jat chapter 04

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 The Early Greeks

Section 2 Sparta and Athens

Section 3 Persia Attacks the Greeks

Section 4 The Age of Pericles

Reading Review

Chapter Assessment

The Ancient Greeks

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Chapter Objectives• Describe how geography and the

Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations influenced Greek culture.

• Compare the city-states of Sparta and Athens.

• Identify the causes and effects of Greek wars with Persia.

• Describe Athens under the leadership of Pericles and reasons Athens declined.

The Ancient Greeks

The Ancient Greeks

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes the impact of geography on ancient Greece and the rise of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.

The Early Greeks

Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Focusing on the Main Ideas

The Early Greeks

• The geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did.

• The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading.

• Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region.


The Early Greeks

Focusing on the Main Ideas (cont.)

• Colonies and trade spread Greek culture and spurred industry.

• The idea of citizenship developed in Greek city-states.


Locating Places

• Crete (KREET)

• Mycenae (my·SEE·nee)

• Agamemnon (A·guh·MEHM·nahn)

• Peloponnesus (PEH·luh·puh·NEE·suhs)

Meeting People

The Early Greeks


Building Your Vocabulary• peninsula (puh·NIHN·suh·luh)

• polis (PAH·luhs)

• colony (KAH·luh·nee)

The Early Greeks

• agora (A·guh·ruh)

Reading StrategyFinding Details Draw a diagram like the one on page 116 of your textbook. In each oval write one detail about a polis.

The Geography of Greece

• Mainland Greece is a mountainous peninsula—a body of land with water on three sides.

• The Ionian Sea is to the west of Greece, the Aegean Sea is to the east, and the Mediterranean Sea is to the south.

• Ancient Greeks were fishers, sailors, traders, and farmers.

(page 117)

The Early Greeks

The Geography of Greece

• Although Greece’s rocky soil made it difficult to farm, people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes in the favorable climate.

(page 117)

The Early Greeks

The Early Greeks

How might a peninsula be affected by its surrounding water?

Land might be limited, the climate might be positively or adversely affected, and occupations of the people might be ocean-related, such as sailing and fishing.

The Minoans

• The ruins of the Minoan civilization, the first civilization to arise in Greece, are on the island of Crete.

• Artifacts at the palace at Knossos reveal the riches of the Minoan people, such as wine, oil, jewelry, and statues.

• The Minoan people were traders, traveling by ship to trade with other countries.

(page 118)

The Early Greeks

The Minoans (cont.)

• The Minoan civilizations collapsed around 1450 B.C., although historians disagree on the cause of the Minoan destruction.

(page 118)

The Early Greeks

How do historians know the Minoans were a wealthy people?

Artifacts at the palace of Knossos included items only wealthy people would have, such as bathrooms.

The Early Greeks

The First Greek Kingdoms

• The first Greek kings were Mycenaean leaders, whose people invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 B.C.

(pages 119–120)

• The center of the Mycenaean kingdom was a palace surrounded by large farms.

• The Mycenaeans began trading with the Minoans and learned much about Minoan culture.

The Early Greeks

The First Greek Kingdoms (cont.)

• Before collapsing around 1100 B.C., the Mycenaean civilization was the most powerful on the Mediterranean.

• The Dark Age occurred between 1100 B.C. and 150 B.C. and was a time of less trade and poverty among people.

• The Dorians invaded Greece, bringing new weapons and farming technology to the Greek people.

The Early Greeks

(pages 119–120)

The First Greek Kingdoms (cont.)

• The Greeks learned about an alphabet from the Phoenicians, one of their trading partners.

• The Greek alphabet had 24 letters that stood for different sounds.

The Early Greeks

(pages 119–120)

What was one positive result of the Dark Age?

Greeks left the mainland and settled in other countries. This helped spread Greek culture.

The Early Greeks

A Move to Colonize

• After the Dark Age, Greek people began to set up colonies in other countries.

(page 121)

• This colonization spread Greek culture.

• Trade between colonists and the parent cities grew, and soon merchants were trading goods for money instead of more goods.

The Early Greeks

What invention allowed merchants to trade for money?

The Greeks began minting coins, which allowed merchants to trade for money.

The Early Greeks

The Polis

• A polis, or city-state, was like an independent country.

(pages 122–123)

• City-states varied in size and population.

• An acropolis, located at the top of a hill, was the main gathering place of the city-state.

• An agora, or open area, served as a market and as a place for people to meet and debate issues.

The Early Greeks

The Polis (cont.)

• The Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship, in which citizens of a country are treated equally and have rights and responsibilities.

• In Greek city-states, only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens.

• Citizens could vote, hold office, own property, and defend themselves in court.

The Early Greeks

(pages 122–123)

The Polis (cont.)

• The military of the city-states was made of ordinary citizens, not nobles.

• These citizens were called hoplites and fought each battle on foot instead of on horses.

The Early Greeks

(pages 122–123)

How does the Greek definition of a citizen compare to the modern idea of who is a United States citizen?

Ancient Greeks decided that only free, native-born, land-owning men could be citizens. In modern United States, men and women, native-born and naturalized people can be citizens, whether they own property or not.

The Early Greeks

What made the Minoans wealthy?

trading pottery and stone vases

The Early Greeks

City-states were tiny independent countries, while cities are part of a country.

How was a Greek city-state different from a city?

The Early Greeks

Summarize What changes occurred in Greece during the Dark Age?

Trade slowed, poverty took hold, people stopped farming, people stopped teaching writing and craftwork, and many Greeks moved elsewhere.

The Early Greeks

Citizenship Skills Name three rights granted to Greek citizens that American citizens have today.

Answers include voting, holding office, owning property, defending themselves in court.

The Early Greeks

Link to Economics Why did the use of money help trade to grow?

Money is small and easier to trade than bartered goods.

The Early Greeks

Discuss the following statement:

“The geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did.”

The Early Greeks

Sparta and Athens

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section traces the development of Greek governments and compares the systems adopted by Sparta and Athens.



Sparta and Athens

• The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered.

• Tyrants were able to seize power from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans.

• Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force.


Locating Places

• Sparta (SPAHR·tuh)

• Athens (A·thuhnz)

• Solon (SOH·luhn)

Meeting People

• Peisistratus (py·SIHS·truht·uhs)

• Cleisthenes (KLYS·thuh·NEEZ)

Sparta and Athens


Building Your Vocabulary• tyrant (TY·ruhnt)

• democracy (dih·MAH·kruh·see)

• helot (HEH·luht)

• oligarchy (AH·luh·GAHR·kee)

Sparta and Athens

Reading StrategyCompare and Contrast Draw a Venn diagram like the one on page 124 of your textbook. Compare and contrast life in Sparta and Athens.

Tyranny in the City-States

• Nobles, who owned large farms, seized power from the Greek kings.

• Farmers had to borrow money from nobles and often could not pay back the debt.

• The farmers lost their land and had to work for the nobles or were sold into slavery.

• Nobles, who owned large farms, seized power from the Greek kings.

(pages 125–126)

Sparta and Athens

Tyranny in the City-States (cont.)

• This unhappiness led to the rise of tyrants, or people who take power by force and rule with total authority.

• Tyrants overthrew the nobles during the 600s B.C.

• Unhappy farmers demanded changes in the power structure of the city-states.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 125–126)


• The Greek people eventually tired of the tyrants and created oligarchies or democracies.

• An oligarchy is a form of government in which a few people hold power.

• Tyrants maintained their popularity by building marketplaces, temples, and walls.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 125–126)


• Sparta was an oligarchy; Athens was a democracy.

• A democracy is a form of government in which all citizens share power.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 125–126)

How are tyrants today different from those in ancient Greece?

Today the word tyrant means a harsh, oppressive ruler. Today’s tyrants are not concerned with the common good of their country’s people.

Sparta and Athens

Sparta

• To keep the helots from rebelling, the Spartans created a strong military of boys and men.

• To obtain more land, Spartans conquered and enslaved their neighbors, calling them helots.

(pages 126–127)

• Boys entered the military at age seven.

• At age 20, men entered the regular army and lived in the barracks for 10 years.

Sparta and Athens

Sparta (cont.)

• They returned home at age 30 but served in the army until age 60.

• Spartan girls were trained in sports to become healthy mothers and were freer than other Greek women.

• The Spartan government was an oligarchy containing two branches, a council of elders, and an assembly.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 126–127)

Sparta (cont.)

• The Spartan government kept foreign travelers out and discouraged its own citizens from traveling in order to maintain control of the country.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 126–127)

What was one disadvantage of the Spartans’ focus on the military?

They did not learn as much about science or practice as much trade as Greeks in Athens.

Sparta and Athens

Athens

• Boys in Athens attended school to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic.

(pages 128–130)

• Athenian girls learned household duties from their mothers.

• Some wealthy girls learned reading, writing, and playing the lyre.

• The government of early Athens was an oligarchy.

Sparta and Athens

Athens (cont.)

• A noble named Solon reformed the Athenian government in 594 B.C.

• The tyrant Peisistratus seized power 30 years after Solon’s reforms.

• Cleisthenes took power in 508 B.C.

• He created a democracy in Athens.

• Cleisthenes gave the assembly more power.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 128–130)

Athens (cont.)

• He also created a new council to help the assembly carry out its duties.

• Members of the council were chosen by lottery.

Sparta and Athens

(pages 128–130)

Why did the people of Athens remain unhappy after Solon’s reforms?

Solon refused to give away land of the wealthy nobles, so the farmers remained unhappy.

Sparta and Athens

Who were the helots?

The helots were captive workers in Sparta.

Sparta and Athens

Most Greeks longed for rule by law with all citizens participating in government.

Why did tyrants fall out of favor with the Greeks?

Sparta and Athens

Evaluate Why did Athenians choose officials by lottery?

Would there be drawbacks to this method? Explain.

They thought elections might favor the rich.

Possible answer: The most qualified people might not be picked.

Sparta and Athens

Explain How did Greek nobles gain power?

They seized power from kings during the Dark Age.

Sparta and Athens

Analyze Why was Solon popular among some Athenian farmers and unpopular among others?

He canceled farmers’ debts and freed those who had become enslaved, but he refused to give away wealthy nobles’ land.

Sparta and Athens

Civics Link How did Athenian democracy keep one person from gaining too much power?

A large council chosen by lottery kept power distributed among the people.

Sparta and Athens

Descriptive Writing Imagine that you are a 28-year-old man living in Sparta in 700 B.C. Write a letter to your 6-year-old nephew telling him what to expect when he leaves home on his next birthday.

Your letter should discuss early military training and the importance of serving Sparta.

Sparta and Athens

How would a citizen of Sparta complete this sentence:

“I’m proud of my city-state because _______.”

Sparta and Athens

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section traces the rise of the Persian Empire and how the Greeks prevented the Persians from conquering them.

Persia Attacks the Greeks




• The Persian Empire united a wide area under a single government.

• Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians.


Locating Places

• Persia (PUHR·zhuh)

• Marathon (MAR·uh·THAHN)

• Plataea (pluh·TEE·uh)

• Thermopylae (thuhr·MAH·puh·lee)

• Salamis (SA·luh·muhs)



Meeting People

• Cyrus the Great (SY·ruhs)

• Darius (duh·RY·uhs)

• Xerxes (ZUHRK·SEEZ)

• Themistocles (thuh·MIHS·tuh·KLEEZ)



Building Your Vocabulary• Satrapies (SAY·truh·pees)

• Zoroastrianism (ZOHR·uh·WAS·tree·uh·NIH·zuhm)

• Satrap (SAY·TRAP)


Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Create a Chart like the one on page 131 of your textbook. List the accomplishments of Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes.

The Persian Empire

• Persians were warriors and nomads who lived in Persia, the southwestern area of what is today Iran.

• Cyrus the Great united the Persians.

• The Persians built a large empire, conquering Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities.

(pages 132–133)


The Persian Empire (cont.)

• The empire under Darius was divided into satrapies, each with a ruler known as a satrap.

• The satraps answered to the king.

• Darius came to power in 521 B.C. and reorganized the government.


(pages 132–133)

The Persian Empire (cont.)

• Zoroastrianism, the religion of Persia, was founded by Zoroaster, who believed in one god, the freedom of humans, and the triumph of good.

• The military of Persia consisted of full-time, paid soldiers known as Immortals.


(pages 132–133)

How did Cyrus’s compassion for his people help the Persian Empire grow?

People are more likely to follow rulers who care about them. People often attempt to overthrow cruel or unfair rulers.


The Persian Wars

• The Battle of Marathon occurred in 490 B.C. on the plain of Marathon, a short distance from Athens.

• After a failed rebellion by the Greeks, King Darius decided to stop the Greeks from interfering in his empire.

(pages 134–137)

• The Persians waited there for the Athenians.


The Persian Wars (cont.)

• When the horsemen were on the boat, the Greeks charged the Persian foot soldiers and defeated them.

• When they did not come, the Persian commander ordered the troops back on the boat.

• After Darius’s death, his son Xerxes became king.

• He vowed a new invasion of Greece.


(pages 134–137)


• The Greeks fought the Persians at Thermopylae for two days.

• Athens and Sparta joined forces to defend against Xerxes’s attack.

• The Greeks lost the battle, but 200 ships were assembled in Athens.


(pages 134–137)


• At the Battle of Salamis, the Greeks used their faster, smaller ships to defeat the Persian fleet.


(pages 134–137)


• The Greek army won at Plataea.

• The Persians entered Athens and burned the city.

• This was the turning point of the wars with Persia.

• The Persian Empire fell for several reasons.


(pages 134–137)


• The Persians were weakened by war, and their rulers taxed the people and spent the money lavishly.

• The sons of kings had little power, so they killed rulers to get power.


(pages 134–137)


How did modern marathon races get their name?

Legend tells that the Athenians sent a messenger to Athens after their victory at the Battle of Marathon. The messenger ran nearly 25 miles to Athens. There he collapsed. His final word was “victory.” Today’s marathons are about 26 miles long.


Why was Cyrus considered a fair ruler?

He treated new subjects well.


The Royal Road was a vast road that connected Persian cities.

What was the Royal Road?

Persuasive Writing Imagine you are an adviser to Xerxes and are alarmed about his plan for revenge on Greece. Compose a letter to him outlining reasons why he should cancel his invasion of Greece.

Answers will vary.


Why do historians consider the Greek defeat of the Persians a turning point in history?

It led to the rise of Athenian power and to a period of great philosophy.


Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section explores how Athens blossomed under Pericles and the reasons Athens and Sparta went to war.

The Age of Pericles



The Age of Pericles

• Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic.

• Athenian men and women had very different roles.

• Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece.


Locating Places

• Delos (DEE·LAHS)

• Pericles (PEHR·uh·KLEEZ)

Meeting People

• Aspasia (as·PAY·zhuh)

The Age of Pericles

Building Your Vocabulary

• direct democracy (dih·MAH·kruh·see)


Building Your Vocabulary (cont.)

• representative democracy (REH·prih·ZEHN·tuh·tihv)

• philosopher (fuh·LAH·suh·fuhr)

The Age of Pericles

Reading Strategy

Organizing Information Create a circle graph like the one on page 138 of your textbook. Show how many citizens, foreigners, and enslaved people lived in Athens in the 400s B.C.

The Athenian Empire

• Athens joined forces with other city-states to form the Delian League.

(pages 139–140)

• The Delian League promised to defend its members against the Persians.

• Athens eventually gained control of the Delian League.

• The Athenians moved the Delian League from Delos to Athens.

The Age of Pericles

The Athenian Empire (cont.)

• Athens had a direct democracy.

• In a direct democracy, people vote firsthand on laws and policies.

• Direct democracy worked because of the small number of Athenian citizens.

• In a representative democracy, people select smaller groups to vote on behalf of the people.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 139–140)


• A general named Pericles led Athens for more than 30 years.

• He promoted democracy by including more people in the government.

• The age of Pericles was a time of creativity and learning.

• Pericles built temples and statues in the city after the destruction of the Persian Wars.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 139–140)


• He also supported artists, writers, architects, and philosophers.

• Philosophers are people who ponder questions about life.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 139–140)

Why wouldn’t a direct democracy work in the United States?

More than 206 million adults would need to meet to cast a vote. This large number of people would make the meetings impossible.

The Age of Pericles

Daily Life in Athens

• In the 400s B.C., the population of Athens was about 285,000.

(pages 142–144)

• This made Athens the largest of all Greek city-states.

• Most Athenian homes had at least one slave, and wealthy families had many slaves.

The Age of Pericles

Daily Life in Athens (cont.)

The Age of Pericles

(pages 142–144)


• Athenian farmers grew grain, vegetables, fruit, olives, and grapes.

• Because there was little farmland, Athens had to import grain from other places.

• Herders raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and cheese.

• Athens became the trading center of the Greek world.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 142–144)


• Merchants traded pottery, jewelry, leather goods, and other products.

• Athenian men worked in the morning and exercised or attended assembly meetings in the evening.

• Athenian women were responsible for caring for their children and their households.

• Poor women might work in the fields or sell goods.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 142–144)


• Athenian women had no political rights and could not own property.

• Aspasia was a well-educated woman who influenced Plato and Pericles.

• Although she could not vote or hold office, she was influential in politics.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 142–144)

Why were slaves important to Athenians?

Slaves provided important labor to merchants and artisans. Without slaves, Athens would not have been able to support its economy.

The Age of Pericles

The Peloponnesian War

• Other city-states along with Sparta became suspicious of Athens.

(pages 144–146)

• These city-states joined together against Athens.

• The war that broke out is known as the Peloponnesian War.

• Pericles’s funeral oration reminded Athenians about democracy and gave them courage to continue fighting.

The Age of Pericles

The Peloponnesian War (cont.)

• Athenians outside the city walls moved inside the city to protect themselves.

• In the second year of the war, a disease killed more than one-third of the people inside Athens’ walls, including Pericles.

• Sparta made a deal with the Athenians and built a navy.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 144–146)

The Peloponnesian War (cont.)

• The Spartan navy defeated the Athenian navy, which brought supplies to the Athenians.

• Athens then surrendered.

The Age of Pericles

(pages 144–146)

What was the effect of the Peloponnesian War on the city-states?

Many people died, and others lost jobs. Farmers also had their land destroyed. The Greeks could not reunite again.

The Age of Pericles

The Age of Pericles

What caused the Peloponnesian War?

expansion of Athenian power and Spartan jealousy

The Age of Pericles

Citizens must obey rules, pay taxes, and defend the city.

According to Pericles, what duties did Athenian citizens have?

Analyze What caused the lack of trust between Sparta and Athens.

lack of understanding of their differing societies, and perceived Athenian aggression

The Age of Pericles

Interpreting Visuals Examine the drawing of the Athenian home on page 142 of your textbook.

What does it show about the role of women in Athens?

Women performed most domestic chores and did not eat with men.

The Age of Pericles

Civics Link How did the direct democracy of Athens differ from the democracy we have in the United States?

Answers should reflect information from the text.

The Age of Pericles

Expository Writing Describe the role of the Delian League in the creation of the Athenian empire.

Athens gradually took over the Delian League and replaced it with its empire.

The Age of Pericles

Summarize relations between Sparta and Athens.

The Age of Pericles

Section 1: The Early GreeksFocusing on the Main Ideas

• The geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did.

• The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading.

• Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region.

The Ancient Greeks

Section 1: The Early GreeksFocusing on the Main Ideas

• Colonies and trade spread Greek culture and spurred industry.

• The idea of citizenship developed in Greek city-states.

The Ancient Greeks

Section 2: Sparta and AthensFocusing on the Main Ideas

• Tyrants were able to seize power from the nobles with the support of Greek farmers, merchants, and artisans.

• The Spartans focused on military skills to control the people they conquered.

• Unlike Spartans, Athenians were more interested in building a democracy than building a military force.

The Ancient Greeks


• The Persian Empire united a wide area under a single government.

• Both Sparta and Athens played roles in defeating the Persians.

Section 3: Persia Attacks the Greeks

The Ancient Greeks

• Under Pericles, Athens became very powerful and more democratic.

• Athenian men and women had very different roles.

Section 4: The Age of PericlesFocusing on the Main Ideas

• Sparta and Athens went to war for control of Greece.

The Ancient Greeks

__ 1. In a(n) ___, a few wealthy people hold power.

__ 2. The Greek mainland is a(n) ___, a body of land with water on three sides.

__ 3. In a(n) ___, people at mass meetings make decisions for the government.

Review Vocabulary

A. satrapB. agoraC. democracyD. direct democracyE. oligarchyF. peninsula

F

D

Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.

E

The Ancient Greeks

__ 4. A(n) ___, acted as tax collector, judge, chief of police, and army recruiter.

__ 5. In a(n) ___, all citizens share in running the government.

__ 6. Below the acropolis was an open area called an(n) ___.

Review Vocabulary

A. satrapB. agoraC. democracyD. direct democracyE. oligarchyF. peninsulaB

Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.

C

The Ancient Greeks

A


How did the geography of Greece influence where people settled and how they made a living?

The rocky mountains caused people to settle by the seacoast and become fishers, sailors, and traders.

The Ancient Greeks

Review Main Ideas

How did the Greek colonies help industry to grow?

They promoted trade, industry, and specialized goods.

The Ancient Greeks


Review Main Ideas


Why were tyrants able to seize control from Greek nobles?

They had the support of the common people, many of whom were hoplites.

The Ancient Greeks

Review Main Ideas

Describe the differences between Athens and Sparta.

Sparta emphasized the military and strict living, while Athens focused on democracy and culture.

The Ancient Greeks


Review Main Ideas


What system did Darius use to unite his large empire under one government?

He used divisions called satrapies with rulers responsible to him.

The Ancient Greeks

Review Main Ideas

Why did Sparta and Athens unite during the Persian Wars?

They feared Persian conquest of Greece.

The Ancient Greeks


Review Main Ideas


How was democracy expanded during the Age of Pericles?

Pericles involved more people in government and paid officeholders so poorer citizens could serve.

The Ancient Greeks

Review Main Ideas

The Ancient Greeks

What was the result of the Peloponnesian War?

Athens declined. Greece grew weaker, opening it to conquest.


Review Main Ideas

Cause and Effect How did the geography of Greece help to encourage trade?

The Greek peninsula gave the Greeks easy access to sea routes all over the Mediterranean.

The Ancient Greeks

Conclude Did the people of ancient Athens have a full democracy? Explain.

Yes. All citizens voted and could take part in lawmaking.

No. Women, foreigners, and enslaved people were excluded.

The Ancient Greeks

Explain Do you think people would enjoy more freedom in an oligarchy or a tyranny? Explain.

Possible answers: It would depend on the rulers. A tyrant might be fair and well-liked or harsh and disliked. An oligarchy involves more people in government, but rivalries might weaken it. Oligarchs might be more willing to let people suffer.

The Ancient Greeks

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 4-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

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MapsAncient Greece c. 750 B.C.

Greek Colonies and Trade 750–550 B.C.

Sparta and Athens c. 700 B.C.

The Persian Empire 500 B.C.

Persian Wars 499–479 B.C.

The Peloponnesian War 431–404 B.C.

Charts

The Greek Alphabet

Comparing GovernmentsClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Click the map to view an interactive version.

In early Greece, roads were bumpy dirt trails and of little use to travelers. Because of this, ships became very important. To be near ships, most Greek communities settled within 60 miles of the sea.

The Early Greeks

Children in ancient Greece played many games we still play today, including backgammon, checkers, hockey, and chess.

Sparta and Athens

After conquering Babylon in 539 B.C., Cyrus the Great wrote the Charter of Human Rights, which many historians call the first declaration of human rights.


Athens is named for its patron goddess, Athena.

The Age of Pericles

Use What You Know

Learn It!

Reading Social Studies

Unlock meaning by making a connection between what you read and what you already know. Your own experiences can help you understand words or ideas that are unfamiliar. Read the paragraph on the next slide. Make a connection between a Greek agora and a place that is familiar to you.

Below the acropolis was an open area called an agora (A·guh·ruh). This space had two functions: it was both a market and a place where people could meet and debate issues.

—from page 122

Do you know what an agora looks like?

You know what a market looks like. Can you also visualize a place where people could meet? If so, then you have a good idea of what an agora might look like.


Making the Connection

Practice It!

Read the paragraph from Chapter 4 on page 115 of your textbook and then answer the questions below.

• Do you have any family members or friends who are 20 years old? What would they say if they were required to serve in the army for 40 years?

• Have you ever seen or tasted food that looks like “black broth”?


The Ancient Greeks Introduction

The Early Greeks

Sparta and Athens

The Age of Pericles

Athenian Soldier’s Oath

Herodotus’s History

Pericles’ Funeral Oration

Focus on Everyday Life

In ancient Athens, a woman’s place was in the home. Her two main responsibilities were caring for the household and raising children. The Greek writer Xenophon (ZEH·nuh·fuhn) recorded a man’s explanation of women’s duties.

Women’s Duties

The second floor of each home was the women’s quarters. An Athenian woman lived there with her children. She was expected to keep her children well and happy. She encouraged them to learn sports and play with toys, and taught them how to interact with friends and family members. Although boys left home at age seven to attend school, girls stayed with their mothers, learning how to care for a house and children.

Women’s Duties


Connecting to the Past

Possible answer: to keep them separate from men

1. Why do you think women and children lived on the second floor of the home?

2. Over what areas of life did an Athenian woman have authority?

caring for the household and raising children

c.495–429 B.C.Pericles

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4–1

Chapter 4


Chapter 4

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jat chapter 04

Education

early greeks section

early greeks pages

ancient greeks

greek people

minoan people

greek mainland

greek citystates

wealthy people