k.u. leuven future physics with eurisol piet van duppen instituut voor kern- en stralingsfysica k.u....

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K.U. Leuven Future Physics with Future Physics with EURISOL EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium • EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva, November 2006 Experimentalists look to the (recent) past to learn about future: • evolution of the physics questions/cases driving the RIB research • examples of recent RIB experiments as a basis of what can be expected An observation: 1966, one of the “mothers” of the chart of nuclide chart of nuclide

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Page 1: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Future Physics with Future Physics with EURISOLEURISOL

Piet Van DuppenInstituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica

K.U. Leuven, Belgium

• EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva, November 2006

Experimentalists look to the (recent) past to learn about future:

• evolution of the physics questions/cases driving the RIB research

• examples of recent RIB experiments as a basis of what can be expected

An observation:1966, one of the “mothers” of the chart of nuclidechart of nuclide

Page 2: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

I. Bergström: “Introduction to the Lysekill Symposium”, 1966B. Rudstam, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 38 (1965) 282

19661966

Neutron number

Pro

ton

num

ber

~~20002000

• Increase in the understanding of the atomic nucleus or nucleosynthesis since 1966 is far more compared to the increase of the number of discovered isotopes

• Progress in producing RIB is substantial but a wide region remains unexplored• will certainly intrude in this “terra incognita”

• increase in intensity by one to three orders of magnitude is expectedthis corresponds to one to three isotopes further out of stability

• Intertwined theoreticaltheoretical and experimentalexperimental activities• better quality beams (purity, intensity, ion optical properties, time properties)• production and study of “critical” nuclei• novel instrumentation (detection systems, separators, spectrometers,...)

due

to

• The physics outcome of will be far more than what might be concluded from the number of new isotopes that will be discovered.

Page 3: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

under revision

under revision

The physics questions for nuclear-physics researchThe physics questions for RIB research

Page 4: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

• What are the limits for the existence of nuclei?• How does the nuclear force depend on the proton-to-neutron ratio?• How can collective phenomena be explained from individual motion?• Is it possible to explain complex nuclei on the basis of simple building blocks?• What is the origin of the elements?• ….

Production, study and use of atomic nuclei with extreme proton-to-neutron ratio:

EXOTIC NUCLEIEXOTIC NUCLEI

European Separator On-LineRadioactive Nuclear Beam Facility

Page 5: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

The HIE – ISOLDEPhysics Report

to be published2007

““the physics cases”the physics cases”

Page 6: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

More Specific Physics QuestionsMore Specific Physics Questions

• Evolution of shells:• single-particle properties, specific components of the residual interaction, correlations,...

• Shapes:• individual versus collective nucleon behavior, shape coexistence, shape-phase transitions/critical point symmetries, giant resonances,...

• Isospin symmetry• Limits of existence of nuclei:

• halo’s and skins, neutron- and proton drip line, the heaviest elements• exotic decay modes (e.g. two-proton decay, neutron radioactivity)

• Nuclei at very high spins, extreme density and temperatures• study of the nuclear equation of state by varying the N/Z ratio: isospin degree of freedom

• Fundamental symmetries and interactions• -decay probes

• Nuclear Astrophysics - Nucleosynthesis• rp-process, r-process,...

• Physics questions

Physics questions and and cases

cases are well established, but probably the physics

are well established, but probably the physics

cases will evolve.

cases will evolve.

• Experience learns that

Experience learns that surprises

surprises will show up and experim

ents will be

will show up and experim

ents will be

perform

ed beyond our imagination.

perform

ed beyond our imagination.

Page 7: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

“Physics with radioactive beams” W. Nazarewicz,- Nuclear Physics News, 6 (1996) 17

Mother of the Nuclear Chart with Physics BulletsMother of the Nuclear Chart with Physics Bullets

A subjective choice of examples of what has been achieved over the last 5 years at ISOL facilities as a

glimpse of what the“Future PhysicsFuture Physics” at might look like

(overlap with the talk of Rauno Julin and others yesterday)

19961996

Page 8: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

106

103

100

10-3

10-9

10-8

10-7

10-6

10-5

10-4

JYFL COOL

CPT

ESR SMS

ISOLTRAP

ESRIMS

MISTRAL

CSS2

SPEG

rela

tive

unce

rtai

nty

half life (seconds)

D. Lunney,- Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 1021 (2003)

half life (seconds)

Time-of-Flight

TOF Schottky

RF-Spectrometer

Penning Trap

TOF Isochronous

LEBIT

Mass measurementsMass measurements at ISOL facilities and In-Flight facilities

• mass measurements with higher precision (for “critical” nuclei) and of isotopes with shorter half-lives (test of mass models for a more reliable extrapolation towards the drip lines, highlight correlation in the ground state,...).• Ion manipulation technologies: purification and improving ion optical properties (use beyond original expectations)

E: E: 50 keV 50 keV ~~ eVeV

complementary between ISOL and In-Flightcomplementary between ISOL and In-Flight

Page 9: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Fundamental InteractionsFundamental InteractionsTesting the unitarity of the Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix

Precision half-life measurement of 38Ca super allowed 0+-0+ decay

B. Blank,- ISOLDE experiment

Accumulation Cooling Ejection – TOF selection

• Penning trap assisted spectroscopy Penning trap assisted spectroscopy (ISOLDE, JYFL)

T1/2 = (450.0 1.6) ms

• separation of molecules: 38CaF+(ion source chemistry)• accumulation in REX-trap• TOF selection of A = 55 pure source

• combined with up-to-date instrumentation a new generation of decay spectroscopy and in-trap spectroscopy experiments • new and high-precision data far off stability. accuracy < 0.4%

E: E: 50 keV 50 keV ~~ eVeV

Page 10: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Shape CoexistenceShape CoexistenceIn-Source Laser Spectroscopy on light Pb (Z=82) Nuclei (ISOLDE)

186Pb

Triple Shape Coexistence at Low Energy:Triple Shape Coexistence at Low Energy:

• -decay studies:A. Andreyev et al., Nature 405 (2000) 430• in-beam studies (bands and life times):T. Grahn,- PRL97 (2006) 062501

H. De Witte,- PRL98 (2007) 112502

• In-source laser spectroscopy:

E E ~ 50 keV~ 50 keV

Page 11: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

In-Source Laser Spectroscopy on light Pb Nuclei (ISOLDE)

• Pb isotopes stay essentially spherical, deviation from liquid drop is due to strong sensitivity to correlations in the ground state wavefunction.

H. De Witte,- PRL98 (2007) 112502

182PbT1/2=55 ms~1 pps

• laser instrumentation: new beams, ground and isomeric state properties, polarization, isomeric beams (use beyond original expectation)

Page 12: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Halo nucleiHalo nucleiβ-decay of 11Li: implantation-decay correlations (TRIUMF, LLN)

• -delayed ion emission using post-accelerated RIB (11Li) beams implanted in highly segmented Si detectors

• Information on the overlap between wave functions of mother and daughter states

• Experiment: efficient, precise normalization, suppression of beta signals (small pixels)(D. Smirnov et al., NIMA547 (2005) 480, Louvain-la-Neuve RIB)

• Determine: branching ratios, energy of the emitted ions

11Li beam (1.5 MeV/u)

mother decay daughter decay

Si pixel: 75x300x300 m

E E ~ 1 MeV/u~ 1 MeV/u

11Li

(cfr. talk by O. Tengblad yesterday)

Page 13: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Branching ratio 9Li+d: 1.23(12) x 10-4

Va: resonance in 9Li + d

Vb: bound state in 9Li + d

VC : only (Coulomb-distorted) plane wave

[Baye et al, PRC 74, 064302 (2006);Zhukov et al., PRC 52, 2461 (1995)]

Deuteron emission in the β-decay of 11Li (TRIUMF)

R. Raabe et al. to be published

: high purity, post-accelerated, precise beam energy

11Li 3/2-

T1/2=8.2 ms

Page 14: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

NucleosynthesisNucleosynthesisStrength of the 18F(p,)15O reaction at Ec.m.= 330 keV (HRIBF)

Strength of the 26gAl(p,)27Si reaction at Ec.m.=184 keV (TRIUMF)

E E ~ 0.2-1.5 MeV/u~ 0.2-1.5 MeV/u

C. Ruiz,- PRL 96 (2006) 252501

18F: 2 105 pps

“The results of the present work indicate that the 18F(p,)15O reaction rate is lower than previous estimates by a factor of 2.”

D.W. Bardayan,- PRL89 (2002) 2625 0118F(p,)15O

26gAl: 2.5 109 pps

35 +- 7 eV

26gAl(p,)27Si

“It confirms that classical novae are likely sites for the synthesis of a fraction of the Galactic 26gAl....”

(see also LLN-RIB, SPIRAL-GANIL, REX-ISOLDE)

Page 15: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

N=

50

Z=28

N=

40

p1/2 g9/2f5/2

Ni68

28 40 Ni78

28 50

• Stability of Z=28 and N=50 towards 78Ni• Onset of collectivity for Z>28

Shapes and ShellsShapes and ShellsCoulomb excitation (REX-ISOLDE)

Zn80

30 50Cu70

29 41

I. Stefanescu,- PRL 98 (2007) 122701J. Van de Walle,- PRL (2007) to be published

E E ~ 3-5 MeV/u~ 3-5 MeV/u

Cu68

29 39

(see also SPIRAL-GANIL, HRIBF)

Page 16: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

counts

counts

energy (keV)

78Zn

108Pd

730 keV: 2+-0+

1492 keV: 2+-0+

0 500 1000 1500 2000

800

600

400

200

0

80

60

40

20

0

0 500 1000 1500 2000

80Ga

78Ga 108Pd

x 5

0

laser onlaser off

• 80Zn (T1/2=0.5 s, 2.79 MeV/u) @ 108Pd (2.0 mg/cm2)• Intensity = 3000 pps• Purity = 43 (5) %• used beyond original expectations

Coulomb excitation of neutron-rich Zn isotopes

80Zn (N=50)

Page 17: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven Proton NumberNeutron Number

Zn

N=50 isotones

B(E

2,2

+1

0+

1)

[W.u

.]E(2

+1)

[keV

]

B(E

2,2

+1

0+

1)

[W.u

.]E(2

+1)

[keV

]

Zn isotopes Shell Model (1) 56Ni core :M. H. Jensen + monopole adjusted by Nowacki(e,e=(1.9e,0.9e) - (N. Smirnova et al, 2006)

Coulomb excitation of neutron-rich Zn isotopes

Page 18: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

68,mCu (2.83 MeV/u) @ 120Sn (2.3 mg/cm2)

No Doppler Corr.

851+

(2+)

6-

4-

(3-)722

(5-)

0

956178 (M1)

693

84

778E2

Coulomb excitation of odd-odd 68,70CuCoulomb excitation of neutron-rich Cu isotopes and isomersisomers

e = 1.5, e = 0.5

• Note: detection of low-energy gamma rays

• Isomeric beams (transfer, Coulex)• “Safe” multiple Coulomb excitation • Extension to heavier masses• Higher precision transition matrix elements

I. Stefanescu,- PRL 98 (2007) 122701J. Van de Walle,- PRL (2007) to be published

Page 19: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

1-Enhancement of fusion?

Trotta et al., PRL 84 (2000), 2342

Fusion-fission experiment

at Louvain-la-Neuve: mostly transfer!

R. Raabe et al., Nature 431 (2004), 823General problem: reaction mechanism of weakly bound nuclei

at energies around the potential barrier

• Other measurements inLLN, Ganil, RIKEN, Notre Dame…with different methods and targets

• Importance of direct channels

Reactions with Halo NucleiReactions with Halo NucleiFusion reactions with unstable nuclei (LLN-RIB)

E E ~ 2-5 MeV/u~ 2-5 MeV/u

• More precise measurements

• Exclusive measurements

(see also SPIRAL, HRIBF, ISOLDE)

Page 20: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

p3/2

p1/2

f7/2

f5/2

47Ar

dp

p

28f7/2

p3/2

p1/2

f5/2

(2J+1)C2S=1.7(2J+1)C2S=2.44

(2J+1)C2S=1.36 C2Sf=0.64

C2Sg=0.34

p

f

fp

L. Gaudefroy,- PRL97 (2006) 092501

Evolution of ShellsEvolution of Shells (d,p) transfer reactions using 46Ar (SPIRAL-GANIL)

46Ar: 2 104 pps, 10.2 MeV/u

E E ~ 5-10 MeV/u~ 5-10 MeV/u

(see also HRIBF, ISOLDE)

Page 21: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

d3/2

s1/2

1.330.66

f5/2

f7/2

Tensor interaction (T. Otsuka,- PRL95 (2005) 232502)

d3/2 –( f7/2-f5/2 )

+280keV per proton added in d3/2

-210keV

- 10

- 6

- 2

0

- 8

- 4

f7/2

p3/2

p1/2

f5/2

28

28

49Ca47Ar

SP

E(M

eV)

2018

• Variation of single particle energies (SPE)• Influence of the occupancy of the d/32 on the f5/2 and f7/2 orbitals

Reduction of the Spin-Orbit Splittings at the N=28 Shell Closure

Page 22: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

48Ca (>1012 pps) 44S (100-150 pps) 42Si* (8/day) 42Si +

40Si

OUT

42Si

E

M/Q

SPEG (~100%)

44S 42Si

• E~45A.MeV• 185 mg/cm² Be target

BaF2 array

Secondary beams

SISSI

44S

INE

TOF

48Ca 44S

Shapes and ShellsShapes and Shells In-beam spectroscopy of fragments: 42Si (In-Flight GANIL)

B. Bastin,- PRL99 (2007) 022503

2+ 0+ : 770 ± 19 keV

E E ~ 50-150 MeV/u~ 50-150 MeV/u

(see also GSI, MSU)

Page 23: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Future Physics withFuture Physics with

• The physics questionsphysics questions are well defined • ISOL based RIB physics is a very broad interdisciplinary fieldinterdisciplinary field with a wide spectrum of opportunitieswide spectrum of opportunities (has not one physics goal)•The interesting physics casesphysics cases defined at present will evolve and the instrumentation will be used beyond the original “expectations” beyond the original “expectations” • ComplementaryComplementary to In-Flight RIB research• Experience with present day RIB experiments conclusive answersconclusive answers will be given and new questionsnew questions will appear – surprise!surprise!

A final observationA final observation• A strong link between target-ion sourcetarget-ion source groupsgroups and the physicistsphysicists is absolutely essential as the strength of the current ISOL systems is to a certain extend based on a strong involvement in the beam developments of the physicists that are using the beams.• A strong link with and support for theorytheory is essential

Page 24: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

EMIS XIV130 participants

courtesy Mark Huyse

Page 25: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

EMIS XV 195 participants: change of the guards!

Page 26: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven

Page 27: K.U. Leuven Future Physics with EURISOL Piet Van Duppen Instituut voor Kern- en Stralingsfysica K.U. Leuven, Belgium EURISOL town meeting CERN, Geneva,

K.U. Leuven