The Search for Security

The Search for Security

The League of Nations and International

Security

The League of Nations and International

Security

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Wilson’s Collective Security

Wilson’s Collective Security

• At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson persuaded the delegates to accept the notion of collective security to create a new world order. – A community of nations which would

guarantee one another’s safety.– An attack on one country is an attack

on all

• At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson persuaded the delegates to accept the notion of collective security to create a new world order. – A community of nations which would

guarantee one another’s safety.– An attack on one country is an attack

on all

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Point 14Point 14

• The last of Wilson’s 14 Points stated that…– “A general association of nations must be

formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”

• Not a totally new idea, but Wilson made it popular = founder of the League.

• The last of Wilson’s 14 Points stated that…– “A general association of nations must be

formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”

• Not a totally new idea, but Wilson made it popular = founder of the League.

League’s Main ObjectiveLeague’s Main Objective

• To preserve the peace of the world!

• Methods:– International Co-operation

(through an international association)– Arbitration (disputes must first be

arbitrated before going to war!)– Collective Security (an attack on

one is an attack on all!)

• To preserve the peace of the world!

• Methods:– International Co-operation

(through an international association)– Arbitration (disputes must first be

arbitrated before going to war!)– Collective Security (an attack on

one is an attack on all!)

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The League’s CovenantThe League’s Covenant

• Constitution of the organization (rules).

• Each member solemnly promised to this set of rules… hence “covenant”

• The following are the important rules…

• Constitution of the organization (rules).

• Each member solemnly promised to this set of rules… hence “covenant”

• The following are the important rules…

Article 10Article 10

• Members will respect and preserve political independence and territorial integrity against external aggression.

• Members will respect and preserve political independence and territorial integrity against external aggression.

Article 12Article 12

• Any disputes between members will be submitted to arbitration, and members will not go to war for three months after the arbitrator’s ruling.

• Any disputes between members will be submitted to arbitration, and members will not go to war for three months after the arbitrator’s ruling.

MembershipMembership

• Open to “any fully self-governing state, dominion or colony.”– Separate membership for British Dominions

and India.– At first Assembly (Geneva 1920), 43 states

were members.– 19 more states joined over the years.– 6 countries left (Japan, Germany and Italy

left, the Soviet Union was kicked out).– The United States never joined!!

• Open to “any fully self-governing state, dominion or colony.”– Separate membership for British Dominions

and India.– At first Assembly (Geneva 1920), 43 states

were members.– 19 more states joined over the years.– 6 countries left (Japan, Germany and Italy

left, the Soviet Union was kicked out).– The United States never joined!!

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MandatesMandates

• Former colonies of Germany and non-Turkish areas of Ottoman Empire were to be “administered” by various Allied powers (under control of the League).

• Mandated territory.• Some mandates wanted help, powers

didn’t want to give it. (French in Syria)• Other powers wanted to “help,” but the

mandates didn’t want it. (Britain in Mesopotamia/Iraq)

• Former colonies of Germany and non-Turkish areas of Ottoman Empire were to be “administered” by various Allied powers (under control of the League).

• Mandated territory.• Some mandates wanted help, powers

didn’t want to give it. (French in Syria)• Other powers wanted to “help,” but the

mandates didn’t want it. (Britain in Mesopotamia/Iraq)

The ILOThe ILO

• International Labour Office• Founded to work in conjunction with

League.• Mandate was to help mankind and serve

the cause of peace by improving working conditions and raising the standard of living.

• Response to the Communist Revolution in Russia (now the Soviet Union).

• International Labour Office• Founded to work in conjunction with

League.• Mandate was to help mankind and serve

the cause of peace by improving working conditions and raising the standard of living.

• Response to the Communist Revolution in Russia (now the Soviet Union).

The World CourtThe World Court

• 15 Judges located at The Hague in Holland.

• Not very successful for two reasons:– No teeth (power to enforce decisions)– Option out clause (only members who

opted in had to submit their disputes)

• 15 Judges located at The Hague in Holland.

• Not very successful for two reasons:– No teeth (power to enforce decisions)– Option out clause (only members who

opted in had to submit their disputes)