league of nations
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Lets Play a Game
What is the common inference that binds these four pictures?
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Unit 2: Topic- League of Nations1920-1939
Point 14- “A general association of nations must be formed
under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political
independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike”
Clementi Town Secondary Secondary 3 Express
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Objectives
By the end of the lesson you will learn….1. Reasons for its formation2. Aims of the League of NationsWhat the league had, to accomplish its aims.3. Structure of the League of Nations4. Membership in the League5. The League’s powersDid it work?6. Successes/Failures of the League of nations
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Reasons for The League of Nations• The League of Nations (LON) is an
intergovernmental organization established on the 10th of January 1920
• It was the predecessor of the United Nations and has its offices in Geneva, Switzerland.
• The LON operates on a covenant centered around Wilson’s 14points
• The idea of a League of Nations was not new, but struck a cord with the peoples of Europe after the devastation of World War 1
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(KEEPP)Keep world peace by discouraging
aggression from any nation. Encourage co-operation between
countries to boost trade and commerce
Enhance living and working conditions
Persuade nations to disarmPeace Treaty of Versailles, to uphold
its terms
Aims of the League of Nations
Consider the aims of the league of nations, Were they realistic in light of the recent war?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxhlpDktAMI
Lyrics:
The League Of Nations was made to try and keep the peaceThe USA didn't join causing plenty of griefMussolini tried to break the rulesThen Italy left the League and they lost controlThey wanted their empire to growThen the League chose to do the wrong thing,They did nothing to stop Italy's King, w-o-o-o-oh
League of Nations, yes their plan did failWhy Why, did it all go off the rails?League of Nations, they had no successWhy Why, did it turn into a mess?Yes, they had no armyOh, It was all quite barmyWhy Why shorten German Payment hours?League of Nations, now we really know,My my, Your plan was just as strong as dough
Aims. Weakness.Italy to be blamed?
The league fail.No Army was the
cause?Allowed Germany
lighter punishment.
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An Artist’s impression on the League of Nation. What is the artist trying to say about the LON?
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“The secret diplomacy of the old order would be replaced
by...open discussion”
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Structure of the LON
1) The Council (consisted of 4 permanent members)
2) The Assembly (consisted of all the other members)
3) The Secretariat (consisted of a Secretary General and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the LON)
SECRETARIAT
COUNCIL
ASSEMBLY
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• The council is made of the four strongest members of the LON they are the victors of World War 1
• The council met 4-5 times a year or periodically to settle international disputes. A total of 107 public sessions from 1920-1939.
• Decisions had to be unanimous
COUNCIL
Structure of the LON
Implications?
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Structure of the LON
• The Assembly consisted of all the other member nations of the LON.
• The Assembly met once a year to debate on international affairs. Smaller nations had a forum for which to voice their opinions.
• Decisions had to be unanimous
ASSEMBLY
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… decisions had to be UNANIMOUS
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The League’s PowersThe League’s Powers. (When a nation acted illegally the league could..)
Condemn
Tell a country that it has done wrong in the open Assembly.
Sanctions
Impose a trade embargo to push the country towards bankruptcy .
Arbitration
Offer to mediate between the two conflicting countries.
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When a nation needs help the LON could:
The League’s Powers
Organize Aid
Send supplies and expertise to ailing countries. Send volunteer forces.
Give Smaller nations a voice
The Assembly is used as a forum for small nations to have speak their views.
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The league however had no real army to enforce their rules.
The League’s Powers
LON FIGHTING STRONGSince 1920
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Membership of the League of Nations
During the establishment of the LON the League had 42 members. At its peak the League had 60 members. However, the League was not a firm unit as the league suffered frequent membership changes.
Why?
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Germany, Russia and China were disallowed membership. Germany was only given membership when they showed willingness to abide by the treaty.
The membership of the LON was always changing. (WHY?)
Membership of the League of Nations
Britain 1919
1945
1945
France 1919
Italy 1919
Japan 1919
1933
1937
1933
1939
Germany 1926
USSR 1934
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• Important: Although the LON operated along the 14points and the ideas of President Wildrow Wilson. USA was never a part of the LON!
Membership of the League of Nations
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The League of Nation was like…
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But…
How strong was the League without the
most powerful nations?
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Homework
1. Identify the strength and weaknesses of the LON
2. Read up on the successes and failure of the LON, fill in the timeline worksheet.
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Objectives for today: Successes & Failures of the
League of NationsWhat criteria should we use to judge the LON’s
successes/failures?
We judge the LON base on its stated aims KEEPP
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Successes of the League of Nations
Enhance Living and working Conditions
200,000 slaves were freed after the LON attacked slave traders in Africa and Burma. It repatriated ½ million prisoners of war.
The LON worked to prevent the spread of leprosy and malaria.
The league set up a system for regulating opium. It closed down four big companies that were selling drugs.
Organized conference to discuss monetary solutions to prevent economic collapse in 1920. Sent experts to help Austria and Hungary.
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Politically, in its early years the LON appeared to have made progress towards preventing war.1)(1921) The Aaland Islands2)(1921) Upper Silesia3)(1925) Greece and Bulgaria
Successes of the League of Nations
Persuade nations to disarm
Peace Treaty of Versailles, to uphold its terms (?)
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ActivityWalk a day in the shoes of the LON – Role Play activity.
Instructions: 1. In your groups number yourself 1-4. 2. Read the worksheet and your respective fact sheet.3. Get into the persona4. Answer the given questions in your worksheet. Due to time
constrains:Task1: Group 1-2 Option A
Group 3-5 Option BGroup 6-8 Option CGroup 9-10 Option D
COUNCIL
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Successes of the League of NationsPolitically, in its early years the LON appeared to have made progress towards preventing war. But…Washington Naval Agreement (1922)The LON managed to reach an agreement between its 4 council members to limit the size of their navies.
Treaty of Locarno (1925) Germany signed the Treaty of Locarno in which it agreed to accept its western boundaries, as set by the Treaty of Versailles, and also, the demilitarization of the Rhineland.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Landmark agreement between 15 major countries, including Germany not to use “war as an instrument of national policy” and to pursue their goals through peaceful means. By 1933, 60 nations had made this promise.
Renounced
Renounced Ignored
Persuade nations to disarm
Peace Treaty of Versailles, to uphold its terms (?)
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The collapse of the American Stock Market in 1929 heralded the start of the Great Depression. America was the most powerful country in the world and “when America sneezes the rest of the world catches a cold.”
Why the League Failed
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How the depressionaffected the League
There was less international cooperation. The USA and other nations looked to take
care of themselves instead of worrying about world peace and humanitarian
issues.
Desperate people suffering terrible economic hardship increasingly turned
to leaders offering radical solutions. This led to the rise of militaristic
fascist governments.
Britain and France no longer wished to sort out international disputes that would cost them money and could further damage their trade.
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Failures of the League of NationKeep world peace by discouraging aggression from any nation. (?)
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Failures of the League of Nation
What is the cartoonist saying about the invasion of Manchuria?
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The Japanese economy relied on exporting goods to America. This meant that the depression hit Japan very hard.
The army decided that the best way for Japan to escape the effects of the depression was to invade Manchuria (part of China).
Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 The League told Japan to leave Manchuria but they refused. Instead Japan left LON. Many LON countries had trade links with Japan and could
not agree on sanctions or even a ban France and Britain were war adverse , so in the end nothing
was done.
Failures of the League of Nation
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The league wanted to Persuade nations to disarm. Held a disarmament conference in 1932.
• Disarmament – dismantling of armies and breaking up of weapons, putting oneself in the position where war is not possible.
Problem• Germany complained that they were the only one who
disarmed.
• LON tried to step in but could not get others to disarm.• They were concern with individual security
Failures of the League of Nation
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Failures of the League of Nation
France
Britain
Italy
‘We don’t want you to fight, but by jingo if you do,We will probably issue a joint memorandum, Suggesting a mild disapproval of you.’
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The League agreed that Italy was in the wrong, but it took months to make a decision about what to do next.
In the end they punished Italy with economic sanctions.
Crucially, they did not include oil in the list of embargoed goods. The League knew if their members stopped selling oil to Italy, they would just get it from the USA instead.
Britain continued to let Italian ships use the Suez Canal to reach Abyssinia.
Failures of the League of Nation
Effects
• The two events sent out the message that the LON were weak, ineffective and indecisive in taking up actions against its aggressors. In both cases the league took months to reach a consensus. Next the league still looked out for their own economic interest as they were reluctant to impose full sanctions on both instances.
What would other nations think of the league?
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Failures of the League of Nation
In Summary:
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There were many reason why the LON failed. It failed primarily because it,
W A S D U M B
W -- WEAKA -- AMERICAS -- STRUCTURE D -- DEPRESSIONU -- UNSUCCESSFULM -- MEMBERSB -- BIG BULLIES