Matter and Matter and Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

Chap. 3Chap. 3Chap. 3Chap. 3

• What are elements?• How atoms combine• States of matter

What makes a What makes a gold atom gold atom different from a different from a silver atom?silver atom?

What makes a What makes a gold atom gold atom different from a different from a silver atom?silver atom?

What are elements? – 3.1ObjectivesObjectives• Describe the particles within atoms and the structure of atoms• Relate the energy levels of atoms to the chemical properties of elements•Define the concept of isotopes

I.I. ElementElement

Element Element

Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by physical or chemical means.

Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by physical or chemical means.

I.I. ElementElement

A.A. Element namesElement names

Carbon

C12.011

6

I.I. ElementElement

A.A. Element namesElement names

B.B. Element symbolsElement symbols

Carbon

C12.011

6

I.I. ElementElement

A.A. Element namesElement names

B.B. Element symbolsElement symbols

C.C. Elements are made of Elements are made of atomsatoms

II.II. AtomsAtoms

Atom Atom

Smallest particle of an element.Smallest particle of an element.

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

1.1. ProtonsProtons

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

1.1. ProtonsProtons

2.2. NeutronsNeutrons

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

1.1. ProtonsProtons

2.2. NeutronsNeutronsnucleus

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

1.1. ProtonsProtons

2.2. NeutronsNeutrons

3.3. ElectronsElectrons

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

B.B. Atomic numberAtomic number

proton

neutron

Atomic number Atomic number

Number of protons.Number of protons.

proton

neutron

Atomic number Atomic number

Number of protons.Number of protons.

5

II.II. AtomsAtoms

A.A. Composed of 3 particlesComposed of 3 particles

B.B. Atomic numberAtomic number

C.C. Mass numberMass number

proton

neutron

Mass number Mass number

Sum of the number of protons and neutronsSum of the number of protons and neutrons

proton

neutron

Mass number Mass number

Sum of the number of protons and neutronsSum of the number of protons and neutrons

11

II.II. AtomsAtoms

D.D. Electrons in Energy LevelsElectrons in Energy Levels

Electron Energy LevelsElectron Energy Levels

Energy levelEnergy level Electron CapacityElectron Capacity

First First 22

SecondSecond 88

ThirdThird 1818

FourthFourth 3232

Model of OxygenModel of Oxygen

Self Check – Ex. 1Self Check – Ex. 1

Draw a model of the Draw a model of the lithium-7 atom. Include lithium-7 atom. Include protons, neutrons, and protons, neutrons, and electrons.electrons.

Self Check – Ex. 2Self Check – Ex. 2

Draw a model of the Draw a model of the chlorine-35 atom. Include chlorine-35 atom. Include protons, neutrons, and protons, neutrons, and electrons.electrons.

1.1. Core electronsCore electrons

II.II. AtomsAtoms

D.D. Electrons in Energy LevelsElectrons in Energy Levels

1.1. Core electronsCore electrons

2.2. Valence electronsValence electrons

II.II. AtomsAtoms

D.D. Electrons in Energy LevelsElectrons in Energy Levels

Valence electronValence electron

Outermost electron found in a shell.Outermost electron found in a shell.

III.III. IsotopesIsotopes

IsotopesIsotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

Atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

III.III. IsotopesIsotopes

A.A. Isotopes have different Isotopes have different massesmasses

III.III. IsotopesIsotopes

A.A. Isotopes have different Isotopes have different massesmasses

B.B. Nature contains a variety Nature contains a variety of isotopesof isotopes

III.III. IsotopesIsotopes

A.A. Isotopes have different Isotopes have different massesmasses

B.B. Nature contains a variety Nature contains a variety of isotopesof isotopes

C.C. Isotopes used to find Isotopes used to find atomic mass of elementatomic mass of element

Atomic massAtomic mass

The average of the masses of each isotope present for a give element.

The average of the masses of each isotope present for a give element.

III.III. IsotopesIsotopes

D.D. RadioactivityRadioactivity

RadioactivityRadioactivity

The spontaneous decay of an atom’s nucleus into a new nucleus.

The spontaneous decay of an atom’s nucleus into a new nucleus.

IV.IV. AbundanceAbundance

A.A. In UniverseIn Universe

Abundance in UniverseAbundance in Universe

IV.IV. AbundanceAbundance

A.A. In UniverseIn Universe

B.B. In Earth’s crustIn Earth’s crust

Abundance in Earth’s CrustAbundance in Earth’s Crust

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How atoms combine – 3.2ObjectivesObjectives• Describe the chemical bonds that unit atoms to form compounds• Relate the nature of chemical bonds that hold compounds together to the physical structures of compounds•Distinguish between different types of mixtures and solutions

I.I. CompoundsCompounds

Compound Compound

More than one element chemically combined.More than one element chemically combined.

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsA.A. Covalent compounds Covalent compounds

share electronsshare electrons

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsA.A. Covalent compounds Covalent compounds

share electronsshare electrons

1.1. Sharing electrons helps atoms Sharing electrons helps atoms get full electron setget full electron set

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsA.A. Covalent compounds Covalent compounds

shareshare electrons electrons

1.1. Sharing electrons helps atoms Sharing electrons helps atoms get full electron setget full electron set

2.2. Sharing may not be equal: this Sharing may not be equal: this makes polar moleculesmakes polar molecules

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsB.B. Ionic compounds Ionic compounds transfertransfer

electronselectrons

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsB.B. Ionic compounds transfer Ionic compounds transfer

electronselectrons

1.1. When an atom gains an When an atom gains an electron it becomes _______electron it becomes _______

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsB.B. Ionic compounds transfer Ionic compounds transfer

electronselectrons

1.1. When an atom gains an When an atom gains an electron it becomes _______electron it becomes _______

2.2. When an atoms loses an When an atoms loses an electron it becomes _______electron it becomes _______

IonIon

An atom that has gained or lost an electron.An atom that has gained or lost an electron.

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsB.B. Ionic compounds transfer Ionic compounds transfer

electronselectrons

1.1. When an atom gains an When an atom gains an electron it becomes _______electron it becomes _______

2.2. When an atoms loses an When an atoms loses an electron it becomes _______electron it becomes _______

3.3. Opposites _______Opposites _______

I.I. CompoundsCompoundsC.C. Metallic bonds have a ‘sea Metallic bonds have a ‘sea

of electrons'of electrons'

II.II. ReactionsReactions

II.II. ReactionsReactionsA.A. Bonds are broken and Bonds are broken and

reformedreformed

II.II. ReactionsReactionsA.A. Bonds are broken and Bonds are broken and

reformedreformed

B.B. New substances are New substances are formedformed

II.II. ReactionsReactionsA.A. Bonds are broken and Bonds are broken and

reformedreformed

B.B. New substances are New substances are formedformed

C.C. Energy is exchangedEnergy is exchanged

III.III. MixturesMixtures

III.III. MixturesMixturesA.A. Most mixtures are Most mixtures are

heterogeneousheterogeneous

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous

A mixture with visibly different parts.A mixture with visibly different parts.

III.III. MixturesMixturesA.A. Most mixtures are Most mixtures are

heterogeneousheterogeneous

B.B. Mixtures that are Mixtures that are homogeneous are called homogeneous are called solutionssolutions

HomogeneousHomogeneous

A mixture with the same makeup throughout.A mixture with the same makeup throughout.

IV.IV. Acids & BasesAcids & Bases

IV.IV. Acids & BasesAcids & BasesA.A. An acid makes HAn acid makes H++ ions ions

IV.IV. Acids & BasesAcids & BasesA.A. An acid makes HAn acid makes H++ ions ions

B.B. A base produces OHA base produces OH-- ions ions

IV.IV. Acids & BasesAcids & BasesA.A. An acid makes HAn acid makes H++ ions ions

B.B. A base produces OHA base produces OH-- ions ions

C.C. The pH scale tells how The pH scale tells how acidic/basic something isacidic/basic something is

The pH ScaleThe pH Scale

acidic basicneutral0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 14

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States of Matter – 3.3

ObjectivesObjectives•Describe the states of matter on Earth• Explain the reasons that matter exists in these states• Relate the role of thermal energy to changes of state in matter

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of Matter

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid1.1. solids with regular structure solids with regular structure

are described as are described as crystalline.crystalline.

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid1.1. solids with regular structure solids with regular structure

are described as are described as crystalline.crystalline.

2.2. in some solids there is no in some solids there is no organized pattern. These are organized pattern. These are amorphous.amorphous.

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid

B.B. LiquidLiquid

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid

B.B. LiquidLiquid

C.C. GasGas

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid

B.B. LiquidLiquid

C.C. GasGas1.1. gases have undergone gases have undergone

vaporization or sublimationvaporization or sublimation

EvaporationEvaporation

Changing from liquid to vaporChanging from liquid to vapor

SublimationSublimation

Changing from solid to vaporChanging from solid to vapor

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid

B.B. LiquidLiquid

C.C. GasGas1.1. gases have undergone gases have undergone

vaporization or sublimationvaporization or sublimation

2.2. gas particles are separated by gas particles are separated by large distanceslarge distances

I.I. The Four Phases of MatterThe Four Phases of MatterA.A. SolidSolid

B.B. LiquidLiquid

C.C. GasGas

D.D. PlasmaPlasma

PlasmaPlasma

Hot, highly ionized, electrically conducting gas.

Hot, highly ionized, electrically conducting gas.

II.II. Changes in StateChanges in State

II.II. Changes in StateChanges in StateA.A. When a liquid changes to When a liquid changes to

a gas, heat is _______.a gas, heat is _______.

II.II. Changes in StateChanges in StateA.A. When a liquid changes to When a liquid changes to

a gas, heat is _______.a gas, heat is _______.

B.B. When a gas changes to a When a gas changes to a liquid, heat is _______.liquid, heat is _______.

The End