KeywordKeyword Definition and (if relevant) an exampleDefinition and (if relevant) an example

Heterotrophs An organism which must eat other organisms for its source of organic compounds

Mutualism A relationship between two species which both species benefit from e.g. cellulose-digesting bacteria that live in cows’ guts.

Parasite An organism that lives in or on another

organism

Commensalism A relationship between two species from which one species benefits whilst the other species neither suffers or benefits e.g. sticky seed pods sticking to other animals’ fur.

Malaria A disease caused by a Protozoan called Plasmodium

Name 3 products that are produced by growing bacteria or fungi on a large scale Antibiotics eg Penicillin Rennin an enzyme Single cell protein SCP

Two reasons for using genetic modification:

To add genes to plants eg disease resistance

Making medicines eg Insulin

Complete the diagram below to explain how a genetic test determines if someone has the allele for Cystic Fibrosis.

1. From a sample of blood, extract the patient’s white blood cells.

2. DNA is extracted from the cells. The DNA is chopped up using enzymes and the DNA double strands are separated by gentle heating.

3. A DNA probe is made that has matching bases to the allele that is being tested for.

4. The DNA probe is mixed with the single stranded DNA.

5. If the probe sticks to the patient’s DNA, this means that the patient has the allele for cystic fibrosis

6. The two techniques used to identify if the probe has bound are

• UV light

• X-ray film

Blood Blood ComponentComponent

FunctionFunction DiagramDiagram

Red Blood Cell

Transporting Oxygen

White Blood Cell

Defence against disease

Platelets Blood clotting at injury sites

Patient’s Blood Type

Antigens on the

patient’s red blood cells

Antibodies in the patient’s blood

Blood groups that the patient can donate blood to

Blood groups that the patient can

receive blood from

A A Anti-B A, AB A, O

B B Anti-A B,AB B, O

AB A, B none AB A,B,AB,O

O none Anti-A, Anti-B A,B,AB,O O

Fill in the table below to show the differences between blood groups and the implications for blood transfusions. Then complete the genetic cross diagram and questions below. P227-228

Father IIA A IIBB

Dad is blood

group ______A B

A

O

Mother IIA A IIOO

Mum is blood

group ______

Group A

AB

AO BO

Group AB

Group A Group B

1. What is the percentage chance of the couple having a child with blood group

a) A- 50%

b) B-25%

c) AB-25%

d) O-o%

2. Colour in red the child that is a universal recipient (can receive blood from anyone)

3. Colour in blue the child that can donate blood to group A and AB only.

What are the symptoms of Sickle-Cell Anaemia?

•Severe pain• Extreme tiredness• Anaemia

Which gene is mutated in carriers of Sickle-Cell Anaemia?

Gene for haemoglobin

What is the link between Sickle-Cell Anaemia and Malaria?

Carriers are resistant to malaria

Why is the Sickle-Cell allele more common in parts of Africa? (Make sure that you talk about Natural Selection in your answer)

The carriers are healthier since they do not suffer from malaria so can breed and pass on the gene. Natural selection. Non carriers will get malaria and this will make them less likely to reproduce.

Draw diagrams to show what the following keywords mean. You may find it easier to combine lots of keywords onto two or three diagrams.

Double circulatory system Valves Aorta Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Atrium Ventricle Tissue fluid Double circulatory system Valves Aorta Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein Atrium Ventricle Tissue fluid Capillary Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Capillary Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

AA