Miyasaki October 2000Miyasaki October 2000

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PROJECT AIMSPROJECT AIMS

To identify best practice and develop mechanisms for mutual recognition of transport professional qualifications between APEC economies.

Stage 1: Identification of priority professions

Stage 2: Preparation and distribution of survey instrument - entry requirements (qualifications)

- accreditation, licensing and registration systems - co-operative practices - barriers / impediments

Stage 3: Analysis of results - establish scope for practical model

Stage 4: Establishment of framework of recommended practices

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SELECTED PROFESSIONSSELECTED PROFESSIONS

Air traffic controller

Flight crew

Aircraft maintenance engineer

Professional railway engineer

Intermodal/logistics systems manager

Commercial vehicle operator (truck driver)

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METHODOLOGY 1METHODOLOGY 1

Initial consultations in Australia

Six surveys designed

Surveys endorsed by APEC TPT-WG 17

Surveys distributed via Heads of Delegation

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METHODOLOGY 2 - AnalysisMETHODOLOGY 2 - Analysis

Discussion and analysis of data utilised a range of inputs:

the survey responses from each economy and each profession -

provide a ‘snapshot’ only

international perspectives, models and frameworks

other relevant known factors about each profession

outcomes of previous related surveys conducted by APEC and

input and feedback from the APEC TPT-WG, the Steering

Committee for this project and industry representatives in Australia.

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INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 1INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 1

European Union - two general directives, 1989 and 1992

… a corresponding profession in another member state is [one which] includes a substantial number of the professional activities comprised in the profession in the host member state. Thus [there needs to be] a substantial degree of commonality between the professional activities of any “profession” if the terms of the Directive are to achieve mutual recognition.

Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement

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INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 2INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 2

In-country/economy recognition mechanisms

National Academic Recognition Information Centres (European Union) Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials Australian Office of Overseas Skills Recognition Permanent Committee on Evaluation and Recognition of Qualifications – Malaysia

International professional associations’ projects

APEC Engineer project Mutual Recognition of Surveyors’ Qualifications

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INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 3INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES 3

Models of Mutual Recognition

Reciprocity Agreements

Harmonisation of Qualifications

Mutual Recognition of Qualifications (principle of ‘mutual trust’)

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SURVEY RESULTS - Table of RespondentsSURVEY RESULTS - Table of Respondents

ECONOMIESAir TrafficControllers

Flight Crew Licensed AircraftMaintenanceEngineers

Intermodal/Logistics SystemsManagers

Railway Engineer CommercialVehicle Operator/Truck Driver

Australia

Brunei Darussalam No railways in Brunei

Canada

Chile

China

Hong Kong(China)

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Mexico

New Zealand

Papua New Guinea No railways in PNG

Peru

Philippines

Russia

Singapore Industry notregulated

Industry notregulated

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

USA

Vietnam

Total 12 10 12 8 7 10

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AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (ATC) SURVEY - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS (ATC) SURVEY - 12 Responses12 Responses

Commonality in general requirements to gain an ATC licence.

Variations in currency and recency requirements of licence.

One-quarter based training on ICAO.

Very little recognition of foreign licences, qualifications & experience.

No MR agreements apart from TTMRA.

Main restriction to employment of ATCs – nationality or citizenship

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FLIGHT CREW (FC) SURVEY - FLIGHT CREW (FC) SURVEY - 10 Responses10 Responses

Commonality in general requirements to gain a FC licence

(depended on licence type).

Variations in currency and recency requirements of licences.

6 out of 10 registered differences in standard under ICAO.

Training varied considerably, depended on type of licence.

Almost all economies recognised foreign FC licences, qualifications

& experiences.

No MR agreements apart from TTMRA.

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LICENSED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS LICENSED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS (AME) Survey - 12 Responses(AME) Survey - 12 Responses

Commonality in general requirements to gain an AME licence

(depended on licence type & category). Variations in currency and recency requirements of licences. Most economies (3/4) recognise foreign licences, qualifications

and experience. Aust., Canada & NZ had recognition arrangements/agreements. Fewer restrictions on employment of foreign AMEs than ATCs, but

varied conditions.

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AVIATIONAVIATION

Summary

Very little evidence of mutual recognition agreements

(apart from TTMRA) or interest in pursuing them.

ICAO’s standards and specifications – minimum only?

Uniqueness of ATC requirements stressed.

Implications for future – ICAO’s auditing role.

Motivation for mutual recognition needed – for example,

world wide shortage of AMEs.

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PROFESSIONAL RAILWAY ENGINEERS PROFESSIONAL RAILWAY ENGINEERS (PRE) SURVEY – 7 Responses(PRE) SURVEY – 7 Responses

Fewer, less detailed responses.

No separate registration needed; or not always needed.

Minimum qualification most commonly an undergraduate

engineering degree.

APEC Substantial Equivalence Framework for engineers not known

by most respondents.

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APEC REISTER OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS APEC REISTER OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS

Aim: To reduce the licensing and registration barriers to work in another economy.

Open to engineers in participating economies who have:

completed an accredited or recognised engineering program been assessed within their own jurisdiction as eligible for independent

practice gained a minimum of seven years practical experience since graduation spent at least two years in responsible charge of significant engineering work and maintained their continuing professional development at a satisfactory level.

The following APEC economies were authorised (July) to implement the registers: Australia; Canada; Hong Kong, China; Japan; Korea; Malaysia and New Zealand.

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COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATORS COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATORS (CVO) SURVEY– 10 Responses(CVO) SURVEY– 10 Responses

Almost all have national body for specifying licence requirements. 50% have economy-wide testing; 50% testing done by range of organisations. Clearly identifiable performance requirements. Classifications varied but comparisons could be made. Very little compulsory training needed. Details of testing varied (eg night driving). Almost all have national computer data base for licence holders. All had range of procedures for recognition of foreign licences. A number of Recognition Agreements stated: TTMRA (Aust. & NZ);

Canada, USA & Mexico; Land International Transportation Agreement

(Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador & Venezuela).

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INTERMODAL/LOGISTICS SYSTEMS INTERMODAL/LOGISTICS SYSTEMS MANAGERS SURVEY – 8 ResponsesMANAGERS SURVEY – 8 Responses

Range of job titles and work roles used and described.

Almost no entry level qualifications required into above positions.

Great variety of training in existence.

Future skill needs identified in all areas of profession (eg warehouse, transport

& logistics management; systems analysis & IT skills, import-export admin.)

No recognition arrangements mentioned.

Possibilities of joining with other APEC project of ‘Intermodal Task Force’

to develop further work in this area.

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BARRIERS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO BARRIERS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MUTUAL RECOGNITION MUTUAL RECOGNITION

Barrier/Impediment ATC AME FC PRE CVO IM/ LM

Lack of internationally-recognisedand/or agreed standards

Lack of laws and regulations, nationalstandards, qualifications and/oraccreditation agencies

Difficulty of verifying foreign licences

Difficulty of verifying foreigntraining/qualifications

Difficulty of verifying foreignregistration

(Lack of) integrity of foreign licencesystems

Disparity in driving standards Procedures, training and varieties of

licences unique to individualeconomies

Lack of contact with APEC economies

Requirement for nationality

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BENEFITS OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION BENEFITS OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION

Not as easily identifiable – none identified in FC and PRE surveys.

Most frequently stated – possibility for a reduction of basic training,

testing and licensing requirements and related cost-savings.

Improve road safety and driving ability (CVOs).

Improve performance (ATCs).

Establish and standardise rules for issuing a licence (CVOs).

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Best Practice in Cooperative Arrangements, Best Practice in Cooperative Arrangements, Accreditation, Recognition and Development of Accreditation, Recognition and Development of

Professional Qualifications Professional Qualifications

Land International Transportation Agreement (ATIT)

Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Agreement (TTMRA)

Professional Engineers Board, Singapore

Institution of Engineers, Australia

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Establishing the Scope for a Practical Model for Establishing the Scope for a Practical Model for Best Practice in Mutual Recognition Best Practice in Mutual Recognition

Many factors affect the possibility, need and motivation for

recognition:

Immigration and work permit laws.

Supply and demand in domestic labour markets.

Common land borders and trade routes.

Concerns about safety and other standards being lowered.

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PERSUADING FACTORS PERSUADING FACTORS

Aviation: need consensus on international standards (ICAO’s role); verifiably similar training; shortages of AMEs.

Professional Railway Engineers: verifying other economies’ qualifications; opportunities for exchange programs.

Intermodal/logistics managers: meeting supply & demand, lack of local employees).

Lessons from existing recognition models etc:

establishment of transparent systems and procedures of accreditation (of programs and institutions), licensing and registration within each economy

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GUIDING PRINICIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICEGUIDING PRINICIPLES FOR GOOD PRACTICEIN (MUTUAL) RECOGNITION IN (MUTUAL) RECOGNITION

comparable entry-level qualifications

job description/s

a regulatory environment (possibly international)

registration requirements

Necessary Conditions:

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GUIDELINES FOR RECOGNITION PROCEDURESGUIDELINES FOR RECOGNITION PROCEDURESFOR QUALIFICATIONS AND LICENCES FOR QUALIFICATIONS AND LICENCES

The recognition of a foreign qualification or licence should:

situate the qualification or licence within the framework of the education, training or licensing system to which it belongs

identify the level and type of qualification or licence in the system of the economy in which recognition is sought and

determine whether similarities between foreign and domestic qualifications or licences are sufficient for recognition to be

granted.

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STAGE 4 OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION PROJECT STAGE 4 OF MUTUAL RECOGNITION PROJECT

… involves

the establishment of a framework for best practices focusing on particular characteristics of transport jobs in demand or of a high degree of

mobility a mechanism to facilitate recognition relating to

transparency, consistency and quality assurances in accreditation and recognition system.