Julia Lankton, Natalie Durrett Crawford, Ondrej Becvar, Tanya

LeRoith

Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine

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Three week old Holstein heifer calf from large dairy

Abdominal distension

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AtaxiaThiamine

DiarrheaSulfamethazin

eFlorfenicolElectrolytes Poor muscle tone

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Good appetite with little weight gainChemistry panel: Low BUNEMG: WNL

Continued/Worsening ataxiaRx corticosteroids – no

improvement Euthanized at 6 weeks

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Bacterial TEME Vertebral

osteomyelitis Viral

Rabies Pseudorabies

Parasitic Nervous coccidiosis Parelaphostrongylus

tenuis

Nutritional Polioencephalomalacia Vitamin A deficiency

Toxic Lead toxicosis Urea toxicosis

Congenital Hydranencephaly Hydrocephalus Porto-systemic Porto-systemic

shunt?shunt? Nah, that’s in small Nah, that’s in small

animalsanimals

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Body weight: 68 kg (150 lbs)Normal: 82 kg (180 lbs)

Minimal fat stores Small liver Cerebral cyst

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Presented at SEVPAC 2008 – Permission granted for use on

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Presented at SEVPAC 2008 – Permission granted for use on

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Presented at SEVPAC 2008 – Permission granted for use on

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Lobules small and irregular Lymphatics and sinusoids dilated Portal regions:

Small portal veins Numerous portal arterioles

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Liver H&E Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Liver H&E Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Liver H&E Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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White matter vacuolization Pronounced in white matter tracts bordering

grey matter Severity increases caudally

Scattered neuronal necrosis 1.4 mm diameter ependymal lined space

Rostral cerebral white matter

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Cerebrum H&EPresented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Cerebrum LFB-PAS Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Brainstem H&E Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Brainstem LFB-PAS Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Spinal Cord H&E Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Cerebrum H&E Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Morphologic : Liver: arteriolar reduplication,

lobular atrophy and lymphatic dilation

Brain: white matter, polymicrocavitation; focal syringoencephalocele

Disease : Portosystemic shunt with hepatic encephalopathyPresented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Rare in large animals (4 cases in calves) Normal fetal communications patent Portal blood bypasses liver and enters

circulation Decreased portal vein perfusion

Liver lobules atrophy Liver lobules atrophy Portal veins are hypoplastic Portal veins are hypoplastic Hepatic arterioles are hyperplasticHepatic arterioles are hyperplastic

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Toxins from portal blood access CNS Ammonia astrocytes decreased BBB Ammonia, fatty acids, amino acids and

other neurotoxins enter CNS Astrocyte hypertrophy and Astrocyte hypertrophy and degenerationdegeneration Alzheimer type II cellsAlzheimer type II cellsMore prominent in other spp.

Intramyelinic EdemaIntramyelinic Edema Diffuse bilaterally symmetrical Diffuse bilaterally symmetrical polymicrocavitaton, predominantly of polymicrocavitaton, predominantly of white matter and at grey-white white matter and at grey-white borderborder Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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Presented at SEVPAC 2008 – Permission granted for use on

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Dr. Natalie Durrett Crawford Dr. Tanya LeRoith Dr. Ondrej Becvar Dr. Bernard Jortner VMRCVM histopathology lab

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1.Buczinski, Sebastien, et. al. Portacaval shunt in a calf: Clinical, pathologic, and ultrasonographic findings. Can Vet J 2007; 48: 407-410.

2. Van Den Ingh, et. al. Congenital portosystemic shunts in three pigs and one calf. Vet Pathol 1990; 27: 56-58

3. Reimer JM, et. al. Diagnosis and surgical correction of a patent ductus venosus in a calf. JAVMA 1988; 193: 1539-1541. Presented at SEVPAC 2008 –

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