RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURERUSSIAN ARCHITECTUREKIZHIKIZHI

LECTURE 3LECTURE 3by Irena Lingardby Irena Lingard

Course lectures Course lectures East Midlands East Midlands

Plan of talkPlan of talk

1.Introduction1.Introduction 2. Nature of Island and 2. Nature of Island and

OnegaOnega 3.History of the Region3.History of the Region 4. Northern people thier 4. Northern people thier

culture culture 5. Nothern Traditional 5. Nothern Traditional

Architecture Architecture 6. 6. ChurchesChurches 7. Bell Tower and chapels7. Bell Tower and chapels

8. 8. Icons and LegendsIcons and Legends 9. lincs and literature9. lincs and literature

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Kizhi is the name of the isalnd and Museum Kizhi is the name of the isalnd and Museum -”Open Air Museum”-”Open Air Museum”

It was announced the Historical reserve in 1945 It was announced the Historical reserve in 1945 and became Historical and architectural Reserve and became Historical and architectural Reserve in 1953.Pogost means remote settlement with a in 1953.Pogost means remote settlement with a church or cathedral in the heart of community.church or cathedral in the heart of community.

The River Cruise Tours from Saint Petersburg bring their guest here to learn The River Cruise Tours from Saint Petersburg bring their guest here to learn about the Russian Lifeabout the Russian Life

And the Hydrofoil Ferry boats from Petrozavodsk come regulary.And the Hydrofoil Ferry boats from Petrozavodsk come regulary.

Kizhi Pogost was declared to be a state reserve in Kizhi Pogost was declared to be a state reserve in 1945. It is now on the Heritage List of UNESCO. 1945. It is now on the Heritage List of UNESCO.

KIZHI KIZHI 62°04′01″ 35°13′26″ 62°04′01″ 35°13′26″ Summer day 22 hoursSummer day 22 hours Winter day 4 hoursWinter day 4 hours

The island itself is about 7 The island itself is about 7 kilometres in length and kilometres in length and from 100 metres to 1,5 from 100 metres to 1,5 kilometres in width.kilometres in width.

ISLAND on the border of ISLAND on the border of Russia and Karelia, name Russia and Karelia, name comes from Vepso-karelian comes from Vepso-karelian language .language .

Is known from the 11Is known from the 11thth century. century. Kizhi was populated up to the Kizhi was populated up to the

uprising at the beginning of uprising at the beginning of the 18 centurythe 18 century

NATRURENATRURE

NATRURENATRURE

http://kizhi.karelia.ru/nature/4_fauna/index_e.php

There are over 50rivers There are over 50rivers running into ONEGA lakerunning into ONEGA lake

There are no forests on There are no forests on

the island, but only some the island, but only some trees . The trees host trees . The trees host about 28 kinds of tree about 28 kinds of tree mushrooms.mushrooms.

There are overThere are over 180 180 bird species from 15 bird species from 15 families come to breed or families come to breed or to rest. Such as swans, to rest. Such as swans, geese,ducks, lake... there geese,ducks, lake... there are also birds who stay are also birds who stay here over cold winters.here over cold winters.

Among animals and Among animals and amphibians, there are amphibians, there are common lizard,frogs and common lizard,frogs and toads, mice – the island is toads, mice – the island is too small for larger too small for larger animals which are animals which are abundant in the area.abundant in the area.

But there is plenty fish in its But there is plenty fish in its waters... waters...

, ,

Russian North was Russian North was

always known as land of always known as land of very independant and very independant and freedom loving people. freedom loving people.

There were no slaves There were no slaves here. And many people here. And many people spoke languages of their spoke languages of their neighbows : Norwegians, neighbows : Norwegians, Sweds, and Karelo-FinnsSweds, and Karelo-Finns

It took longer to It took longer to accept christianity and accept christianity and old myths and traditions old myths and traditions integrated into new integrated into new culture. culture.

This was land where This was land where Believers found solitude Believers found solitude and many people and many people discovered harmony with discovered harmony with NatureNature

, ,

PeoplePeople

People of Onega and Kizhi People of Onega and Kizhi island.island.

From historical point From historical point of viewof view

Onega lake settlers left a lot of petroglyphs, that proves there were Onega lake settlers left a lot of petroglyphs, that proves there were people her as far as 4th–2nd millennia BC.people her as far as 4th–2nd millennia BC.

First settlers were Finno Ugrian people as well as proto-slaves and First settlers were Finno Ugrian people as well as proto-slaves and proto-scandinavian.proto-scandinavian.

Most villages had disappeared from the island by 1950s and now Most villages had disappeared from the island by 1950s and now only a small rural settlement remains.only a small rural settlement remains.

Pogost Pogost is an old administrative-territorial unit of Russia which is an old administrative-territorial unit of Russia which appeared in 9th century. Later, the centres of these units were appeared in 9th century. Later, the centres of these units were also called "pogosts". On the territory of the Russian North, also called "pogosts". On the territory of the Russian North, pogosts existed till 18th century and usually included great pogosts existed till 18th century and usually included great number of villages.number of villages.

Karela and VepsKarela and Veps

HISTORYHISTORY Over 40 000 people took part Over 40 000 people took part

in uprising against cruelty of in uprising against cruelty of manager and asking to manager and asking to improve life conditions. improve life conditions.

Representatives were sent to Representatives were sent to Tzarina.Tzarina.

After 2 years since rebellion After 2 years since rebellion started, troops were sent started, troops were sent from S Petersburg. Many from S Petersburg. Many were sent to Siberia, some were sent to Siberia, some beaten to death and even beaten to death and even more were taken to soldiers more were taken to soldiers (25 years service)(25 years service)

ARCHITECTUREARCHITECTURE

44 Nothern Nothern traditional traditional

architecturearchitecture

The most common material in this Area was The most common material in this Area was wood and clay. Brick making was known from the wood and clay. Brick making was known from the 10th century but main material was wood. When 10th century but main material was wood. When looking at works of neighbouring people you would looking at works of neighbouring people you would notice similarity. Norwegians, Swedish and Finnish notice similarity. Norwegians, Swedish and Finnish built houses and churches very similar in constraction built houses and churches very similar in constraction and material.and material.

There was specific as regional so national. But form as There was specific as regional so national. But form as well as way of creating those structures was well as way of creating those structures was influenced by enviroment and needs of people who influenced by enviroment and needs of people who lived in that areas.lived in that areas.

Similarity in Northern Similarity in Northern ArchitectureArchitecture

And here we meet with those And here we meet with those enigmatic, elegant and beautiful enigmatic, elegant and beautiful monuments.monuments.

Kizhi means -place for entertaiment. It was here that different Kizhi means -place for entertaiment. It was here that different tribes came to trade and pray. There are findings that tells us tribes came to trade and pray. There are findings that tells us about those activities. Kizhi is one of the 1600 islands of the about those activities. Kizhi is one of the 1600 islands of the Onega lake.Onega lake.

Churches Churches Kizhi Pogost, or Kizhi architectural ensemble is the largest construction on the island. It consists of two wooden churches, church of the Transfiguration and church of the Intercession, and a bell tower. The whole ensemble is surrounded by railing made of stone and wood. The church of the Transfiguration is 37 metres high, it has got 22 large domes covered with small aspen plates. This most well-known masterpiece of russian wooden architectural art was created in 1714 year. Around the Pogost itself, you will find the small church of the Resurrection of Lazarus built in 15th century or even earlier, the chapel of Archangel Michael, a windmill, a watermill, a smithy, other household buildings and four peasant houses including the largest and the most beautiful house of peasant Oshevnev. There are two reconstructed original villages on Kizhi. The village of Yamka is situated on the eastern shore of the island, about 3 kilometres away from Kizhi Pogost. The village of Vasilyevo stands on the opposite, western shore of the island, about 3,5 kilometres away from the Pogost. Both of the villages have got several houses, other typical wooden buildings and remarkable chapels situated nearby.

Churches Churches

Kizhi architectureKizhi architecture

Церкви The first written document mentioning Церкви The first written document mentioning existance of Kizhi Churches goes back to The Note existance of Kizhi Churches goes back to The Note Book “Pistcova “ book 1563 года , it mentiones the Book “Pistcova “ book 1563 года , it mentiones the previos description of churches dated 1496.We know previos description of churches dated 1496.We know that thanks to the conditions of the Island it was that thanks to the conditions of the Island it was possible to preserve most of the wooden structure so possible to preserve most of the wooden structure so long. Hence, Fire, caused by Flash during thunder burnt long. Hence, Fire, caused by Flash during thunder burnt some of the Churches. some of the Churches.

The Church of the Intercession held from October 1 until Easter. It was first built in 1694 as a single-dome structure, then reconstructed in 1720–1749 It stands 32 meters tall with a 26×8 meter perimeter. There are nine domes, one larger in the center, surrounded by eight smaller ones. . The original iconostasis was replaced at the end of the 19th century and is lost; it was rebuilt in the 1950s to the original style.

Main reconstruction was done btweenMain reconstruction was done btween 1720 1749  1720 1749 

The Church of the The Church of the Transfiguration Transfiguration

17641764

It isIt is summer church with summer church with 22 domes. 37m tall.22 domes. 37m tall.

The 30 metres high Bell The 30 metres high Bell tower standing near the tower standing near the two churches was two churches was created in the late 19th created in the late 19th century. The century. The Transfiguration church Transfiguration church is closed for tourists is closed for tourists until the end of the until the end of the restoration works in restoration works in 2014.2014.

«Разметали в стороны свои крылья стрельчатые 'бочки', «Разметали в стороны свои крылья стрельчатые 'бочки', словно кокошники русских красавиц. А на гребнях - словно кокошники русских красавиц. А на гребнях - стройные барабаны и луковичные купола с крестами, стройные барабаны и луковичные купола с крестами, покрытые чешуей серебристого лемеха. В северные белые покрытые чешуей серебристого лемеха. В северные белые ночи они светятся над островом Кижи загадочным почти ночи они светятся над островом Кижи загадочным почти фосфорическим блеском; на закате, когда солнце медленно и фосфорическим блеском; на закате, когда солнце медленно и величаво опускается в воды озера, они полыхают тревожным величаво опускается в воды озера, они полыхают тревожным багрянцем. То голубеют, отражая небесную твердь, то багрянцем. То голубеют, отражая небесную твердь, то тусклые, свинцовые, то замшелые, зеленые или бурые, как тусклые, свинцовые, то замшелые, зеленые или бурые, как земля. Один ярус, другой, третий, четвертый... Все выше и земля. Один ярус, другой, третий, четвертый... Все выше и выше и в самое небо врезалась верхняя глава, венчающая эту выше и в самое небо врезалась верхняя глава, венчающая эту грандиозную 37 - метровую пирамиду». грандиозную 37 - метровую пирамиду».

Строитель Строитель Преображенской Преображенской церкви, закончив церкви, закончив работу, бросил свой работу, бросил свой топор в Онежское топор в Онежское озеро и сказал: озеро и сказал: «Поставил эту «Поставил эту церковь мастер церковь мастер НесторНестор, не было, , не было, нет и не будет нет и не будет такой».такой».

Major changes happened between 1818 and Major changes happened between 1818 and 1824 . Houses were covered in wood and 1824 . Houses were covered in wood and

domes hidden under tin. The oriniginal look of domes hidden under tin. The oriniginal look of churches and houses returned in 70s of 19churches and houses returned in 70s of 19 thth century, but some churches were painted by century, but some churches were painted by

oil.oil.

BelltowerBelltower

The original bell-tower The original bell-tower rapidly deteriorated rapidly deteriorated and was re-built in and was re-built in 1862 and further 1862 and further reconstructed in 1874 reconstructed in 1874 and 1900. The tower and 1900. The tower stands 30 meters tall stands 30 meters tall with a 6×6 meter with a 6×6 meter perimeter. Materials : perimeter. Materials : pine, spruce and aspenpine, spruce and aspen

1862 People built the new Bell tower as the 1862 People built the new Bell tower as the old one became old and dangerouse.old one became old and dangerouse.

Bell towers were very important buildings : Bell towers were very important buildings : they call people to gether to the church, they call people to gether to the church, warned them if enemy was coming, alarmed if warned them if enemy was coming, alarmed if there was fire,flood etc.there was fire,flood etc.

New Belltower was made in New Belltower was made in

the very autentic style, the very autentic style, according to the old traditions. according to the old traditions.

Chaims work is a service of a Chaims work is a service of a spiritual and social spiritual and social importance, so it was never importance, so it was never changed to computerised workchanged to computerised work

From the From the very hightvery hight

WindmillsWindmills

Windmills brought from Vorony island

Farm HouseFarm House

House of Orshnev betwen 18 and 19 c,

Peasant HousePeasant HouseMost houses were made so that Most houses were made so that

people can survive cold and people can survive cold and snow winters, could keep their snow winters, could keep their livestock in warm. Houses had livestock in warm. Houses had 2 sometimes 3 bedroom on the 2 sometimes 3 bedroom on the 11stst floor, floor,

Animals and their food, some of Animals and their food, some of the preserves etc were kept on the preserves etc were kept on the ground floor.the ground floor.

System of heating and high System of heating and high bazement made it possible to bazement made it possible to survive 5 months inside.survive 5 months inside.

Suana was built close to the house, Suana was built close to the house, so people kept clean and there so people kept clean and there women gave birth women gave birth

ChapelsChapels

Часовня Михаила Архангела

Часовня Трех Святителей

Часовня Праскеевы Пятницы и Варлаама Хутынского

ЦерквиЦеркви

Церковь Воскрешения Лазаря из Муромского монастыря

Церковь Спаса Нерукотворного

ЗаключениеЗаключение Изначально на Кижах был построен Церковный Изначально на Кижах был построен Церковный

комплекс, а уже в наше время было решено комплекс, а уже в наше время было решено создать на Кижах музей деревянного зодчества создать на Кижах музей деревянного зодчества "Русское Заонежье". Поэтому с окрестных "Русское Заонежье". Поэтому с окрестных островов свезли различные старинные островов свезли различные старинные деревянные строения и создали целую деревню. деревянные строения и создали целую деревню. Что еще интересно, это не мертвый музей. Здесь Что еще интересно, это не мертвый музей. Здесь разыгрывается целый спектакль, музейные разыгрывается целый спектакль, музейные работники одеты в старинную одежду и работники одеты в старинную одежду и занимаются различными работами: кто-то косит занимаются различными работами: кто-то косит траву, кто-то ткет ткань на старинном станке, кто-траву, кто-то ткет ткань на старинном станке, кто-то вышивает, есть и кузнецы, и плотники. Такое то вышивает, есть и кузнецы, и плотники. Такое ощущение, что в деревне живут люди.ощущение, что в деревне живут люди.

www.karelia.pycc.ru/13/1863_1.htmwww.karelia.pycc.ru/13/1863_1.htm wwwwww..kizhikizhi..kareliakarelia..ruru//specialistspecialist//pubpub//librarylibrary//kizhikizhi_40/02__40/02_centrcentr..htmhtm www.tour-planeta.ru/info/439.htmlwww.tour-planeta.ru/info/439.html www.trip-guide.ru/page_326.htmwww.trip-guide.ru/page_326.htm www.rusarch.ru/gushina1.htmwww.rusarch.ru/gushina1.htm http://kizhi.karelia.ru/specialist/pub/library/kizhi_vestnik/http://kizhi.karelia.ru/specialist/pub/library/kizhi_vestnik/

kizhi_vestnik6/03_buildings/vestnik6_11.htmkizhi_vestnik6/03_buildings/vestnik6_11.htm

В презентации были использованы фотографииВ презентации были использованы фотографии Анатолия БуковскогоАнатолия Буковского Дмитрия КазаковаДмитрия Казакова Е. ГавриловаЕ. Гаврилова

Презентацию подготовила ученица 10-б класса Презентацию подготовила ученица 10-б класса Коротич ЕкатеринаКоротич Екатерина

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