li-ion myth-buster - battery management systems (bms)...
TRANSCRIPT
Li-Ion Myth-Buster
Battery Power Conference 2010, 1,
Poking holes intosome common beliefs
about Li-Ion cells and Li-Ion BMSs.
Davide AndreaElithion - Electronics for Lithium Ion
EXTRA! EXTRA!
As heard this morning:"With few large format cells,
each cell is monitored. With many small format cells,
monitoring each cell is impractical."
Battery Power Conference 2010, 2,
EXTRA! EXTRA!
The same BMS with work equally well with both formats.
Battery Power Conference 2010, 3,
FALSESmall cells
BMS cell boards
Large cells
BMS cell boards
Myths
A) CellsB) BatteriesC) BMSD) Balancing
Battery Power Conference 2010, 4,
A: Cell myths
Group A:Myths about Li-Ion cells
- Cell capacity myths- Cell swelling myths
Battery Power Conference 2010, 5,
A: cell myths
Charge efficiency
Myth A1:"A cell puts out less charge
than you put into it"
FALSE
Battery Power Conference 2010, 6,
A: cell myths
Charge efficiency
Li-Ion charge efficiency = 100 %:
Every electron that goes incan come back out
(Though, energy efficiency is < 100 %)
Battery Power Conference 2010, 7,
A: cell myths
Charge efficiency1 A in for 1 hour, 1 A out for 1 hour
SOC: 100 %, to 0 %, back to 100 %:charge efficiency is 100 %
Charge voltage is higher than OCV, lower during discharge
Charge power is more than discharge power
Energy doesn't go back down to 0: energy efficiency is < 100 %
Battery Power Conference 2010, 8,
A: cell myths
100 %
0 %
SOC
Time
1 A
0 A
Current
Time
-1 A
4 V
0 V
Voltage
Time
4 W
0 V
Power
Time
3.5 Wh
0 Wh
Energy
Time
1 hr 2 hr
1 hr
1 hr 2 hr
1 hr 2 hr
2 hr
1 hr
1 Ah cell
-4 W
CHARGEDISCHARGE
Open Circuit
Terminal
Terminal
Open Circuit
Ideal
Ideal
Actual
Actual
Capacity vs rate
Myth A2:"Cell capacity depends on
rate of discharge"
FALSE
Battery Power Conference 2010, 9,
A: cell myths
Capacity vs rate
Battery Power Conference 2010, 10,
A: cell myths
Yes, at high discharge a fixed cutout will stop discharge sooner4 V
0 V
Cell voltage
0 %
3 V
2 V
1 V
10 C
DOD
0.1 C
22 % 65 % 90 % 100 %40 %
2.0 V cutoff
Capacity vs rate
Battery Power Conference 2010, 11,
A: cell myths
But the rest is still there; you can still get it out, with a constant voltage load.
4 V
0 V
Cell voltage
0 %
3 V
2 V
1 V
10 C
DOD
0.1 C
22 % 65 % 90 % 100 %40 %
02V constant voltage load
Capacity vs rate
Battery Power Conference 2010, 12,
A: cell myths
But the rest is still there; you can still get it out, with a lower cutout4 V
0 V
Cell voltage
0 %
3 V
2 V
1 V
10 C
DOD
0.1 C
22 % 65 % 90 % 100 %40 %
0 V cutoff
Capacity vs cycles
Myth A3:"Cell capacity decreases
with number of cycles"
MIX
Battery Power Conference 2010, 13,
A: cell myths
Capacity vs cycles
Battery Power Conference 2010, 14,
A: cell myths
Degradation = capacity loss
Higher resistance+ fixed cutoffs = unused capacity
Cell capacity100 Ah
Cycles
4 V
0 V
Cell voltage
SOC
100 %
4.2 V cutoff
85 %
OCV
Term vtg,new cell(low R)
Term vtg,new cell(high R)
C: BMS myths
Group C:"I don't need a BMS" myths
- Cutoff myth- Small SOC range myth- Extra cells myth
Battery Power Conference 2010, 15,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I use a cutoff
C1: "I don't need a BMSmy charger has a high voltage limit"
C2: "I don't need a BMSmy load has a low voltage cut-off"
FALSE FALSE
Battery Power Conference 2010, 16,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I use a cutoff
There's no way of knowing the state of individual cells from the pack voltage.
3.3 V
3.3 V
3.3 V
3.3 V
13.2 Vtot
2.9 V
4.5 V
2.9 V
2.9 V
13.2 Vtot
3.8 V
1.8 V
3.8 V
3.8 V
13.2 Vtot
Battery Power Conference 2010, 17,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I use a cutoff
Top balancing won't help
3.6 V
3.6 V
3.6 V
3.6 V
14.4 Vtot
3.2 V
1.6 V
3.2 V
3.2 V
11.2 Vtot = LV cutoff
2.8 V
2.8 V
2.8 V
11.2 Vtot = LV cutoff
Fully charged,Top balanced
Discharged.One has low capacity
Discharged.All same capacity
2.8 V
Battery Power Conference 2010, 18,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I use a cutoff
Yes: a CCCV will protect a top-balanced pack: when the pack voltage is at the max, all the cell voltages will be equally at the max.
However, when discharging without a BMS, the voltage of the least capacity cell will drop too far and be damaged.
Battery Power Conference 2010, 19,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I use a cutoff
Bottom balancing won't help
3.0 V
3.0 V
3.0 V
3.0 V
12.0 Vtot
3.3 V
4.5 V
3.3 V
3.3 V
14.4 Vtot = Charger CV
3.6 V
3.6 V
3.6 V
14.4 Vtot = Charger CV
Fully discharged,Bottom balanced
Charged.1 has low capacity
Charged.All same capacity
3.6 V
Battery Power Conference 2010, 20,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I use a cutoff
Yes: a LV cutoff will protect a bottom-balanced pack: when the pack voltage is low, all the cell voltages will be equally low.
However, when charging without a BMS, the voltage of the least capacity cell will go too high. And that's a fire danger!
Battery Power Conference 2010, 21,
C: BMS myths
No BMS: I mind the SOC
Myth #C3:"I'll won't use
the entire SOC range,so I don't need a BMS"
FALSE
Battery Power Conference 2010, 22,
C: BMS myths
Nice and easy: no BMS
The assumptions are that:1) The pack SOC is known2) All the cells are at that same SOCNot so. Without a BMS, the pack SOC is not known (and even a BMS doesn't always know the SOC)
Battery Power Conference 2010, 23,
C: BMS myths
More cells: no BMS
Myth #C4:"Extra cellsare cheaperthan a BMS"
FALSE
Battery Power Conference 2010, 24,
C: BMS myths
More cells: no BMS
The assumption is that a pack without a BMS will simply slowly degrade. So, instead of buying a $ 1000 BMS, I'll buy 10 extra cells.
Not so. A SINGLE overcharge or over-discharge event can kill a cell. And it will keep on happening after you replace that cell.
Battery Power Conference 2010, 25,
C: BMS myths
D: Balancing myths
Group D:Myths about cell balancing
- Balance purpose myths- Balance point myths
Battery Power Conference 2010, 26,
D: balancing myths
Balancing purpose
D1: "Balancing protects a battery"D2: "Balancing compensates for
variations in cell capacity"
FALSE FALSE
Battery Power Conference 2010, 27,
D: balancing myths
Balancing purposeThe point of balancing is to maximize battery capacity.
Balancing brings all the cells
to the same SOC at ONE point.
The SOC is balanced.Battery Power Conference 2010, 28,
D: balancing myths
Bottom balancing
Myth D4:"Bottom balancing protects the cells"
MIX
Battery Power Conference 2010, 29,
D: balancing myths
Bottom balancing
No BMS & limited charge:
bottom balancemay work
Battery Power Conference 2010, 30,
D: balancing myths
٤ V
٠ V
Cell voltage
SOC
٠ % ٧٠ %
Manually balanceall cells at ٠ % SOC
Stop charging at ٧٠ % SOCto stay away fromovercharging
٢.٥ V
٤ V
٠ V
Cellvoltage
٧٠ %
٢.٥ V
TimeCharge Discharge Charge
SOC
Battvoltage
٣٥
٢٥
Turn off charger
Turn off load
٠ %
Bottom balancing
Otherwise, only top balance
makes sense
Battery Power Conference 2010, 31,
D: balancing myths
٤ V
٠ V
Cellvoltage
DOD٠ % ١٠٠ %
BMS balancesall cells at Vhi(١٠٠ % SOC)
Stop discharging when voltage of lowest capacitancecell reaches Vlow
٢.٥ V
٤ V
٠ V
Cellvoltage
١٠٠ %
٢.٥ V
TimeChargeDischarge Discharge
SOC
Turn off charger
Turn off load
٠ %
Thank you
"Battery Management Systems for Large Lithium Ion Battery Packs"
Davide Andrea
book.LiIonBMS.com
elithion.com