Matching IT to People & Matching IT to People & OrganizationsOrganizations

General Information System Types

Dirk Baldwin

IntroductionIntroduction

A successful information system must provide value to the organization.– Now– Future

Purpose: Discuss, in general --– aligning an IS to people & organizations,– the IS needs of an organization,– general types of IS that meets these needs.

Disciplines Relevant for ISDisciplines Relevant for IS

Psychology, humanfactors, cognitive science.

Communications,Sociology, SystemsTheory, Business Functions..

Relationship between Organization Relationship between Organization System and Individual SystemSystem and Individual System

Individual IS

External Systems

External Systems

Organizational IS

Interconnection

IT should improve individual IT should improve individual performanceperformance

Ways to improve– Effective

– Efficient (More productive)

– Adaptable Activities to improve (e.g.,

– Decision Making

– Management

– Communication

– Work tasks

Improving Decision MakingImproving Decision Making

Steps– Intelligence

– Design

– Choice

– Communication

Decision Types– Structured

– Unstructured

Frequency– Frequent

– Infrequent

Ways to Support IndividualWays to Support Individual

Personal Productivity Software (e.g., MS Office) used in a standard way. Use features such as spell check, grammar check.

Use less known features such as Proof Read, Outline, Mail Merge, Version Control, Macros.

Use standard template Create new templates Create advanced systems through the use of MIS staff.

IS and Organization IS and Organization RelationshipRelationship

Organization Mission Objectives Strategy Management Operations

Information System IS Mission IS Objectives IS Strategy IS Project IS Operations

Examples: Org. objective: Maintain high level of customer goodwill strategy: Efficient customer service IS objective: Develop systems based on customer needs

project: Develop a system that allows customer to see bill on TV.

IS from an Organizational IS from an Organizational Structure PerspectiveStructure Perspective

H ote l

Fin . Analyst Secretary

O perations Analyst

H um an R esources

Service M gr. Security Front o ffice Purch. M gr. G arage M gr.

R oom s H ouse Keeping Food & Beverage

G enera l M gt.

Information Needs and Information Needs and Organizational LevelOrganizational Level

Strategic Management

Middle Management

Operations Management

Line Workers

Aggregated, time delay,less well defined, external,tolerate less accuracy

Detailed, current,well defined, internal,accurate

Characteristics

IS by FunctionIS by Function

Strategic Mgt.Middle Mgt.Operational Mgt.Line Workers

Fin./Acct. Mkting. Logistics Production Personnel

Types of Information SystemsTypes of Information Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) Management Reporting Systems (MRS or MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Executive Information System (EIS)

– Enterprise support systems, Executive Support Systems

Group DSS (GDSS) GroupWare Office Automation

Transaction Processing Transaction Processing SystemSystem

Manufacturing

Database

Transaction Processing Systems--Fundamental, routine, operations, produces fixed reports.

Frequently organized by function. Old systems commonly called legacy systems. Integration is a problem with legacy systems. SAP provides integrated solution.

Electronic Data Interchange commonly used to support transactions between supplier and customer.

Management Reporting Management Reporting SystemSystem

Database

ExpectationsReportingSystem

Reports

Management Reporting Systems--Obtain summarized data from TPS to produce feedback reports on operation. (Sometimes called MIS)

Executive Information SystemExecutive Information System

Executive Information System--Assists strategic decision making through graphics based queries on summarized and detailed data. Also access to external data.

DatabaseExternalData

Personal data

Data Warehouse

Decision Support SystemDecision Support System

Decision Support System--Assists decision makers through ad hoc queries and models.

DatabaseOr DataWarehouse

ExternalDatabase

Models

Problem SolvingSubsystem

Interface

Group Decision Support Group Decision Support SystemSystem

GDSS--Supports group decisions in a meeting type situation.

Time and Space Matrix characterizes GDSS

Features:Support for idea generationIdea categorizationIdea rankingVotingGraphical displaysInformation sharing

GroupWareGroupWare

GroupWare--Helps groups share information and perform collaborative work

Relationship to OrganizationRelationship to Organization

TPSM

RS

DSS

EIS

Fin

ance

Mar

keti

ng

Log

isti

cs

Pro

duct

ion

Per

sonn

el

Line Workers

Operations Management

Middle Management

Strategic Management

Transaction Processing

System

Executive Information

System

Management Information

System

Decision Support System

Expert System

Personal Information

System

Office Information

System

Business Database

Expertise Database

Business Data Warehouse

Data

Data

Captured data

Data and

messages

Read-only data

Data snapshots

Read-only data

Data

Rules

Data

Problem

Decision support

information

Executive inquiry

Executive information

Any Manager

Any Decision Maker

or Executive

Information need

Management information

Any Relevant

User

Problem

Solution

Any User

Transaction Data

Transaction information

Communications between users

and within groups

Any User

Personal data

Shared data

Personal Files &

Databases

Personal data

Personal information

Other AcronymsOther Acronyms

Knowledge Management Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

– Sales Force Automation– Marketing Automation

Supply Chain Management– E-Procurement– Collaborative Commerce (c-commerce)

Mass Access Devices (MADs) Mobile Computing (m-commerce) Electronic Tags (e-tags)

Gartner Hype CurveGartner Hype Curve

Roles of ISRoles of IS Support daily tasks of line workers

– within a business function– across business functions– knowledge work and production work– support effectiveness and efficiency

Support decision making– across management levels and functions– individual and group– strategic, control (e.g., scheduling, resource

allocations)

Roles of IS continuedRoles of IS continued

Provide feedback– Effectiveness (e.g., conformance), Efficiency (e.g.,

cost, cycle time), Adaptability (e.g., response time)– Between levels, between functions

Facilitate communication– Policy and Goals– Coordination and direction

Interact with environment (e.g., Customers, Suppliers).

Obtaining IS for Organization and IndividualObtaining IS for Organization and Individual

Plan system for the organization including technical and organizational components (establish MIS support staff.)

Develop, implement, and maintain core technology and data.

Develop and implement core applications (TPS, MIS) Redesign organization when necessary Operate and maintain organizational systems Provide support for individual and departmental systems,

including assistance in planning. Also provide technical advice, installation support, and training.