his emotional responses…

�� But it is also possible to not have But it is also possible to not have

emotional responses at all if the limbic emotional responses at all if the limbic

system can’t access the cortex!system can’t access the cortex!

–– Damasio’sDamasio’s patient “Elliott”patient “Elliott”

–– “I know this is horrible, I just don’t feel the “I know this is horrible, I just don’t feel the

horror”horror”

ElliottElliott

�� Operation to remove tumor also Operation to remove tumor also

damaged damaged vmPFCvmPFC

–– Normal IQNormal IQ

–– Normal MemoryNormal Memory

–– Ability to do calculations and Ability to do calculations and

deductionsdeductions

–– … but completely unable to … but completely unable to function!function!

�� Deprived of his feelings, he couldn’t Deprived of his feelings, he couldn’t

evaluate choices.evaluate choices.

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(Some)(Some) InputsInputs and and OutputsOutputs

of the Amygdalaof the Amygdala

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�� The job of the The job of the

cortex may be to cortex may be to

prevent prevent

inappropriate inappropriate

responses responses rather rather

than to produce than to produce

appropriate ones! appropriate ones!

Two pathwaysTwo pathways

Cortex

AmygdalaThalamus

Emotional stimulus Emotional response

Low road- 12 ms

High road- 30-40 ms

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The The balancebalance

�� Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

–– Receives input Receives input from the from the thalamusthalamus, temporal , temporal

cortex, cortex, olfactory olfactory system, and system, and amygdala amygdala

(among others!).(among others!).

–– Outputs Outputs to to cingulate cingulate cortex, cortex, hippocampus, hippocampus,

temporal cortex, temporal cortex, hypothalamushypothalamus, and , and

amygdala, as well as other areas of frontal amygdala, as well as other areas of frontal

cortex.cortex.

The The balancebalance

�� Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

–– Thus, its inputs provide it with information Thus, its inputs provide it with information

about what is happening in the environment about what is happening in the environment

and what plans are being made by the rest of and what plans are being made by the rest of

the frontal lobes, and its outputs permit it to the frontal lobes, and its outputs permit it to

affect a variety of behaviors and affect a variety of behaviors and

physiological responses, including emotional physiological responses, including emotional

responses organized by the amygdala.responses organized by the amygdala.

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Morality and the Morality and the vmPFCvmPFC

Effects of Effects of vmPFCvmPFC damage on moralitydamage on morality

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GreenGreen

YellowYellow

RedRed

PurplePurple

Blue Blue

RedRed

BlackBlack

YellowYellow

OrangeOrange

BlueBlue

Purple

Red

Green

Black

Blue

Yellow

Green

Red

Purple

Blue

Blue

Brown

Blue

Red

Green

Green

Yellow

Red

Yellow

Orange

BlueBlue

RedRed

GreenGreen

YellowYellow

BlackBlack

YellowYellow

OrangeOrange

RedRed

PurplePurple

BlueBlue

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BlueBlue

RedRed

GreenGreen

YellowYellow

BlackBlack

YellowYellow

OrangeOrange

RedRed

PurplePurple

BlueBlue

Purple

Red

Green

Black

Blue

Yellow

Green

Red

Purple

Blue

Green

Yellow

Red

Yellow

Orange

Blue

Brown

Blue

Red

Green

Emotion ResearchEmotion Research

�� A majority of emotion research (esp. in A majority of emotion research (esp. in

animals) has focused on fearanimals) has focused on fear

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Communication of EmotionsCommunication of Emotions

�� Several Several studies have found thatstudies have found that damage damage

to the to the amygdalaamygdala impairs impairs people’s ability people’s ability

to recognize facial expressions of to recognize facial expressions of

emotion, emotion, especially especially expressions of fear.expressions of fear.

Recognition of EmotionsRecognition of Emotions

�� The rapid response The rapid response suggests that visual suggests that visual information that the information that the amygdala receives amygdala receives directly from the directly from the subcortical visual subcortical visual system (which system (which conducts information conducts information very rapidly) permits very rapidly) permits it to recognize facial it to recognize facial expressions of fear.expressions of fear.

Cortex

AmygdalaThalamus

Emotional stimulus Emotional response

Low road- 12 ms

High road- 30-40 ms

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Recognition of EmotionsRecognition of Emotions

�� We recognize other people’s feelings by We recognize other people’s feelings by means of vision and auditionmeans of vision and audition——seeing their seeing their facial expressions and hearing their tone of facial expressions and hearing their tone of voice and choice of words.voice and choice of words.

�� Many studies have found that the right Many studies have found that the right hemisphere plays a more important role hemisphere plays a more important role than the left hemisphere in comprehension than the left hemisphere in comprehension of emotion.of emotion.

Recognition of EmotionsRecognition of Emotions

�� AdolphsAdolphs et al. (2000) discovered a possible link et al. (2000) discovered a possible link between between somatosensationsomatosensation and emotional recognition.and emotional recognition.

�� Examined Examined the locations of brain damage inthe locations of brain damage in ~100 ~100 patients patients with localized brain lesions and correlated with localized brain lesions and correlated this information with the patients’ ability to this information with the patients’ ability to recognize and identify facial expressions of emotionsrecognize and identify facial expressions of emotions..

�� They found that this ability was most compromised They found that this ability was most compromised by damage to the by damage to the somatosensorysomatosensory cortex of the cortex of the rightrighthemisphere.hemisphere.

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Lateralization of EmotionLateralization of Emotion

�� Two theories Two theories

–– RightRight--hemisphere model hemisphere model –– the right hemisphere the right hemisphere

is dominant for all aspects of is dominant for all aspects of emotionemotion

–– Valence model Valence model –– the right hemisphere the right hemisphere

specializes in negative specializes in negative emotions, and the LH…emotions, and the LH…

�� Both theories are probably too generalBoth theories are probably too general

Individual Differences in the Individual Differences in the

Neural Mechanisms of EmotionNeural Mechanisms of Emotion

�� Most (but not all) of nine patients with bilateral Most (but not all) of nine patients with bilateral amygdalaramygdalar lesions had difficulty recognizing fear lesions had difficulty recognizing fear in facial expressions in facial expressions ((AdolphsAdolphs et al, et al, 20032003))

�� Personality differences: Personality differences: –– both both high extraversion and high neuroticism healthy high extraversion and high neuroticism healthy subjects showed higher subjects showed higher amygdalaramygdalar activity while activity while viewing fearful faces; only extraverts showed higher viewing fearful faces; only extraverts showed higher amygdalaramygdalar activity while viewing happy faces activity while viewing happy faces ((CanliCanli et et

al, al, 2002)2002)

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Figure 10.11Perception of Emotions. The PET scans indicate brain regions activated by listening to emotions expressed by tone of voice (green) or by meanings of words (red).From George, M. S., Parekh, P. I., Rosinsky, N., Ketter, T. A., et al. Archives of Neurology, 1996, 53, 665–670.

Communication of EmotionsCommunication of Emotions�� Volitional facial paresis:Volitional facial paresis:

–– Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the face region of the primary caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its motor cortex or its subcorticalsubcortical connections.connections.

�� Emotional facial paresis:Emotional facial paresis:–– Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the these muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, insular prefrontal cortex, subcorticalsubcortical white matter white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.

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PsychologyPsychology

�� “Positive” Thinking…“Positive” Thinking…

–– Greater life satisfaction Greater life satisfaction (Schwarz & Clore, 1983)(Schwarz & Clore, 1983)

–– More likely to help, more generous More likely to help, more generous (Isen, 1970)(Isen, 1970)

–– Better judgments of neutral possessions Better judgments of neutral possessions (Isen, 1978)(Isen, 1978)

–– More likely to ‘think outside the box’ More likely to ‘think outside the box’ (Isen, 1987)(Isen, 1987)

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Thinking when feeling “positive”Thinking when feeling “positive”

Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005

Thinking when feeling “positive”Thinking when feeling “positive”

–– More words from longer word More words from longer word (Smith & Larsen, 1989)(Smith & Larsen, 1989)

–– More (unusual) associations More (unusual) associations ((IsenIsen, 1985), 1985)

–– Broader, more inclusive categories Broader, more inclusive categories ((IsenIsen, , 19921992, Murray, , Murray,

1990) 1990)

–– Better at Remote Associates Test (RAT) Better at Remote Associates Test (RAT) ((IsenIsen, 1987), 1987)

�� worm, shelf, end… BOOKworm, shelf, end… BOOK

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�� Affective Neuroscience:Affective Neuroscience:

–– What brain structures are involved in processing What brain structures are involved in processing

affect and emotional stimuli? affect and emotional stimuli?

�� Psychology:Psychology:

–– What are emotions and moods? What are emotions and moods?

–– What effect does affect have on behavior?What effect does affect have on behavior?

�� But, there is relatively little neuroscientific But, there is relatively little neuroscientific

research on how affect influences cognition.research on how affect influences cognition.

QuestionsQuestions

�� (How) does being in a mood affect (How) does being in a mood affect

nonnon--affective language processing?affective language processing?

�� What is the nature and time course of What is the nature and time course of

the effect of mood?the effect of mood?

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Event Related Potentials (ERPs)Event Related Potentials (ERPs)

Event Related Potentials (ERPs)Event Related Potentials (ERPs)

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Beep.

P300P300-- Amplitude. Surprise! Amplitude. Surprise! Beep.Beep.Beep.BOOP. Beep.Beep.

�� Sensitive to semantic processingSensitive to semantic processing

�� Sensitive to semantic categorizationSensitive to semantic categorization

“apple”

“kiwi”

“desk”

_

+

0 200 400 600 800 ms

Semantic Relationships and the Semantic Relationships and the

N400N400

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VehicleVehicle

Car

PlaneTrain

Elevator

Camel

FeetApple

Ice Cream

The N400 is sensitive to semantic CATEGORIZATION

Mood affectsCATEGORIZATION

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In CATEGORIZATIONIn CATEGORIZATION

we would expect to we would expect to see effects of mood see effects of mood on the amplitude of on the amplitude of

the N400the N400

Categorization and the N400Categorization and the N400

“apple”

“A kind of fruit…”

“kiwi”

“desk”

_

+

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StimuliStimuli

�� 60 each of five sentence types:60 each of five sentence types:

High Typicality A kind of fruit: apple

Low Typicality A kind of fruit: kiwi

Non Member A kind of fruit: desk

Correct Opposite The opposite of black: white

Incorrect Opposite The opposite of black: way

Experiment 1 TimelineExperiment 1 Timeline

Time

Happy Mood

Induction

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

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Experiment 1 TimelineExperiment 1 Timeline

Time

Sad Mood

Induction

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

Categories

and

Opposites

outYes or No?The opposite of inYes or No? pineappleA kind of fruit

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10 Female Participants10 Female Participants-- Positive MoodPositive Mood

10 Female Participants10 Female Participants-- Negative MoodNegative Mood

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Correct Opposite The opposite of black: white

Incorrect Opposite The opposite of black: way

High Typicality A kind of fruit: apple

Non- Member A kind of fruit: desk

Low Typicality A kind of fruit: kiwi

*

*

Five Sentence TypesFive Sentence Types

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Context MattersContext Matters

Next time… Next time…

�� Last QuizLast Quiz! !

�� Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective

Disorders, Anxiety DisordersDisorders, Anxiety Disorders

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Fear, Defense, and AggressionFear, Defense, and Aggression

� Fear – emotional reaction to threat

� Defensive behaviors – designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear)

� Submissive behaviors- indicate acceptance of defeat

� Aggressive behaviors – designed to threaten or harm

� Social aggression – unprovoked attacks on members of one’s own species to establish dominance

� Defensive attack – aggressive behavior, as when cornered