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Media Concentration

in Spain

Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero

Juan Pablo Artero

Postgrado de la

Universidad de Navarra

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Contents

1. The Spanish media market

2. Legal framework

3. Technological developments

4. Strategies of media companies

5. Facts about concentration

6. Conclusions

1. The Spanish media market

• Advertising income

• Newspaper circulation

• Strong radio networks

• Fragmentation of TV market

• Development of Internet

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4

5

Pública

Local

Regional

Nacional

Privada

PagoAbierto

Terrestre Satélite ADSLCable

2. Legal framework

• National & European framework

• General & specific regulation

• From ownership to market share

• Print & online media: no specific rules

• Radio: weak regulation

• New TV law

• Telecoms: end of national monopoly

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3. Technological developments

• Printing processes & free dailies

• DTT penetration

• Digital radio

• Analogue TV switch off

• HDTV & Blue-ray

• Internet penetration

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4. Strategies of media companies

• Vertical & horizontal integrations

• Internationalization

• Diversification

• Defensive strategies

• Internal & external growth

5. Figures: TV market

CR4 100 100 97 96 93 88 71

HHI 9.050 7.450 2.994 2.053 2.299 2.033 1.467

Noam 6.399 5.267 1.339 918 1.028 909 599

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

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5. Figures: newspaper market

1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

CR4 32 44 55 50 48 55 59

HHI 331 687 1.057 765 804 1028 1069

Noam 117 242 347 255 258 325 356

5. Figures: radio market

Radio (revenues) 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

CR4 93 86 96 96 95 93 93

HHI 3.465 2.738 2.640 3.202 3.546 3.317 3.366

Noam 2.000 1.580 1.320 1.848 2.047 1.658 1.683

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5. Figures: ISPs

Internet Service

Providers (revenues) 1996 2000 2004 2008

CR4 99 66 93 88

HHI 8.464 1.506 4.802 3.918

Noam 8.464 673 2.147 1.599

5. Figures: Wireline Telecoms

Wireline Telecoms

(revenues) 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008

CR4 100 100 100 100 97 98 91

HHI 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 8.385 6.968 6.267

Noam 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 3.750 4.927 2.558

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5. Figures: Wireless Telecoms

Wireless Telecoms

(revenues) 1996 2000 2004 2008

CR4 100 100 100 99

HHI 5.895 4.600 4.028 3.401

Noam 4.169 2.655 2.325 1.700

Conclusions

1. More media outlets

2. Newspaper & radio concentration

3. TV: fragmentation9 and concentration?

4. Internet: bottelnecks

5. Telecoms: end of public monopoly

6. A new legal approach is needed9

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Media Concentration

in Spain

Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero

Juan Pablo Artero