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16-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Chapter Sixteen Behavioral Performance Management

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved Examples Of Classical And Operant Conditioning Classical Conditioning The individual: is stuck by a pinflinches is topped below the kneecapflexes lower leg is shocked by an electric currentjumps/screams is surprised by a loud soundjumps/screams (S) (R) StimulusResponse The individual: works is paid talks to othersmeets more people enters a restaurantobtains food increases productivityreceives merit pay Operant Conditioning (S) (R) StimulusResponse

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Page 1: McGraw-Hill/Irwin  2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 16-1 Chapter Sixteen Behavioral Performance Management

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Chapter Sixteen

Behavioral PerformanceManagement

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Learning Objectives• Define the theoretical processes of learning:

behavioristic, cognitive, and social• Discuss the principle of reinforcement, with special

attention given to the law of effect, positive and negative reinforcers, and punishment

• Analyze organizational reward systems, emphasizing both monetary and nonfinancial rewards

• Present the steps and results of behavioral management

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Examples Of Classical And Operant ConditioningClassical Conditioning

The individual:

is stuck by a pin flinchesis topped below the kneecap flexes lower legis shocked by an electric current jumps/screamsis surprised by a loud sound jumps/screams

(S) (R)Stimulus Response

The individual:

works is paidtalks to others meets more peopleenters a restaurant obtains foodincreases productivity receives merit pay

Operant Conditioning

(S) (R)Stimulus Response

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Summary Of The Operational Definitions OfPositive And Negative Reinforcement And Punishment

Consequenceof

Reward(something desirable)

Noxious stimuli(something aversive

and undesirable)Contingent

Withdrawal

ApplicationPOSITIVE

REINFORCEMENTBehavior increases

PUNISHMENTBehavior Decreases

NEGATIVEREINFORCEMENTBehavior increases

PUNISHMENTBehavior Decreases

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Chronological Development Of ConceptualFoundation For O.B. Mod.

ThorndikeLaw of Effect

Approximate Time1900 1950 1975 1977

SkinnerOperant

Conditioning

Luthans &Kreitner

Initial O.B. Mod.Approach

BanduraSocial

LearningTheory

PavlovClassical

Conditioning

Watson Behaviorism

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Chronological Development Of ConceptualFoundation For O.B. Mod. (cont.)

BanduraSocial

LearningTheory

Luthans andKreitner

O.B. Mod.And Beyond

BanduraSocial

CognitiveTheory

Luthans andStajkovic

Full, CurrentO.B. Mod.

Model

Approximate Time 1977 1985 1986 Present

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McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

Percentage Performance Improvement AccordingTo Different Types Of O.B. Mod. Reinforcers

Performance Social Type of Overall Monetary Feedback Attn/Recog. Organization Effect (I) (II) (III)

Manufacturing 33% 39% 41% (no studies)Service 13% 14% 6% 15%

Simultaneous Simultaneous Simultaneous Type of application application application ofOrganization of I & II of II & III I, II, & III

Manufacturing (no studies) 41% 44%Service 30% 30% 9%