memory trq
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to Psychology!
Mrs. Parsons
Room ?
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What is “Psychology”?
• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes of animals and humans.
• The goals of psychology are:– Description– Explanation– Prediction– Influence
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Topics to be Discussed
• Memory and Stress• History and Research• Brain, Body, and
Behavior• Sensation and
Perception• Learning and
Thinking
• Social Psychology• Motivation and
Emotion• Personality• Disorders and
Therapy• Testing and
Consciousness
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Grading
• 60% = MAJOR GRADES (tests and projects)
• 40% = DAILY GRADES (class assignments, quizzes, homework, participation, etc.)– There are typically 10-12 daily grades, and
three major grades a semester.
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Tardies
• Any student will be counted tardy by the instructor if they are not inside the classroom when the tardy bell finishes ringing.
• Five tardies equals a “U” in conduct. A “U” will mean that you may not exempt the final, and can make you ineligible for some extracurricular activities.
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Make-Up Work
• For test, the student has 5 school days to makeup the test. Projects are due the day the student returns. It is the student’s responsibility to obtain missed assignments from the instructor.
• I will not remind you to make up your tests or projects.
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Late Work
• Late work is not acceptable. However, I will accept it at a penalty of 11 points off each day it is late. Once the assignment is given a grade of a “0”, it cannot be made up.
• For major grades, I will only accept a project two days late.
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Notebooks and Supplies
• You must have the following supplies every day:– Pen or pencil– Paper or notebook to take notes– Other project supplies as needed
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Headphones/Electronics/Cell Phones
• Electronics are not allowed in the classroom, without the teacher’s permission. This includes music players, portable gaming devices, and personal computers.
• Cell phones are to be off, not on silent, and they will be collected and turned into the office if they are seen in my classroom.
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Food/Drinks in the Classroom
• Only water in clear water bottles is allowed in my classroom.
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Dress Code
• All dress code guidelines in the CFISD Student Handbook will be enforced.
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Academic Dishonesty
• There is ZERO tolerance for academic dishonesty.
• This includes cheating, copying, plagiarizing, fabrications, or falsification.
• If there is academic dishonesty, the student will receive a “0” for the assignment, receive a phone call home, and an office referral, which could lead to suspension.
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Classroom Procedures• Be Prepared
– Come to class on time with homework completed, and supplies
• Be Positive– Respect your classmates and instructor
• Be Polite– Wait in your seat until the dismissal bell
rings
• Be Proud– Clean up after yourselves…this is YOUR
classroom too!
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Now, let’s get to know each other!
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Panther Pride,Live the Tradition
Monday, August 24th
2nd Period
Polite in the Hallways/Stairwells
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Being Polite in the Hallways is…
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Tuesday, August 25
• Objective: Discuss memory processes
• Pick up collage handout
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Memory and Forgetting-As you take notes, pay attention to
the bottom of the slides.
“TRQ” indicates that the answer to a test review question is on the slide. I will only do this for your
first test
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Information Processing Model
• Encoding – process of getting information into the memory system
• Storage – retention encoded information over time
• Retrieval – process of getting information out of memory storage
• TRQ: #1
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Information Processing Model
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Let’s test your memory• Watch the following clip, and pay close
attention to the details
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Questions
• What was the first layer mentioned in the clip?
• What was the topping on the pizza?
• Were any of the characters wearing a t-shirt?
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How difficult is it to memorize 30 random numbers?
Using Short Term Memory
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You have 30 seconds to memorize the following
numbers2 1 6 9 6
4 6 1 5 1
9 9 7 2 5
2 4 6 8 0
1 2 9 6 1
6 0 8 9 4
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Now write them down, in sequential order
• 4-9 Correct: Average
• 10-19 Correct: Extraordinary
• 20-29 Correct: Brilliant
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Which task was easier?
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Now watch a super-memorist demonstrate his abilities
Super Memorist-#20
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Deja Vu
• déjà vu is a feeling that what you are experiencing, you have experienced it before
• Have you ever felt like you had déjà vu?
• Psychologists associate déjà vu with the information processing model
• Let’s see for ourselves.
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Do you have Deja Vu?
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Listen to the following words carefully...
REST
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TIRED
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AWAKE
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DREAM
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SNORE
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BED
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EAT
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SLUMBER
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SOUND
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COMFORT
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WAKE
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NIGHT
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Now write as many of the words down as you can...
• Do you remember the word “Aardvark”?
• How about the word “Sleep”?
• Sure about that?
Rest Tired Awake Dream
Snore Bed Eat Slumber
Sound Comfort Wake Night
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Panther Pride,Live the Tradition
Tuesday, August 25
2nd Period
Proud in the Hallways/Stairwells
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Being proud in the hallways is…
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Wednesday, August 26
• Objective: Analyze how humans encode, store, and retrieve information
• Signed Syllabus is due
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Encoding:Serial Position Effect
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How many US presidents can you name?
• On a sheet of paper, list the names of all the US presidents you can, in order.
• You have two minutes, and you must work by yourself.
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US Presidents
• Listen as I read the list of presidents.
• How many of you put “Washington”?
• How many of you listed “Obama”?
• What about “Lincoln”?
This exercise is a demonstration of the serial-position effect
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Serial Position Effect
• Tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily
• Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list
• Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list
• TRQ: #2
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Primacy/Recency Effect
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Encoding: Automatic and
Effortful Processing
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Automatic Processing
• Unconscious process of encoding certain information without effort
• Usually information on space, time and frequency
• Example: Reading a book for fun
• TRQ: #3
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Effortful Processing
• Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
• The best processing is through rehearsal or practice.
• Example: Reading an assigned textbook
• TRQ: #3
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Automatic/Effortful Processing
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Encoding:Encoding Meaning
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Encoding Exercise
• Read the instructions at the top of the page silently.
• This activity will demonstrate semantic encoding.
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Semantic Encoding
• Encoding of meaning
• Encoding information that is meaningful enhances recall
• TRQ: #4
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Self-Reference Effect
• Now get out a sheet of scratch paper and number to 18.
• Listen to the adjectives as I read them one at a time.
• Circle the number if the adjective could describe you.
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Self-Reference Effect
• Now, flip your paper over, and number to 18.
• List all the adjectives you can remember hearing.
• Then fill out the handout.
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Self-Reference Effect
• Enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant
• Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life
• TRQ: #5
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Overlearning
• Continuing to rehearse even after it has been memorized
• Rehearsing past the point of mastery• Helps ensure information will be available
even under stress• For example, athletes might use this
technique during practice before a game• TRQ: #6
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Panther Pride,Live the Tradition
Wednesday, August 26
2nd Period
Prepared in the Hallways/Stairwells
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Being prepared in the hallways is…
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Thursday, August 27
• Objective: Analyze how humans encode, store, and retrieve information
• Extra-credit collage is due tomorrow
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Encoding:Spacing of Rehearsal
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Spacing Effect
• The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice
• TRQ: #7
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Distributed Practice
• Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time
• Usually enhances the recalling of the information
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Massed Practice
• Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming)
• Not as effective as distributed practice
• TRQ: #7
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Rehearsal
• Conscious repetition of information
• The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember.
• TRQ: #8
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Rehearsal and Retention
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Encoding:
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Semantic Encoding
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Acoustic Encoding
• Encoding information based on the sounds of the information
• Auditory information is held in sensory memory for 3-4 seconds
• TRQ: #9
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Acoustic Encoding
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Visual Encoding
• Encoding information based on the images of the information
• Iconic memory is a momentary sensory memory of visual data
• TRQ: 10
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Visual Encoding
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Encoding:Encoding Imagery
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Encoding Imagery
• Visual images easily encode
• Especially extremely positive or negative images
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Encoding:Organizing Information
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Chunking
Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.
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Chunking
Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.
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Chunking
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Chunking
• Organizing information into meaningful units
• More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks.
• TRQ: #13
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Storage
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Three Storage Systems
• Three distinct storage systems :
– Sensory Memory
– Short-Term Memory (includes Working Memory)
– Long-Term Memory
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Storage:Sensory Memory
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Sensory Memory
• Brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system
– Iconic store – visual information
– Echoic store – sound information
• Information held just long enough to make a decision on its importance
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Storage:Short-Term Memory
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Short-Term Memory
• Part of your memory system that contains information you are conscious aware of before it is stored more permanently or forgotten
• Holds approximately seven, plus or minus two, chunks of information
• Can retain the information as long as it is rehearsed
• Also called “working memory”• TRQ: #11
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Short-Term Memory
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Storage:Long-Term Memory
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Long-Term Memory
• Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
• Holds memories without conscious effort
• TRQ: #12
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Flashbulb Memory
• Vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
• Can be personal memories or centered around a shared event
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Storage:Explicit and Implicit
Memories
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Explicit Memory
• Memory of facts and experiences • Processed through the hippocampus
• TRQ: #14
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Explicit Memories
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Explicit Memories
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Implicit Memory
• Memory of skills and procedures • Processed through the cerebellum
• TRQ: #14
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Implicit Memories
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Implicit Memories
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Retrieval
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Retrieval Exercise
• Remembering the Seven Dwarfs.
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Step One
• On a sheet of paper, silently list the names of the seven dwarfs that appear in the Disney film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
• You have ninety seconds to do this
• When you are finished, turn your paper over, and wait silently
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Step Two
• Let’s Discuss:– How difficult was this task?– Did you have the feeling that you knew the
name, but were unable to retrieve it?• This is called “Tip of the Tongue” (TOT)
phenomenon
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Step Three
• Look at your list and examine the order that you recalled the names. Is there any pattern?
• Would you do better if you only had to recognize the names? – You would only have to decide if the
information is correct or not– This is called “Recognition”
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Silently, decide which are correct
• Grouchy• Gabby• Fearful• Sleepy• Happy• Jumpy• Hopeful• Bashful
• Droopy• Dopey• Sniffy• Wishful• Sneezy• Doc• Pop• Grumpy
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The Correct List
• Sleepy• Happy
• Bashful
• Dopey
• Sneezy• Doc
• Grumpy
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Step 5
• Now, flip your paper over and once again, list the seven dwarfs
• You have sixty seconds
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Debrief
• When you were first asked to list the seven dwarves, you were using your long-term memory
• If you were able to successfully list the dwarves the second time, then you were using your short-term memory
• Your short-term memory can hold seven pieces of information. Coincidence?
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Retrieval
• The process of getting information out of memory storage
• Two forms of retrieval
– Recall
– Recognition
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Recall
• Type of retrieval in which you must search for information that you previously stored
• Essay, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer test questions test recall
• TRQ: #15
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Recognition
• Type of retrieval in which must identify items learned earlier
• Multiple choice and matching test questions test recognition
• TRQ: #15
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Retrieval
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Retrieval: Context
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Context Effect
• Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information
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Context Effect
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Retrieval:State Dependency
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State Dependent Memory
• Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information
• The retrieval state is congruent with the encoding state
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Panther Pride,Live the Tradition
Thursday, August 27
2nd Period
Positive in the Hallways/Stairwells
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Being positive in the hallways is…
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Friday, August 28
• Objective: Apply memory enhancement techniques to everyday life
• Extra-Credit Collage due
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Exploratorium
• Explore this website for a few minutes to learn memory enhancement techniques, and to play memory games
• Memory Games
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Forgetting and Memory Construction
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Information Processing Model
• Encoding – process of getting information into the memory system
• Storage - retention of encoded information over time
• Retrieval – process of getting encoded information out of memory storage
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Forgetting as Encoding Failure
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Encoding Failures
• People fail to encode information because:
– It is unimportant to them
– It is not necessary to know the information
– A decrease in the brain’s ability to encode
– TRQ: #16
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Which is the Right Penny?(From Nickerson & Adams, 1979)
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Which is the Right Penny?(From Nickerson & Adams, 1979)
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Forgetting as Storage Failure
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Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
• German philosopher who did early memory studies with nonsense syllables
• Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”
• TRQ: #18
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The Forgetting Curve(Adapted from Ebbinghaus, 1885)
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Forgetting Exercise
• The rumor chain
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Permastore Memory
• Long-term memories that are especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to last a lifetime
• TRQ: #19
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Storage Failure
• Occurs when information in our memory decays, and is forgotten
• For example, do you remember what you ate for lunch last Wednesday?
• TRQ: #20
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Memory Loss
• Most memory loss occurs within a few days of encoding
• What happens to information you study after you have been tested on it?
• TRQ: #21
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Forgetting as Retrieval Failure:
Interference
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Interference
• A retrieval problem when one memory gets in the way of remembering another
• Two types of interference:
– Proactive interference
– Retroactive interference
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Proactive Interference
• When an older memory disrupts the recall of a newer memory
• TRQ: #22
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Proactive Interference
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Retroactive Interference
• When a more recent memory disrupts the recall of an older memory
• TRQ: #22
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Retroactive Interference
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Forgetting as Retrieval Failure:
Motivated Forgetting
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Repression• Part of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
• Process of moving anxiety-producing memories to the unconscious
• Supposed means of protecting oneself from painful memories
• Not well-supported by research; stressful incidents are actually more likely to be encoded
• TRQ: #23, 24
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Memory Construction
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Memory Jigsaw Analogy
• Memories, rather than being like a video tape, are formed as bits and pieces.
• People may retrieve only some of the pieces of the memory
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Misinformation Effect
• Incorporating misleading information into a memory of an event
• Affects eyewitness testimony
• TRQ: #25
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Elizabeth Loftus (1944- )
• Does research in memory construction
• Has found that subjects’ memories vary based on the wording of questions
• Demonstrated the misinformation effect
• TRQ: #26
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Misinformation Effect
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Memory Construction:
Children’s Recall
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Children’s Testimony on Abuse
• Research has shown children’s testimony to be unreliable
• Children are very open to suggestions
• As children mature their memories improve
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Watch the following clip on children as witnesses in abuse
cases
• Need to get Quicktime player, or see if Google Videos will work
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Accurate Interviewing Methods
• To promote accuracy with children’s testimony the interviewer should:
– Phrase questions in a way the child can understand
– Have no prior contact with the child
– Use neutral language and do not lead or suggest answers
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Memory Construction:
Recovered Memories
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Accuracy of Memories
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Homework
• This will be due Monday, no exceptions!
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Panther Pride,Live the Tradition
Friday, August 28
2nd Period
Hallway Expectations
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Hallway Expectations
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The End