june 8th, 2016 presenter: prof. zeljko pantic, utah state...

Event to start shortly Scheduled time: 11:00 USA Eastern Standard Time

1

June 8th, 2016 Presenter: Prof. Zeljko Pantic, Utah State University Tile: Review of Recent Advances in Dynamic and Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer

10 June 2016 IAS Webinar Series 2

Webinar Presenter Dr. Zeljko Pantic • B.S, M.S., Belgrade University, Serbia • Ph.D., North Carolina State University, 2013 • Utah State University, Assistant Professor • Associate Director of the Electrified Vehicles

and Roadways (EVR) research facility at USU

• Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification (TTE) Special Issue on Dynamic Charging Systems

• Program Chair for Conference on Electric Roads and Vehicles (CERV), 2015-2016

Concept and Basic Theory of Inductive Wireless Power Transfer

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer

Challenges of Dynamic Wireless Power Charging for Electric Vehicle (EV) Applications

State-of-the-Art Solutions for Dynamic Charging of EVs

Dynamic Charging Research at Utah State University

Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer: Directional Power Transfer Achieved Through the Transmitter Current Amplitude Modulation


Outline

Features of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) Systems: Convenience Reliability Tolerance to snow, water, dust, nonmetal chemicals, and dirt Easy integration into urban landscape Offer a noninvasive solution for powering/recharging medical implants

Key factors for the recent progress in WPT technology: improved magnetic materials high-efficient power switching components operating in VLF/LF range advance in embedded systems novel control algorithms


Motivation for WPT

Wireless Inductive Power Transfer

Wireless (Inductive) Power Transfer: the transfer of electrical power from one system to another over an air gap, without wires

Based on near-field (non-radiative) magnetic coupling between two (or more) loosely coupled coils

The coils are loosely coupled if the distance between the coils is NOT much less than the equivalent diameter of the coils

Radiative power transfer (microwaves and lasers) dominates in the long-range wireless power transfer applications, while W(I)PT dominates in the short-range applications

Strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) as subcategory of inductive WPT


Ferromagnetic

I1 d

r

k < 0.7

k

k > 0.9transmitter receiver load

6

"Tesla coils" - high voltage resonant transformer circuits Innovative approaches:

A spark gap “switch” to control the power supply to the primary resonant circuit

Coil parasitic capacitance used to tune the coil Direct LF AC to HF AC power conversion to energize the

primary coil

Tesla’s WPT world

References and Photo Credit: [R1]


Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws:

22 2 2

1 2 1 1 22

out s sMP I Q I L k QL

ω ω= =

Compensation capacitors added:

22

s

Load

LQRω

=Receiver quality factor:

Coil quality factors:

11

1

22

2

sc

L

sc

L

LQR

LQR

ω

ω

=

=

( )2

1 22

21 21 1

c c

c c

k Q Q

k Q Qη =

+ +

1L 2L

2LR1LR

Mk

2C1C1I 2I

LoadR1( )V ac

outk P↑⇒ ↑

1 2c ck Q Q η↑⇒ ↑

For a tuned system:

Inductive WPT Concept

Coils made of: Litz wire Tubular conductors

Fe material is used to: Shape magnetic field Enhance power transfer Suppress leakage flux

Compensation tank

Rectifier + PFC +

HF inverter

Compensation tank

Power conditioner

Load

Ferromagnetic

Ferromagnetic

I1

I2

8

Q1+

D1+

Q1-

D1-

Q2+

D2+

Q2-

D2-

VdcVinv

Vinv

+Vdc

-Vdct

“Reservoir” of the reactive power for the coil inductance

Helps in filtering current harmonics Shapes the inverter output current

Typical Inductive WPT - Topology

Compensation tank

Rectifier + PFC +

HF inverter

Compensation tank

Power conditioner

Load

Ferromagnetic

Ferromagnetic

I1

I2

9

x Q2

LC filter Boost Buck

Rectifier +

Compensation: Parallel Series Series-Parallel CCL

Typical Inductive WPT - Topology

10

WPT - Applications

11

Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer

12

“No More New Gas-Powered Cars by 2050?” (5 countries and 7 the US states)

25-mile EV 79.8% real world driving cycles satisfied (J. Quinn et al., CERV 2016, to be published)

One possible solution: Tesla’s superchargers. Example: 90 kWh Model S battery and 120 kW supercharger:

40 min: 70 kWh of energy - 80% of charge

80 min: 90 kWh of energy – fully charged

25-mile EV 97.8% real world driving cycles satisfied with the US interstates electrified with 50 kW dynamic WPT (J. Quinn et al., CERV 2016, to be published)

Why Dynamic Charging of EVs?


13

Inductive Wireless Power Transfer

Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer Conductive Charging – Overhead Line

Conductive Charging – Rail

Why Dynamic Charging of EVs?

References and Photo Credit: [F1]-F[3]

14

Early Development of Dynamic WPT

Santa Barbara Electric Bus Project and Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) Program: 1979 - 1993

Investigate the technical feasibility of EV dynamic charging (buses and passenger cars)

Project limitations: • 400 Hz operation frequency • Low efficient ferromagnetic material • Bulky and heavy pads

The PATH results: • Power: 60 kW • Efficiency: 60% • Vertical gap: 7.6 cm


15

Dynamic Charging – Key Challenges Dynamic WPT

Impact on the electrical grid

Optimum sizing of segments, coils/rails, power requirements

In-road installation and maintenance

Power conversion and power control

Operation of the vehicle energy storage unit

Communication requirements

Standardization and interoperability

6/10/2016 16

Modeling assumption about the EV penetration: 30% light vehicle/ 50% heavy vehicle

Dynamic WPT – Electric Grid Impact

Power demand per mile (at 55 mph)


6/10/2016 17

A market ready solution (TRL 9) – demonstrated at test tracks and in an operational environment

Fifth generation of technology Innovative I-type rail structure for the primary side:

maximum power: 27 kW (for a double pick-up coil) module width: 10 cm vertical gap: 20-cm air gap lateral misalignment: 24-cm active and passive compensation techniques

Potential disadvantages lower efficiency due to longer segments, leakage field, distributed compensation

KAIST/OLEV– Segmented Rail Concept

References and Photo Credit: [R5-R7]

6/10/2016 18

FABRIC (Feasibility analysis and development of on-road charging solutions for future electric vehicles)

Charging solutions and pilot programs (constructions in progress)

EU – FABRIC Project

Segment Length (m)

Segment Power (kW)

Number of Coils

Distribution Voltage

Activated coils Location

25 25 14 DC (?) Single VeDeCom-Qualcomm (France)

25 ? 25 DC (600 V) Single Polito (Italy) 25 50 20 AC (400V) Multiple SAET (Italy) 20 200 1 DC (750 V) Single Scania (Sweden)

Polito (Italy)


6/10/2016 19

Lumped IPT EV highway with Double-Coupled Systems (DCS) for power distribution

Work on development of the new pad structures: Circular DD DDQ Bipolar

Power null points were eliminated via the DDQ coil structure

Preferred configuration: DD (primary) and DDQ (vehicle)

Bidirectional WPT

Auckland University – WPT Research


6/10/2016 20

A working prototype demonstrated in laboratory conditions

GEM vehicle laboratory tests : 20 kHz, 2.2 kW with an efficiency of 74% (limited by the 72 V DC battery)

Toyota RAV 4 laboratory tests: 20 kHz, peak power 9kW, SS and SP compensation configurations

Passive and active parallel electrochemical capacitors and lithium-capacitor (LiC) for in-vehicle and grid power smoothing

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)


6/10/2016 21

Integration into existing road and highway infrastructure Durability and reliability (to match 20 years (in the US)

road lifetime) Maintenance (pavement resurfacing) Impact of the concrete and asphalt to the pad magnetic

properties

In-Road Installation and Maintenance

6/10/2016 22

Improving inverter devices by evaluating wide bandgap device materials to reduce the thermal stress.

New resonant converters and compensation topologies

System modeling – to improve the reference tracking for the primary coil current

Modeling techniques suitable for low order resonant type converters (GSSA of GUFT)

Independent power regulation/protection provisions at the vehicle and the charger side: limited input power for supplying

multiple receivers control of the battery charging power

Power Conversion and Power Control

6/10/2016 23

While moving over road-embedded pads, the vehicle energy storage system is exposed to short-duration, high-energy bursts delivered from the road-embedded equipment.

High current form factor (F=Irms/Iavg) reduces the battery charge

capacity reduces the battery specific energy

Time [s]10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Powe

r [W

]

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Operation of the Vehicle Energy Storage


6/10/2016 24

A hybrid energy storage (Battery – supercapacitor (SC))

Proposed solution 1: Parallel passive connection of SC-battery modules

Proposed solution 2: a SC bank integrated in the secondary resonant circuit

Proposed solution 3: battery and SC modules actively connected to an internal DC bus. Full active topology provides the operation of the SC as a power buffer for the power delivered from the WPT system.

Battery

DC/AC Inverter

Traction motor

DC/DC (Boost)

Supercapacitor

DC Bus

DC/DC (Boost)

WPT Power Input

Operation of the Vehicle Energy Storage

References and Photo Credit: [R13, R16-R17]

6/10/2016 25

Peer to peer communication between the roadside controller and the onboard controller

Message types: control commands, event-based messages and monitoring data Small packet size Low-rate wireless personal area network (PAN) (ZigBee (IEEE 892.15.4) and

Bluetooth (802.15.1)) are not adequate for dynamic WPT systems due to low data rate and small range.

DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) based on 802.11(n) IEEE standard: 75 MHz bandwidth at 5.9 GHz Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication Supported by the US Department of Transportation (USDOT) Low latency Data rate 3-27 Mbps and range 300-1000 m

Recommended by SAE J2954: DSRC+GPS +Cellular

Communication Requirements


6/10/2016 26

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) published Technical Information Report (TIR) J2954 for wireless power transfer and alignment standard for stationary charging applications

TIR (2016) Standard (2018) Frequency range 81.38-90.00 kHz Maximum input power levels (3.7/7.7/11/22 kW) Minimum target efficiency (aligned) : 85% 3 ground clearance categories for above the ground

mounting Master/reference coils (circular and DD topology)

There is no standard or TIR for dynamic charging applications FABRIC: 10/20/40/200 kW, 85 kHz, and lateral misalignment 20 cm Recommendation: when possible, maintain compliance with J2954

3.7 kW 250 mm x 190 mm

Standardization and Interoperability


27

Dynamic Charging Research at USU

6/10/2016 28

EVR Research Facility at USU

Specialized research laboratory for vehicle and roadway systems integration

Technology areas: dynamic WPT, EV drivetrain, roadway construction and materials, automation, security

Resources: 4800 ft2 high bay, 750 kVA utility, a quarter-

mile track/ 2x120 ft. electrified. High voltage capabilities: 480V 3P4W AC, +/-

600V DC, and 208 V single-phase AC. Power distribution rated at 400A each

Indoor trench with grating cover identical to outdoor ones

Vehicle dynamometer, motor-generator group, Li-ion battery packs (55 kWh)


6/10/2016 29

USU - Dynamic charging demonstration

Technical Specifications: Maximum power: 25 kW (for 8 inch (20 cm) nominal gap) Constant power range 15 cm (6 inches) around the point of best alignment 20 kHz operation frequency Maximum efficiency > 91 % and energy efficiency > 85% for nominal gap Compliance with ICNIRP health and safety recommendations Multi-coil charging operation Independent power regulation/protection provisions at the vehicle and the

charger side.

6/10/2016 30

Hardware – Primary (Charger)

Primary charging subsystem acting as an intelligent power switch: fast, reliable, and safe

Single phase IGBT-based inverter unit with LCC compensation for load-independent primary coil current

Multi-coil system with shared portion of the primary compensation circuit. Relay/contactor based coil sequencer Vehicle detection system based on magnetic sensors

6/10/2016 31

Hardware – Primary (Charger)

Contactor-based sequencer allows sharing the portion of the compensation circuit (series inductor and parallel capacitor)

Contactors position in the circuit is selected with the objective to minimize total cost of the compensation system

6/10/2016 32

Hardware – Secondary (Electric Bus)

2x30 kWh battery packs; 350 V rated voltage CCL compensation to provide an effective quality

factor ranged from 3 - 6 Output current regulated buck converter to

control the charging current Extensive protection scheme to prevent the

unloaded operation of the receiver

6/10/2016 33

Power Transfer Control

The primary side controller consists of two loops: • Power controller (outer control loop) controls the amount of power transferred • Current controller (inner control loop) controls the RMS current of the primary

coil.

Gc1(s) Giv(s)Gc2(s) Gpi(s)PDCP*Ref

PDC

error

Power Controller

I*ref Itrack, RMS

Small signal model of LCC

Track Current Controller Small signal

model of LCC & DC link

error VBF,RMS

The current controller at the secondary adjusts the duty cycle of the buck converter in a way to limit the received power to 25 kW

6/10/2016 34

Power Transfer Control

Fully energized system in less than 5 ms with no overshoot Optimum control is provided at no load. Establishing the track current

under the full load is demonstrated, as well The bandwidth of this controller is about 60 Hz

DC link and primary coil currents Battery current

6/10/2016 35

Vehicle/speed/misalignment detection

Magnetic sensors are used for the vehicle and speed detection Magnetic sensors: expensive, limited reliability, susceptible to saturation and

damage in case of high magnetic field exposure New detection system testing is in progress:

based on induction principle between a coil on the vehicle and coils in the road

Provides vehicle detection, as well as, the misalignment information Both driver and foreign object detection system can activate/deactivate

system remotely and control magnetic “detectability” of the vehicle

6/10/2016 36

Foreign Object Detection System

Computer Vision (CV) is used for real-time detection of a metallic clutters on the charging path

Infrared cameras for night object detection Picture processed by Canny edge detector and probabilistic Hough Transform Contour analysis is applied to detect contours Future Work: distributed image processing and sensor fusion (for different

weather conditions)

37

Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer (“directional” power flow control through current amplitude control)

References and Photo Credit: [F4]

38

Introduction

IMPLANTABLE biomedical devices - monitoring, diagnostic, therapeutic and interventional applications body sensors for monitoring of various health parameters brain implants and brain-computer interface (BCI) capsules for transcutaneous endoscopy treatments retinal prosthesis Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs) cardiac pacemakers

Military applications Powering sensor nodes

Ranged few mWs for brain implants to 15-20 W for VADs. Power range limited due to recommended maximum limits for the field exposure.


39

Uni-directional Bi-directional Omni-directional

Receiver with three orthogonal coils wound on a ferrite cube

Transmitter with three orthogonal coils

Unnecessary power flow directed to the regions with no load

Magnetic field is not uniform

Omnidirectional WPT systems


40

Identical and Non-Identical Currents

Non-identical currents

Identical Currents


41

Omnidirectional WPT for 2D systems

amplitude modulation to control directivity of the maximum field and efficiency

θ is the physical angle of resulting magnetic field vector

E.g. if the receiver is located at 450, then select θ=45˚ for maximum power transfer

If the plane of the receiver coil is parallel to the 2D plane of the 2D WPT system, the receiver will not receive any power


42

Omnidirectional WPT for 3D systems

New method to enhance the power delivery performance. The power delivered to the N points can be determined first. Then, according to the power demand, a weight time-sharing scheme is proposed.


43

Thank you!

44

References and Photo Credit [R1] N. Tesla, “Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy,” U.S. Patent 1 119 732, Dec. 1, 1914. [R2] https://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger, accessed: 06/07/2016 [R3] California PATH Program, “Roadway powered electric vehicle project: Track construction and testing program, phase 3D,” California Partner for Advanced Transportation Technology (PATH), USA, California PATH Res. Rep., Mar. 1994. [R4] Feasibility study: Powering electric vehicles on England’s major roads”, Highways England, http://assets.highways.gov.uk/specialist-information/knowledge-compendium/2014-2015/Feasibility+study+Powering+electric+vehicles+on+Englands+major+roads.pdf, , accessed: 06/07/2016 [R5] S. Y. Choi, B. W. Gu, S. Y. Jeong and C. T. Rim, "Advances in Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Roadway-Powered Electric Vehicles," in IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 18-36, March 2015. [R6] C.-T. Rim, “The development and deployment of on-line electric vehicles (OLEV),” in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Sep. 2013. [R7] S. Y. Choi, J. Huh, W. Y. Lee, S. W. Lee, and C.-T. Rim, “New cross-segmented power supply rails for roadway powered electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 5832–5841, Dec. 2013. [R8] http://www.fabric-project.eu/images/Presentations/midterm_event/2._FABRIC_Conference_Session1_02022016_Peter_Vermaat.pdf, accessed: 06/07/2016 [R9] M. Budhia, J. T. Boys, G. A. Covic, and C.-Y. Huang, “Development of a single-sided flux magnetic coupler for electric vehicle IPT charging systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 318–328, Jan. 2013. [R10] G. A. Covic and J. T. Boys, “Modern trends in inductive power transfer for transportation applications,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 28–41, Mar. 2013. [R11] U. K. Madawala and D. J. Thrimawithana, "A Bidirectional Inductive Power Interface for Electric Vehicles in V2G Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 4789-4796, Oct. 2011. [R12] J. M. Miller, P. T. Jones, J. M. Li and O. C. Onar, "ORNL Experience and Challenges Facing Dynamic Wireless Power Charging of EV's," in IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 40-53, Second quarter 2015. [R13] J. M. Miller et al., "Demonstrating Dynamic Wireless Charging of an Electric Vehicle: The Benefit of Electrochemical Capacitor Smoothing," in IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 12-24, March 2014.

https://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger

http://assets.highways.gov.uk/specialist-information/knowledge-compendium/2014-2015/Feasibility+study+Powering+electric+vehicles+on+Englands+major+roads.pdf







http://www.fabric-project.eu/images/Presentations/midterm_event/2._FABRIC_Conference_Session1__02022016_Peter_Vermaat.pdf



45

References and Photo Credit [R14] F. Savoye, P. Venet, M. Millet and J. Groot, "Impact of Periodic Current Pulses on Li-Ion Battery Performance," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3481-3488, Sept. 2012. [R15] R. Miller, A.F. Burke. Electrochemical Capacitors: Challenges and Opportunities for Real-World Applications. The Electrochemical Society Interface, Spring (2008), 53-57. [R16] A. Azad, T. Saha, R. Zane and Z. Pantic, "Design of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Wirelessly Charged Electric Vehicles," Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall), 2015 IEEE 82nd, Boston, MA, 2015, pp. 1-5. [R17] S. I. Ruddell, D. J. Thrimawithana, U. K. Madawala, D. S. B. Weerasinghe and M. Neuburger, "A novel single-phase AC-AC BD-IPT system with zero power ripple," 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI), Urbana, IL, 2016, pp. 1-6. [R18] A. Gil, P. Sauras-Perez and J. Taiber, "Communication requirements for Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer for battery electric vehicles," Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2014 IEEE International, Florence, 2014, pp. 1-7. [R19] http://standards.sae.org/j2954_201605/, , accessed: 06/07/2016 [R20] http://www.fabric-project.eu/images/Presentations/midterm_event/2._FABRIC_Conference__Feb2_Session_2.NicholasKeeling_Qualcomm.pdf, accessed: 06/07/16 [R21] http://evr.usu.edu/, accessed: 06/07/2016 [R22] I. C. on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection et al., "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fie lds (1 hz to 100 khz)," Health Physics, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 818-836, 2010. [R23] B. Lenaerts and R. Puers, Omnidirectional Inductive Powering for Biomedical Implants, Springer, 2008. [R24] K. O'Brien, "Inductively coupled radio frequency power transmission system for wireless systems and devices," PhD Thesis, TU Dresden, 2005. [R25] W. M. Ng, C. Zhang, D. Lin, and S. Y. R. Hui, "Two- and Three- Dimensional Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, pp. 4470-4474, 2014. [R26] D. Lin, C. Zhang, and S. Y. R. Hui, "Mathematic Analysis of Omnidirectional Wireless Power TransferPart-I 2-Dimensional Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Early Access. [R27] D. Lin, C. Zhang, and S. Y. R. Hui, "Mathematic Analysis of Omnidirectional Wireless Power TransferPart-2 3-Dimensional Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Early Access.

46

References and Photo Credit

[F1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVRclpJbItM, accessed: 06/07/2016 [F2] http://www.alstom.com/us/products-services/product-catalogue/rail-systems/Infrastructures/products/srs-ground-based-static-charging-system/,accessed: 06/07/2016 [F3] http://w3.siemens.com/topics/global/en/electromobility/Pages/ehighway.aspx, accessed: 06/07/2016 [F4] http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/wireless-power2.htm, accessed: 06/07/2016


IAS WEBINAR SERIES Questions and Answers

If you have any question for the presenter: Use the Webex Q&A tab to send your question to the moderator

June 8th, 2016 Presenter: Prof. Zeljko Pantic, Utah State University Tile: Review of Recent Advance in Dynamic and Omnidirectional Wireless Power Transfer


IAS WEBINAR SERIES CONCLUSION

We thank the presenter, Prof. Pantic, and we thank you for your attention

This session was recorded and will be posted on line at: www.ias.ieee.org

Next webinar: September 7th, 2016

Presenter: Marcelo Valdes, GE Industrial Solutions

Tile: Modern Selectivity Techniques for LV & MV Systems, Beyond the Time-Current-Curve

june 8th, 2016 presenter: prof. zeljko pantic, utah state...

Documents