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Last summer I were in my Grandpa`s village. I remember different funny stories from there. First week I were ill so my Grandpa didn`t allow me to eat ice cream. I knew that I will be able to eat it in the future, but I were really sad that I couldn`t eat it hole week. But I knew that if I didn`t eat it I might be well soon. When I recovered my Grandpa said that I can eat ice cream as much as I want. But still I asked every time if I could eat ice cream, because I knew that Grandpa can`t be wrong. Every week I asked him if he could bring a cup of ice cream. So 3 weeks later Grandpa said that I should eat a little bit of ice cream. I knew that I needed to eat it less, because otherwise I would become sick. Grandpa and ice cream

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Modal verb is a special verb which behaves very differently from normal verb. The following verbs are called Modal verbs. Modal verbs

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They are: Can Could Must Shall Need May Might Should Will Ought to What are modal verbs? Modal verbs are sometimes referred to as Modal Auxiliary verbs because they help other verbs They are Auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence

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Example: Mary could play the piano How do we use modals? S Subject V Verb M They do not accept conjugation They do not need other auxiliary verbs

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They can have different meanings depending on the situations they are used To understand it better we are going to divide them into 4 categories 1.Modal Verbs of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice. 2.Modal verbs of ability and permission. 3.Modal verbs of speculation and deduction. 4.Modals perfects: They are used to express a situation in the past What do they express?

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Obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice Ability and permission Speculation and deduction Modal perfects perfects must/ mustnt can / cant may may/might have might / might not should/ shouldnt have have to/dont have to could / couldnt must have could neednt ought to cant have cant should/ shouldnt may could have must cant Categories

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ModalConceptExamples * 1 Must Have to/has to Obligation You must decide now. I have / she has to be fit to enter the race. * 2 Dont have to/doesnt have to * 3 Neednt No obligation (its not necessary) You dont have / she doesnt have to phone me tomorrow. You neednt meet me at the airport. Ill get a taxi. Ought to Should Shouldnt Must Advice and recommendation They ought to thank her for the present. You should stop smoking all the time. You shouldnt cross the street without looking first. Its dangerous. You must try this recipe. Mustnt Cant Prohibition You mustnt ride a motorbike without a helmet. You cant park here look at the sign. obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice Modals of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice

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(*) Notes 1 In writing there is no real difference between these words. In speech there is sometimes a small difference. Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and have to is used when the situation makes something necessary. You must start working harder!(I say so) You have to turn left here.(its the law) 2 Must and have to are very similar in their affirmative forms but they are completely different in their negative forms. Mustnt describes sth which is prohibited. Dont have to describes sth that is not necessary. You mustnt leave now.(its not allowed. Its against the rules) You dont have to leave now.(its not necessary) 3 In informal spoken language we use dont need to instead of neednt. You dont need to go to the gym every day. Youre in good shape.

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ModalConceptExamples Can / cantAbility in the present I can play the piano. My friend cant speak Spanish Could / couldnt Ability in the past He could ski when he was 4. I couldnt ride a bike when I was a child Can Could May To ask permission and make polite requests Dad, can I go to the concert? Could I have some money, please? May I come in, please? Can Cant Permission in the present You can borrow this CD if you like. Students cant wear their own clothes to school. Could Couldnt Permission in the past I could stay out until midnight when I was 14. We couldnt wear jewellery at school. ability and permission Modals of ability and permission

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ModalConceptExamples *1 May Might Could Might not Speculation Hes wearing a ring, so he may be married. I might go shopping later, I dont know. It could rain today. She might not be on the train. CantNegative deductionThat cant be Sue. Shes in Brazil. Must Affirmative deduction You must be tired after your long journey. speculation and deduction Modals of speculation and deduction *1 these words all express uncertainty or possibility. Could is not used with not in this context. The meaning for all three words is approximately 50% probability. But if we stress the modal verb strongly in speech the probability is reduced.

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They are modals referred to actions that happened in the past It must have been a difficult decision They should have invited her to their wedding Modal Perfects MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle

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ModalConceptExamples May have Past unreal possibility We may have passed the test, but it was too difficult. Might have Past unreal small possibility She might have been swimming. Her hair is wet. Should have Past unreal recommendation You should have listened to the doctor. You shouldnt have eaten too much chocolate. Must have Past unreal assumption She looks very fit. She must have been to the gym a lot lately. Cant have Impossibility in the past He cant have stolen the money. He was with me all morning. Could have Past unreal ability/possibility She could have taken the flight. They could have won the match. Modal perfects

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Writing the modal verbs that you listening in this video.

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1.My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be? a. Have tob. Wouldc. Shouldd. Could 2. I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency room. a. Mightb. couldc. ought tod. can 3. If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet. a. Couldb. mustntc. dont have tod. had to 4. Johnnies fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance! a. Willb. mightc. mayd. ought to 5.You _______ come too early. We wont leave until 9 oclock. a. Has tob. mustc. needntd. cant Practise

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6. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo. a. Ought tob. mustc. wouldd. mustnt 7.You _________ talk during tests. Its forbidden! a. dont have tob. mustntc. couldntd. ought to 8.I can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire. a. Canb. wouldc. mustd. have to 9.They ________ hear him because he was whispering. a. Wouldntb. mustntc. shouldntd. couldnt 10.Youve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be serious! a. Mustb. had toc. cantd. shouldnt

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11. __________ you like to have dinner with me tonight? a. Couldb. mayc. shouldd. would 12.You _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. Its a surprise! a. mustntb. wouldntc. couldntd. can 13.__________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please? a. Mustb. Mayc. Wouldd. Need 14.He has arrived late. He _______ missed the bus a. Must haveb. Should have c. Could haved. must

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Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the same meaning. 1.I suggest that you get a good lawyer! You ___________________________________________ 2.A university degree isnt necessary for that job. You ___________________________________________ 3. Perhaps my father will pick you up. My father _______________________________________ 4.Eating is forbidden in class! You ___________________________________________ should get a lawyer neednt have a university degree for that job dont have to have a university may / might pick you up mustnt eat in class

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5.Look at his dirty clothes! Im sure he is a poor person. He ____________________________________________ 6. I dont believe that the legend of Hercules is true because therere many contradictions. The legend of Hercules ____________________________ must be a poor person cant be true

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Think about these situations and create a sentence using modals. 1.We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about things to do) 2.We start school in September. (Talk about necessity) 3.Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability) 4.You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility) 5.Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some advice) 6.You want to borrow your uncles Mercedes Benz. (Ask for permission politely) Speaking

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Invents a story using some modal verbs Writing (homework)