k2 - histology of urinary system.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
HISTOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM
Histology DepartementFK USU
August 2009
Urinary SystemUrinary System: Kidney, urinary passages
Passages include:
Calyces
Renal Pelvis
Ureter
Accessory parts include:
Urinary bladder
Urethra
KidneyKidney:
Flattened, bean-shaped ~4.5 inches long
CapsuleCapsule: thin, fibrous, weakly attached (mostly collagenous fibers)
Interstitial C.T. – scant; entirely reticular tissue
Hilus: slit-like orifice – opens into expanded renal sinusrenal sinus, a flattened cavity
Renal sinus filled with: renal pelvis (expanded ureter); fat; C.T.; blood vessels; nerves
Kidney cross-section
Renal Pelvis:Renal Pelvis:
Subdivided into 2 or 3 major calyces
Major calyces (1)(1) subdivide into 7 – 10 minor calyces (2)(2)
Minor calyces fit over a renal papilla (3)(3)
11
22
33
Kidney interior: largely parenchyma
Parenchyma: many long, tortuous secretory canals (nephronsnephrons)
Excretory ducts of nephrons discharge into minor calyces
Nephron + excretory duct = uriniferous tubuleuriniferous tubule
Parenchyma divisible into CortexCortex & MedullaMedulla
Medulla (gray when fresh) composed of 10 – 15 renal renal pyramidspyramids
2 to 3 pyramids fuse: end in one papilla
i.e., 6 to 14 papillae / kidney (human)
Pyramids appear striate (tubules are straight)
Cortex ( brownish in life)
Inner border irregular
Over base of pyramid; between pyramids (Renal Renal columns of Bertincolumns of Bertin)
Nephron (Uriniferous Tubule) – Kidney is a compound gland
Uriniferous tubule composed of two parts:
Nephron & Collecting tubule
Nephron:The physiological unit of the kidney used for filtration of blood and
reabsorption and secretion of materials
Unbranched; 35 mm. long
Includes straight portions & convoluted portions
1,300,000 tubules each kidney
Collecting tubules
part of a branched, tree-like system of excretory ducts
tubules are straight
Length: 21 mm. (each)
Nephrons
Parts of the Uriniferous TubuleParts of the Uriniferous Tubule
Consecutive portions differ structurally & functionally
(proximal means near the glomerulus & distal means nearer the papilla)
The parts starting from the proximal end, taken in order:
NephronNephron
Glomerular capsule of Bowman
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (including the straight portion = thick, descending segment of Henle’s loop)
Thin segment of Henle’s loop
Thick, ascending segment of Henle’s loop
Distal Convoluted Tubule
The Excretory (= duct) PortionThe Excretory (= duct) Portion
Arched Collecting Tubule (= junctional tubule)
Straight Collecting Tubule
Papillary Duct of Bellini
Uriniferous tubule segment locations are constant (recognizable regions)
3 primary topographical regions in kidney
Cortical labyrinth
Cortical ray
Medulla
In each region, 3 different tubular segments easily recognized (marked with asterisk)
Cortical LabyrinthCortical Labyrinth
Glomerular capsule of Bowman*
Proximal Convoluted Tubule*
Thick, ascending segment of Henle’s loop
Distal Convoluted Tubule*
Arched Collecting Duct
Cortical RayCortical Ray
Straight portion of Proximal Convoluted Tubule*
Thick Ascending Segment of Henle’s Loop*
Straight Collecting Tubule*
MedullaMedulla
Straight portion of Proximal Tubule (thick, descending segment of Henle’s Loop)
Thin segment of Henle’s Loop*
Thick, ascending segment of Henle’s Loop*
Straight Collecting Tubule; Papillary Duct of Bellini*
Tubule CharacteristicsTubule Characteristics
Epithelium is specific to each segment (tubule)
Epithelium of excretory ducts is of one structural type
All rest on a basement membrane
Renal (Malpighian) CorpuscleRenal (Malpighian) Corpuscle
Spheroidal (0.2 mm. wide); Vascular glomerulus; Double-walled cup (nearly surrounds glomerulus)
GlomerulusGlomerulus
= rete mirabile
afferent arteriole enters, forms many loops (smaller bore)
efferent arteriole formed as loops unite; leaves glomerulus
afferent & efferent arterioles enter & leave together at vascular vascular polepole
Renal Corpuscle
RENAL CORPUSCLE
Endothelium thinTunica media of afferent arteriole modified near entry point
Smooth muscle cells large, pale staining, lack myofibrils= a myo-epitheliod cuff, the juxtaglomerular juxtaglomerular cellcellJuxtaglomerular cell closely associated with macula macula densadensa of ascending limb
Juxtaglomerular apparatus:•Consists of JG cell, macula densa & mesangial cell (Lacis cell or Polkissen cell)•Functions in the regulation of blood pressure •Juxtaglomerular cells – secrete renin which activates angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor)
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Glomerular CapsuleGlomerular Capsule
Bowman’s Capsule – an epithelial cup
Parietal (external) & visceral (internal) layer
both are simple squamous epithelium
cell boundaries; basement membrane - clear
Layers are continuous
Layers enclose space
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Parietal & Visceral layers continuous
Glomerulus & Sel Podosit
Renal Corpuscle and the Filtration Membrane
Neck Neck – very short segment of tubule!
Parietal layer opens into neck (urinary poleurinary pole)
Rapid epithelial change: flat capsular cells rise to cuboidal then to low columnar
Proximal Convoluted TubuleProximal Convoluted Tubule – longest (14 mm.), broadest (60 μ) tubule segment
Most of bulk of pars convoluta (cortex)
Remarkably contorted tubule!
Location: Immediate vicinity of renal corpuscle
Enters medullary (cortical) ray in ray to medulla
Straightens in ray (= straight portion of proximal tubule or thick descending segment of Henle’s loop)
Cells are low columnar
Cell limits indistinct
Nuclei: large, pale, spheroidal – 3 to 4 show in transverse section
Free surface: brush border – resorpitive function
Thin Segment of Henle’s LoopThin Segment of Henle’s Loop
Location: boundary zone of medulla
Sharp transition from thick proximal tubule: reduced to 2 to 10 mm. long & 15 μ wide
Resembles a capillary but is larger & thicker walled
Short or long and recurved
IfIf this part extends past apex of loop: makes sharp hair-pin bend
Interlocking cells – squamous with pale cytoplasm
Brush border is absent
Microvilli present (can see on EM)
Nuclei flat, bulge into lumen
Collecting Duct
Thick, descending limb
Thin Segment
Apex of Henle’s Loop:Apex of Henle’s Loop:
A very sharp bend
If loop is deep into medulla a long thin limb makes loop
If loop is high in medulla the thick ascending segment is involved
Thick Ascending Segment of Henle’s Loop:Thick Ascending Segment of Henle’s Loop:
Straight, radial tubule – 9 mm. long & 30μ wide
Abrupt transition from thin limb into cuboidal epithelium
Cells – more deeply acidophilic than those of thin limb
Resemble cells of distal convoluted tubule
= straight portion of distal tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
►Enters a ray – ascends passing into labyrinth
►Enclose to its glomerulus
►In contact wit juxtaglomerular cell : macula densa (cells taller, crowded, mass is elliptical)
Comparison of the tubule
Renal Pelvis – Ureter – Urinary BladderRenal Pelvis – Ureter – Urinary Bladder
Minor calyx caps each renal pyramid (7 to 10)
Calyx is double walled cup
Inner wall continuous with papillary ducts
Several minor calyces open into each major calyx
Major calyces open into renal pelvis
Ureter connects renal pelvis to urinary bladder
Mucosa of these elements: Transitional epitheliumTransitional epithelium
Calyx – 2 to 3 layers of cells
Ureter – 4 to 5 layers of cells
Urinary Bladder – 6 to 8 layers of cells
Basement membrane not obvious
Lamina PropriaLamina Propria – thin fibers, mostly collagenous
No papillae
Diffuse lymphoid tissue & occasional solitary lymph nodules
SubmucosaSubmucosa – vague or absent – deeper layers are looser, more elastic
laxity permits folding
Ureter has ~5 major and minor folds (stellate lumen)
Relaxed bladder – mucosa thrown into thick, irregular folds
MuscularisMuscularis – 2 to 3 layers loosely arranged layer (not compact)
Smooth muscle – discrete bundles
Inner layer – longitudinal
Next layer – circular
Bladder have 3rd layer (outermost) – longitudinal
Pelvis & calyces – muscle is thin, largely circular (forms sphincter around each papilla)
AdventitiaAdventitia – fibrous external tunic; blends with adjacent C.T.
Urethra – FemaleUrethra – Female
♀ ♀ Urethra = short duct, 1.5 inches long
From urinary bladder to outlet (in vestibule)
MucosaMucosa:
Epithelium Near bladder = Transitional
Middle portion (most of urethra): Pseudostratified to stratified columnar
Near outlet = stratified squamous
Nest of mucous cells can occur
Urethral glands (more numerous in males)
Basement membrane: inconspicuous
Lamina PropriaLamina Propria: no papillae; is folded longitudinally irregular lumen, crescent shaped
SubmucosaSubmucosa
Deep stratum rich in elastic fibers & veins (?)
Layer may really be part of Lamina Propria
Veins plexus of prominent, thin-walled vessels
Spongy, semi-erectile tissue
MuscularisMuscularis
Thick coat of smooth muscle
Inner layer: longitudinal
Outer layer: circular; forms internal involuntarysphincter near bladder
Skeletal muscle exterior to smooth muscle = voluntary muscle “Constrictor Urethrae”
AdventitiaAdventitia
indefinite coat (fuses to surrounding structures)
Dorsally – merges with fibrous coat of vagina
Other areas – fuses to constrictor urethrae muscle
Urethra – MaleUrethra – Male
Tube ~8 inches long; stem only homologous to female urethra
Three regional segments:
Prostatic urethraProstatic urethra: next to bladder (1.5 inches long)
elevated urethral crest (posterior wall)
prostatic utricle & paired ejaculatory duct open on crest
surrounded by prostate gland
Membranous urethraMembranous urethra: prostate to penis (0.5 inches long)
surrounded by muscles; components of urogenital diaphragm
Cavernous urethraCavernous urethra: 6 inches through penis
MucosaMucosa
Epithelium varies regionally
Transitional near bladder
Most of urethra is stratified columnar or pseudostratified
Near meatus: stratified squamous
Epithelium on thin basement membrane
Lamina Propria: resembles female L.P.
branching mucous tubules (= Urethral Glands Urethral Glands of Littrof Littréé)
ducts with intra-epithelial nest of mucous cells – open into recesses of lumen
SubmucosaSubmucosa
Not distinguishable as such
Like ♀ -- deeper layer with many veins
MuscularisMuscularis
largely confined to prostatic & membranous segments
inner layer (smooth muscle) – longitudinal
outer layer (smooth muscle) – circular
best developed at bladder neck – forms sphincter
cavernous segment lacks smooth muscle layers
longitudinal muscle – in true erectile tissue
Adventitia
No typical adventitia present
Prostatic urethra – surrounded by prostate gland
Membranous urethra – encircled by sphincter of skeletal muscle
Cavernous urethra surrounded by erectile tissue & dense outer sheath (neither belong to urethra)
Figure 26.20a
The Histology of the Organs that Collect The Histology of the Organs that Collect and Transport Urineand Transport Urine
REFERENSI
►Basic Histology : Junqueira ed.11►Human Histology ►Biology of Cell and Introduction to Pathology