moswavlis wigni istoria
TRANSCRIPT
istoriaistoriis saxelmZRvanelo meaTeklaselTaTvis
10moswavlis wigni
10istorianino kiRuraZe, giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani, giorgi oTxmezuri, lali fircxalava
3
sarCevi
1. 6 2. 11 3. 18 4. 22 5. 28 6. 31 7. 36 8. 39 9. 4510. 5011. 5412. 6113. 6514. 7215. 7816. 8217. 8518. 89
istoriis sagani. profesia – istorikosi istoriis qronologia. kalendariwelTaRricxvis sistemebi istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan. periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistemamsoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofa. periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema marqsistuli periodizacia. periodizacia civilizaciebis mixedviT saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciawyaroTmcodneobaarqeologia eTnologiaistoriuli geografia da istoriuli kartografiapaleografianumizmatika da bonistikaheraldikagenealogiasfragistikaveqsilologiaistoria da informatika
istoriis mecniereba
I
33
39
41
65
95
19. 9220. 9521. 9922. 10223. 10524. 109
istoriuli Sinaarsis uZvelesi teqstebiZvelberZnuli istoriografia. herodote. TukidideZvelberZnuli istoriografia. qsenofonti. polibiosi. straboniromauli istoriografia. iulius keisari. titus liviusi. kornelius tacitusiromauli istoriografia. plutarqe da svetoniusi – biografiuli Txzulebani. amiane marcelinebizantiuri istoriografia. evsebi, gelasi da prokofi kesarielebi. agaTia sqolastikosi
istoriis mecnierebis istoria
II
14
74
83
86
4
135
144
154
172
25. 11326. 11627. 12228. 12729. 13230. 13531.
13932. 14333. 15034. 15835. 16236. 16637. 17238. 17739. 18140. 18841. 19242. 19543. 19944. 20445.
208
bizantiuri istoriografia.konstantine porfirogeneti da ana komnene – gvirgvinosani istorikosebi. miqael panaretosifeodaluri xanis somxuri istoriografia qarTuli istoriografia. `qarTlis cxovreba~ `axali qarTlis cxovreba~gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTuli istoriografia (XVIIXVIII). farsadan gorgijaniZegviani Suasaukuneebis qarTuli istoriografia (XVIIXVIII). vaxuSti bagrationigviani Suasaukuneebis qarTuli istoriografia (XVIIXVIII). sexnia CxeiZe. papuna orbeliani. oman xerxeuliZeXIX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiaXX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiasaqarTvelos istoriis kvleva XX saukuneSiSua saukuneebis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. grigol tureliSua saukuneebis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. beda pativdebuli. ainhardiSua saukuneebis muslimuri istoriuli mwerlobapirveli humanisti istorikosebi. franCesko petrarka. lorenco valapolitikuri istoria. nikolo makiaveli. franCesko gviCardinirenesansuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba evropaSi. Jan bodeni. frensis bekonimogzaurTa Canawerebi. qarTvel mogzaurTa Canawerebi Sua saukuneebis mogzaurTa Canawerebi.plano karpini, marko polo, ibn batutaaxali drois evropeli mogzaurebi.kasteli. Sardeni. giuldenStendtiXVIII saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. jambatista vikoXVIII saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. frangi ganmanaTleblebi. volteri. monteskie
118
150
168
188
204
5
46. 21347. 21648. 22149.
22550. 229
XVIII saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. `Sotlandiuri ganmanaTlebloba.~ devid iumiXIX saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. germaneli istorikosebi – ranke. momzeni. droizeniXIX saukunis pozitivisti istorikosebi. ipolit teniistoriis mecniereba XX saukuneSi.pozitivizmis kritika. robin jorj kolingvudi. benedeto kroCeanalebis skola
51. 23252. 23553. 23954. 24455. 24756. 25057. 25358. 25559. 25860. 26261. 26462. 26763. 26964. 27265. 275
pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi. wyaroebis kritikawyaroebis interpretaciamuSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)muSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)muSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)muSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)zepiri istoria – meTodika da wyaro(praqtikuli samuSao)kvlevis dagegmva, warmarTva da misi etapebibiblioTekebsa da arqivebSi muSaobawignze muSaobaistoriuli masala internetSirogor iwereba istoriuli naSrominaSromis ena da formacitireba. bibliografiasqolio
rogor vswavlobT da gadmovcemT istorias
III
213
219
229
237
242
251
259
265
274
6
Tavi pir
vel
i
Iistoriis sagani. profesia - istorikosi1.
`ra saWiroa istoria?~ – hkiTxa erTxel Svilma XX saukunis cnobil frang istorikoss mark bloks. pasuxis ZiebaSi mamam mTeli wigni dawera, romelmac mas sayovelTao aRiareba moutana.
mark blokma istoria ganmarta, rogorc `mecniereba adamianebis Sesaxeb droSi~, xolo istorikosi zRaprul kaciWamias Seadara, romelic yovelTvis iqaa, sadac `adamianis suni scems~.
XX saukunis kidev erTma, aranakleb cnobilma istorikosma da istoriis filosofosma, ingliselma robin jorj kolingvudma ki ase ganavrco mark blokis ganmarteba: `istoria, anu adamianis qmedebani warsulSi, esaa mxolod gonier
istoriis mecniereba
wyaro 1
`Cven araerTxel gviTqvams, rom eris pirqve damxo-
ba, gaTaxsireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca
igi Tavis istorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekar-
geba Tavis warsulisa, Tavisis yofilis cxovre-
bisa...
bevrs ers qveyanazed sulac ara hqonia warsuli, su-
lac ara hqonia istoria, ese igi imisTana cnobieri
cxovreba, romelic gamosaxavs xolme suliers da
xorciels vinaobas erTianis krebulisas, mis mizi-
dulobas, mis azrs da sagans arsebobisas, mis wmi-
daTa-wmidas, da romelica mkis Tavis droebisaT-
vis da amasTanave sTess mermisisaTvis... ulmobeli
kanoni istoriisa amisTana xalxs ver daindobs
exlandels droSi, da sxva ufro Zlieris istoriis
mqone eri daeZgereba Tu ara, Tanac gaitans da Seiwiravs xolme amisTana xalxsa.
Tu eseTi ara, bevri meti aRar aris igi eri, romelsac istoria hqonia da igi isto-
ria dauviwynia; aRarc amisTana ersa aqvs mkvidrad mokidebuli fexi arsebobisTvis
saWidaod... fex-qveSidam gamoclili aqvs is magari miwa, igi tani Tavis vinaobisa,
romelsac istoria SeaduRebs xolme mama-papaTa naRvaw-namoqmedarisgan saSviliS-
vilod fexmosakideblad da mosamagreblad...
romelia simagre Cvenis cxovrebisa da romeli sifuye da sisuste, amas xsnis da gvi-
Targmnis xolme marto istoria...
igia mTxrobeli misi Tu – rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad SesaZloa viyvneT kvlava-
dac~.
ilia
7
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
moqmed pirTa mier Cadenili saqmeebi, gonebiT nakarnaxevi miznebis misaRwevad.~ amrigad, istoriis Seswavlis sagani Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: `istoria swavlobs adamianebis gaazrebul qmedebebs warsulSi~, anu mecniereba istoria Seiswavlis kacobriobis warsuls. amis dazusteba aucilebelia imitom, rom warsuli da Sesabamisad, ganviTarebis istoria aqvT, magaliTad, cxovelebsac da dedamiwasac. magram `zoologiur periodebsa~ Tu `geologiur xanebs~ sul sxva mecnierebebi ikvleven, iseve, rogorc `gonieri adamianis~ gamoCenamde, warsuli araa istoriis mecnierebis sagani. swored amitom, am xanas `preistoriuls~, anu winareistoriuls uwodeben, xolo magaliTad, dmanisSi aRmoCenili `zezvasa da mzias~ adamianebs ki ara – hominidebs.
dReisaTvis istoriis kvleva warsulis kvlevasTanaa gaigivebuli. magram yovelTvis ase rodi iyo. istoriam warsuli kvlevis mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi istoriuli azrisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebasTan erTad SeiZina. Tavdapirvelad, TviT berZnul sityvas – `istoria~ sul sxva mniSvneloba hqonda. Cvenamde moRweuli teqstebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, jer Cndeba ara sityva `istoria~, aramed sityva `istor~ – `istorikosi~. `istorad~ ama Tu im cnobebis Semgrovebeli, Semswavleli, Semfasebeli da mTxrobeli iwodeboda. magaliTad, homerosTan `istori~ momrigebeli mosamarTlea, anu adamiani, vinc usmens mowmeebs, afasebs mtkicebulebebs, gansjis da askvnis sad aris WeSmariteba da sad – sicrue. platonTan ki `istori~ – `gaTviTcnobierebuls~, `mcodnes~ niSnavs. amasTanave, `istoridan~ warmomdgari sityva `istoria~ `Semecnebisa~ da `kvlevis~ mniSvnelobas iZens. swored ase esmis sityva `istoria~ `istoriis mamad~ wodebul herodotesac. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavad herodote sakuTar nawarmoebs `muzebs~ uwodebda.
wyaro 2
`yoveli eri Tavisi istoriiT
suldgmulobs. igia saganZe,
saca eri poulobs... Tvis zne-
obiTs da gonebiTs aRmate-
bulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis
Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT arc
erToba enisa, arc erToba sarw-
munoebisa da gvartomobisa,
ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme
adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc
erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis
Rvawlis damdebi, erTs isto-
riul uRelSi bmuli, erTad
mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa
da lxinSi gamotarebuli –
erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT
Zlieria. Tund droTa brunvas
eri gaeyos, daerRvios, – ma-
gram mainc rRveulTa Soris
idumali SemsWvaleba, idumali
mimzidveloba imodenad sufevs,
rom sayofia xolme erTi rame
SemTxveva, raTa ifeTqos, iWe-
qos daZinebulma istoriam da
erTsulovnebam, erTgulobam
Tavisi Zlieri frTa gaSalos.
am dReSi varT dRes Cvena da os-
maleTis saqarTvelo~.
ilia
wyaro 3
`ilia WavWavaZis Rrma rwmeniT,
yovelma kulturulma erma Ta-
visi warsuli kargad da sruli
SegnebiT unda icodes. qarTve-
lebsac, Tu warmatebuli arse-
boba surdaT, es debuleba unda
kargad hqonodaT Segnebuli~.
iv. javaxiSvili
8
Tavi pir
vel
i
am gadmocemis safuZvelze, Zv.w. III saukuneSi aleqsandrielma `gamomcemlebma~ herodotes naSromi cxra Tavad dahyves, TiToeuls TiTo muzis saxeli miaweres da mas `istoriaTa cxra wigni~ uwodes. magram berZnulromaul kulturaSi `istoria~ sulac ar niSnavda maincadamainc warsulis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tukidide, upirveles yovlisa, mis Tanamedrove movlenebs aRwerda. zustad aseve polibiosic TiTqmis mTlianad mis cxovrebis manZilze momxdar movlenebs gadmocemda. antikuri istoriuli mwerlobis mkvlevrebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom polibiosis `pragmatuli~ istoria mis kvlevis meTods ki ara, `Tanamedrove istorias~ aRniSnavs, anu istorias, romelic mogviTxrobs Tanamedrove ambebs da ara gardasul dReTa Sesaxeb.
antikur avtorTa Soris, istoriis sagnis mimarT maTi damokidebulebis mxriv, erTaderT gamonaklisad SeiZleba ciceroni (Zv.w. 10643) miviCnioT misi erTi SeniSvnis gamo, rom `istoria exeba saqmeebs, romlebic scildeba Cven dros~. magram igive ciceroni, Tavis erTerT `dialogSi~ ganmartavs, rom kargia, Tu istoriis Txrobas daiwyeb Soreul warsulSi momxdari movlenebiT, radgan isini isea aRwerili, rom verc ki waikiTxav. magram mainc umjobesia gadmosce Tanamedrove movlenebi, romlis Tanamonawilec Tavad xar.
istoriis, rogorc Tanamedrove movlenebis Txrobis gageba, Sua saukuneebSic SenarCunda. Sua saukuneebis evropul qronikebSi ZiriTadad avtoris Tanamedrove movlenebia aRwerili. qronikebis weris kanoni moiTxovda qronistisgan Txrobis miyvanas `mwerlis dromde~. rogorc XII saukunis erTerTi evropeli avtori aRniSnavda, `saeklesio mwerlebi~ (oroziusi, beda pativdebuli da bevri sxva) eswrafodnen `gadaecaT momavali TaobebisTvis maTi Tanamedroveebis saqmeni~.
evropul istoriul mwerlobaSi istoria warsulis kvlevas pirvelad da calsaxad, XVXVI saukuneebSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi daukavSirda. frangma mecnierma Jan bodenma mkafiod ganmarta istoria, `rogorc disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis adamianebis saqmianobas, naTlad aRwerils moTxrobebSi gardasul dReTa Sesaxeb~.
wyaro 4
erT-erTi telearxis
istoriuli gadacemis tixari
wyaro 5
`is to ri is kvle vis mi za ni igi vea
rac [sxva mec ni e re be bis]: ga a um jo-
be sos ada mi a nis mi er ga re mos ga ge ba
da mis ces mas ga re mos aT vi se bis sa-
Su a le ba. is to ri ko sis ro lia, ga-
mo i ye nos war su lis ga ge ba mo ma val-
ze kon tro lis mo sa po veb lad~.
e.h. ka ri (1892-1982), in gli se li is to ri ko si da sa er Ta So ri so
ur Ti er To baT mcod ne
9
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
XVIIXVIII saukuneebis evropaSi istoria mxolod warsulis Semswavleli mecnierebidan isev erTgvar `sazogadoebaTmcondeobamde~ farTovdeba. istorikosebs SeeZloT ekvliaT rogorc warsuli, ise maTi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
XIX saukunis evropaSi iwyeba istoriis profesionalizacia, anu iqmneba istoriis kvlevis mecnieruli meTodi da iwyeba misi meSveobiT istoriis mecnierulad kvleva. amas garda, istoria damoukidebel akademiur dargad yalibdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom evropis skolebsa da universitetebSi iwyeba istoriis, rogorc damoukidebeli sagnis swavleba da am saqmes sagangebod SerCeuli, istoriis dargSi daxelovnebuli maswavlebeli uZRveba. saSualo skolebis (liceumebis) saswavlo programaSi sagani `istoria~ pirvelad napoleon bonapartis dros Seitanes. amrigad, istoriis kvleva da istoriis swavleba profesiad XIX saukuneSi iqca.
droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala arAAa mxolod istoriis raobis gageba, aramed istoriis kvlevis daniSnulebis xedvac. pasuxebi SekiTxvaze, Tu ratom vswavlobT istorias, metad mravalferovania da iSleba ciceronis cnobili gamonaTqvamidan – `istoria cxovrebis maswavlebelia~, r.j. kolingvudis ganmartebamde, rom `istoriis codna aucilebelia TviTSemecne
wyaro 6
`is to ria iwe re ba ara sme nis
sa a meb lad, ara med si mar Tlis
saT qme lad... da sa sar geb loa
maT Tvis, vi sac surs, naT lad
Se ic nos mom xda ri da amiT mo ma-
va lic, ro me lic ada mi a nis bu-
ne bi dan ga mom di na re, ise Ti ve an
msgav si iq ne ba.~
Tu ki di de
(QZv.w. 460-400),
is to ri is erT-erTi didi
ber Ze ni ma ma
wyaro 8
`ma Sin, ro ca bev ri ada mi a ni, gan sa kuT re biT po li ti ko se bi, cdi lo ben mi i Ron gak ve-
Ti li is to ri i sa gan, Ta vad is to ria, ... aC ve nebs, rom mis gak ve Til Ta gan mxo lod Za-
li an co ta Tu iyo swo ri. drom da Tvi Ton is to ri am da am tki ca, rom is mo mav lis me-
tad cu di wi nas war met yve lia. es imi tom, rom is to ria aras dros me or de ba. ada mi an Ta
sa zo ga do e ba Si, is to ri is mTa var sak vlev sfe ro Si, ara fe ri xde ba or jer zus tad
ima ve pi ro beb Si an zus tad ima ve gziT... mo mav lis wi nas war met yve le bis mcde lo ba
yo vel Tvis di di Sec do maa is to ri ko sis mxri dan. cxov re ba... ub ra lod me tad ga dat-
vir Tu lia si ur pri ze biT.~
Ta na med ro ve in gli se li is to ri ko si evan si
wyaro 7
`mar Ta li is to ri is Ses wav li-
dan mo po ve bu li cod na sa u ke-
Te so ga naT le baa praq ti ku li
cxov re bi saT vis.~
ber Ze ni is to ri ko si po li bio si
(Zv.w. 200-118)
1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT gaeciT pasuxi SekiTxvas: ratom vswavlobT istorias?
saSinaodavaleba
wyaro 8
`ic xov reb [fran gi ka ci] er Ti wlis man Zil ze lon don Si da co ta ra mes Tu is wav li
in gli sis Se sa xeb. sa ma gi e rod bevrs ga i geb saf ran geT ze da es imi tom, rom Sen dis-
tan ci re bu li xar [saf ran ge Ti sa gan]. war su li da aw myo er Tma neTs Suqs hfens. ase
rom, is to ria im de nad ve exe ba aw myos, ram de na dac war suls.~
fran gi is to ri ko si bro de li (1902-85),
`ana le bis sko lis~ er T-er Ti fu Zem de be li
bisTvis~. istoriis Seswavlis am ukanasknel mizanze dRes aravin davobs, maT Soris arc Cven, qarTvelebi, vinc ar viviwyebT ilias sityvebs: `istoria... igia mTxrobeli misi, Tu rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad SesaZloa viyvneT kvlavadac~.
10
Tavi pir
vel
i
1. daakvirdiT wyaro 4s. Tqveni azriT, ratom Siqmna erTerTi telearxis istoriuli gadacemis Tvis aseTi tixari. paragrafSi mocemuli wyaroebidan, romels moiSveli eb diT Tqveni pasuxis dasasabuTeblad.
2. daiyaviT sam jgufad. paragrafSi mocemul wyaroebze da istoriasTan `Sexvedris~ pirad gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT:
• erT jgufSi imsjeleT sakiTxze: `istoriis codna aucilebelia awmyos gasagebad~;
• meoreSi: `warsulis codna aucilebelia sakuTari Tavis ukeT Sesacnobad~;
• mesame jgufSi gaerTiandiT pirveli ori jgufis `oponentebi~.
3. jgufSi erToblivad mofiqrebuli da Sejerebuli argumentebis daxmarebiT SeecadeT, uaryoT ori danarCeni jgufis mtkicebebi.
4. yoveli jgufidan airCieT erTi wevri – momxsenebeli, vinc gaacnobs danarCen jgufebsa da maswavlebels jgufuri ganxilvis Sedegebs.
klasSi samuSao
11
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
istoriis qronologia. kalendari2.
drois gazomvis aucilebloba kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze gaCnda. pirvelyofili adamianebi bunebis sxvadasxva movlenis mowmeni iyvnen: dRisa da Ramis, weliwadis droTa monacvleobis, mTvaris formis cvlilebis da sxv. TandaTanobiT adamianebma am cvlilebebSi garkveuli kanonzomierebebi aRmoaCines da daiwyes drois sxvadasxva monakveTis gazomva.
istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva xalxma araerTi kalendari Seqmna, rac warmoadgenda drois xangrZlivi monakveTebis daTvlis sistemas.
damwerlobis Seqmnamde adamianebi dReebs iTvlidnen joxebze pirobiTi niSnebis amotvirfiT an specialur tyavze naskvebis gakeTebiT. amgvarad, adamianebma daingariSes, Tu ramdeni `naskvis~ Semdeg dgeboda, magaliTad, zafxuli. amgvar `naskvebis~ kalendrebs dRemde xmaroben zogierT afrikul tomSi.
wlis dasawyiss sxvadasxvagvarad sazRvravdnen. es yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo ama Tu im xalxis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan momentTan da metad TvalsaCino bunebriv movlenasTan. ZiriTadad es emTxveoda weliwadis romelime drois dasawyiss.
mTvaris kalendari
Zveli drois adamianebma TandaTanobiT yuradReba miaqcies im movlenas, rom mTvare periodulad icvlida formas (savse mTvare, naxevarmTvare da a.S.). mTvaris formis am cvlilebebs ewodeba mTvaris fazebi. or erTnair fazas Soris dro Tavdapirvelad ganisazRvreboda 30 dRiT (sinamdvileSi, es dro daaxl. 29,5 dRes moicavs). amgvarad Seiqmna dReRameze ufro didi drois monakveTi – mTvaris Tve. mTvaris weliwadi Cveulebriv 354 dRisgan Sedgeba.
mTvaris fazebi
12
Tavi pir
vel
i
mTvaris kalendari gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel CineTSi, indoeTSi, babilonSi. mTvaris kalendari dResac moqmedebs aRmosavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi.
mTvaris moZraobasTan dakavSirebulia drois gazomvis sxva erTeulic – SviddRiani kvira. amgvar kviras ukve iyenebdnen Zveli Cinelebi, babilonelebi da sxvebi.
mzis kalendari
rodesac adamianebi binadar cxovrebaze gadavidnen, gaCnda Tesvisa da mosavlis aRebis drois gansazRvris aucilebloba. es vadebi dakavSirebuli iyo wlis droebis cvlilebasTan da mzis moZraobasTan. wlis droebis dadgomis gansazRvris aucileblobam gamoiwvia mzis pirveli kalendrebis Seqmna. dro ukve ganisazRvra Tveze ufro xangrZlivi monakveTiT – weliwadiT.
daaxloebiT 7 aTasi wlis win egviptelebma SeamCnies, rom yovelwliurad daaxloebiT axali wlis dawyebis win, romelic nilosis adidebiT iwyeboda, mzis amosvlas win uswrebda cis yvelaze kaSkaSa varvskvlavis – siriusis (egvipturad soTisis) gamoCena. nilosis adidebas egviptelTaTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan masze iyo damokidebuli mosavali.
siriusze dakvirvebis meSveobiT, egviptelebma sakmaod zustad gansazRvres wlis xangrZlivoba – 365 dRe da 6 saaTi. wlis am xangrZlivobaze gaTvlili kalendriT nilosis yovelwliuri adideba yovelTvis erT dros – Cveneburad 19 ivliss iwyeboda.
mzis ciklebis mixedviT dadgenili maTi kalendaruli weli ki 365 dRes Seadgenda (30x12+5, Tormeti 30dRiani Tve da xuTi damatebiTi dRe). 6 saaTiani gansxvaveba iwvevda oTx weliwadSi erTdRian cdomilebas, 120 weliwadSi – erTTvians, xolo 1460 weliwadSi – erTwlians.
qurumebi sagangebod iniSnavdnen da didi zeimiT aRniSnavdnen im movlenas, rodesac axali weli (mzis kalendris pirveli dRe) nilosis yovelwliuri wyaldidobis dawyebas (Cveneburad19 ivliss) emTxveoda da am dRis dilas soTisi da mze erTad gamoCndebodnen caze, rac 1460 weliwadSi erTxel xdeboda. periodis sigrZis gamo es dakvirvebebi Zalze mniSvnelovania Zveli TariRebis Tanamedrove, „absolutur“ sistemaze gadmosayvanad.
romauli kalendari
romulusis, romis legendaruli damaarseblis (Zv.w. VIII s.) dros romaelebi iyenebdnen kalendars, romliTac weliwadi 10 Tved iyofoda. Tavdapirvelad, Tveebs saxelebi ar hqonda da rigiTi nomrebiT aRiniSneboda. romulusis dros ki SemoiRes Tveebis saxelwodebebi. magaliTad, weliwadis pirvel Tves ewoda martiusi – omis RmerTis, marsis sapativcemulod; meore Tves daerqva aprilisi. es saxeli momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan aperire, rac niSnavs `gaxsnas~ – swored am TveSi ixsneboda xeebze kvirtebi. mesame Tve mieZRvna qalRmerT maias, RmerT merkuris dedas, xolo meoTxe – iunonas, RmerT iupiteris meuRles. amgvarad Seiqmna martis, aprilis, maisisa da ivnisis saxelebi.
13
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
Zv.w. VII sSi, romis meore legendaruli mefis numa pompiliusis dros gatarda kalendris reforma da mas ori Tve daemata: ianvari – orsaxovani RmerTis ianusis sapativcemulod (misi erTi saxe win imzireboda, xolo meore – ukan; amdenad, is momavalsac Wvretda da warsulsac). meore Tvis, Tebervlis saxeli warmodgeboda laTinuri sityvidan februarius, rac niSnavs `ganwmendas~ da dakavSirebuli iyo am TveSi ganwmendis ritualis CatarebasTan.
romauli kalendari 355 dRisagan Sedgeboda. aTdRiani cdomilebis aRmosafxvrelad 2 weliwadSi erTxel umatebdnen damatebiT Tves. Tumca es Tvec xan 22 dRiT, xan 23 dRiT ganisazRvreboda. am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, romauli kalendari mainc arazusti iyo. damatebiTi Tvis xangrZlivobis gansazRvris ufleba mxolod qurumebs hqondaT, romlebic xSirad TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad iyenebdnen am uflebas.
iulius keisris kalendari
romauli kalendris uzustobani sul ufro did sirTuleebs qmnida da mowesrigebas saWiroebda. Zv.w. 46 wels iulius keisris mier ganxorcielda kalendris reforma. misi davalebiT, astronomma sozigene aleqsandrielma axali kalendari Seqmna Zvelegviptur kalendarze dayrdnobiT. man gamoiTvala, rom weliwadi Sedgeboda 365 dRisa da 6 saaTisagan. weliwadi 12 Tviani darCa da ganisazRvra 365 dRiT, oTx weliwadSi erTxel weliwads erTi dRe emateboda. amgvarad Seiqmna iuliusis kalendari.
weliwadis pirvel Tved miiCnies ianvari, radgan wina saukunenaxevris manZilze romaeli konsulebi swored pirvel ianvars ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas.
kalendris reformisaTvis madlierebis niSnad da samxedro damsaxurebebis gamo, romis senatma, mxedarTmTavar markus antoniusis winadadebiT, mexuTe Tves uwoda ivlisi (warmodgeba iuliusidan).
325 wels nikeas saeklesio krebaze iuliusis kalendari `samaradJamod~ miiRes, da gazafxulis buniobis (dRisa da RAamis xangrZlivobis damTxveva)TariRad 21 marti aRiares – es aucilebeli iyo qristianuli aRdgomis dResaswaulis drois gansazRvrisaTvis (gazafxulis buniobis Semdeg pirveli axalmTvareobis momdevno kvira dRe).
iuliusis kalendari sakmaod martivi da zusti iyo, magram mainc hqonda erTi mniSvnelovani nakli. is zust, e.w. tropikul wels (dedamiwis mzis garSemo mimoqcevis periodi) 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT aRemateboda. amgvarad, 128 wlis manZilze cdomileba erT dRes aRwevda. adamianebma TandaTanobiT SeamCnies, rom gazafxulis bunioba 21 martidan ukan iwevda – modioda 20, 19 da a.S. martze.
grigorianuli kalendari
XVI saukuneSi am cdomilebam ukve aTi dRe Seadgina. mis gamosasworeblad romis papma grigol XIIIm specialuri komisia Seqmna, romelmac moiwona eqimisa da astronomis aloizius lilios proeqti. amgvarad, papis brZanebiT, 1582 wlis 4 oqtombris Semdeg ara 5, aramed 15 oqtomberi dadga. ganisazRvra aseve, rom momavalSi cdomilebis Tavidan asacileblad yovel oTx weliwadSi Tebervals
14
Tavi pir
vel
i
unda damateboda erTi dRe (es weliwadi nakian wlad iwodeba).
am axal, gacilebiT ufro zust kalendars papis saxelis mixedviT, grigorianuli kalendari ewoda. grigorianuli kalendari dRes TiTqmis yvelgan miRebulia, Tumca misi damkvidrebis procesi sakmaod rTuli gamodga da saukuneebi dasWirda. magaliTad, protestantebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic romis paps ukavSirdeboda. inglisSi grigorianuli kalendari 1751 wels miiRes oficialurad. saqarTveloSi ki grigorianuli kalendari 1918 wels SemoiRes. zogierTi eklesia, maT Soris qarTuli marTlmadidebluri, DdResac sargeb lobs iuliusis kalendriT (e.w. `Zveli stiliT~).
hijris kalendari. omar xaiamis
kalendari
axlo aRmosavleTis islamur qveynebSi gavrcelebulia e.w. hijris kalendari, romelic mTvaris kalendars warmoadgens. kalendarma saxelwodeba miiRo islamis
wyaro 1
nawyveti daniel defos roma-
nidan `robinzon kruzo~:
`Cemi gamoTvlebiT, am kunZul-
ze 1659 wlis 30 seqtembers
aRmovCndi. mxolod 14 dRis Se-
mdeg momivida TavSi azri, rom
kalendari unda Semeqmna, raTa
ar amreoda dReebisa da Tvee-
bis Tanmimdevroba da gamerCia
kviradRe samuSao dReebisagan.
ramdenadac arc qaRaldi, arc
melani da arc kalami ar mqonda,
movifiqre im saxiT Semedgina
kalendari, rogoriTac manamde
arasodes gamoyenebula. miwaSi
Cavfali boZi da mis zeda bo-
los, jvriseburad mivaWede
mog rZo oTxkuTxa dafa, romel-
zec didi asoebiT amovtvirfe:
aq napirze gadmovida
robinzon kruzo
1659 wlis 30 seqtemberi.
dafaze yoveldRiurad daniT
vkawravdi xazs. meSvide xazi
danarCenebze orjer ufro gr-
Zeli iyo da kviradRes aRniS-
navda. amgvaradve yoveli Tvis
pirveli dRe kidev ufro didi
xaziT aRiniSneboda.~
romis papi grigol XIII
15
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
mociqul muhamadis qalaq meqadan medinaSi gadasaxlebidan anu `hijradan~.hijra ganxorcielda ax.w. 622 wels da swored es weli miiCneva muslimuri kalendris pirvel wlad. hijris kalendari 360 dRisagan Sedgeba da didwilad religiur xasiaTs atarebs. dREes axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi hijris kalendari gamoiyeneba religiuri dResaswaulebis, saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebisa Tu oficialuri dokumentebis dasaTariReblad.
arsebobs specialuri formulebi hijris kalendaruli wlis grigorianul kalendarze gadasayvanad. amasTan erTad, axlo aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili iyo mzis kalendrebic. magaliTad iranSi, arabTa dapyrobebamde da islamis gavrcelebamde sargeblobdnen sakmaod zusti mzis kalendriT. mTvaris kalendari, mzis kalendrisagan gansxvavebiT, sasoflosameurneo samuSaoebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo. am mizeziT, imave iranSi, TurqselCukTa batonobis xanaSi, XI saukunis miwuruls Seiqmna sakmaod zusti, rTul gamoTvlebze damyarebuli mzis kalendari. gadmocemiT, sultanma jalal addin maliqSahma specialuri komisia Seqmna mzis zusti kalendris Sesaqmnelad. am komisias ki saTaveSi gamoCenili poeti da astronomi omar xaiami edga. aqedan gamomdinare, am dros iranSi Seqmnil mzis kalendars omar xaimis kalendars, aseve `jalalis~ an `maleqis~ kalendars uwodeben. mzis kalendari mogvianebiT Seiqmna osmaleTis imperiaSiac.
mTvare-mzis kalendari. maias kalendari.
safrangeTis revoluciis kalendari.
mTvarisa da mzis kalendris garda, arsebobs e.w. mTvaremzis kalendaric, romelic gamoiyeneba iudevlur religiaSi da misi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa religiuri dResaswaulebis TariRebis zusti gamoTvla. es kalendari sakmaod rTulia, Sedgeba `mTvaris~ 12 Tvisagan (2930 DdRiani), magram mzis moZraobis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis periodulad CarTulia `nakiani wlebi~ (384386 dRe). amgvari rTuli gaTvlebiT, yoveli Tvis pirveli dRe TiTqmis zustad emTxveva axalmTvareobas.
amerikis kontinentze evropelebis gamoCenamde maias tomi da aseve sxva xalxebic sargeblobdnen sakmaod rTuli da evropulebisagan gansxvavebuli kalendrebiT.
arsebobda revoluciuri kalendrebic. magaliTad, safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros (17891799), uaryves revolucionerTa TvalsazrisiT `qristiani samRvdeloebis crurwmenebze damyarebuli dromoWmuli kalendari~ da daamkvidres revoluciuri, axali kalendari, romelic 12 Tvisgan Sedgeboda, magram kvireebis nacvlad, SemoRebuli iyo dekadebi (aTdRiani kvira). am kalendarma 13 weli (17921805) iarseba.
wyaro 2
`romaeli mxedarTmTavrebi yovelTvis imarjvebdnen, magram arasodes icodnen, Tu
romel dRes moxda es~.
frangi ganmanaTlebeli volteri
16
Tavi pir
vel
i
maias tomis kalendari
imperator avgustusis reforma.
iuliusis sakalendro reformis gatarebis Semdeg, qurumTa umaRlesi kolegiis we-
vrebs — pontifikebs daevalaT drois aTvlis sisworis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, maT ver
gaiges sozigenes reformis arsi da damatebiTi dReebis Casma daiwyes ara yovel meoTxe
weliwads, aramed yovel mesame wels. am Secdomis Sedegad, kalendari isev airia.
Secdoma aRmoaCines mxolod ax.w. 8 wels, imperator avgustusis dros, romelmac axa-
li reforma Caatara da Seecada gamoesworebina mdgomareoba. misi brZanebiT, Zv.w. 8
wlidan ax.w. 8 wlamde gamotoves yvela damatebuli dRe nakian wlebSi.
im xanebSive senatma miiRo gadawyvetileba meeqvse TvisaTvis ewodebina agvisto, im-
perator avgustusis sapativcemulod da am TveSi mis mier mopovebuli samxedro ga-
marjvebebis ukvdavsayofad.
damatebiTicnoba
hijris kalendris sirTuleebi
mTvaris Tve 29,5 dRisgan Sedgeba, magram saqme is aris, rom es cifri miaxloebiTia.
jer kidev IX-X saukuneebSi arabma astronomebma daadgines, rom mTvaris kalendari
saSualod utoldeba 29,53059 DdRes. amis gamo mTvaris kalendris 12 TveSi ara 354
dRe, aramed 29,53059 x 12 = 354,3671 dRea. swored es wiladi (0,3671) warmoadgens
uzustobebis mTavar mizezs kalendarul gaTvlebSi.
islamis Semqnelma muhamadma daakanona muslimuri hijris kalendari, romlis mixed-
viTac yoveli Tve aucileblad unda daiwyos axalmTvareobiT.
magram rogor unda Sesruldes es moTxovna? mTvaris fazebi xom yovelwliurad
0,3671 dRiT inacvlebs. 10 weliwadSi ki ukve 3,6 dRe grovdeba da axalmTvareoba
ukve aRar daemTxveva Tvis pirvel dRes. am winaaRmdegobis gadasalaxavad muslimma
astronomebs periodulad mzis kalendris nakiani weliwadis msgavsi cvlilebebi
SehqondaT mTvaris kalendarSi. magram am gasworebebis miuxedavad, hijris kalen-
dris konkretuli TariRis grigorianul kalendarze gadatana specialuri formu-
lebiT mainc mxolod daaxloebiTaa SesaZlebeli da sizustis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri cxrilebi.
1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos robinzon kruzos `ka len-dari~`aRmoCenad~?
2. teqstisa da Sesabamisi damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT imsjeleT mTvaris ka-lendris naklova nebebze.
3. imsjeleT Tveebis saxelebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. romeli Tveebis saxe-lebi ukavSirdeba realurad arsebul istoriul pirebs?
4. teqstis, wyaro 2-isa da Sesabamisi damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT imsjeleT romauli kalendris naklovanebebze. ra safuZveli hqonda volters romae-li mxedarTmTavrebis damcinavad moxseniebi saTvis.
5. ra mniSvneloba hqonda qristianebisTvis gazafxulis buniobis zusti drois dadgenas?
6. romel kalendrebs SeiZleba vuwodoT religiuri da antireligiuri? isau-breT am kalendrebis Sesaxeb.
klasSi samuSao
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
17
damatebiTicnoba
18
Tavi pir
vel
i
welTaRricxvis sistemebi3.
drois calkeul monakveTebad dayofasa da kalendris SeqmnasTan erTad dadga sakiTxi, Tu saidan unda dawyebuli drois aTvla, ras unda dafuZneboda welTaRricxvis sistema.
era
Zvel romSi SEeiqmna welTaRricxvis aTvlis saxelwodeba – era (aera – niSnavs sawyis cifrs, aTvlis wertils. Tumca arsebobs am terminis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxva mosazrebac – is warmoadgens abreviaturas winadadebisa ab exordio regni Augusti, anu `dasabamidan avgustusis gamefebisa~ (Zv.w. 30 wlis 29 agvisto).
Zveli istoriis manZilze, welTaRricxvis dasawyebad sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani TariRi aiReboda. aseTi iyo magaliTad, babilonuri era, romelic iwyeboda mefe nabonasaris mefobiT (Zv.w. 747 weli). Zveli berZnebi welTaRricxvas iwyebdnen pirveli olimpiadis Catarebis wlidan (Zv.w. 776). welTaRricxvis es wesi SemoiRes Zv.w. daaxl. 264 wels da gamoiyeneboda ax.w. 394 wlamde. romaelebi ki aTvlis wertilad miiCnevdnen qalaqis daarsebis TariRs – 753 wels. sxvadasxva dinastia welTaRricxvas iwyebda Tavisi gamefebis drodan (magaliTad, selevkianebi – Zv.w. 312 wlidan, arSakianebi – Zv.w. 248 wlidan – arSakianTa era). ax. w. 284 wlidan iwyeboda romaeli imperatoris diokletianes era (es misi gamefebis weli iyo). diokletianes, era, qristianebisaTvis `mowameTa xana~ gaxda, vinaidan es romaeli immperatori daundoblad devnida qristianebs.
samyaros Seqmna. miniatura XIII
saukunis xelnaweridandionise mcire
19
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi qristianebisaTvis mTeli sicxadiT warmodga welTaRricxvis zusti aTvlis mniSvneloba, vinaidan sxvadasxva aTvlis wertili did sirTuleebs qmnida da cdomilebas iwvevda. saWiro iyo iseTi aTvlis wertilis gamoZebna, romelic qristianuli samyarosaTvis misaRebi gaxdeboda.
525 wels, anu diokletianes eris 241 wels, romaeli mRvdelmsaxuri dionise mcire (470544) Seudga `aRdgomebis~ specialuri cxrilebis Sedgenas, raTa gansazRvruli yofiliyo aRdgomebis TariRebi momavalSic. mas aTvla unda daewyo 248 wlidan.
ramdenadac imperatori diokletiane qristianTa dauZinebeli mteri iyo, dionise mcirem uari Tqva aTvlis wertilad misi imperatoris taxtze asvlis weli aeRo. saxarebis monacemebiTa da astronomiuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, dionise mcirem gamoiTvala ieso qristes dabadebis TariRi – 525 weli mis mier cxrilis Sedgenidan, 284 weli diokletianes gamefebidan da 753 weli romis daarsebidan. amgvarad safuZveli Caeyara qristianul welTaRricxvas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos – gviandeli gaTvlebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom qriste axali welTaRricxvis dawyebamde ramdenime wliT adre unda dabadebuliyo). amgvarad damkvidra qristes DESobamde da qristes Sobis Semdeg periodebis dayofa.
qristes Sobamde periodis aRsaniSnavad qarTulad ixmareba, rogorc `qristes Sobamde (qr.S.mde), Cven welTaRricxvamde (Cv.w.mde) an Zveli welTaRricxviT (Zv.w.). qristes Sobis Semdeg – Sesabamisad qristes Sobidan (qr.S.dan), Cveni welTaRricxviT (Cv.w.) da axali welTaRricxviT (ax.w.) (saxelmZRvaneloSi Cven vamjobineT am ukanasknelis gamoyeneba). inglisurad qristes Sobamde periodis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba abreviatura B.C. (Before Christ – qristemde), qristeSobis Semdeg ki A.D. (Anno domini – uflis weli (laT.)), aseve dRes sul ufro xSirad ixmareba C.E. (Common Era – saerTo era). es ukanaskneli im mizeziT damkvidra, rom qristianuli welTaRricxva gamoiyeneba ara mxolod qristiani xalxebis, aramed praqtikulad mTeli msoflios mier.
wyaro 1
ramdenadac Zvel saberZneTSi ar arsebobda welTaRricxvis erTiani sistema, isto-
rikosisaTvis, rodesac mas uxdeboda ama Tu im mniSvnelovani movlenis gaSuqeba,
sasurveli iyo is daeTariRebina ramdenime sistemiT: sparseTis mefis, sparteli
eforebis (mefis TanammarTvelebis), aTenis arqontis (mmarTvelis) da a.S mmarTve-
lobis wliT. amis magaliTia nawyveti Tukidides (Zv.w. V s.) Txzulebidan, sadac mo-
tanilia misi `istoriis~ sakvanZo momentis, peloponesis omis dasawyisis (Zv.w. 431
w.) rogorc miaxloebiTi, ise zusti daTariReba:
`14 wlis manZilze grZeldeboda 30 wliani zavi, romelic daido evbeas dapyrobis
Semdeg. meTxuTmete wels ki, rac iyo argosSi qrisidas qurumobis ormocdamerve weli,
maSin roca enesiosi efori iyo spartaSi, piTodorioss ki arqontobis oTxi Tve rCe-
boda aTenSi, potideas brZolidan meTeqvsmete Tves, gazafxulis dasawyisSi TebelTa
SeiaraRebuli razmi, Ramis Zilis dasawyisSi, SeiWra beotiis qalaq plateaSi...~
20
Tavi pir
vel
i
qoronikoni
dionise mcirem Tavisi aTvlebis safuZvlad aiRo 532 wliani cikli (`moqceva~), romelsac ewoda qoronikoni anu didi indiqtioni.
532 wliani cikli did rols asrulebda qristianobis istoriaSi. is gamodis ricxvebis 19isa da 28is gamravlebiT (19x28=532). ricxvi 19 cnobilia `mTvaris wris~ saxelwodebiT – saqme is aris, rom yovel 19 weliwadSi erTxel mTvaris erTi da igive faza konkretuli Tvis konkretul dReze modis. magaliTad, savsemTvareoba iyo 1981 wlis 15 agvistos da is ganmeorda zustad 19 wlis Semdeg – 2000 wlis 15 agvistos. cifri 28 ki ukve `mzis wred~ iwodeba. am SemTxvevaSi yovel 28 weliwadSi erTxel konkretuli Tvis dReebi emTxveva Sesabamisi kviris dReebs. mag., 1962 wlis 9 noemberic da 2000 wlis 8 noemberic paraskevi iyo.
amgvarad, yovel 532 weliwadSi Tveebis erTi da imave ricxvebis Sesabamisia kviraTa dReebi da aseve mTvaris fazebi. qronikonis sistemis mizani ki warmodga aRdgomisa da sxva `moZravi~ religiuri dResaswaulebis winaswari gaTvlis aucileblobidan. magaliTad, Tu 2004 wels aRdgoma 29 marts iyo (Zveli stiliT), imave 29 marts unda yofiliyo aRdgoma 532 wliT adre, 1472 wels da a.S.
pirvelad termini `qristes Sobidan~ saeklesio dokumentebSi moxseniebulia 742 wels. XV saukunidan ki papis yvela dokumenti swored `qristes Sobidan~ TariRdeboda.
saqarTveloSi qoronikoni vrceldeba VIII saukunidan. erad, kacobriobis istoriis dasawyisad miCneuli iyo 5604 weli, romelic emyareboda zemoT naxseneb 532 ciklad (`moqcevad~) dayofas. mag., XIII `moqcevis~ TariRi gaxda 781 weli.
hijra
welTaRricxvis gansxvavebuli sistema Seiqmna axlo aRmosavleTSi islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg. welTaRricxvis sawyis wertilad miCneul iqna mociqul muhamadis gadasvla qalaq meqidan qalaq medinaSi, anu hijra. es gadasvla moxda 622 wels. hijris welTaRricxva oficialurad damkvidrda xalifa omaris dros, 638 wels. hijris welTaRricxva kargad iyo cnobili da gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi. qarTveli mefeebis monetebze (mag., Tamarisa da laSagiorgis) qoronikonis mixedviT TariRTan erTad, datanilia hijris welTaRricxvis welic.
wyaro 2
konstantinopolis patriarqis (fotius I didi, IX s.) cnoba olimpiadebis qro-
nologiis Sesaxeb:
`traqtati iwyeba pirveli olimpiadidan. radganac, rogorc amas yvela avtori
aRiarebs, ar arsebobs sruli da zusti mowmobebi manamdeli periodebis Sesaxeb, mag-
ram sxvadasxva avtori gansxvavebul cnobebs iZlevian, isinic ki, vinc ndobas iwvevs,
sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba~.
1. SeadareT erTmaneTs Zveli welTaricxvebis aTvlis wertilebi. isaubreT TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb.
2. teqstis da wyaroebis (1,2) mixedviT imsjeleT drois ZvelberZnul aTvlis sistemebze. ra sirTuleebi arsebobda am mxriv? ratom ar iyenebs Tukidide olimpiadebze dafuZnebul welTaRricxvis sistemas.
3. ra mizans isaxavda dionise mcire?
4. ras warmoadgens 532 wliani `moqceva~?
5. SeecadeT axsnaT, Tu ratom damkvidrda ukanasknel xanebSi inglisuri gamo-Tqma Common Era (saerTo era)?
6. Tqveni azriT, ratom gaCnda qarTul monetebze TariRebi hijris welTa-Rricxvis mixedviT?
klasSi samuSao
Tamaris moneta
wyaro 3
VIII s-Si pirvelma ingliselma istorikosma beda pativdebulma iulius keisris
britaneTSi SeWras daaTariRa 60 wliT qriste Sobamde da 693 wliT romis daarse-
bidan. amiT man SesabamisobaSi miiyvana qristianuli da romauli welTaRricxvebi.
j. barou. `istoriebis istoria~
21
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
22
Tavi pir
vel
i
sxvadasxva tipis sistematizacia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. igi aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania samecniero saqmianobaSic. istorikosisaTvis sistematizaciis erTerTi yvelaze axlobeli formaa periodizacia – drois iseTi monakveTebis gamoyofa, romelTac esa Tu is niSanTviseba gansazRvravs da, xSirad, saxelsac aZlevs. aseTi dayofa pirobiTia da mniSvnelovanwilad mkvlevris survilze da naSromis mizandasaxulebazea damokidebuli. magram xSirad periodizaciis principebs TviT masalis Taviseburebebi gvkarnaxobs. ase magaliTad, romis istoria ZiriTadad saxelmwifos istoriaa, saberZneTis – misi kulturisa, xolo israelis – saerTo religiuri mrwamsiT gaerTianebuli xalxisa. Sesabamisad, romauli istoriis periodizacia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebs emyareba, berZnuli – kulturul movlenebs, xolo ebrauli – eris Tavgadasavlis calkeul peripetiebs. ukanaskneli saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibda msoflio istoriis sam (an oTx) ZiriTad periodad dayofis tradicia. es periodebia:
Zveli, Sua, axali da uaxlesi. `Zveli istoria~ moicavs ramdenime aTaswleuls Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis miwuruls egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi civilizaciis gaCenidan romis dacemamde, `Sua~ anu `Sua saukuneebis istoria~ – aTaswlovan periods romis
r dilmuni – bibliuri samoTxis Sesabamisi adgili Sumeru li miTologiis Tanaxmad. SesaZloa, kunZuli, sadac adamiani uzrunvelad cxovrobda. aq iyo Sumeruli warRvnis gmiris, uTnafiSTimis sacxovrisi, romelic ukvdavebis maZiebelma gilgameSma moinaxula.
r elisiumi – elisiumis veli, berZnul miTologiaSi Sumeruli dilmunisa da bibliuri samoTxis Sesatyvisi. zogi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavisi siqveliT gamorCeuli adamianebis sulebi swored aq xvdebodnen hadesis (jojoxeTis) nacvlad.
r qronosi – berZnul miTologiaSi: titani, uranosisa (ci sa) da geas (dedamiwis) Svi li, zevsis mama (romaul mi To logiaSi mas Seesabameba saturni).
r hadesi – berZnul miToligiaSi miwisqveSa samefos mbrZa nebeli, sadac gardacvlilTa sulebicxovroben.
leqsikoni
dacemidan konstantinopolis dacemamde da amerikis aRmoCename, `axali istoria~ evropis ekonomikur da politikur aRmasvlasa da msoflioSi evropelTa hegemonobas ukavSirdeba. `uaxlesi istoria~ Taviseburi periodia – drois monakveTi ukanaskneli umniSvnelovanesi movlenidan dRemde. dasavlur istoriul mwerlobaSi `uaxlesi istoria~ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, magram ZiriTadad XX saukunesa da Tanamedrove movlenebTan mimarTebaSi. sul cota xnis win ki gGaCnda axali termini – `dRevandelobis istoria~. sabWoTa kavSirSi
istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan.
periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistema 4.
23
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
uaxlesi istoria `oqtombris socialisturi revoluciiT~ (1917 w.) iwyeboda, CvenTvis ki, SesaZlebelia, uaxlesi istoriis 1991 wliT dawyeba – maSin daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri da saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova.
es periodizacia evropelis TvaliT danaxul msoflio istorias Seesabameba, rac arcaa gasakviri. dRevandeli mecnierebebi xom ZiriTadad axali drois evropaSi Camoyalibda. qarTvelisTvisac amgvari periodizacia savsebiT misaRebia, radgan saqarTvelo mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur samyarosTan: geografiuli siaxlove, saerTo rwmena – qristianoba da zogierTi saerTo ambavi istoriuli Tavgadasavlisa.
istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan
Zvel samyaroSi kacobriobis istoria da misi periodizacia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis miTebTan.
Sumeruli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, adamiani Tavdapirvelad udardelad da bednierad cxovrobda dilmunSi, sadac uzenaesi RmerTi enlili mefobda.
Semdeg iwyeba `mefoba~, anu `istoriuli~ xana, romelsac warRvna orad hyofs.bevr sxva religiaSic kacobriobisaTvis misi arsebobis pirveli periodi
iyo yvelaze tkbili. bibliis Tanaxmad, adami da eva Tavdapirvelad samoTxeSi cxovrobdnen, vedur anu Zveli hindus (indoeTis) kulturaSi istoriuli ciklebi iwyeboda `oqros xaniT~, romlis aRweriloba Sumerul dilmunsa da miwier samoTxes hgavs. mas mosdevda vercxlis, spilenZisa DAda rkinis xanaAA, Semdeg ki axali cikli iwyeboda. aRmosavleTidan unda moxvedriliyo msgavsi warmodgena berZnul tradiciaSi.
berZeni poeti hesiode (Zv.w. VIIIVII ss.) Tavis poemaSi `samuSaoni da dReni~ amgvar periodizacias gvTavazobs:
oqros xana – qronosis batonobis xanaa, rodesac adamianebi RmerTebTan erTac cxovrobdnen, maT Soris ki mSvidoba da harmonia sufevda. adamianebi dRegrZelni da janmrTelni iyvnen, xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze inarCunebdnen axalgazrdul SemarTebasa da xaliss, sikvdilis Semdeg ki maTi sulebi `damcvelebad~, `mfarvelebad~ iqceodnen.
vercxlis xana – es da Semdgomi epoqebi zevsis batonobisa da adamianis TandaTanobiTi degradaciis xanaa. adamiani asi weli dedis mfarvelobisa da batonobis qveS izrdeboda, Semdeg ki xanmokle damoukidebel sicocxles sxvebTan ancobasa da CxubSi atarebda. is aRar eTayvaneboda RmerTebs, ris gamoc zevsma adamianTa es Taoba mospo. maTi sulebi miwisqveSeTis `dalocvil sulebad~ iqcnen.
brinjaos xana – am dros brinjaos iaraRi batonobs da adamianis ZiriTadi saqme omia. adamiani sakuTari bneli saqmeebis msxverpli gaxda – zevsma es Taoba e.w. devkalionis warRvniT mospo. maTi sulebi usaxelod gadaeSvnen hadesis ukunSi.
gmirTa xana – es erTaderTi periodia, romelsac ar Seesabameba liToni da romelic ar aris winamorbedze uaresi. am dros adamianebs Soris naxevradRmerTebi da gmirebi cxovroben. am gmirebma dalaSqres Tebe, kolxeTi, troa, maTi sulebi ki elisiumSi wavidnen.
24
Tavi pir
vel
i
periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistema
ukve Sumerul `mefeTa siaSi~ vxvdebiT istoriis dayofas im mefeTa jgufis mixedviT, romlebic erTmaneTis miyolebiT marTavdnen ama Tu im qalaqs. msgavsi principi gamoiyeneboda egvipteSic. e.w. turinis papirusSi faraonebi garkveuli niSniT arian dajgufebulni. egvipturi tradiciis gamgrZelebeli iyo elinisturi egviptis samefo karze moRvawe qurumi maneToni (Zv.w. III s.), romelmac berZnulad dawera egviptis istoria da faraonTa am jgufebs dinastiebi uwoda.
wyaro 1
Sumeruli `mefeTa siidan~:
`mefoba cidan rom Camovida, eriduSi iyo mefoba. eriduSi alulimi iyo mefe, 28800
wels mefobda, alalgari 36 000 wels mefobda. 2 mefe 64800 wels mefobda. eridus
vtovebT. mefoba bad-TibiraSi gadavida. bad-TibiraSi enmenluana 43 200 wels me-
fobda, enmengalana 28 800 wels mefobda. sami mefe 108 100 wels mefobda. bad-Tibi-
ras vtovebT. misi mefoba laraqSi gadavida. laraqSi ensifaziana iyo, 28 800 wels
mefobda. 1 mefe Tavis 28 800 wels mefobda. laraqs vtovebT. misi mefoba sifarSi
gadavida. sifarSi enmendurana iyo mefed, 21 000 wels mefobda. sifars vtoveb. misi
mefoba SurufaqSi gadavida. SurufaqSi ubarTuTu iyo mefed, 18 600 wels mefobda. 1
mefe Tavis 18 600 wels mefobda. 8 mefe 241 200 wels mefobda. warRvnam waleka. warR-
vnis Semdeg mefoba cidan Camovida da qiSSi iyo mefoba...~.
rkinis xana – es hesiodesa da Cveni Tanamedrove xanaa. qveyana savsea codviTa da ubedurebiT, Zala simarTles Cagravs, Svili mSobels aRar scems pativs, Zma Zmas ebrZvis, maspinZels stumari aRar axarebs, yvela tyuis da daikarga sircxvili, RmerTebma sabolood daswyevles adamiani.
romaeli poetis, ovidiusis `metamorfozebSi~ (I s.) igive gadmocemaa asaxuli, oRond gamotovebulia `gmirTa xana~, rac Txrobas ufro logikursa da uimedos xdis – praqtikuli warmatebebi da codna sul ufro aSorebs adamians bednierebasa da sikeTes.
oqros xanaSi samarTali da mSvidoba sufevs. adamianisaTvis ucxoa xelovneba da naosnoba. vercxlis xanaSi iupiteri awesebs weliwadis droebs, adamiani swavlobs xelovnebas, miwismoqmedebasa da arqiteqturas. brinjaos xanaSi adamiani omobda, magram ar iyo umowyalo. da bolos, rkinis xanaSi, adamianma gaavlo sazRvrebi xalxebs Soris, daxvewa vaWrobis, naosnobis, xelosnobis, omis xelovneba, samagierod sabolood dakarga samarTali da sikeTe.
am gadmocemebidan iRebs saTaves gamoTqma `oqros xana~, romelic dRes ama Tu im qveynis politikuri Tu kulturuli istoriis yvelaze warmatebul periods aRniSnavs.
25
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
egviptis elinisturi dinastiis STamomavali iyo antikurobis erTerTi yvelaze saxelovani mecnieri, astronomi da geografi klavdius ptolemaiosi (daaxl. 90160).
mis saxels miewereba e.w. `ptolemaiosis kanoni~, mefeTa nusxa, sadac mefeTa mmarTvelobis wlebia aRniSnuli. dokumentis Sedgenis mizani astronomiul dakvirvebaTa daTariRebis gaadvileba iyo, Zvelad xom ar arsebobda dRevandelis msgavsi universaluri welTaRricxvis sistema.
istorikosisaTvis es nusxa Zalze sainteresoa imitom, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZleba dazustdes Zv.w. I aTaswleulis wamyvan saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelebis zeobis wlebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT ConCxi im drois msoflio istoriis qronologiisaTvis.
sainteresoa agreTve is faqti, rom klavdios ptolemaiosi faqtobrivad gvTavazobs misTvis cnobili istoriis periodizacias im saxelmwifoebis dinastiaTa mixedviT, romlebsac metnaklebi pretenzia SeiZleba hqonodaT msoflio batonobaze da Sesabamisad, `msoflio imperiis~ titulze. amdenad, mis periodizacias SeiZleba vuwodoT `periodizacia msoflio imperiebis mixedviT~.
es nusxa warmoSobiT babilonuria. Zv.w. VIIIVII saukuneebSi SuamdinareTis ori Zlieri saxelmwifo, babiloni da asureTi, erTmaneTs ecileboda pirvelobas. siaSi babilonis mefeebad moixseniebian rogorc babilonis, aseve asureTis mefeebi, romlebic axerxebdnen babilonze kontrolis mopovebas. ignorirebulia mxolod erTi asureli mmarTvelis, sinaqeribis saxeli, vinc babilons sagangebod umtro da Zv.w. 689 wels daangria kidec qalaqi.
Zv.w. 539 wels sparseTis mefe kirosma babiloni aiRo. am momentidan msoflio pirveloba sparselebis xelSi gadavida.
sparselebi aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa da msoflios batoni gaxda, Tumca misi imperia male daiSala.
aleqsandres sardlebi da memkvidreebi didxans ibrZodnen pirvelobisaTvis. klavdios ptolemaiosi aq subieqturia da upiratesobas Tavis winaprebs, egviptel ptolemaiosebs aniWebs. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom amaSi aris garkveuli logika: erTi mxriv, ptolemaiosebi ar Camouvardebodnen aleqsandres sxva memkvidreebs, meore mxriv ki, misi winaprebis mefobis wlebiT daTariRebuli egvipturi astronomiuli dakvirvebebi yvelaze kargad iyo cnobili avtorisaTvis.
ptolemaosebs sruliad samarTlianad romis imperatorebi mosdeven. maT nusxas aklia mxolod is mmarTvelebi, vinc erT welze nakleb xans flobda xelisuflebas.
maneTonisa da klavdius ptolemaosis gavleniT ama Tu im qveynis istoriis periodizacia dinastiebis mixedviT sakmaod popularuli iyo momdevno xanis istorikosebs Soris da dResac xSirad gamoiyeneba.
26
Tavi pir
vel
i
wyaro 2
ptolemaiosis mefeTa nusxa
babilonis mefeebi – Zv.w. 747-539
nabonasari – 747-734
nabu-nadin-zeri (nadinosi) – 733-732
nabu-muqin-zeri (xinzeri) da fulu (porosi) – 731-727
ululasi – 726-722
marduq-afla-idina II (mardokempadosi) – 721-710
sargon II (arkeanosi) – 709-705
umefoba – 704-703
bel-ibni (bilibosi) – 702-700
aSur-nadin-Sumi (afaranadiosi) – 699-694
nergal-uSezibi (regebelosi) – 693
muSezib-marduqi (mesesimordakosi) – 692-689
umefoba – 688-681
asarqadoni (asaradinosi) – 680-668
SamaS-Sum-uqini (saosdouxinosi) – 667-648
qandalanu (kineladanosi) – 647-626
nabofalasari – 625-605
nabuqodonosori II – 604-562
amel-marduqi (iloarudamosi) – 561-560
neriglisari – 559-556
nabonidi – 555-539
sparseTis mefeebi – Zv.w. 538-332
kirosi – 538-530
kambisesi – 529-522
darios I – 521-486
qserqse – 485-465
artaqserqse I – 464-424
darios II – 423-405
artaqserqse II – 404-359
artaqserqse III – 358-338
arsesi (arogusi) – 337-336
darios III – 335-332
makedoniis mefeebi – Zv.w. 331-305
aleqsandre didi – 331-324
filipe III – 323-317
aleqsandre IV – 316-305
egviptis mefeebi – Zv.w. 304-30
ptolemaios I soteri (lagosis Ze) – 304-285
ptolemaios II filadelfosi – 284-247
ptolemaios III evergetesi – 246-222
ptolemaios IV filopatori – 221-205
ptolemaios V epifanesi – 204-181
ptolemaios VI filometori – 180-146
ptolemaios VIII evergetesi – 145-117
ptolemaios IX soteri – 116-81
ptolemaios XII neos dionisosi – 80-52
kleopatra – 51-30
27
1. CamowereT `msoflio imperiebi~. miuwereT batonobis TariRebi. ptole
maiosis mefeTa nusxidan (wy. 2) samefoTa romeli ori jgufis gaerTianebaa
SesaZlebeli da ra saerTo saxeli SeiZleba ewodos am `msoflio imperias~. es
ukanaskneli SesaZlebloba gaiTvaliswineT `msoflio imperiebis~ Tqveneuli
nusxis Sedgenisas. paragrafis teqstSi moZebneT informacia, romelic da
gexmarebaT davalebis SesrulebaSi.
saSinaodavaleba
27
wyaro 2
romis imperatorebi – Zv.w. 29 – ax.w. 160
avgustusi – Zv.w. 29 – ax.w. 14
tiberiusi – 15-36
gaius (kaligula) – 37-40
klavdiusi – 41-54
neroni – 55-68
vespasiane – 69-78
titusi – 79-81
domiciane – 82-96
nerva – 97
traiane – 98-116
Aadriane – 117-137
elius antoninusi – 138-160
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
28
Tavi pir
vel
i
msoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofa.
periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema
5.
msoflio istoriis `oTxs samefod~ dayofa
Sua saukuneebis qristianul istoriul mwerlobaSi sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo msoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofa. periodizaciis es sistema aigo ptolemaiosis `msoflio imperiebad~ dayofis principze da amave dros mas biblia daedo safuZvlad, kerZod ki `Tixisfexa kerpis~ suraTi daniel winaswarmetyvelis wignidan. `danielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom danieli erTaderTi aRmoCnda babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris karze uricxv mogvTa, SemlocvelTa da jadoqarTa Soris, vinc SeZlo Zlevamosili xelmwifis sizmris axsna. nabuqodonosors uzarmazari, saSineli kerpi esizmra. mas Tavi oqrosi hqonda, mkerdi da xelebi – vercxlisa, muceli da barZayebi – spilenZisa, wvivebi – rkinisa, terfebi ki nawilobriv rkinis da nawilobriv Tixisa. danielma nabuqodonosoris sizmari ase axsna: kerpis oqros Tavi nabuqodonosoris samefo iyo, romlis Semdegac aranakleb Zlevamosili ori samefo (vercxlisa da spilenZis) ibatonebda erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT. bolos dadgeboda ukanaskneli, meoTxe `rkinis samefos~ xana, romelic nawilobriv rkinasaTviT mtkice da nawilobriv TixasaviT myife iqneboda. nabuqodonosoris sizmarSi kerpi `xelisukvrelad mowyvetilma~ lodma daamsxvria. danielis winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, aseve daimsxvreoda `rkinis samefo~, Semdeg ki `zeciuri RmerTis samefos~ xana dadgeboda da `ukunisamde idgeboda~.
wyaro 1
rogor momzadda istoriis periodizaciis `samwevrovani sistemis~ safuZveli.
nawyveti XX s.-is qarTveli istorikosis g. kiRuraZis wignidan `axali istoria~
(t. 1, 1970).
`istoriis samwevrovani sqemis safuZvlebi momzadda aRorZinebis epoqaSi. es sqema
Tavdapirvelad sazogadoebrivi istoriisTvis ar iyo gamiznuli. igi Seqmnes fi-
lologma humanistebma laTinuri enis Seswavlis procesSi... maT laTinuris ganvi-
Tarebis sami etapi daadgines: pirveli iyo klasikuri laTinuris, Zveli anu `oqros
laTinuris~ epoqa; meore - `waryvnili~, barbarosuli (Sua saukuneebis) enis epoqa;
mesame – aRorZinebuli klasikuri, `oqros laTinuris~ epoqa. laTinuri enis ganvi-
Tarebis am sqemas garkveuli qronologiuri CarCoc Seusabames. `oqros laTinuris~
epoqa daemTxva romis imperiis epoqas da mis dacemasTan erTad (V saukune) damTa-
vrda. amis Semdeg iwyeba enis ganviTarebis meore – degradaciis periodi, romelic
aRorZinebamde grZeldeba (XV-XVI ss.). amieridan laTinuri ena Tavisi ganviTare-
bis mesame fazaSi Sedis, kvlav iwmindeba da ubrundeba klasikur formebs, anu Tavisi
arsebobis `oqros xanas~.”
29
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
ukanaskneli, meoTxe samefo, qristianul istoriografiul tradiciaSi romis imperiasTan iyo gaigivebuli. rac Seexeba `Tixisfexa kerpis~ suraTs, is, mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, udavod hesiodes gavleniTaa daxatuli.
msoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofis sqemas qristianuli istoriuli mwerlobis nimuSebSi ax.w. III saukunidan moyolebuli vxvdebiT. pirvelad is Cndeba bizantieli istorikosis evsebi kesarielis (267330) nawarmoebebSi. evsebi msoflio istorias yofda asiriulbabilonur, midiursparsul, berZnulmakedonur da romaul samefoebad. evsebi kesarielis naSromebis laTinuri Targmanis wyalobiT, istoriuli periodizaciis es sqema evropaSic gavrcelda. Sua saukuneebis qristianul istoriul mwerlobaSi damkvidrda agreTve ptolemaiosis mefeTa nusxis, e.w. `mefeTa kanonis~ gagrZelebis wesi. istorikosebi am nusxas Tanmimdevrulad amatebdnen romaeli bizantieli imperatorebis saxelebsa da zeobis wlebs. am wess misdevdnen konstantinopolis dacemamde (1453).
periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema
`oTxi samefos~ mixedviT istoriis periodizacia SenarCunda aRorZinebis xanamde – manam, vidre humanisturma istoriulma mwerlobam eWvi ar Seitana mis marTebulobaSi. XVI saukuneSi `oTxi samefos~ mixedviT msoflio istoriis periodizacia sabolood uaryo frangma mec
wyaro 2
XX saukunis cnobili frangi istorikosi, `analebis skolis~ fuZemdebeli lu-
sien fevri q. keleris periodizaciis sistemis Sesaxeb.
`briyvma, ubadrukma, umecarma magistrma kelerma, misi Tanamedroveebis mier ukve
gamokveTil `Zvel~ da `Tanamedrove xanebs~ Soris aRmoaCina faqtebisa da saqmeebis
ukidegano, usaxelo sivrce. man es sivrce `Sualedur~, an kidev `Sua saukuneebad~
monaTla. es saxelwodeba dRemdea SemorCenili. ase `Seqmnil~ Sua saukuneebs xorci
Seesxa da sicocxle mieniWa. Sua saukuneebi TandaTanobiT realobad iqca... arsebad,
romelic ibadeba, izrdeba, yvavis, gadagvardeba da kvdeba; pirovnebad, romlis
fsiqologiasac seriozulad swavloben, TiTqos is sinamdvileSi arsebuliyo.~
`Tixisfexa kerpi~. `oTxi
samefos~ mixedviT periodizaciis
grafikuli gamosaxuleba lorenc
faustis wignidan `daniel
winaswarmetyvelis kerpis
anatomia~ (1585).
celariusi
30
Tavi pir
vel
i
wyaro 3
XX s-is cnobili frangi anTropologi levi-strosi TariReEbis Sesaxeb istoriaSi:
`ar arsebobs istoria TariRebis gareSe. marTalia TariRebi es mTeli istoria araa
da arc yvelaze saintereso ramaa istoriaSi, magram swored TariRebia is, ris gare-
Sec istoria gaqreboda... istoria waiSleboda, SeuZlebeli rom yofiliyo misi zus-
ti Tu ara, savaraudo TariRebis dadgena mainc.~
1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT CamoayalibeT ra daniSnuleba aqvs istoriis periodizacias da ratomaa is yovelTvis pirobiTi.
saSinaodavaleba
1. ganixileT periodizacis samwevrovani sistemis naklovanebebi da Rirsebebi.
klasSi samuSao
30
Tavi pir
vel
i
nierma Jan bodenma (15301596). XVII saukuneSi ki hales (germania) universitetis profesorma qristefore kelerma (celariusma (16381707), laTinizebuli saxelebis darqmeva damaxasiaTebeli iyo humanistebisaTvis) SeimuSava istoriuli periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema. kelerma msoflio istoria sam periodad dayo: Zvel, Sua da axal istoriad. kacobriobis istoriis dayofis am princips eyrdnoba istoriuli periodizaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove sistemac. keleris Zveli (antikuri) istoria moicavda kacobriobis istorias dasabamidan imperator konstantine didis mier qristianuli religiis legalizaciamde (313), Sua saukuneebi – konstantine didis xanidan konstantinopolis dacemamde, Sesabamisad, axali istoria 1453 wlidan iwyeboda.
mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi orma saxelovanma istorikosma, Sveicarielma iakob burkhardtma da frangma Jiul miSlem gamoyves kidev erTi epoqa – aRorZinebis xana, rogorc gardamavali periodi Sua saukuneebsa da axal dros Soris. Tanamedrove istoriul mecnierebaSi am periods (XIV s. II nax XVI s.) `adreul axal drosac~ uwodeben.
31
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
marqsistuli periodizacia. periodizacia
civilizaciebis mixedviT
6.
XVIII saukunis evropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi pirvelad Cndeba periodizaciis sistemebi, romlebic ama Tu im sazogadoebis sameurneo cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis mixedviTaa agebuli. ase magaliTad, ekonomikur princips efuZneba Sotlandieli politekonomistis adam smitis (17231790) periodizaciis sqema. adam smiti, iseve rogorc zogadad ganmanaTlebelebi, saubrobs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis `stadiebze~ da maT Sesabamis sazogadoebriv progresze dabali – `velurobis~ safexuridan, umaRles – `civilizaciis~ safexuramde. adam smiti gamoyofs oTx ekonomikur stadias: monadireobaSemgroveblobas, mesaqonleobas, miwaTmoqmedebasa da komercias (vaWrobas) da yovel maTgans Sesabamis `sazogadoebriv stadias~ usadagebs. monadireobaSemgroveblobis xana – velurobis, mesaqonleobamomTabareobisa da miwaT
r marqsizmi – politikuri Teoria, romelic SeimuSaves germanelma mecnierebma da revolucionerebma karl marqsma (18181883) da fridrix engelsma (18201895). marqsistuli Teoria efuZneba istoriis materialistur gagebas (e.w. istoriuli materializmi), romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebis cxovrebis formas – sazogadoebriv formacias, ekonomika gansazRvravs. es Teoria agebulia mTavar debulebaze klasobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb da gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi formaciebis ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi, revoluciuri gziT cvlilebas. amasTanave klasobriv brZolas marqsizmSi kanonis Zala eniWeba. magaliTad, `klasobrivi brZolis kanoniT~ winaswar gansazRvrulia, rom kapitalizmis pirobebSi Cagruli klasi – proletariati, aRsdgeba mCagvreli, `eqsploatatori~ klasis – burJuaziis winaaRmdeg, mova xelisuflebis saTaveSi da daamyarebs `proletariatis diqtaturas~. es iqneba pirveli nabiji saboloo miznis – uklaso, komunisturi wyobilebis damyarebis miRwevis gzaze.
marqsizmi safuZvlad daedo or principulad gansxvavebul ideologias, politikur mimdinareobasa da saxelmwifoebriv wyobas. erTis mxriv, marqsizms efuZneba Tanamedrove dasavluri socialdemokratia, romelic uaryofs marqsizmis revoluciur, Zaladobriv debulebebs, magram amave dros, saxelmZRvanelo debulebad irCevs magaliTad `socialuri samarTlianobis~ marqsistul princips. dRes evropis wamyvan qveynebSi socialdemokratiuli partiebi saxelisuflebo partiebia (socialistebi safrangeTSi, socialdemokratebi germaniaSi. leiboristebi did britaneTSi da sxv.), maTi politikuri mizani ki `sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ Camoyalibebaa. amitom magaliTad, germanul saxelmwifos `socialur saxelmwifos~, SvedeTis sazogadoebrivpolitikur sistemas ki `Svedur socializms~ uwodeben. meores mxriv ki, leninisa da stalinis `moZRvrebebiT~ transformirebul marqsizms efuZneboda sabWoTa reJimi da misi ideologia, anu e.w. `realurad arsebuli socializmi~.
leqsikoni
32
Tavi pir
vel
i
moqmedebis – barbarosobisa da feodalizmis, komerciisa ki civilizaciis stadiebia.
adam smitis ganmartebiT, monadireobaSemgroveblobis stadiaze jer ar arsebobs `mTavroba~ da `mmarTveloba demokratiulia~ (igulisxmeba Temis mmarTveloba); mesaqonleobamomTabareobis stadiaze Cndeba sakuTrebisa da Sesabamisad, mmarTvelobis Canasaxovani formebi; miwaTmoqmedebis stadiaze (magaliTad, barbarosul evropaSi feodis institutis Camoyalibebidan moyolebuli) sakuTreba da Zalaufleba mcire jgufis xelSi gadadis, xelisufleba `beladobidan~ `monarqiamde~ viTardeba; dabolos, `komerciiis stadiaze~ xelosnobisa da manufaqturuli warmoebis upiratesi ganviTarebis pirobebSi, `samiwaTmoqmedo stadiisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli (feodaluri) patronymuri damokidebuleba icvleba axali `sawarmoo urTierTobebiT~ (adamiani damokidebuli xdeba sawarmoo procesze da mewarmeze), Sesabamisad, dgeba `axali dro~, sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba aRwevs `civilizaciis~ safexurs.
marqsistuli periodizacia
XIX saukuneSi igive ekonomikuri principi safuZvlad daedo marqsistul periodizaciasac. am periodizaciis mixedviT, sazogadoebis progresuli ganviTarebis stadiebi sawarmoo urTierTobebisa da sakuTrebis formebis cvlilebidan gamomdinare da mis Sesabamisad cvlis erTmaneTs. msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis sqema moicavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semdeg stadiebs: pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebas, monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas, feodalizms, kapitalizms, socializmsa da uklaso komunistur sazogadoebas. amasTanave, marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, am stadiebis monacvleoba kanonzomieri da gardauvalia.
periodizaciis es sqemac progresis rwmenas efuZneba, anu sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba aRmavalia primitiuli safexuridan umaRles komunistur stadiamde. marqsistul TeoriaSi komunizmi amqveyniuri samoTxismagvari sayovelTao Tanasworobisa da sayovelTao keTildReobis sazogadoebaa. marqsistuli periodizaciis pirvel safexurs Seesabameba kacobriobis istoria pirveli civilizaciebis gaCenamde, meores – Zveli aRmosavluri da antikuri civilizaciebi, mesames – Sua saukuneebi, meoTxes – axali istoria. mexuTesa da meeqvses, marTalia TviTon marqsi ar moswrebia, magram samagierod sabWoTa istoriografiam leninze dayrdnobiT, 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucia ruseTSi socializmis stadiis sawyis TariRad gamoacxada, revoluciis Semdgom istorias ki sagangebo periodi – `uaxlesi istoria~ miusadaga. rac Seexeba komunistur stadias, aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi `komunizmSi Sesvlis~ sxvadasxva vada saxeldeboda.
Tanamedrove istoriul mecnierebaSi `uaxlesi istoriis~ sxvadasxva gageba arsebobs. zogjer es termini uaxlesi warsulis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, zogjer ki is XX saukunis istorias aRniSnavs. vxvdebiT agreTve, XX saukunis istoriis periodizaciis gamorCeul, originalur versiebsac. magaliTad, cnobil britanel istorikoss, erik hobsbaums Tanamedrove samecniero sivrceSi Semoaqvs `mokle XX saukunis~ cneba, romelic moicavs istoriul periods I msoflio omi
33
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
dan (1914) sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde (1991) da mas `ukiduresobebis xanas~ uwodebs (igulisxmeba ori msoflio omi, mZlavri socialuri revoluciebi, totalitarizmi – sabWoTa da faSisturi reJimebi). `mokle XX saukune~ Tavis mxriv, dayofilia sam qveperiodad. niSandoblivia, rom erTerT maTgans `oqros xana~ hqvia (19471973). es mowmobs imas, rom hesiodedan momdinare istoriuli periodizaciis tradicia dResac vlindeba ama Tu im formiT.
istoriis periodizacia civilizaciebis
mixedviT
arsebobs istoriuli periodizaciis kidev erTi saxeoba, romelsac sxvebisagan gansxvavebuli principi udevs safuZvlad. esaa periodizacia civilizaciebis mixedviT, romlis SemuSavebac, upirveles yovlisa, germaneli filosofosis da istorikosis osvald Spenglerisa (18801936) da ingliseli istorikosis arnold jozef toinbis (18891975) saxelebs ukavSirdeba.
Spenglerma da toinbim daiwunes periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema, imis safuZvelze, rom is mxolod da mxolod evropuli civilizaciis ganviTarebas asaxavda da ar gamodgeboda sxva civilizaciebisa da msoflio istoriis sayovelTao (universaluri) periodizaciisaTvis. SpenglerisTvis, iseve rogorc toinbisTvis, miuRebeli iyo agreTve, samwevrovani sistemis periodebis xazovani, aRmavali (progresuli) monacvleoba.
periodizaciis am gavrcelebuli sistemis sanacvlod, Spenglerisa da toinbis mier SemuSavebuli sistemebi arsebiTad erTmaneTis msgavsia: orive warmoadgens periodizacias `civilizaciebis mixedviT~ da orive cikluria, anu gulisxmobs civilizaciebis wriul da ara xazovan ganviTarebas.
o. Spenglerma sqemas `Zveli msoflio – Sua saukuneebi – axali dro~ uwoda `uaRresad mwiri da azrsmoklebuli~. misi azriT, kacobriobis istoria mravali TviTmyofadi kulturis istoriaa da yoveli maTgani gardauvlad ciklurad viTardeba. Spengleri civilizaciur cikls cocxali organizmis ganviTarebis analogiiT gansazRvravs: magaliTad, rogorc mcenare aRmocendeba, izrdeba da kvdeba, aseve civilizaciac gadis dabadebis, zrdis, siberisa da kvdomis stadiebs. Spengleri civilizaciur cikls weliwadis droebis monacvleoba
osvald Spengleri
arnold toinbi
34
Tavi pir
vel
i
wyaro 1
arnold toinbi civilizaciaTa cikluri ganviTarebis kanonebis Sesaxeb:
`kanonebs, romlebsac emorCilebian burbonebi da stiuartebi safrangeTsa da in-
glisSi, ara aqvT Zala romanovebisTvis ruseTSi... an osmalebisTvis TurqeTSi, an
manjurebisTvis CineTSi...~
sac adarebs da ganmartavs, rom yovel kulturas udgeba gazafxuli, zafxuli, Semodgoma da zamTari (am TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia Spengleris mTavari naSromis saxelwodebac – `dasavleTis daisi~).
amave azrs gamoTqvams arnold toinbic, oRond civilizaciis ciklis stadiebs sxva saxelebs arqmevs. toinbi gamoyofs civilizaciuri ciklis oTx fazas: zrdis xanas, `gansacdelis Jams~, `universalur saxelmwifosa~ da `mmarTvelobaTSoris an daSlis~ fazebs. toinbi Tavis fazebs romis istoriis magaliTze ase ganmartavs: zrdis xana – esaa romis ganviTareba `dasabamidan qalaqisa~; `gansacdelis Jami~ – hanibalisgan momdinare safrTxe da masTan brZolis periodi; `universalur saxelmwifos~ faza moicavs romis msoflio imperiad Camoyalibebis periods, anu esaa romis imperiis xana; `mmarTvelobaTSoris an daSlis~ fazaSi igulisxmeba periodi, roca romauli kultura TandaTanobiT qreba da aRmocendeba dasavluri sazogadoeba. es faza `mmarTvelobaTSorisia~ imdenad, ramdenadac am periodSi qristianuli eklesia mkvidrdeba jer kidev cocxal romis imperiaSi, xolo daSladanawevrebis fazaa imdenad, ramdenadac xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis Sedegad, romis imperiis yofil teritoriaze TandaTanobiT wamoiqmneba misi memkvidre barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi. amasTanave, arnold toinbi civilizaciuri ciklis mamoZravebel Zalas `gamowvevisa da pasuxis~ urTierTqmedebaSi xedavs. anu, misi azriT, civilizaciebi viTardebian maT winaSe aRmocenebuli siZneleebis daZlevis swori gzebis ZiebaSi.
saerTo jamSi, Spengleri rva (babilonuri, egvipturi, induri, Cinuri, klasikuri berZnulromauli, maiaactekebis (meqsikuri) kulturebi; `misnuri~, romelSic gaerTianebulia arabuli, siriuli, ebrauli, bizantiuri da islamuri kulturebi, dabolos dasavleTevropuli kultura). toinbi ki ociode ciklurad ganviTarebad civilizacias (maTgan xuTi `cocxali~ civilizaciaa, kerZod: dasavluri, marTlmadideblurqristianuli, islamuri, induisturi da Soreuli aRmosavleTisa; `mkvdari~ civilizaciebia; berZnuli, siriuli, induri, minosuri, egvipturi; dabolos, ori SemorCenili, magram `gardasaxuli~ kultura – iudeuri da budisturi) gamoyofs.
1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT ganmartEeT, rogor esmiT Spenglersa da toinbis civilizaciaTa cikluri ganviTareba.
2. imsjeleT marqsistuli periodizaciisa da civilizaciebis mixedviT periodizaciis naklovanebebze.
3. imsjeleT, ra uSlis xels msoflio istoriis universaluri (sayovelTao) periodizaciis SemuSavebas. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs `evropacentruli~ periodizaciis sistema.
klasSi samuSao
1. SeadgineT periodizaciis sistemebis nusxa. yovel maTgans gaswvriv miuwereT, Tu ra princips efuZneba is.
saSinaodavaleba
35
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
36
Tavi pir
vel
i
saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia7.
saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva qveynis periodizaciasTan, msoflio istoriaSi cnobil mniSvnelovan movlenebTan da istoriul pirebTan. saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis pirveli sqema `qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ mocemuli. leonti mroveli saqarTvelos istorias or periodad hyofs: mefobis wina da mefobis xanad. `mefeTa cxovrebis~ avtoris Tvalsazrisi emyareba qristianuli mwerlobis tradiciul, bibliidan momdinare Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac yvela xalxis warmomavloba ukavSirdeba bibliur mamamTavrebs (noes Svilebidan erTerTs) da qarTvelTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxlebac babilonis godolis ambavTan kavSirSi aqvs ganxiluli. pirveli periodis dasasrulsa da meore periodis dasawyiss leonti mroveli aleqsandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobiTa da farnavazis mier erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT mijnavs (Zv. w. IV sis dasasruli).
leonti mrovelis koncefcia gabatonebuli iyo qarTul istoriografiaSi XIX sis Sua xanebamde. saqarTvelos istoriis aseTive zogad periodizacias iZleva vaxuSti batoniSvili. leonti mrovelis msgavsad, isic or periodad hyofs saqarTvelos istorias: 1) `Zveli istoria~ – farnavazidan moyolebuli vidre 1469 wmde (vaxuStis mixedviT, am wels gardaicvala erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bolo mefe giorgi VIII) da 2) `axali istoria~, 1469 wdan, anu saqarTvelos samefosamTavroebad daSlis Semdgomi periodi.
vaxuStis mier SemoTavazebuli zRvari (1469 w.), marTlac Zalian mniSvnelovani etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi da Tanac, faqtiurad emTxveva msoflio istoriis periodizaciaSi miRebul qronologias.
`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da vaxuStis sqemas iziarebdnen XIX sis cnobili istorikosebi Teimuraz bagrationi, mari brose da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebuli istorikosebi saqarTvelos gaqristianebas istoriul mijnad ar miiCnevdnen.
saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxSi axali sityva Tqva sulxan baraTaSvilma (baraTovi) (18211866). man pirvelma evropul tradiciaze dayrdnobiT saqarTvelos istoria dayo sam nawilad: Zveli, Sua da axali. Sua saukuneebis dasawyisad s. baraTaSvilma, savsebiT marTebulad, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba miiCnia da ara romis imperiis dacema, rogorc es miRebuli iyo evropul mecnierebaSi. cxadia, qristianobis gavrceleba saqarTvelosTvis bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, vidre romis imperiis dacema. Sua saukuneebis dasasrulad s. baraTaSvils (iseve, rogorc vaxuStis) miaCnda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis xana (XV sis II nax.).
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT savaldebulo gaxda periodizaciis formaciuli sistemis aRiareba (pirvelyofili Temuri wyobileba – monaTmflobeloba – feodalizmi – kapitalizmi – socializmi). sabWouri sistemis pirobebSi marqsistuli periodizaciis kritika dauSvebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa ideologiur CarCoebSi moqceulma qarTvelma istorikosebma garkveulwilad mainc moaxerxes saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis realu
37
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
ri periodebis dafiqsireba. maT naSromebSi qristianobis miReba da feodalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan: Sua saukuneebis istoria iwyeba feodalizmis CasaxviT IV sSi, feodalizaciis procesis daCqareba ki qristianobis gabatonebis logikuri Sedegia. msoflio istoriis periodizaciis mixedviT Sua saukuneebis dasasruli da axali istoriis dasawyisi dakavSirebulia konstantinopolis dacemasa (1453 w.) da did geografiul aRmoCenebTan (1490iani ww.). TiTqmis igive periods moicavs saqarTvelos `axali istoriis~ dasawyisi vaxuSti bagrationisa da sulxan baraTaSvilis mixedviT – 1460iani – 1490 ww. (saqarTvelos daSla samefosamTavroebad da am daSlis iuridiuli gaformeba).
XX sis qarTveli istorikosebis mixedviT saqarTvelos istoriaSi `axali istoria~ XV sis II naxSi ver daiwyo. Cveni qveynis Znelbedobam (mahmadianur garemocvaSi moqcevam da evropuli civilizaciisagan izolaciam) evropisagan gansxvavebuli gziT waiyvana saqarTvelos ganviTareba. feodalizmi da Sesabamisad `Sua saukuneebi~ gaxangrZlivda (sxvaTa Soris evropul istoriografiaSi arsebobs `xangrZlivi Sua saukuneebis~ cneba). feodaluri formaciis dasasrulad da kapitalisturis dasawyisad XX sis qarTul istoriografiaSi miCneulia XIX sis 60iani wlebi (batonymobis gauqmeba da burJuaziuli reformebi ruseTis imperiaSi). civilizebul samyaroSi aRiarebuli msoflio istoriis periodizaciis mixedviT es aris axali istoriis dasasruli da uaxlesi istoriis dasawyisi. feodaluri formaciis am xangrZliv periodSi (IV sis dasawyisi – XIX sis 60iani ww.). qarTvelma istorikosebma gamoyves qveperiodebi, saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani texilebiT gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan: 1) adrefeodaluri xana anu adreuli Sua saukuneebi – IV sis dasawyisidan X sis dasasrulamde (erTiani qarTuli feodalu
wyaro 1
fragmenti vaxuSti bagratio-
nis Txzulebidan `aRwera same-
fosa saqarTvelosa~:
`mefe giorgi iyo friad mwuxa-
re ganxeTqilebisaTvis same-
fosa eseviTariTa. aramed kua-
ladca mcdelobda SeerTebasa
da egreTve gebasa giorgiisasa;
garna verRara Ronis-mZiebeli
da mpoebeli gardaicvala wel-
sa Cu¡T (1469 w.) mefe giorgi.
dafles mcxeTas~.
wyaro 2
istorikosi giorgi nadiraZe
(`narkvevebi XIX s-is qarTuli
istoriografiidan~, 2000 w.)
sulxan baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb:
`Tu istoriis kvlevis sagani
axlis moZieba da gansxvave-
bulis danaxvaa, maSin misi
naazrevi namdvilad warmoad-
gens XIX s-is qarTuli isto-
riografiis mniSvnelovan mov-
lenas. aseTma Tvalsazrisma
ganapiroba Segveswavla s. bara-
TaSvilis naSromebi, Segvefase-
bina mniSvneloba, gveCvenebina,
ramdenad originaluri, sain-
tereso da misaRebia warmodge-
nili versiebi, mignebebi, hipo-
Tezebi. gagvevlo paralelebi
massa da mis winadrondel, Ta-
namedrove da Semdegdroindel
istorikosTa naazrevs Soris;
dagvemtkicebina, rom s. bara-
TaSvili iyo saqarTvelos is-
toriis mTeli rigi sakiTxebis
pirveli mkvlevari~.
Tavi pir
vel
i
ri monarqiis Camoyalibeba bagrat IIIiT saTaveSi); 2) ganviTarebuli feodalizmi anu ganviTrebuli Sua saukuneebi, XIXV ss. (erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis periodi); 3) gvianfeodaluri xana anu gviani Suasaukuneebi, XV sis II nax. – XIX sis 60iani ww.) feodalizmis xanas miyveba kapitalisturi (1921 w. saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde) da socialisturi (19211990 ww.) formaciebi. ra Tqma unda, marTebuli iqneboda, Cveni qveynis istoriidan gamomdinare, gviani Sua saukuneebi XIX sis damdegiT (ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiiTY da qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebiT) dasrulebuliyo (albaT, amitomac amTavrebs iv. javaxiSvili `qarTveli eris istorias~ swored ruseTis mier qarTlkaxeTis samefos aneqsiiT). magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, marqsistul formaciaTa sistemaze damyarebuli sabWouri ideologia amis uflebas ar iZleoda.
dReisaTvis sakamaToa Tu sad unda gaimijnos saqarTvelos axali da uaxlesi istoria. albaT marTebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom 50100 wlis winandeli istoria ar SeiZleba qveynis uaxles periodad iqnes miCneuli. amdenad, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria SeiZleba daviwyoT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT (1991 w.) da misi wina periodiT, xolo `axali istoriiT~ ki ganisazRvros XIXXX ss. (1801/18141890 ww.). axal istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sami periodi:: 1) 18011917 ww. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi; 2) 19181921 ww. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublika, 3) 19211990 ww. saqarTvelo sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
1) Zveli istoria – uZvelesi droidan IV sis dasawyisamde2) Sua saukuneebi (IVXVIIIss.):
a) adreuli Sua saukuneebi, IVX ss.b) ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebi, XIXV ss.g) gviani Sua saukuneebi, XV sis II nax. – XVIII ss.
3) axali istoria (18011990 ww.)a) 18011917 ww.b) 19181921 ww.g) 19211990 ww.
4) uaxlesi istoria – 1991 wlidan dRemde
1. wyaro 1is da paragrafis teqstis mixedviT daadgineT romel mefeze da ra istoriul movlenazea saubari. gansazRvreT agreTve saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis romel etaps ukavSirebdnen am movlenas qarTveli istorikosebi.
2. wyaro 2is da paragrafis teqstis mixedviT warmoaCineT s. baraTaSvilis damsaxureba saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxis SeswavlaSi.
klasSi samuSao
38
39
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
wyaroTmcodneoba8.
warsuli Cvenamde aRwevs sxvadasxva formis fragmentebis, gadmonaSTebis saxiT. es SeiZleba iyos arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli nivTebi, Zveli xelnaweri teqstebi Tu sabuTebi, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis nangrevebi da sxv. istoriuli codna warsulSi adamianis cxovrebis am nakvalevis Seswavlis Sedegad moipoveba. amdenad, warsulis Cvenamde moRweuli nebismieri mowmoba, istoriuli codnis wyaros, anu istoriul wyaros warmoadgens.
istoriuli wyaroebis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX saukuneSi, istoriis kvlevisa da swavlebis profesiul saqmianobad CamoyalibebasTan, istoriis profesionalizaciasTan erTad iwyeba. maSinve Seiqmna Sesabamisi istoriuli dargi – wyaroTmcodneoba da ganisazRvra istoriis damxmare dargebis funqciebi. vinaidan sxvadasxva tipis istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavla mkvlevrisgan damatebiT specialur codnasac moiTxovda, wyaroebis kvleva sxvadasxva damxmare dargebs Soris gadanawilda. ase Seiqmna genealogia, heraldika, sfragistika da sxv., rogorc istoriis damxmare disciplinebi.
wyaro 1
`xelmwifes survili rom hqondes, iseTi coli,
rogoric aleqsandra fiodorovnaa, mxolod im-
peratoris meuRlis Sesaferisi movaleobis Ses-
rulebiT dakmayofildeboda. is imperatoris
meuRlea da sxva araferi. magram ubedureba is aris,
rom xelmwife unebisyofoa.
vis SeuZlia iqonios masze mudmivi da Zlieri ze-
gavlena? ra Tqma unda, mxolod meuRles. miT ume-
tes, rom is lamazia, Zlieri, ojaxis araCveule-
brivi dedaa. SesaZlebelia, is arasasurveli
yofiliyo Zlieri mefisaTvis, magram ara ise-
TisaTvis, rogoric Cvenia. bolos da bolos, mas
xelSi hyavs xelmwife. eWvgareSea, mas uyvars igi
(xelmwife), misTvis sikeTe unda _ misi (xelmwi-
fis) bedniereba xom misi (dedoflis) bedniereba-
caa. SesaZlebelia, is yofiliyo kargi mrCeveli
sxva meuRlisTvis _ vinme germaneli mTavrisTvis,
magram ukiduresad damRupveli mrCevelia ruse-
Tis imperatorisaTvis. bolos da bolos, mas ubedureba moaqvs TavisTvis, xelmwi-
fisTvis da mTeli ruseTisaTvis ... warmogidgeniaT, razea damokidebuli imperia
da aTeulobiT Tu ara, aseul milionobiT arsebis sicocxle, romelsac adamiani
hqvia?! imis dasadastureblad, Tu ra Zlier zegavlenas axdens dedofali
nikoloz II
40
Tavi pir
vel
i
wyaro 1
xelmwifeze, moviyvan Semdeg faqts, romelic
ramdenjerme ganmeorda. roca xelmwife Re-
bulobda iseT gadawyvetilebas, romlis wi-
naaRmdegic me viyavi, ramdenjerme SevekiTxe
mis udidebulesobas, visi rCeviT moqmedebda.
xelmwife mpasuxobda: `adamianis, romelsac me
yvelaferSi udavod vendobi~.
da roca me erTxel Tavs ufleba miveci mekiTxa,
vin aris is adamiani, maSin misma aRmatebulebam
mipasuxa: `Cemi meuRle~.
ra Tqma unda, aleqsandra fiodorovna, sacodavi
xelmwife, Cven yvelani, romlebic samaris kara-
mde misi erTgulni unda viyoT, da rac mTavaria
ruseTi, bevrad ufro bednieri viqnebodiT,
princesa aliqsi Tavis droze vinme germanel
mTavars an grafs rom gahyoloda ...~
s.vite, `mogonebebi~ t. 3
aleqsandra fiodorovna
pirveli wyaro exeba ruseTis ukanasknel imperators nikoloz II-sa (1894-1917 ww.) da mis meuRles aleqsandra fiodorovnas. memuarebis avtoria sergei vite (1849-1915 ww.), romelic aqtiurad monawileobda ruseTis mTavrobis saqmianobaSi da did gavlenas axdenda qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaze. is iyo jer gzaTa, Semdeg ki finansTa ministri, saTaveSi edga ministrTa sabWos. dedoflis arakeTilganwyobis gamo vite iZulebuli gaxda, emigraciaSi wasuliyo.
wyaroze muSaobisTvis saWiro damatebiTi informacia
XIX saukuneSive istorikosebi Seudgnen agreTve istoriul wyaroebis klasifikacias. gansakuTrebiT gulmodgined amas germaneli istorikosebi, e.w. `istorizmis~ skolis warmomadgenlebi akeTebdnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom iseve, rogorc periodizaciis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri klasifikacia pirobiTi da TviTneburia da amdenad, arsebobs wyaroebis klasifikaciis gansxvavebuli sistemebi. magaliTad, XIX saukunis cnobili germaneli istorikosi droizeni, romelic istoriis mecnierebad Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan idga, ganasxvavebda `gadmonaSTebsa~ da `samaxsovrod gankuTvnil~ wyaroebs. droizeni ganmartavda, rom wyaro SeiZleba iyos orgvari, rogorc warsulis uneblie mowme, ise garkveuli ganzraxviT Seqmnili mtkicebuleba. pirvels man warsulis `gadmonaSTebi~ uwoda, meores ki `samaxsovrod gankuTvnili~ wyaroebi.
dReisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoyofen wyaroebis or kategorias: naratiulsa da nivTiers. zogjer ki amateben mesames, e.w. `abstraqtul~ wyaroebs. naratiulia is wyaroebi, romlebic Txrobas Seicavs (laT. narrare – sityvierad gadmocema). aseTi SeiZleba iyos, rogorc zepiri gadmocema, ise werilobiTi Zegli.
41
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
wyaro 2
`imis gamo, rom Cven ebraelebi varT, mama 1933 wels
germaniidan holandiaSi gadavida, sadac moewyo
holandiuri firmis `daC opekta kompanis~ mmarTve-
lad, romelic awarmoebda sursaTis naxevarfa-
brikatebs~.
5 agvisto, 1942 weli
`Cven erTi wuTiTac ar gvtovebda SiSi imis gamo,
rom Cvens naTesavebs devnidnen germaniaSi antie-
brauli kanonebis Sesabamisad. 1938 wlis darbeve-
bis Semdeg ori biZa (dedis Zmebi) germaniidan Crdilo amerikaSi gaiqcnen. bebiaCemi
CvenTan gadmovida, maSin is 73 wlis iyo~.
11 noemberi, 1942 weli
`1940 wlis maisidan lamazi dReebi warsuls Cabarda: Tavdapirvelad gamoacxades
omi, Semdeg kapitulacia, da bolos movidnen germanelebi da ebraelebisTvis mZime
dro dadga~.
10 seqtemberi, 1942 weli
`antiebrauli kanonebis SemoReba yovelnairad zRudavda Cvens Tavisuflebas.
ebraelebs aiZulebdnen, etarebinaT yviTeli varskvlavi, CaebarebinaT TavianTi
velosipedebi; ebraelebs ekrZalebodaT evloT tramvaiTi da manqaniT, is maTi saku-
Taric rom yofiliyo; ebraelebs ufleba hqondaT gasuliyvnen maRaziebSi sayidle-
bze mxolod 3-dan 5 saaTamde; ebraelebs unda esargeblaT mxolod ebrauli sapa-
rikmaxeroTi; ebraelebs ekrZalebodaT quCaSi gamosvla saRamos 8 saaTidan dilis 6
saaTamde ...~
6 dekemberi, 1942 weli
ana franki skolaSi, 1941 w.
ana franki iyo ebraeli gogona, romelic
nacisturi germaniis mier okupirebul
holandiaSi cxovrobda. ana da misi axloblebi
or welze meti xnis gan mavlobaSi emalebodnen
germanel nacistebs saidumlo sa ma lav Si. ger-
ma nelebma maT mainc miagnes da gogona dedasTan
da dasTan erTad sa koncentracio banakSi
daiRupa tifiT.
42
Tavi pir
vel
i
wyaro 2
`is, rom Cven ar SegviZlia quCaSi gasvla, me ufro metad
mTrgunavs, vidre amis gamoxatva SemiZlia, da me saSinlad
meSinia, rom SeiZleba Cven gvipovon da dagvxvriton. es, ra
Tqma unda arasasiamovno perspeqtivaa ...~
14 marti, 1943 weli
`Tu aseTi cudi mdgomareobaa holandiaSi, maSin ra
saSineleba unda iyos Soreul da velur adgilebSi, sadac germanelebs mihyavT
xalxi. Cven vvaraudobT, rom tyveebis umravlesobas xocaven. Tu davujerebT
inglisur radios, maT gaziT xocaven. ras izam, ase sikvdili ufro swrafia. me
saocrad cud gunebaze davdeqi~.
26 maisi, 1943 weli
`Cven mouTmenlad veliT SabaTs, imitom, rom CvenTvis SabaTi _ wignebia. am dRes
Cven vgavarT bavSvebis jgros, romelsac saCuqrebi moutanes. normaluri cxovrebiT
mcxovreb adamianebs ar esmiT ra mniSvneloba aqvs wignebs imaTTvis, vinc Caketilia.
kiTxva, swavla da radios mosmena _ es Cveni garTobis erTaderTi saSualebaa~.
19 Tebervali, 1944 weli
`dadgeba dRe, rodesac es saSineli omi bolos da bolos damTavrdeba. dadgeba dro,
roca Cven kvlav viqnebiT adamianebi da ara ubralod ebraelebi!~
11 aprili, 1944 weli
nivTieri wyaroebis jgufSi Sedis: arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi (Sromisa Tu brZolis iaraRebi, tanisamosi, aveji da sxv.), gerbebi, monetebi, adamianis ConCxis nawilebi da bevri sxva.
abstraqturi wyaroebis kategoriaSi aerTianeben sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebriv institutebs, dauwerel kanonebs, adaTwesebs, topografiul saxelebsa da a.S.
naratiuli da dokumenturi wyaroebi
werilobiTi wyaroebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa naratiul da dokumentur wyaroebad. naratiuli an literaturuli, rogorc maT sxvagvarad uwodeben, wyaroebis kategorias ganekuTvneba qronikebi, maT Soris rogorc samecniero, ise literaturuli xasiaTis nawarmoebebi, publicisturi narkvevebi, sagazeTo statiebi, aseve e.w. `egodokumentebi~ (`me~dokumentebi) – piradi werilebi, dRiurebi, avtobiografiebi, memuarebi. amdenad, literaturuli, igive naratiuli wyaroebi, mravlismomcveli kategoriaa da ar gulisxmobs mxolod da xolod mxatvrul literaturul nawarmoebebs. naratiul wyaroebs aqvT erTi mniSvnelovani saerTo niSanTviseba: maT hyavT avtori, romelsac yovelTvis aqvs raRac saTqmeli maTTvis, visTvisac wers. anu, isini dawerilia garkveuli winaswari ganzraxviT, avtoris konkretuli Canafiqris, gzavnilis gadacemis mizniT. am umniSvnelovanesi garemoebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia naratiul wyaroebze muSaobisas.
43
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
dokumenturi wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc oficialuri, ise kerZo xasiaTisa. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba: kanonebi, diplomatiuri Tu savaWro xelSekrulebebi, mmarTvelTa brZanebebi, gankargulebebi Tu sigelebi, yidvagayidvis aqtebi, sasamarTlo dadgenilebebi, politikuri korespondencia, protokolebi, sabuRaltro wignebi, kerZo pirebis anderZebi da uamravi sxva saxis sabuTi.
istorikosi warsulis rekonstruqcias istoriuli wyaroebis meSveobiT axdens. rac ufro met gansxvavebul wyaros gamoiyenebs da daamuSavebs igi, miT ufro myari safuZveli eqneba sakvlevi miznis warmatebiT gadaWrisTvis. magram wyaroebis moZieba da maTi simravle jer kidev ar niSnavs istoriuli kvlevis sworad warmarTvas. swori daskvnebis gamosatanad jer aucileblia wyaroebis kritikulad ganxilva, rogorc maTi `namdvilobis~ dasadgenad, ise maTSi istoriuli `simarTlis~ amosakiTxad. istorikosisaTvis istoriuli wyaro is sarkmelia, saidanac warsuli Cans. magram, amave dros, istorikosebma ician, rom am sarkmlis minebi ZiriTadad dabindulia. zogjer ki wyaro yru kedelia, romelic warsulis dasanaxad unda daingres kritikis meSveobiT. es pirvel rigSi exeba e.w. `egodokumentebs~ da sxva werilobiT naratiul wyaroebs. magaliTad, memuarul literaturaSi umravles SemTYxvevaSi vxvdebiT avtoris Sexedulebebs, mosazrebebsa da pirad damokidebulebas ama Tu im pirovnebisa Tu movlenis mimarT. politikuri moRvaweebi, rogorc wesi, mogonebebs weren farTo sazogadoebisTvis da sakuTar moqmedebaTa gamarTlebasa da istoriis samsjavros winaSe erTgvar `dacvis mowmobis~ wardgenas isaxaven miznad. Tumca, memuarebi zogjer istoriuli suraTis warmosadgenad aucilebel iseT saxasiaTo detalebs Seicavs, romlebsac bunebrivia, verasdros amovikiTxavT dokumentur wyaroebSi. `egodokumentebis~ kidev erTi kategoria – dRiuri istorikosebisgan met ndobas imsaxurebs, vidre memuarebi. am ndobas ganapirobebs is, rom dRiuri Cveulebriv ar iwereba ucxo TvalisTvis da amdenad, avtori ufro gulaxdilia, Tumca, ar gamoricxavs ucxo piris mier Canaweris wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas.
wyaro 3
fran gu li ga ze Te bi na po le o nis Se sa xeb
fran gu li ga ze Te bi 1815 wels, na po le o nis kun Zul el ba dan gaq ce vis mo men ti dan, mis
xe li suf le ba Si dab ru ne bam de, ori kvi ris gan mav lo ba Si aq vey neb dnen sta ti ebs Sem-
de gi sa Ta u re biT:
`9 mar ti. dra ko ni Ta vi si bu na gi dan ga moZ vra. 10 mar ti. kor si ke li ka ci Wa mia gad mo-
vi da Ju a nis yu re Si. 11 mar ti. vef xvi kan Si Ca vi da. 2 mar ti. ur Cxul ma gre nob lSi ga a-
Tia Ra me. 13 mar ti. ti ran ma li o ni ga i a ra. 14 mar ti. uzur pa to ri di Jo ni sa ken mi e mar-
Te ba. 18 mar ti. bo na par ti de da qa la qi dan eq vsi li es da So re biT im yo fe ba. man SeZ lo
das xlto mo da mdev rebs. 19 mar ti. bo na par ti swra fi na bi je biT uax lov de ba, mag ram
ve ra so des ver Se mo aR wevs pa riz Si. 20 mar ti. xval na po le o ni Cvens qa laq Si iq ne ba.
21 mar ti. im pe ra to ri fon te nb lo Si ga Cer da. 22 mar ti. mi si sa im pe ra to ro da sa me fo
udi de bu le so ba wu xe l ti ul ri Si mi vi da, sa dac mi si er Tgu li qve Sev rdo me bi si xa-
ru lis Se Za xi le bi Ta da aR ta ce biT Sex vdnen~.
i.v. grigorieva, perioduli presa
1. kritikulad ganixileT wyaro 1 Semdegi SekiTxvebisa da davalebebis dax-marebiT:• ra mizniT aris Seqmnili wyaro?• raze metyvelebs detali s.vites biografiidan? (ix. pirveli wyaros gan-
marteba);• am detalis gaTvaliswinebiT ramdenad sandoa aleqsandra fiodorovnas
viteseuli Sefaseba?• raze miuTiTebs wyaroSi arsebuli is masala, romelic asaxavs avto-
risaTvis arasasurveli pirovnebis ara mxolod uaryofiT, aramed dade-biT mxareebsac.
• gamoyaviT avtoris subieqturi mosazrebebi.• damatebiT ra aris saWiro Semdegi azris dasadastureblad: `nikoloz II,
aleqsandra fiodorovnas gavlenis qveS myofi susti mmarTveli~.
2. gaecaniT nawyvetebs ana frankis dRiuridan. CaatareT Temis dasawerad saWiro mosamzadebeli gamokvleva, raSic dagexmarebaT Semdegi SekiTxvebi da davalebebi:• wyaro 1 pirveladia Tu meoradi?• ra mizniT daiwera ana frankis dRiuri?• amowereT winadadebebi, sadac: a) saubaria faqtebze da b) gadmocemulia
subieqturi mosazreba.• amowereT winadadebebi, sadac asaxulia, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi ayenebda
ebraelebs antiebrauli kanonebi.• amowereT winadadebebi, romlebic aRwers anas yoveldRiur cxovrebas.• amowereT winadadebebi, romlebic gadmoscems anas sxvadasxva ganwyobas.
3. ganixileT wyaro 3. Tqve ni az riT, am kon kre tul Sem Txve va Si ga ze Ti ax-den da gav le nas sa zo ga do eb ri vi az ris Ca mo ya li be ba ze Tu sa zo ga do e bis gan wyo bam ga na pi ro ba az rTa ase Ti swra fi cva le ba do ba? imsjeleT, ra zRudavs gazeTis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros faseulobas.
klasSi samuSao
44
Tavi pir
vel
i
45
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
arqeologia9.
r termin `arqeologiis~ istoria – pirvelad termini `arqeologia~ gamoiyena Zvelma berZenma filosofosma platonma (Zv.w. 428348) `dialogebSi~. platonTan `arqeologia~ farTo mniSvnelobiT ixmareba – saerTod Zveli ambebis gadmosacemad. SemdgomSi es termini mravalma avtorma gamoiyena, romlebic berZnulad werdnen: dionise halikarnaselma (Zv.w. I s.), ioseb flaviusma (37100), isini arqeologiaSi gulisxmobdnen mecnierebas uZveles warsulze, codnis am sferos amocanebisa da meTodebis yovelgvari detalizaciis gareSe. Zvel romSi, Sua saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi termini `arqeologia~ miiviwyes, mis nacvlad gavrcelda termini `siZveleni~ (antiquitates) da mogvianebiT misi Targmani Tanamedrove dasavleTevropul enebze. xelaxla termini `arqeologia~ mxolod 1767 wels gamoCnda, mas Semdeg, rac germaniaSi giotingenis universitetSi profesorma qristian gotlib hainem waikiTxa leqciaTa kursi – `Zveli samyaros xelovnebis arqeologia, upiratesad berZenTa da romaelTa~. TviT qristian haines `arqeologia~ esmoda, rogorc antikuri Zeglebis aRwera da klasifikacia. XIX sis dasawyisidan termini `arqeologia~ mtkiced mkvidrdeba mTels evropaSi, magram Tavdapirvelad igi mxolod saistorio mecnierebis im dargs gulisxmobda, romelic klasikuri, e.i. berZnulromauli, kulturis Zeglebs ikvlevda. oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTSi termini `arqeologia~iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. samyaros `kardinaluri ganaxlebis~ periodSi termini `arqeologia~ Zalian Zveleburad eCvenebodaT da raime arqauliT daintereseba ucnaurad miiCneoda. gaismoda mowodebebi – `gavanadguroT arqeologia ise, rom misgan qva qvaze aRar davtovoTo~.
r arqeologiuri gaTxrebis istoria arqeologia gaTxrebis gareSe warmoudgenelia, gaTxrebs ki sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvT. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi mowmoben, jer kidev Zv.w. VI sSi babilonis mefe nabonidis (nabunaidi, Zv.w. 555539 ww.) brZanebiT Txridnen Zvel sasaxleTa da taZarTa nangrevebs da aRricxavdnen yovelgvar monapovars. varaudoben, rom gaTxrebis gziT nabonidi Zveli samSeneblo xelovnebis Seswavlasa da tradiciebis aRorZinebas lamobda.
leqsikoni
arqeologia mecnierebis is dargia, romelic kacobriobis istoriul warsuls nivTieri kulturis Zeglebis mixedviT swavlobs. arqeologiuri Zeglebi erTaderTi wyaroa winareistoriuli xanis Sesaswavlad, momdevno periodisaTvis ki arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi avsebs da azustebs werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs. arqeologTa mier aRmoCenilia TviT damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglebic. arqeologias xatovnad `niCbiT SeiaraRebul istoriasac~ uwodeben, radgan nivTieri Zeglebis mosapoveblad tardeba arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, romlebsac Cveulebriv win uZRvis arqeologiuri dazverva. ganaTxari masalis Seswavlisas arqeologia eyrdnoba nivTieri Zeglebis asakis
46
Tavi pir
vel
i
gansazRvrisa da klasifikaciis sakuTar meTodebs. amgvari Seswavlis Semdeg arqeologiuri Zeglebi istoriul wyarod iqceva. arqeologia nivTieri Zeglebis monacemTa safuZvelze axdens Zvel sazogadoebaTa kulturul da socialurekonomikuri mdgomareobis rekonstruqcias.
arqeologias, rogorc mecnierebas, aqvs Tavisi kvlevis sagani da Tavisi gansakuTrebuli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wyaroebis dagrovebis da Seswavlis meTodi. am mimarTebiT arqeologia warmoadgens damoukidebel istoriul mecnierebas. amasTanave istoria da arqeologia ganuyofelia, maT ganasxvavebT mxolod wyaroebi da kvlevis meTodi, kvlevis mizani ki erTi da igive aqvT – adamianTa sazogadoebis istoriis Seswavla mTlianobaSi.
arqeologia, rogorc mecniereba XVIII sis bolosa da XIX sis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda, Tumca siZveleebisadmi interess uZvelesi droidanve iCendnen.
XVIII sis dasawyisamde grZeldeboda mecnieri Tu moxalise arqeologebis saqmianoba, romelic upiratesad Zvirfas nivTTa koleqciebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad. erTerTi pirveli, vinc warsulis nivTieri Zeglebis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros mecnieruli mniSvneloba gaigo, frangi mecnieri klod peireski (15801637) iyo. man miuTiTa nivTieri Zeglebis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis zusti azomvisa da skulpturuli nakeTobebis TabaSiris aslebis damzadebis did mniSvnelobaze. klod peireski ubralod moyvaruli arqeologi ki ara, mecnierebis gamoCenili moRvawe iyo.
1711 wels samxreT italiaSi aRmoCnda ax.w. 79 wels vezuvis amofrqvevis Sedegad Camarxuli Zveli qalaqi herkulanumi, 1748 wels daiwyo pompeis gaTxrebi, romelmac farTo masStabi miiRo XIX sSi. Zeglebma uamravi moyvaruli miizida da daiwyo gaTxrebi xelovnebis Zvirfasi nimuSebis moZiebis mizniT, saqme iqamde mivida, rom mTavrobam akrZala gaTxrebi kerZo pirTaTvis. rac Seexeba swavlulebs, am droisaTvis isini mividnen im daskvnamde, rom aucilebelia SemuSavdes gaTxrebis garkveuli wesiTa da gegmiT warmoeba.
arqeologiuri kvlevaZiebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT nayofieri aRmoCnda XIX saukune, romelsac `didi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis~ epoqas uwodeben, vinaidan gaTxrebis dros ipoves antikuri da ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciebis naSTebi saberZneTsa da italiaSi, egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi. arqeologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, srulyofisaTvis gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda kacobriobis ganviTarebis adrindeli safexurebis, kerZod ki qvis xanis Zeglebis aRmoCenas, ramac realobad aqcia jer kidev Zv.w. I sSi romaeli mwerlisa da filosofosis titus karus lukreciusis (9955) mier Tavis filosofiur poemaSi – `saganTa bunebisaTvis~ – gamoTqmuli azri, rom kacobrioba viTardeboda TandaTanobiT, ganviTarebis sami stadiis – qvis, brinjaosa da rkinis xanis gavliT. arqeologebi sxvadasxva xalxis kulturaTa urTierTSedarebiT mividnen daskvnamde, rom mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTareba erTiania. XIX sis Sua wlebSi arqelogia sabolood Camoyalibda istoriul mecnierebad.
47
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
hainrix Slimani _ kaci, romelmac homerosis miTebi istoriad aqcia
mTeli msoflio gaaoca uZvelesi civilizaciis Zeglebis aRmoCenam xmelTaSua zRvis
auzSi germaneli TviTnaswavli arqeologis hainrix Slimanis (1822-1890) mier, rac
Tavisebur biZgad iqca msoflio arqeologiis ganviTarebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom
Svidi wlis hainrixma saCuqrad miiRo homerosis poema `iliada~, sadac dasuraTebu-
li iyo troas omis movlenebi. man swored maSin daisaxa miznad troas aRmoCena, ris
gamoc megobrebi dascinodnen da meocnebed miaCndaT. Tumca Slimanma aisrula bavS-
vobis ocneba da daamtkica, rom homerosis poemebs realuri safuZveli hqonda. ar-
qeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad 1873 wlis 14 ivniss aRmoaCina legendaruli qalaqi
troa. Slimanma miakvlia troas mefis, priamosis ganZs. am udidesi aRmoCenis Semdeg
1876 wels Slimanma kidev erTi didi aRmoCena gaakeTa. man saberZneTSi mikenuri kul-
turis nangrevebi da maTi mefis, agamemnonis samarxi aRmoaCina. Tumca mogvianebiT
dadasturda, rom samarxi agamemnonis epoqaze gviandeli iyo. Slimans, romelmac sa-
berZneTis istorias aTasi weli Semata, misi drois profesionali arqeologebis ume-
tesoba ar aRiarebda. Slimanis umTavresi damsaxureba kacobriobis winaSe homerosis
miTebis istoriad qcevaa.
robert koldevei _ babilonis aRmomCeni
mecxramete saukunis miwuruls cnobilma germanelma arqeologma robert koldeveim
(1855-1925), Tanamedrove baRdadis maxloblad, evfratis napirebze, daiwyo arqeo-
logiuri gaTxrebi, romelsac Tvrameti weli moandoma da naxevari milioni oqros
marka daujda. es iyo albaT pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva, roca arqeologiuri
samuSaoebisaTvis specialurad rkinigza gaiyvanes. miuxedavad jojoxeTuri samuSao
pirobebisa, koldeveis Sromismoyvareobam Sedegi gamoiRo da damsaxurebuli saxeli
da dideba moutana. is istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc babilonis aRmomCeneli. mecnierebi
sakmaod didxans Tvlidnen, rom gadmocema babilonis godolisa da semiramidas daki-
duli baRebis Sesaxeb mxolod legenda iyo. koldevei 1898-99 wlebidan 1917 wlamde
xelmZRvanelobda gaTxrebs Zveli babilonis nangrevebze, sadac aRmoaCina nabuqodo-
nosoris droindeli sabrZolo iaraRi, 90 metriani godolis saZirkveli, dakiduli
baRebi da iStaris karibWe mopirkeTebuli filebiT. manamde is monawileobas iRebda
troas gaTxrebSi. germanelma arqeologma or legendas mouZebna arqeologiuri axs-
na _ babilonis godols da semiramidas dakidul baRebs. semiramidas giganturi mra-
valterasiani baRebi, herodotem msoflio saocrebebs miakuTvna, godolis Sesaxeb ki
is aRniSnavda: `godoli camde aziduli da ramdenime giganturi terasisagan Sedgebo-
da. Svidi koSki erTmaneTze iyo dadgmuli. fundamenti 90 metri siganis iyo (swored
is gaTxara koldeveim) da godolic mTlianad imave simaRlis iyo. pirveli sarTuli
33 metrs aRwevda, meore 18 metrs da danarCeni ki oTxi ki 6-6 metrs. sul bolo sar-
Tuli 15 metris simaRlis iyo da warmoadgenda marduqis saxelze agebul taZars. igi
dafaruli iyo oqroTi da mopirkeTebuli cisfrad moWiquli aguriT. es taZari mzeze
cisfer-oqrosfrad livlivebda da ramdenime kilometric manZilidan Canda~.
damatebiTicnoba
48
Tavi pir
vel
i
arqeologia saqarTveloSi XIX sSi Caisaxa. 1871 wlidan iwyeba sistematuri arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, kerZod Zveli dedaqalaqis, mcxeTis midamoebSi, samTavros velze. am dros kavkasiaSi moRvaweobda avstrieli mecnieri, naturalisti da arqeologi fridrix baierni (181786), romelmac safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis warmoebas da muSaobis Sedegebis gamoqveynebas. fridrix baiernis gaTxrebiT msoflio mecniereba pirvelad gaecno saqarTvelos arqeologiur siZveleebs. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSia gamovlenili mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romelTa aRmoCenasa da Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed wina aziis arqeologiisaTvis.
arqeologia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sxva humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan: anTropologiasTan, eTnografiasTan, paleontologiasTan (Seiswavlis gadaSenebul cxovelTa Zvlebs), geologiasTan, fizikasTan, qimiasTan, botanikasTan, zoologiasTan da sxva mecnierebebTan. aseTi kavSiri xels uwyobs mis swraf ganviTarebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs, gamoiyenos sxva mecnierebaTa axali miRwevebi konkretuli arqeologiuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad, ZiriTadad Zeglebis warmoSobisa da daTariRebisaTvis.
wyaro 1
`arqeologiam gadatrialeba
moaxdina istoriul mecnie-
rebaSi. man istoriis sivrco-
brivi horizonti gaafarTova
imdenadve, rogorc teleskopma
gazarda astronomiis xedviTi
are. man asiaTasjer gazarda
istoriis perspeqtiva, zustad
iseve, rogorc mikroskopma,
aRmoaCina is, rom didi orga-
nizmebis iqiT imaleba umciresi
ujredebi~.
ingliseli arqeologi
gordon Caildi
wyaro 2
`zedmetad mimaCnia imis
ganmar teba, rom srulebiTac
ar vfiq rob aq davayeno saki-
Txi _ aqtualuria Tu ara dRes
arqeologia? ... ara mxolod
adamianis warmoSoba da ganvi-
Tareba, aramed sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis adreuli etapis
istoriis Seswavla mTlianad
arqeologiur monacemebzea
dam yarebuli~.
oTar lorTqifaniZe,
arqeologia da Tanamdroveoba
1. dawereT Tema arqeologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisTvis.
saSinaodavaleba
1. gaecaniT wyaroebsa da damatebiT cnobebs. imsjeleT, ramdenad cvlis ar-qeologiuri aRmoCenebi istorias?
2. kacobriobis istoriis romeli periodis kvlevisas exmareba arqeologiuri monacemebi istorikoss?
klasSi samuSao
arqeologebi
gaTxrebze
49
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
50
Tavi pir
vel
i
eTnologia10.
r `eTnografia~ – termini `eTnografia~ pirvelad 1607 wels ixmares, Tumca am mecnieruli disciplinis aRsaniSnavad igi sabolood dRemde ar damkvidrebula. 1839 wels parizSi Camoyalibebul axal sazogadoebas eTnologiuri ewoda, rac aseve ZvelberZnuli sityvisagan momdinareobs da niSnavs moZRvrebas xalxTa Sesaxeb. oqtombris gadatrialebamde ruseTSi mecnierebis es dargi xalxTmcodneobad iwodeboda, xolo inglisurenovan qveynebSi fexi moikida terminebma – `kulturuli da socialuri anTropologia~, gansxvavebiT `fizikuri anTropologiisagan~, romelic calkeul xalxTa fizikur Taviseburebebs Seiswavlis. eTnografia dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, Sedis adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa erTian sistemaSi – anTropologiaSi, romelic Sedgeba winaistoriis (pirvelyofili arqeologia), fizikuri anTropologiis, socialuri anTropologiis, eTnologiis, folkloris, lingvistikisa da arqeologiisagan. sabWour mecnierebaSi aRiarebuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, eTnosi, xalxi socialuri dajgufebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic aRmocendeba adamianTa nebasurvilisgan damoukideblad bunebrivistoriuli procesis Sedegad. eTnosis, xalxis aRiareba eTnografiis Seswavlis ZiriTad obieqtad damkvidrebuli iyo jer kidev XX sis dasawyisSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT, romlis mixedviTac mecnierebis am dargis sakvlev sferoSi eTnosebis materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis Taviseburebani SehqondaT. Tumca es TavisTavad ar gamoricxavda azrTa sxvadasxvaobas misi sagnis gansazRvrisas.
r eTnogenezi (berZn. ethnos – xalxi da genesis – warmoSoba) xalxis, tomis warmoSoba.
r pirvelyofili arqeologia – bevr qveyanaSi miekuTvneba ara istoriul, aramed biologiur an sxva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas.
leqsikoni
xalxis eTnikur saxes masSi damkvidrebuli zneCveulebebi da tradiciulyofiTi kulturis niSnebi qmnis. sxvadasxva epoqisa da erovnebis adamianTa adaTwesebi da zneCveulebebi eTnologiur wyaroebs warmoadgenen, romlebsac ikvlevs, msoflio xalxTa – eTnosTa Semswavleli istoriuli disciplina – eTnografia, igive eTnologia (berZn. ethnos – xalxi da grapho – vwer, sityvasityviT – xalxis aRwera).
adamianebs ZvelTaganve ainteresebdaT maxlobeli Tu Soreuli xalxebis yofis Taviseburebani, maTi zneCveulebebi da rwmenawarmodgenebi, rac imTaviTve savaWroekonomikur, samxedropolitikur Tu kulturul urTierTobaTa interesebs iTvaliswinebda. jer kidev Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda eTnografiuli Canawerebi, sadac aRwerili iyo mezobeli xalxebi, mogvianebiT Cndeba Canawerebi mesopotamiasa da adrebibliur teqstebSi. magram pirvel mkvlevrad, romelmac gamoiyena uSualo dakvirvebis meTodi da mis safuZvelze aRwera sxvadasxva xalxebi, Zveli berZeni istorikosi, `istoriis mama~ hero
51
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
wyaro 1
herodote adaT-wesebis Se-
saxeb
`vinmem rom SesTavazos romel-
sac gnebavT xalxs, gamoarCie
yvela arsebul adaT-wess Soris
saukeTesoo, is rom gadaxedavs,
ra Tqma unda, gamoarCevs Ta-
vis sakuTars. TiToeul xalxs
miaCnia, rom misi adaT-wesebi
bevrad ukeTesia sxvisaze. ami-
tomac giJis garda, Cveulebriv,
aravin dascinis aseT rameebs ...
wmindad miaCnia xalxs Tavisi
wes-Cveulebebi da me vfiqrob,
swored ambobs pindare (Zv.w.
522/518-448/438, erT-erTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani ZvelberZe-
ni liriuli poeti) Tavis poe-
mebSi: `adaT-wesebi yvelafris
mefeao~.
dote halikarnaseli (daaxl. Zv.w. 484425) miiCneva. igi dainteresebuli iyo xalxTa warmoSobis sakiTxebiT, maT Soris kolxebis eTnogeneziT. misi azriT, Savgvremani da xuWuWTmiani kolxebi warmoSobiT egviptelebi iyvnen.
mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli dakvirvebebia Zveli qveynebis xalxebze, maT Soris qarTvelkavkasielebze `medicinis mamis~ hipokrates, qsenofontis, strabonis, tacitusis da sxvaTa SromebSi.
Sua saukuneebSi xalxTa didma gadasaxlebebma da axali qveynebis gacnobam, manamde ucnobi xalxebis yofacxovrebaze dakvirvebam gamoiwvia eTnografiuli codnisa da Tvalsawieris gafarToeba. XVXVI saukuneebSi didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma sruliad axali masala SesZina eTnografias. eTnografiis, rogorc mecnierebis, Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovanwilad xdeboda xalxTa cxovrebis uSualod SeswavliT, anu rogorc eTnografebi amboben, savele dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT. am dakvirvebebis srulyofaze aranaklebi gavlena moaxdina im faqtma, rom XIX sis dasawyisSi, Soreuli egzotikuri qveynebis xalxTa SeswavlasTan erTad, mecnierebma sul ufro meti yuradReba dauTmes sakuTari xalxis kvlevas. XIX sis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda ZiriTadad eTnografiis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis, Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi da ganisazRvra misi wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza.
saqarTveloSi eTnografias xangrZlivi tradicia aqvs. qarTveli tomebis zneCveulebebisa da yofacxovrebis amsaxveli eTnografiuli monacmebi gvxvdeba jer kidev asuruli, xeTuri, urartuli da sxva, lursmuli da xatovani damwerlobis ZeglebSi. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisa da eTnokulturis problemebi, kolxeTisa da iberiis istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebiT, asaxulia berZnul, romaul da bizantiur saistorio mwerlobaSi. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli cnobebia Semonaxuli somxur, arabul, sparsul, Turqul, rusul da sxva wyaroebSi, agreTve dasavleTevropul mogzaurTa da swavlulTa SromebSi. qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis, sameurneo yofis, sazogadoebrivi wyobis, nivTieri da sulieri kulturis sakiTxebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi dacul eTnografiul monacemebs. eTnografiuli masala qarTvel da sxva kavkasiel xalxTa Sesaxeb mocemulia rogorc hagiografiul (V sdan), ise saistorio, filosofiur da mxatvrul qarTul literaturaSi [Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosi (XII s.), JamTaaRmwereli (XIV s.), vaxuSti (XVIII s.) das xv.]. marTalia, Zvel qarTul
52
Tavi pir
vel
i
saistorio mwerlobaSi kulturulyofiTi movlenebis ganzogadebis araerTi saintereso cdaa, magram pirvel mecniermkvlevrad, romelmac qarTvelTa `zneCveulebani~ istoriul wyarod gamoiyena, vaxuSti batoniSvilia (16961757 ww.) miCneuli. mis SromaSi – `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (1745 w.) – eTnografia istoriis organul nawiladaa warmodgenili. programa, romlis mixedviTac vaxuSti batoniSvils aRwerili aqvs qarTveli da kavkasieli xalxebis eTnografiuli sinamdvile, metad farToa da aramc Tu CamorCeba, aramed win uswrebs imdroindel da momdevno drois eTnografiul programebs.
eTnografiuli kvlevis sazRvrebi, rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT, araerTxel Secvlila, eTnografia ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze kompleqsuri mecnierebaa, romelic ikvlevs eTnikur erTobaTa, rogorc adamianTa koleqtiuri cxovrebis erTerTi yvelaze mdgradi da mniSvnelovani formiT aRmocenebisa da arsebobis yvela aspeqts. xalxebis, eTnosebis Seswavlisadmi aseTi midgoma moiTxovs maTi eTnikuri specifikis Semcveli yvela komponentis sagangebo analizs, rac sakvlevi sagnisadmi kompleqsuri midgomisa da Sesabamisad sxva momijnave humanitaruli da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis monacemebis farTod gamoyenebis safuZvelze miiRweva. humanitaruli mecnierebebidan aseTi Sexebis wertilebi eTnografias aqvs istoriasTan, arqeologiasTan, xelovnebaTmcodneobasTan, folkloristikasTan, lingvistikasTan da sxva disciplinebTan, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTagan ki geografiasTan, anTropologiasTan, ekonomikasTan, botanikasTan da sxva dargebTan, romlebic scildebian calkeuli problemebis kvlevis farglebs da momijnave samecniero disciplinebis saxiT yalibdebian.
wyaro 2
wyaro 3
ilia WavWavaZe xalxis CveulebaTa Sesaxeb
`...sadac Segnebuli aqvT, Tu ra saunjea darCenili sx-
vadasxva CveulebaSi, iq xalxis yovelgvar Cveulebas,
cxovrebis yovelgvar sagans jerovans yuradRebas aq-
ceven da gamoukvlevelad arafersa stoveben. swored
amgvar Seswavlas da gamokvlevas moaqvs sasargeblo
da keTili nayofi, mxolod amnairis SeswavliT da
gamokvleviT SeiZleba yovelmxriv SevignoT xalxis
warsuli da awmyo, imisi avi da kargi...~
nikoloz xizaniSvili (1851-1906), istorikosi
da eTnografi, xalxis CveulebaTa Sesaxeb
`...Cveuleba aZlevs xalxs gansakuTrebiTs fers, pi-
rovnul xasiaTs. rogorc yvela calke pirisaTvis
saWiroa misi pirovnuli Tavisebureba, ise xalxi-
saTvis saWiroa gonivruli xalxosnuri Cveuleba,
sadac ase ar aris, iq arc progresia SesaZlo...~
qarTvelebi _ xevsuri qali.
mxatvari maqs tilke, 1910 w.
wyaro 4
nikoloz xizaniSvili xevsuri qalis mandilze
`qals mfarveloba ar aklia da misi mfarvelia mTeli Temi ... Tu Temi qalis mfarve-
lia, qalis mandilic Temsa mfarvelobs. mandils aq didi Zala aqvs. roca raime mi-
zezisa gamo ors Tems SuRli autydeba da `daSnebs~ (iaraRia) iSiSvleben, Tu ar man-
dili, meSuRleni erTi-erTmaneTs gaswyvetdnen, _ qalebi Caerevian xolme SuRlSi
da mandilebiT aSveleben moCxubrebs. mandilis moxda qalisagan da SuRlis mospoba
erTi da igivea, _ aseTi didi Zala aqvs xevsurul mandilsa...~
wyaro 5
ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940), istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe, gamziTvebis
Sesaxeb
`ra dros dawesda saqarTveloSi `ziTevi~ an rodis SemoiRes uZravi sakuTrebis
ziTevad gataneba (qalisTvis), gansazRvra zedmiwevniT jer ar SeiZleba, magram
uZravad ukve VIII-IX s. arsebobda da mas am dros `deduli~ rqmevia, e.i. imgvarive
saxeli, romliTac mamis sagvareulo uZrav qonebas aRniSnavdnen (`mamuli~), amitom
SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom ukve VIII-IX s-iTgan moyolebuli ziTevad uZravi qonebac
unda eZliaT~.
1. gaecaniT wyaroebs (4, 5). imsjeleT ra SeiZleba SesZinos eTnografiulma cnobebma sazogadoebis istoriis kvlevas.
2. daasaxeleT da aRwereT Tqveni kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofiTi tradiciebi; romeli migaCniaT misaRebad da romeli ara.
klasSi samuSao
1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT: ra mniSvneloba aqvs xalxis zne-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis Seswavlas warsulis rekonstruqciisa da aw-myos SecnobisaTvis.
saSinaodavaleba
53
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
54
Tavi pir
vel
i
istoriuli geografia da istoriuli
kartografia11.
r istoriuli geografiis calke disciplinad Camoyalibeba – istoriuli geografiis calke disciplinad Camoyalibeba XVXVI saukuneebSi daiwyo – aRorZinebisa da didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaSi. klasikuri siZvelisadmi interesma gamoiwvia antikuri samyaros geografiis Seswavlis survili. istoriul geografiaSi pirveli fuZemdebluri naSromi flamandeli kartografis abraham orteliusis (15271598) mier Sedgenili Zveli msoflios atlasi iyo (1579 w.). orteliusis rukebs Tan axlda teqsti, romelSic rukaze gamosaxuli Zveli msoflios qveynebis mokle aRwera iyo. swored orteliusma uwoda geografias `istoriis Tvalebi~. magram orteliusi kritikulad ar udgeboda antikur avtorTa cnobebs, romlis safuZvelzec Seadgina Tavisi atlasi. es nakli daZleul iqna XVII sSi holandieli profesoris f.kliuveris mier, romelmac dawera ori naSromi istoriul geografiaSi – `Zveli italiis istoriuli geografia~ da `Zveli germaniis istoriuli geografia~. istoriuli geografiis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis XVIIXVIII saukuneebSi safrangeTis eruditTa istoriul skolas da frangi geografisa da kartografis Jan batist d’anvilis Sromebs. isini antikuri periodis geografiasTan erTad Sua saukuneebis geografiasac Seiswavlidnen. Jan batist burginion d’anvilis (16971782), pirveli seriozuli ruka (Zveli saberZneTis) gamoqveynda, roca avtori TxuTmeti wlis iyo, xolo ocdaori wlis asakSi mas safrangeTis samefo karis geografis wodeba mianiWes. d’anvilma 211 ruka Seadgina. misi rukebis Seufasebeli koleqcia, romelic 10500 nomrisagan Sedgeboda, safrangeTis mTavrobam missave sicocxleSi 1779 wels samefo biblioTekisaTvis SeiZina. XIX sis meore naxevridan istoriuli geografiis Sinaarsi warsulis socialurekonomikuri problematikiT gamdidrda. qarTuli istoriuli geografiis fuZemdebelia vaxuSti batoniSvili (16961757), romelmac Tavis kapitalur naSromSi `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (1745) saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis pirveli safuZvliani da detaluri geografiuli aRweriloba da misi geografiuli atlasebi mogvca.
r toponimika [berZn. topos adgili da onyma saxeli] – romelime adgilis geografiul saxelTa (dasaxlebuli punqtebis, mdinareebis, mTebis da misTanebis saxelTa) erToblioba.
leqsikoni
istoriuli geografia
istoriuli geografia istoriuli codnis is dargia, romlis Seswavlis sfero kacobriobis istoriuli warsulis geografiaa. igi moicavs fizikur geografias, mosaxleobis istoriul geografias, meurneobis istoriul geografias da politikur geografias. misi saSualebiT dgindeba ama Tu im qveynis Zveli sazRvrebi, Zveli qalaqebisa da soflebis mdebareoba, samxedro laSqrobaTa
55
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
istoriuli kartografia
istoriuli kartografia (berZn. chartes – saweri furceli an papirusis gragnili, grapho – vwer) mecnieruli disciplinaa, romelic adgens istoriul rukebsa da atlasebs da amuSavebs maTi Seqmnis meTodikas. rukebi unikaluri istoriuli wyaroa, romlebic gansakuTrebuli grafikuli formiT Seicaven geografiul da istoriul faqtebs, cnobebs mecnieruli codnis, msoflmxedvelobis, epoqis esTetikuri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. rukebi mniSvnelovania bunebrivi garemos Secvlis procesebis, ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri istoriis kvlevisas, bunebismetyvelebis istoriis, mecnierebis, teqnikis, xelovnebis Seswavlisas. rukebma ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza ganvlos sqematuri naxatebidan namdvil mecnierul naSromebamde. rukis mniSvnelovani elementia misi Sinaarsi anu kartografiuli gamosaxuleba. kartografiuli masala rukaze gadaaqvT pirobiTi niSnebis saSualebiT, romlebic rukasTan erTad viTardeboda. rukis SeswavlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs damxmare elementebs: legendebs (pirobiT aRniSvnebs), rukis saxelwodebas, masze aRniSnul teqstebs, cnobebs Semsruleblis, gamocemis adgilis da drois Sesaxeb. rukis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa misi generalizacia, e.i. rukaze ZiriTadis SerCeva da misi ganzogadeba masStabis, daniSnulebisa da rukis Tematikis Sesabamisad. rukis Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs masze datanili toponimebi, romlebic rukaze asaxul dros Seesabamebian, Zvirfas wyaros warmoadgenen eTnikuri istoriisaTvis xalxTa gansaxlebis arealis da maTi mi
gzebi, brZolebis rukasqemebi, saxalxo moZraobaTa geografia, savaWro da kulturuli kavSirebi mezobel qveynebTan, xalxTa migracia da a.S. marTalia, fizikuri geografia ukanaskneli aTaswleulebis manZilze SedarebiT naklebad Seicvala, magram, landSaftis saerTo daxasiaTebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, is mcire cvlilebebic mniSvnelovania kacobriobis ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen adamianis yofaze. maT miekuTvneba mdinareTa dinebis Secvla, oazisTa gaqroba, irigaciuli sistemebis Seqmna, tyeebis gakafva da a.S. istoriuli geografia, geografiis is dargia, romelic geografiuli codnis saSualebiT xsnis istoriul procesebs, misi ZiriTadi formula geografiul codnaze damyarebuli istoriuli daskvnebia. istoriuli geografia eyrdnoba kartografiul, werilobiTsa da arqeologiur wyaroebs, toponimikas da safuZvels umzadebs istoriuli rukebis Sedgenas.
istoriulgeografiuli gamokvlevebi Cveulebriv unda warmoebdes arqeologebTan, ekonomistebTan, iuristebTan, eTnografebTan, enaTmecnierebTan, xelovnebaTmcodneebTan SemoqmedebiT kavSirSi. eseTi kompleqsuri midgoma farTo SesaZleblobebs xsnis istoriuli geografiis sferoSi mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis. istoriul mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli analitikuri, SedarebiTistoriuli, retrospeqtuli, statistikuri da kartografiuli samecniero meTodebis gamoyenebis garda istoriulgeografiuli kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva istoriuli faqtebis, movlenebisa da procesebis lokalizebas sivrcesa da droSi, rac xorcieldeba rogorc Sesabamisi aRwerisa da ganzogadebis, ise gansazRvruli rukebis, sqemebis da a.S. Sedgenis meSveobiT.
56
Tavi pir
vel
i
XVI s-is dasawyisis veneciuri ruka
graciis gamokvlevisas, maTi dasaxlebis simWidrovis SeswavlisaTvis, mocemul regionSi erTi xalxis mier meoriT Secvlis, dasaxlebul punqtTa warmoSobis istoriis kvlevisas. Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rukaze ara marto realurad arsebuli, aramed gamogonili an mcdarad miTiTebuli obieqtebic gadahqondaT. Secdomis mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo sxvadasxva geografiuli hipoTezebi da miTebi, rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia Sua saukuneebis rukebisaTvis. kartografiis istoriis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX sSi daiwyo. mis saTaveebTan idga frangi inJinergeografi barbie bokaJi (17601825), romelmac erTerTma pirvelma mimoixila kartografiis istoria. kartografiis istoria moicavs rukebis istorias da maTi Seqmnis meTodebs, kartografiuli ideebis istorias im samyaros materialur da sulier pirobebTan mWidro kavSirSi, romlebSic isini iqmnebodnen.
geografiuli informaciis ukmarisobis kompensirebas kartografebi rukaTa mdidruli gaformebis, minawerebis, naxatebis, ornamentebis xarjze cdilobdnen. rukaze minawerebi sakmaod vrceli iyo da rukis saxelwodebis garda is Seicavda informacias misi avtorisa da gravioris Sesaxeb, gadmocemis adgilsa da wels, miZRvnas vinmesadmi da a.S. rukis irgvliv xatavdnen xmeleTisa da zRvis fantastikur cxovelebs, gamosaxavdnen antikur RmerTebs, xSiri iyo amuris gamosaxulebebi; heraldikur emblemebs, gerbebs; istoriul pirTa an im pirTa portretebs, visac rukas uZRvnidnen. yovelive es rukas xelo
57
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
vnebis nawarmoebad aqcevda, romlis SeqmnaSi im drois gamoCenili mxatvrebi monawileobdnen; ris gamoc rukebi sasaxleebis morTulobis elementad iqca. geografiuli rukebi Tavisi gansazRvruli socialuri moTxovnilebebiTa da materialurteqnikuri SesaZleblobebiT konkretuli istoriuli epoqisa da kulturis produqts warmoadgenen. ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove geografiuli mecnierebisa da kartografiis kriteriumebiT Zvel rukebs didi mniSvneloba aRara aqvT, magram, rogorc istoriuli wyaro, isini Zalzed faseulia, radgan SesaZleblobas iZleva, SeviswavloT ara mxolod misi Semdgenlis, aramed mTeli Tanadrouli epoqis msoflmxedveloba da mentaliteti, kultura, ganaTleba.
saqarTveloSi pirveli Cvenamde moRweuli kartografiuli nawarmoebebi XVIII saukunes ekuTvnis, es aris vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier Sedgenili ori qarTuli atlasi saqarTvelos da misi momijnave qveynebisa (1735 da 1745 ww.) da imave saukunis 4050ian wlebSi qarTulsa da rusul enebze Sesrulebuli rva ruka, batoniSvilma uzarmazari kartografiuli samuSao Caatara. evropeli kartografebi kavkasiis regionis aRsawerad XVIII sis II naxevridan XIX sis Sua xanebamde mxolod vaxuStis rukebs eyrdnobodnen. qarTuli skolebisaTvis vaxuStim rusulidan Targmna `mokle politikuri geografia~ msoflio atlasTan erTad.
rukebi efeqturi saSualebaa TvalsaCino informaciisa da codnis gavrcelebisaTvis. adamianis mier movlenis mxedvelobiTi aRqma mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs misi msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi, xels uwyobs nanaxis ama Tu im emociebis da Sefasebis gamomuSavebas. rukaze Segrovili, sistematizirebuli da ganzogadebuli masala ubralo ilustracia ki araa, aramed problemuri kvlevis Sedegia. movlenaTa kartografiul asaxvas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs istoriul kvlevaSi.
germanul qalaq miunsteris Sua saukuneebis ruka
58
Tavi pir
vel
i budizmisa da induizmis
gavrceleba 500 wlisaTvis
budizmis warmoSobis
adgili
budizmis gavrceleba
induizmis gavrcelebis aråaliavRaneTi
azia
korea
CineTi
samxreT-aRmosavleTi
azia
iaponia
indoeTi
nepali
tibeti
Sri-lanka
sumatraindoeTis
okeane
wynari okeane
birma
1. daasaxeleT qveyana, sadac warmoiSva budizmi;2. romel qveynebSi gavrcelda budizmi?3. gansazRvreT induizmis gavrcelebis areali;4. ra gziT gavrcelda budizmi iaponiaSi?
bizantiis imperiis sazRvari 565 wlisaTvis.
muslimTa miwebi muhamadis gardacvalebis wlisaTvis (632 w.)
muslimTa teritoriebi 632-661 wlebSi
muslimTa teritoriebi 661- 750 wlebSi
safrangeTi
espaneTi
maroko
CrdiloeTi afrika egvipte
nubia
sparseTis yure
arabeTis zRva
xmelTaSua zRva
atlantis okeane Savi zRva
kaspiis zR
va
wiT
eli z
Rva
saharas udabno
islamis gavrceleba.
1. rodis moeqca espaneTi muslimTa batonobis qveS?2. ra teritoriebs moicavda islami muhamïdis gardacvalebis (632 w.) droisaTvis?3. ra teritoriebs flobdnen muslimebi 632-661 wlebSi?4. ra teritoriebs flobdnen muslimebi 661-750 wlebSi?
59
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
ZiriTadad qristianebi 476 ù.
ZiriTadad qristianebi1050 ù.
muslimebi 1050 ù.
monastrebi
norvegia
Sotlandia
irlandia
inglisi
germania
ruseTi
safrangeTi
espaneTi
italia
bizantiis imperia
xmelTaSua zRva
atlantis okeane
Savi zRva
balt
iis zRva
qristianobis gavrceleba evropaSi. misionerebi xels uwyobdnen
qristianobis gavrcelebas Sua saukuneebis evropaSi.
1. daasaxeleT evropis sami saxelmwifo, romlebic gaqristianda 486-1050 wlebSi;
2. evropis romeli qveynebi iyo muslimTa gavlenis qveS?
1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: ruka, rogorc istoriuli wyaro.
saSinaodavaleba
1. daiyaviT sam jgufad, TiToeulma airCieT mocemuli rukebidan erT-erTi: 1. budizmisa da induizmis gavrceleba 500 wlisaTvis; 2. qristianobis gavrceleba evropaSi; 3. islamis gavrceleba. upasuxeT Sesabamis SekiTxvebs.
2. TiToeulma jgufma klasis winaSe warmoadgineT rukis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros, meSveobiT miRebuli informacia.
klasSi samuSao
ptolemaiosis ruka (aRdgenili XV saukuneSi)
60
Tavi pir
vel
i
61
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
paleografia12.
armazis bilingva
paleografiis Seswavlis sagani, pirvel rigSi, dokumentis, naweris garegnuli, formaluri mxarea, magram igi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mis SinaarsTan. srulfasovani paleografiuli analizis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZlebelia Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis Seswavla da maT SinaarsSi garkveva.
Zveli xelnawerisa Tu warweris wakiTxva mraval sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli. arsebobda damwerlobis araerTi sistema, TiToeuli maTgani viTardeboda da icvleboda droTa ganmavlobaSi, Cndeboda maTi lokaluri nairsaxeobebi, TiToeul mweralsa Tu gadamwers hqonda sakuTari xelwera. mwerlebi xSirad iyenebdnen Semoklebebs, qaragmebs, specifiur formulebs, romelTa codnisa Tu amocnobis gareSe teqstis gageba SeuZlebelia. amitom nacnob enaze da nacnobi damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli teqstic ki zogjer gaSifvras moiTxovs. paleografma unda icodes ena, romelzec teqstia Sesrulebuli, misi ganviTarebis etapebi, aseve weris wesebi
r paleografia aris ori berZnuli sityvisgan `palaios~ – `Zveli~ da `grafein~ – `wera~ Sedgenili termini, romelic Zveli naweris Semswavlel mecnierebas aRniSnavs. mas safuZveli Cauyara Jan mabionma 1681 wels gamocemuli naSromiT, xolo Tavad termini pirvelad bernar de monfokonma gamoiyena 1708 wels gamocemul `berZnul paleografiaSi~. Tavdapirvelad dargi moicavda yvela saxis nawers da maTTan dakavSirebul problematikas. TandaTanobiT mis farglebSi gamoiyo mravali mecniereba (istoris e.w. `damxmare~ mecnierebebi) – diplomatika (mecniereba sabuTebis, dokumentebis Sesaxeb), epigrafika (warweraTmcodneoba), kodikologia (xelnawerTmcodneoba), numizmatika (mecniereba liTonis fulis, monetebis Sesaxeb), papirologia (papirusTmcodneoba). dResac `paleografia~ farTo gagebiT aerTianebs maT, magram terminis viwro mniSvneloba identuria kodikologiisa. igi Seiswavlis Zveli xelnawerebis damwerlobas – asoTa moxazulobas, sawer masalas, sawer iaraRebs, daTariRebas da sxv.
leqsikoni
62
Tavi pir
vel
i
da Taviseburebebi. asoTa moxazuloba, punqtuacia, Semoklebebi da sxva formaluri niSnebi Zalze mniSvnelovania teqstis dasaTariReblad, masSi gviandeli CanarTebis gamosavlenad, teqstis originalobisa Tu nayalbevobis gasarCevad.
ukanasknel xanebSi paleografis samuSao arsenali mdidrdeba sxva, maT Soris zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebiT. sul ufro meti parametriT SeiZleba saweri masalis Seswavla. Tixis analizma SesaZlebeli gaxada firfitis Seqmnis adgilis dadgena. Tixa arc Zviri masala iyo da arc misi Sor manZilze waReba iyo mosaxerxebeli. amdenad, Tixa sadauricaa, teqstic iq unda iyos dawerili. amgvarma analizma SesaZlebeli gaxada sami aTasi wlis winandeli siyalbis aRmoCena. Cvenamde moRweulia teqsti, romlis Tanaxmadac egvipteli moxele aRuwers faraons mis mogzaurobas kviprosze da damatebiT saxsrebs sTxovs misiis warmatebiT dasagvirgvineblad, xolo mefisa warmomadgenelisa da sakuTari msaxuris Sexvedris adgilad Razas sTavazobs. Tixis analizma aCvena, rom firfita RazaSia Seqmnili. Sesabamisad, moxelec iq imyofeba, mas Semoexarja Tanxa da unda faraons damatebiT dastyuos oqro.
Zvel teqstebTan muSaobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTebi ucnobi enebis gaSifvrasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
lursmuli damwerlobis amokiTxvis cda giotingenis (Ggermania) gimnaziis maswavlebeli georg fridrih grotefendis saxels ukavSirdeba. 1802 wels man moaxerxa behistunis kldis sparsuli warweris ramdenime sityvisa da niSnis amocnoba. gviandeli sparsuli teqstebis gaTvaliswinebiT man dauSva, rom teqstis dasawyisSi unda yofiliyo mefis titulatura, romelSic yvelaze xSi
behistunis klde
63
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
rad sityva `mefe~ unda meordebodes. man daadgina es sityva, aseve niSanTa is jgufi, romelic mefis sakuTar saxels gadmoscemda. teqstSi aRmoCnda ori mefis saxeli. erTi meoris mama Canda, xolo misi mama ar iyo mefe. sparseTis uZveles mmarTvelTa, aqemenianTa Soris grotefends ori aseTi wyvili eguleboda, erTi – kirosi da kambisesi, meore – dariosi da qserqse. iqidan gamomdinare, rom mefeTa saxelebi sxvadasxva asoTi iwyeboda, mkvlevarma arCevani meore wyvilze SeaCera. amgvarad, man waikiTxa saxelebi `dariosi~, `qserqse~ da sityva `mefe~, rac gaxda amosavali lursmuli damwerlobisa da am damwerlobis momxmarebeli mravali enis SeswavlisaTvis.
lursmuli sabolood gaSifrulad CaiTvala 1857 wels, rodesac oTxma mecnierma (e. hinksi, i. operti, v. talboti, h. raulinsoni) praqtikulad erTnairad
rozetis qva
waikiTxa axladaRmoCenili grZeli asuruli teqsti – mefe tiglaTfalasar Iis analebi.
egvipturi damwerlobis gaSifvra Janfransua Sampolionis saxels ukavSirdeba. napoleonis egvipteSi laSqrobis dros q. aleqsandriasTan, rozetis maxloblad aRmoCnda samenovani warwera, romelic `rozetis qvis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es aris ptolemaios Vis (Zv.w. 204181) pativsacemad Sedgenili teqsti, Sesrulebuli egvipturi ieroglifebiT, egvipturi nusxuriT da berZnulad. berZnuli versiidan Sampolionma daadgina teqstis Sinaarsi da mefis saxeli, romelic kartuSSi (ovalur CarCoSi) iyo Casmuli. man dauSva, rom egviptelTaTvis ucxo saxeli – ptolemaiosi aucileblad fonetikurad iqneboda Cawerili da aqedan daadgina calkeuli niSnebis wakiTxva. sxva teqstSi ptolemaiosis garda, aRmoCnda kleopatras saxeli. 1822 wels parizSi Sampolionma akademias warudgina misi kvlevis Sedegebi, rac egvipturis gaSifvrisa da egviptologiis dabadebis dRed iTvleba.
deSifrirebis istoriebSi yvelaze met yuradRebas is genialuri mixvedra ipyrobs, rac damwerlobis amokiTxvis gasaRebs gvTavazobs. magram es `genialuri mixvedra~ emyareba udides codnas (magaliTad, Sampolionma axalgazrdobaSive icoda 20 cocxali da mkvdari ena), Sromas, niWsa da agreTve iRbals, ris gareSec aseve ar arsebobs didi warmateba.
1. imsjeleT, Tu ra aris paleografiis Seswavlis upirvelesi sagani da ratom. Tqvni azriT, ratom gamocalkevda paleografiidan sxvadasxva `mecniere-ba~?
2. isaubreT im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, rac Tan axlavs Zveli teqstebis wakiTx-vas.
3. yuradRebiT gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. CamoTvaleT iberiis samefoSi arsebuli saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi. wyaros mixedviT, ra movaloeba ekis-reboda ezosmoZRvars. ra gansxvavebebia warweris berZnul da arameul va-riantebs Soris?
klasSi samuSao
Tavi pir
vel
i
64
1940 wels, mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros ipoves didi qva, romelzec or ena-
ze iyo Sesrulebuli warwera. am qvas armazis bilingva ewoda (bilingva niSnavs oreno-
vans). warwerebi, romlebic 1941 wels gaSifra giorgi wereTelma, berZnul da arameul
enebzea. es warwera metad saintereso cnobebs iZleva ax.w. II saukunis iberiis samefos
mmarTvelobis sistemaze.
warweris berZnul variantSi vkiTxulobT: „serafiti, asuli pitiaxS javax mcirisa,
meuRle publikios agripa pitiaxSis Zis iodmanganisa – qarTvelTa mefis didi qsefar-
nugis mraval gamarjvebaTa mompovebeli ezosmoZRvrisa, gardaicvala jer kidev axal-
gazrda, ocdaerTi wlisa, mqonebeli Seudarebeli silamazisa.“
arameuli varianti ki aseTi saxisaa: „me var serafiti, asuli zevaxisa, mcirisa pitiax-
Sisa farsman mefisa, meuRle iodmanganisa – Zlevamosilisa da mravali gamarjvebis
mompovebeli ezosmoZRvrisa qsefarnug mefisa, Zisa agripa ezosmoZRvrisa farsman
mefisa. vaeba vaebisa. is vinc iyo axalgazrda da imdenad keTili da mSvenieri iyo, rom
aravin iyo misi msgavsi silamaziT da gardaicvala 21 wlisa.“
damatebiTicnoba
65
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
numizmatika da bonistika13.
numizmatika
numizmatika (Zvel berZnulad `nomisma~, laTinurad `numisma~ monetas hqvia) monetebs Seiswavlis da istoriis damxmare disciplinaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. numizmatika istorikosis damxmare iaraRia warsulis kvlevis saqmeSi.
Tavdapirvelad numizmatika (istoriis damxmare, magram, amave dros, savsebiT damoukidebel samecniero dargad Camoyalibebamde), monetebis SegrovebiT, koleqciebis SeqmniT Semoifargleboda. monetebiT gataceba aRorZinebis xanis italiaSi daiwyo. erTerTi pirveli numizmatikoleqcioneri iyo cnobili humanisti poeti petrarka ( 13041374 ww.). italieli koleqcionerebis mibaZviT, monetebis Segroveba daiwyes evropis Zlevamosilma mmarTvelebmac. iqmneboda monetebis specialuri sacavebi (kabi netebi). swored amgvar sacavebSi eyreboda safuZveli monetebis mecnierul Seswavlas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom evropaSi samecniero numizmatikis mamamTavrad aRiarebulia venis saimperatoro samoneto kabinetis mcveli ioseb ilari ekeli (17371798 ww.).
saqarTveloSi numizmatikuri mecnierebis CasaxvaganviTarebas ki ruseTSi mcxovrebi Tavadis, mixeil baraTaSvilis (17841856 ww.) saxels ukavSireben. 1844 wels peterburgSi rusul da frangul enebze gamocemulma misma naSromma `saqarTvelos samefos numizmatikuri faqtebi~ safuZveli Cauyara qarTul mecnierul numizmatikas.
eleqtrumis monetebi efesos artemides
taZris ganZidan. napovnia britaneTis
muzeumis mier ganxorcielebuli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros XX s-is
dasawyisSi.
lidiuri oqros stateri.
Zv.w. VI s-is Sua xanebi.
Zveli berZnebi mas `krezis
staters~ uwodebdnen.
66
Tavi pir
vel
i
bonistika
boni (frang. bon, laT.-Bonus – kargi, moxerxebuli) saxelmwifo xazinis, dawesebulebebis, sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli moklevadiani savalo valdebulebaa, romelsac iyeneben rogorc mimoqcevisa da gadaxdis saSualebas. bonebs uSveben saxelmwifo organizaciebi fulis gaufasurebisa da fulis niSnebis wvrili kupiuris naklebobisas. amasTanave, boni xmarebidan gamosul qaRaldis fulsac aRniSnavs.
rogorc erTi, ise meore saxiT bonebi Taviseburi istoriuli wyaroa, romelsac damxmare istoriuli disciplina bonistika Seiswavlis. qaRaldis fulis niSnebi, iseve rogorc monetebi, saxelmwifo dokumentebia. brunvaSi gamoSvebisas emitenti maTSi nawilobriv Tavis ideologiasac gamoxatavs emblemebis, devizebis, teqstebis, beWdebis, naxatebis, ornamentebis da a.S. saSualebiT. maTi ZiriTadi elementebiT bonistebi gansazRvraven gamoSvebis adgilsa da dros, brunvis teritorias, gamomSvebs. qaRaldis fuli pirvelad CineTSi gaCnda. mas iyenebdnen monRolebic. qaRaldis fuli evropaSi pirvelad gaCnda 1662 wels SvedeTSi. am pirvelma
r emisia – gamoSveba
r emitenti – gamomSvebi – dawesebuleba an pirovneba
leqsikoni
kupiurebma Seuwyves xeli mimoqcevaSi qaRaldis fulis warmatebas.qaRaldis fulis SerCevis meTodika, klasifikaciis principi, terminolo
gia da sxva sakiTxebi dRemde Riad rCeba bonistikaSi. yoveli emisia asaxavs Tanadroul ekonomikur da politikur movlenebs: omebs, partiaTa brZolas, xelisufalTa ideologias da sxv. mocemuli emisiis politikuri xasiaTisa da ekonomikuri daniSnulebis amoxsna, SesaZleblobas iZleva, dadgindes misi warmoSobis miznebi da mizezebi. amasTanave, ikvleven bonis e.w. ZiriTad niSnebs: emblematikas (emblemebs, gerbebs da simbolur niSnebs); paleografias (teqstebs, werilobiT niSnebs, orTografias); sfragistikas (beWdebs, perforacias, kongrevebs, Stampebs); qronologias (TariRebs); metrologias (Sefardebas msxvil kupiurebsa da mis ganayofebs Soris); ornamentalistikas (grafikul da ferwerul morTvas); ikonografias (portretul gamosaxulebas); WvirniSnebs da masalas razec fuladi niSania damzadebuli, e.i. mis safuZvels; filatelistikas (markebs fulad niSnebze); epigrafikas (gviandeli warmoSobis danabeWdebs). qaRaldis fuladi niSnis buneba imiT gamoixateba, rom igi ganuwyvetliv dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos funqcionirebasTan. amitom ZiriTadi niSnis nebismieri cvlileba socialurekonomikuri da politikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebze metyvelebs. swored am kuTxiT emsaxureba bonistika istoriul mecnierebas, adgens istoriuli procesis iseT detalebs, romlebic sxva wyaroebSi ar iZebneba.
1160 w. CineTSi gamoSvebuli
qaRaldis fuli
67
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
wyaro 1
ra SegviZlia `amovikiTxoT~ kolxur TeTrze
uZvelesi qarTuli monetis – `kolxuri TeTris~ – zogierTi saxeoba Zv.w.
VI saukuniT TariRdeba. amrigad, kolxeTi samoneto civilizaciis erT-erTi
adreuli keraa. unda gvaxsovdes, rom `TeTri~ mecnierebis mier SemoRebuli ter-
minia. `kolxuri TeTris~ damaxasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom is TiTqmis ar ga-
dioda kolxeTis sazRvrebs gareT da masze aRbeWdili zogierTi gamosaxuleba
mWidro kavSirSia qarTveluri samyaros religiur warmodgenebTan.
a
aristoteles `politiebis~ XVIII fragmentia `faziselTa politia~, e.i. fazi-
selTa saxelmwifo wyobileba. aq aRniSnulia, rom adre fazisSi henioxebi cxo-
vrobdnen, axla ki (Zv.w. IV saukuneSi) – miletelebi. amrigad, unda vivaraudoT,
rom fazisi garkveuli politikuri erTeulia, aqvs Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi
wyobileba da iq miletelebic cxovroben.
lomi miletis saxelmwifoebrivi emblemaa da gamosaxulia mis monetebze. lomis
motivi Zalian xSiria berZnul numizmatikaSi da mas sxvadasxva geografiul pun-
qtSi gansxvavebuli funqciebi akisria. magram miletis numizmatikaSi, rogorc
amas specialistebi erTxmad aRiareben, is yovelgvari eWvis gareSe dakavSirebu-
lia apolonis kultTan. miletis mTavari RvTaeba iyo apoloni.
1899 wels md. yubanis napiras xutor zubovkaSi aRmoCnda vercxlis Tasi warwe-
riT: `apolon winamZRolisa var, romelic fazisSi aris~. warwera TariRdeba Zv.w.
V saukunis dasasruliT, an IV saukunis dasawyisiT. amis safuZvelze yvela mkvle-
vari erTxmad aRiarebs, rom fazisSi arsebobda apolonis taZari an samlocvelo
da es nivTi misTvis iyo Sewiruli. amri gad, fazisSi, iseve rogorc yvela Tavis
koloniaSi miletelebs gadmoutaniaT da daunergavT apolonis kulti.
1990 wels vanis raionis sofel sulorSi aRmoCnda kolxuri naxevar draq mebis
ganZi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi eria vercxlis sami ucxouri moneta. maTgan ori
lidiuri, romlebic SeiZleba Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevriT davaTariRoT,
da erTi – aqemeniduri.
g. dundua, T. dundua `qarTuli numizmatika~
b
g
d
68
Tavi pir
vel
i
wyaro 1
kolxuri TeTris tipebi
kolxuri didraqmis zurgze
amokveTil xarisTaviani
adamianis gamosaxulebas
msoflio numizmatikaSi
analogi ar eZebneba.
amdenad, savaraudod, es
adgilobrivi RvTaebis
gamosaxulebaa. kolxuri
TeTris zogierTi tipis
monetaze amotvifruli
lomis gamosaxuleba yvela
detalSi imeorebs miletur
monetaze gamosaxul loms.
Zveli berZnuli monetebis nimuSebi. Zv.w. V-VI ss.
TiToeulze qalaqis an saxelmwifos simboloa amotvifruli.
wyaro 2
rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe: 1213, 1207 Tu 1210 wels?
qarTvelma mkvlevarma jumber odiSelma, upirveles yovlisa, laSa giorgis-
droindeli mematianes cnobaze dayrdnobiT, 1207 weli miiCnia Tamaris gar-
dacvalebis wlad: `dResac, rodesac safuZveli aRar arsebobs miviCnioT, rom
Tamari 1213 wels gardaicvala, m. broses, T. Jordanias, al. xaxanaSvilisa da
gansakuTrebiT iv. javaxiSvilis didi mecnieruli avtoritetis gamo zogierTi
istorikosi 1213 wels – am TariRs, romelic arc erT istoriul wyaroSi aras-
dros dadasturebuli ar yofila, mainc sandod miiCnevs~.
j. odiSeli `qarTuli istoriuli qronologiis erTi sakixi~
e
a
69
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
wyaro 2
qarTveli mkvlevrebi goCa jafariZe da Tamaz natroSvili ori monetis monaceme-
bis Sedarebis Sedegad mividnen daskvnamde, rom Tamari 1210 wels gardaicvala.
1210 wliT daTariRebuli,
Tamaris saxeliT moWrili moneta.
monetis Sublze moTavsebuli Tamaris
xelrTvis garSemo aris zedwerili
qarTuli asomTavruliT (daqaragmebu-
lad): `saxeliTa RvTisaTa iqna Wedai
vercxlisi amis qoronikonsa ul~ (qo-
ronikoni ul anu 430 udris 1210 wels).
(nu gagikvirdebaT, rom spilenZis mone-
ta monaTlulia `vercxlad~. es sityva
im xanebSi aRniSnavda fulsac).
1210 wliT daTariRebuli laSa-
giorgis saxeliT moWrili moneta.
monetis Sublze vkiTxulobT; `giorgi,
Ze Tamarisi~, garSemo ki weria: `saxe-
liTa RvTisaTa iqna Wedai vercxlisi
amis qoronikonsa ul~
(e.i. 1210 wels); monetis zurgze ara-
buli zedwerilia: `mefeTa mefe, dide-
ba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa, giorgi
Tamaris Ze, mesiis maxvili~.
Tamaz natroSvili `maSriyiT maRribamde~
Tamarisa da giorgi IV laSas
Tanamosaydreobisdroindeli
spilenZis moneta (1207-1210ww.)
Tamaris moneta (1184-1186 ww.)
Tamarisa da daviTis moneta (1200 w.)
b
5 lariani kupiura
ivane javaxiSvilis
gamosaxulebiT
70
Tavi pir
vel
i
1. monetas ori mxare aqvs: Subli (aversi) da zurgi (reversi). maT gansxvavebuli funqciebi gaaCnia. monetis Sublze Tavsdeba iseTi gamosaxuleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo funqcia aqvs. masze gamosaxuli RvTaeba, Semdeg monarqi, imperatori, respublikisa an qalaqis simbolo ama Tu im monetas brunvaSi akanonebs da iZleva misi srulfasovnebis garantias. zurgis gamosaxulebas gamosacnobi funqcia akisria. misi daxmarebiT Cven vgebulobT monetis moWris adgils (saxelmwifo, qalaqi). sawarmos, sadac monetebi iWreboda, zarafxana ewodeboda. monetaze moTavsebul warwerebs legenda an zedwerili hqvia.
2. moneta politikuri informaciis pirvelxarisxovani wyaroa. xSir SemTxvevaSi masze moTavsebuli warwerebi iseT cnobebs Seicavs, rac matianeebSi daculi ar aris, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi is saTanadod azustebs da avsebs kidec werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs. am mxriv numizmatikuri masala did daxmarebas uwevs istoriul mecnierebas.
3. unda gvaxsovdes, rom monetas, rogorc istoriul wyaros, garkveuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs: monetis TviT aRmoCenis adgilia saintereso. es saSualebas mogvcems davadginoT ucxouri monetebis Semosvlis gzebi, gamovyoT `numizmatikuri provinciebi~, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, epoqebis mixedviT davadginoT ama Tu im kuTxeSi romeli monetebi iyo mimoqcevaSi da sxva mravali mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
g. dundua, T. dundua `qarTuli numizmatika~
risi codnaa aucilebeli monetebze muSaobis dawyebamde.
ras gvirCeven numizmatebi.
mikroneziis erT-erTi kunZulis mcxovreblebi XIX saukuneSi fulis erTeulad kirqvis
uzarmazar lodebs iyenebdnen, romlebsac 650 kilometriT daSorebul kunZulze kveTdnen.
zogierTi lodis diametri 4 metrs aRwevda.
200 evro
(qaRaldis fulze gamosaxuli xidi evropis
erTianobis simboloa)
erTi dolari jorj vaSingtonis
gamosaxulebiT
1. wyaro 1-ze muSaobis dawyebamde guldasmiT gaecaniT `numizmatis rCevebs~. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT wyaro 1. wyaros monacemebi SeajereT monetis Sub-lisa da zurgis gamosaxulebebTan.
• ra SegiZliaT TqvaT kolxeTis saxelmwifoze wyaroze dayrdnobiT?
• wyaros monacemebi gvaZlevs Tu ara safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom kolxu-ri TeTris emisias (monetis moWras) fazisis zarafxana awarmoebda? Tu gvaZlevs, daasaxeleT romeli da ganmarteT ratom.
2. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. SeadareT erTmaneTs ori monetis monacemebi. imsje-leT da daadgineT, rogor mividnen qarTveli mkvlevrebi am daskvnamde. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi saxeliT monetis moWris faqti qarTul numizmatikaSi ar dadasturebula, amdenad laSa-giorgis sakuTari saxeliT monetis moWra SeeZlo saxelmwifo gadatria-lebis an dedis sikvdilis Semdeg.
klasSi samuSao
71
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
72
Tavi pir
vel
i
heraldika specialuri istoriuli disciplinaa, romlis ZiriTadi amocanaa gerbebis Seswavla. gerbi calkeul pirTa, sagvareuloTa, dawesebulebaTa, saxelmwifoTa da a.S. simboluri ganmasxvavebeli niSania. gerbis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba, riTac igi gamoirCeva sxva simboluri niSnebisagan, misi memkvidreobiTobaa. gerbebi SeiZleba iyos materialuri kulturis sruliad gansxvavebul sagnebze: monetebze, beWdebze, iaraRze, avejze, WurWelze, tansacmelze, arqiteqturis Zeglebze da a.S. istorikoss heraldika fasdaudebel daxmarebas uwevs masalis qronologiis, regionis, zogjer ki pirovnebis dadgenasa da gansazRvraSi.
heraldika aucilebelia ara mxolod rogorc damxmare disciplina diplomatikis, sfragistikis, numizmatikis da sxvaTa kvlevisas, aramed gerbebi TavisTavad warmoadgenen wyaros istoriuli codnis bevr sferoSi. heraldika mdidar masalas iZleva politikuri istoriisaTvis, afiqsirebs dinastiur kavSirebs, teritoriul pretenziebs, aseve demografiul procesebs aristokratiul sazogadoebaSi.
sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiani faris, rogorc identifikaciis saSualebis gamoyenebas, Tavisi tradicia hqonda jer kidev antikur epoqaSi. gerbebze aisaxa feodalizmamdeli simbolikisa da sagvareulo emblemebis mniSvnelovani nawili. Tumca araviTari kavSiri, garegnuli msgavsebis garda, am movlenebs Soris ar iZebneba. naxatiani faris gamosaxuleba jer kidev ar niSnavs gerbs. is gerbad iqceva mxolod mas Semdeg, rac TanamedroveTa SegnebaSi gerbis miRma warmoCindeba gansazRvruli socialuri da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis sistema. aseTi datvirTvis gareSe gerbi ubralo emblemad rCeba.
heraldika14.
r identifikacia (laT. iden-tifico – vaigiveb) – gaigiveba, gaTanabreba.
r emblema – raime ideis an cnebis pirobiTi an simboluri gamosaxuleba. emblema qronologiuradac da teritoriuladac sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa. mas Seiswavlis specialuri disciplina emblematika, romelic istoriis, xelovnebaTmcodneobis da fsiqologiis Sesayarzea aRmocenebuli.
r blazonireba – heraldikis franguli saxelwodeba `blason~ warmoiSva germanuli `blazen~dan, rac bukis kvras niSnavs. heraldikasTan am terminis gaigiveba imiT aixsneba, rom roca raindi uaxlovdeboda turnirisaTvis gansazRvruli teritoriis SemoRobil bariers, igi buks ukravda, raTa euwyebina Tavisi mosvlis Sesaxeb. ris Semdegac heroldi turniris msajTa moTxovniT xmamaRla aRwerda raindis gerbs, rogorc turnirSi monawileobis uflebis mowmobas. amrigad `blazen~idan warmodgeba termini blazonireba, rac heraldikaSi gerbis aRweras niSnavs.
leqsikoni
73
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
heraldikuri tradiciebis Casaxva Sua saukuneebSi, pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdeg daiwyo. maSin warmoiqmna mniSvnelovani problema saraindo aRWurvilobis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT. raindis amocnoba saxeze afarebuli liTonis CafxutSi SeuZlebeli iyo. laSqrobis monawileni ver cnobdnen erTmaneTs. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, didebulebma SemoiRes farebisa da javSnis sxvadasxva simboloebiT moxatva, romlebic SemdgomSi gerbebad gadaiqca. TandaTan simboloebma gerbze Tavisi heraldikuri ena Camoayaliba, sadac yvela simbolos Tavisi gansazRvruli mniSvneloba hqonda. gerbis mTavari funqcia iyo ganesazRvraT, sad iyvnen Tavisianebi da sad mowinaaRmdegeebi, miTumetes, rom evropelma didebulebma sakmaod swarafad SeiTvises heraldikuri ena da martivad cnobdnen rainds Tavisi sagvareulo gerbiT.
`oqros sawmisis~ rainduli
ordenis gerbi
heroldebi
gerbebis gamoyenebis simravlem
gamoiwvia moTxovnileba piro-
vnebebze, romlebic specialu-
rad heraldikiT iqnebodnen
dakavebulebi. aseTebad iqcnen
heroldebi. isini ganagebdnen
turnirebis ceremonialebs,
diplomatiur molaparakebebs
da gamodiodnen seniorTa war-
momadgenlebad. heroldis pro-
fesiis arseboba mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli gerbis gansazR-
vris, Sedgenis da aseve ganmar-
tebis praqtikul moTxovnile-
basTan. heroldebis warmoSoba
XII s-s ukavSirdeba. gansaku-
TrebiT cnobilia maTi moR-
vaweoba raindTa turnirebis
CatarebaSi. gerbis eqspertizis
garda, herolds evaleboda
gerbis blazonireba _ gerbis
aRwera. herolds moeTxovebo-
da, rom garkveuli yofiliyo
heraldikaSi, genealogiaSi da
gvarovnuli urTierTobebis
cvlilebebSi. heraldikis ro-
lis SesustebasTan erTad mniS-
vnelobas kargavs heroldis
profesiac.
damatebiTicnoba
74
Tavi pir
vel
i
heraldikis, rogorc sistemis Camoyalibebas XII ss miakuTvneben. am droidanaa TvalsaCino gerbebis memkvidreobiToba, amas adasturebs sfragistikuli masalac da gerbebis gamosaxulebebi samarxTa qvebze. XIII sis dasawyisidan mniSvnelovnad izrdeba gerbebis raodenoba. gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda es procesi XIIIXIV saukuneebSi, swored am periodSi SeimCneva gerbebis siWarbe, rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sasuliero da sxva sferoSi. raindebi am droisaTvis heraldikur niSnebs atarebdnen ara marto muzaradze da farze, maT aTavsebdnen iaraRze da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis sxva sagnebzec. gerbis daniSnuleba iyo, mkveTrad ganesazRvra mflobelis adgili sazogadoebriv fenaSi, wodebaSi. gerbis SesaZleblobebma – Tavis TavSi gaeerTianebina da ganesaxierebina Suasaukuneobrivi sinamdvilis sruliad gansxvavebuli mxareebi, aqcia igi socialuri identifikaciis gansakuTrebulad ubralo da gamosayeneblad mosaxerxebel saSualebad. is Sinaarsi, romelsac atarebda feodaluri senioris gerbi, imdenad prestiJuli aRmoCnda socialurad,
heraldiebi – XIV s-Si da-
savleT evropis mraval qve-
yanaSi Cndeba specialuri
dawesebulebebi, romlebic
amuSavebdnen Teoriuli da pra-
qtikuli heraldikis sakiTxebs:
heraldiebSi SeimuSaves mkacri
wesebis mTeli sistema, romlis
mixedviTac dgeboda gerbi. he-
raldiebis saqmianobis Sedegad
mTels evropaSi Seiqmna mra-
valricxovani cnobarebi _
sagerboebi, romlebic dResac
did daxmarebas uwevs mkvlevars
gerbis gansazRvrisa da misi
mflobelis dadgenisaTvis. mo-
gvianebiT gerbTSemoqmedebisa
da gerbis mflobelis ufleba-
Ta sakiTxebi saxelmwifo orga-
noebis xelSi gadavida.
saqarTvelos gerbibulgareTis gerbi
rom yvelasaTvis, vinc ki feodalur sazogadoebaSi Tavisi mdgomareobiT pretenzias acxadebda raime suverenitetze, cdilobda gerbis mflobeli gamxdariyo.
damatebiTicnoba
75
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
gerbebis gavrcelebaze udidesi gavlena iqonia saraindo turnirebis mowyobam, romelic heraldikis funqcionirebis safuZveli iyo aristokratebs Soris XVI smde. turnirs win uZRoda gerbebisa da sagerbo atributikis xangrZlivi demonstracia. turnirze monawile raindebs warmoadgendnen heroldebi, romelTa saxelidan gamomdinare warmoiSva XIX sSi gerbebis Semswavleli mecnierebis saxelwodeba. turnirze gamomsvleli raindis gerbis aRweram gamoiwvia specialuri heraldikuri enis Camoyalibeba. gerbebi dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva regionSi TiTqmis erTdroulad warmoiSva. XVIII sdan emblematikis evropuli tradicia gavrcelebas iwyebs evropis sazRvrebs gareT. XVIII sis Sua xanebidan interesi gerbebisadmi ecema, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi. safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros 1790 wels revoluciurma mTavrobam akrZala gerbebi, rogorc `feodalizmis niSani~. 1808 wels napoleon Iis dros safrangeTSi gerbebis tarebis tradicia aRdga da SemoRebuli iqna axali heraldikuri sistema, romelic burbonTa dinastiis restavraciisTanave gauqmda.
heraldikis kanonebi
heraldikis kanonebis Tanaxmad, gerbebSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli ferTa SezRu-
duli raodenoba, esenia: Savi, TeTri, alisferi, mewamuli, lurji, mwvane da yvi-
Teli. heraldikaSi gamoiyeneba mxolod ori liToni: oqro da vercxli, romelmac
Caanacvla yviTeli da TeTri feri; fonis Sesavsebad aseve mxolod ori, ciyvisa da
yaryumis bewvi. gerbis mniSvnelovani elementia muzaradi, magram igi upiratesad
raindTa pirad heraldikaSi gamoiyeneboda. heraldikis aRmavlobis periodSi ger-
bebSi Cndeba mravalnairi gvirgvinebi, rac titulovan didgvarovanTa kuTvnilebis
maniSnebeli iyo. gerbebs SeiZleba hqonoda farisdamWerTa erTi an ori figura,
isini gamoisaxeboda adamianebad, cxovelebad an miTur arsebebad, urCxulebad. zo-
gjer erT gerbze farisdamWerTa gansxvavebuli cxovelebi iyo, mag. inglisis samefo
gerbSi, Sotlandiis SeerTebis Semdeg, britanul loms sagerbo faris meore mxares
Sotlandiuri martorqa Seemata. farisdamWerTa gamosaxulebebi gerbebSi yvelaze
advilad Sesacvleli elementia, ris gamoc gerbis erTi mflobelis sicocxleSic ki
SeiZleboda farisdamWerebi ramdenjerme Secvliliyo. gerbis mniSvnelovani deta-
lia devizi, romelic Tavsdeboda sagerbo faris qvemoT lentze an firfitaze, zo-
gjer devizi fars zemoT an faris irgvliv Semovlebul lentze iyo moTavsebuli.
adreuli devizebi ZiriTadad laTinur an frangul enaze sruldeboda, mogvianebiT
ki erovnul enebze Cndeba. devizad sayovelTaod cnobil gamonaTqvamebs iRebdnen
an, piriqiT, mxolod gerbis mflobelisaTvis gasagebs, romelsac daSifruli mniS-
vneloba hqonda da sagvareulo cxovrebis raime epizods mianiSnebda, zogjer igi
asaxavda sagvareulos warmomadgenelTa saxasiaTo an sulac gerbis uSualo mflobe-
lis pirad Tvisebebs.
damatebiTicnoba
76
Tavi pir
vel
i
heraldikis Seswavlis safuZvels warmoadgens heraldikis ganviTarebis istoriis, Teoriuli heraldikis, gacnoba. Teoriuli heraldikis Seswavlis sagani gerbis Sedgenis meTodebisa da wesebis erTobliobaa, romlis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia maTi gansazRvra. gerbis ZiriTadi elementi aris fari da masze arsebuli gamosaxuleba. gerbi piradi xasiaTis, maqsimaluri informaciis matarebelia, maSin roca sxva aqsesuarebi _ gvirgvini, muzaradi, kverTxi da a.S. mxolod socialuri identifikaciis xasiaTisaa.
gerbebis Seswavla XVII sSi iwyeba. erTerTi pirveli am gzaze franguli gerbTmcodneoba dadga da SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom XVII sis frang iezuit bers klodfransua menestries (16311705), mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtors heraldikaSi, `heraldikis mama uwodes~. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, XVII sis Semdeg warmoqmnili an aRdgenili gerbebi Sua saukuneebis heraldikis farglebs scildeba, xolo im disciplinas, romelic Seiswavlis XVII sis Semdgomdroindel gerbebs, SeiZleba termini `gerbTmcodneoba~ miesadagos.
qarTuli gerbebi
saqarTveloSi gerbebi mxolod XVIII s-idan gavrcelda. XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX
s-is dasawyisSi qarTuli gerbebi dasavleTSi dakanonebul formas miuaxlovda.
magram, miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi sagvareulo gerbebi praqtikaSi naklebad
iyo danergili. amas adasturebs ioane batoniSvilis (1768-1830) enciklopediuri
xasiaTis Txzuleba `kalmasobac~. TxzulebaSi heraldikis sakiTxebze saubrisas
ganmartebulia gerbi, mocemulia misi funqcia, CamoTvlilia gerbis mTavari ele-
mentebi, aqve gamoTqmulia avtoris mosazreba saqarTveloSi sagvareulo gerbebis
farTod danergvis saWiroebaze. `kalmasobaSi~ avtori exeba gerbebis damzadebis
teqnikasac. mravlismetyvelia `kalmasobaSi~ dialogi ioane bersa da sabeWdavebis
momWrel ostats Soris. ostati ekiTxeba, `rai sargebel anu rai saWiro ars Cuen
qarTvelTaTvis qoneba Rerbisa, vinaidan beWeds vxmarobT sruliad azielni~ ...
ioane pasuxobs: `didad da mravlisadmi ars saWiro da sargeblovanic, miT rameTu
keTilSobili ukve kaci Tanamdeb ars codnisa misa, amad romel igi aZlevs mowmobasa
aznaurobasa Tvisisa, igi ganasxvavebs yovelsa mdgomareobasa missa da igi aCvenebs
STamomavlobasa gvarebTasa~. amomwuravi ganmartebis miuxedavad, imdenad ucxoa
gerbi Cveni yofisaTvis, rom ostati ver grZnobs gerbis damkvidrebis aucileblo-
bas da aziaSi TiTqmis aravis aqvs Rerbio, _ jiutad dasZens igi. ruseTis mier sa-
qarTvelos mierTebis Semdgom qarTvel didebulebs gerbebs umtkicebdnen ruseTSi,
rac ruseTis TavadaznaurobasTan qarTvelTa uflebriv gaTanabrebaze miuTiTebda,
Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX s-Si gerbebs ukve mxolod dekoratiuli daniS-
nuleba hqonda.
damatebiTicnoba
gerbebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi
Tavdapirvelad gerbebs mxolod didi seniorebi iyenebdnen, 1180 wlisaTvis mas di-
debuli qalbatonebic atareben. qalebi qorwinebamde, rogorc wesi, sargeblobdnen
mamiseuli gerbis gamosaxulebiT. burgundiaSi qalebi gaTxovebamde valdebulni
iyvnen, gamoeyenebinaT SuaSi gayofili sagerbo fari, romlis marcxena mxares sagva-
reulo gerbs aTavsebdnen, marjvena mxare ki carieli iyo, raTa gaTxovebis Semdeg iq
meuRlis gerbi moeTavsebinaT. orjer gaTxovil qals ufleba hqonda mamiseuli gerbi
ori meuRlis gerbs Soris moeTavsebina, da saerTod, am mxriv qali ar iyo SezRuduli,
mas SeeZlo imdeni gerbi hqonoda, ramden meuRlesac gamoicvlida. XII s-is dasasruli-
saTvis gaCnda pirveli gerbebi qalaqebisTvis, 1200 w-Tvis Cndeba sasuliero pirTa
gerbebi, 1220 w-Tvis _ patriciebisa da burJuaziis, 1230 w-Tvis xelosanTa, 1240 w. _
amqrebis da XIII s-is dasasrulisaTvis _ moqalaqeTa da samonastro.
1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: `heraldikis, rogorc erTerTi istoriuli disciplinis Camoyalibeba da mniSvneloba~.
saSinaodavaleba
klasSi samuSao
1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, ram gamoiwvia moTxov
nileba heroldebis warmoSobaze da rasTan iyo mWidrod dakavSirebuli
heroldis profesiis arseboba?
2. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, rodis Cndeba
heraldiebi, ra saqmianoba mimdinareobda am dawesebulelebSi da ra iyo am
saqmianobis Sedegi?
3. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, ras iTvaliswinebda
heraldikis kanonebi?
4. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, rodis Camoyalibda
qarTuli gerbebi, ramdenad iyo sagvareulo gerbebi saqarTveloSi
danergili da raze mianiSnebs ioane batoniSvilis Txzuleba `kalmasoba~?
5. ganixileT saqarTvelos da bulgareTis gerbebi. gamoyaviT detalebi da
axseniT maTi mniSvneloba. ipoveT am or gerbSi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli
niSnebi.
77
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
damatebiTicnoba
78
Tavi pir
vel
i
genealogia (berZn. genealogia – sagvareulo nusxa) erTerTi uZvelesi istoriuli disciplinaa, romelic Seiswavlis pirovnebaTa warmoSobas, calkeul sagvareuloTa istorias da maT rols epoqis socialurekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, avlens naTesaur kavSirebs, adgens sagvareulo nusxebs.
XVIII smde genealogia codnis praqtikuli dargi iyo da misi funqcia mxolod sagvareulo nusxis SedgeniT amoiwureboda. adamians odiTganve ainteresebda sakuTari warmomavloba. jer kidev gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi, damwerlobis gaCenamde, zepirsityvierad gadaecemoda Taobebs winaparTa gmiruli saqmeebi. warmodgenebi sisxliT naTesaobis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze epoqis sazogadoebrivi Segnebisa da kulturis umniSvnelovanes elements Seadgenda.
erTerTi uZvelesi genealogiuri cxrili bibliaSia dafiqsirebuli. antikur epoqaSi warmoSoba gansazRvravda adamianis socialur statuss. sakuTari fesvebis codna da winaparTa saqmeebiT siamaye ara marto prestiJis safuZveli iyo, mas socialuri datvirTvac hqonda. romaelebi tradiciulad winaparTa portretebis, skulpturuli gamosaxulebe
genealogia15.
r heroldi – Sua saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi: macne, mauwyebeli; gamrige raindTa turnirebze
r oto forst de batalia (1889-1965) – genealogiis, rogorc istoriuli disciplinis, saboloo Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia venis universitetis profesoris oto forst de bataglias saxelTan, romelic dRemde rCeba udides avtoritetad Tanamedrove genealogiaSi. misi pirveli wigni genealogiis TeoriaSi 1913 wels gamoica, 40ian wlebSi man Camoayaliba genealogiis wyaroebis kritikis principebi, maTTan muSaobis meTodebi, genealogiis, rogorc damxmare istoriuli disciplinis amocanebi. misi gamokvlevebi genealogiaSi safuZvlad daedo yvela Semdegdroindel naSroms.
leqsikoni
bisa da sagvareulo nusxaTa gragnilebis demonstrirebas axdendnen, rac maTi siamayis safuZvels warmoadgenda.
amrigad, mefeebis, mmarTvelebis, miTiuri gmirebis sagvareulo nusxebi uZvelesi droidan arsebobda, magram gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba genealogiam SeiZina Sua saukuneebSi, wodebaTa privilegiebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad. feodalizmze gadasvlisa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi winaparTa xsovnis tradicia xalxis koleqtiur mexsierebaSi ar Sewyvetila. prozauli an poeturi genealogiis Sedgena zepiri saxalxo Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebul Janrs warmoadgenda adamiani mniSvnelovani iyo imdenad, ramdenadac mis miRma idga misi sagvareulo, mis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas ki ganapirobebda ama Tu im sagvareulodan warmomavloba. `gmirs~ yovelTvis hyavda saxelovani winaprebi
79
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
heroldi
da man `yvelaferi icoda~ maT Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti winapris dasaxeleba SeeZlo, miT meti `sagmiro~ saqmeebis CamoTvlas SesZlebda maT Sesaxeb, da Tavadac metad `saxelovani~ gaxdeboda.
bunebrivia am dros did mniSvnelobas iZens genealogia – swavleba warmomavlobaze. dasavleT evropis qveynebis umravlesobaSi Tavadaznauroba XIIXIII saukuneebisaTvis gadaiqca wodebad, romelic gaurboda `arakeTilSobil~ wodebasTan Serevas.
XVIXVIII saukuneebi dasavleT evropaSi eyreba safuZveli samecniero genealogias. didi raodenobiT iqmneba cnobarebi samefo da aristokratiuli gvarebis genealogiaSi. samecniero genealogia ganviTarebas mniSvnelovanwilad istorikoseruditTa Sromas unda umadlodes,
heroldebi _ genealogiis pirveli profesionali mcodneebi
heroldebi mogzaurobdnen kardakar, agrovebdnen TavadaznaurTa sxvadasxva warmo-
madgenlis warmoSobis da gvartomobis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb informacias, radgan maTi
movaleoba iyo raindTa turnirebSi monawileTa saxelis warmoCena, maTze cnobebis
miwodeba. heroldebma Seadgines dasavleT evropaSi uZvelesi wignebi, romlebic Sei-
cavdnen genealogias, rogorc saraindo gerbebis danarTs.
Tavdapirvelad Tavadaznauruli warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad da turnirebSi mo-
nawileobis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo mocemuli piris oTxi winapris didgvaro-
vnebis dasabuTeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi gavrcelda sistema, romlis mixedviTac
Teqvsmeti winapari, rogorc mamis, aseve dedis xaziT, TavadaznaurTa wridan unda
yofiliyo. praqtikaSi, ra Tqma unda, es pirobebi yovelTvis, TviTon safrangeTSic
ki, saidanac es Cveuleba wamovida, ver sruldeboda, amitom xdeboda sabuTebis ga-
yalbeba. sagvareulo nusxis Sedgenis individualuri moTxovnileba ganuxrelad
izrdeboda da nusxaTa raodenobac sul ufro matulobda. heroldebis mier Sedge-
nilma da dafiqsirebelma gvartomobis aRwerilobam TandaTan SeiZina iuridiuli
Zalis mqone sabuTis xasiaTi. Tumca, am periodSi genealogia jer kidev Sors iyo
mecnierebisagan da atarebda wminda gamoyenebiT xasiaTs. sagvareulo nusxebi dgebo-
da yovelgvari mecnieruli kritikis gareSe naklebsaimedo, zogjer ki Segnebulad
falsificirebuli saojaxo gadmocemebis safuZvelze.
damatebiTicnoba
80
Tavi pir
vel
i
romlebmac TavianTi sicocxle ucnobi dokumentebis Segrovebas da kritikul gamocemas Sealies. gaZlierda samecniero interesi Teoriuli genealogiisadmi: amuSavebdnen sagvareulo tabulebis da nusxebis Sedgenis meTodebs, naTesauri numeraciis sistemas. safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdgom genealogiisadmi, romelic tradiciulad aristokratiuli ojaxebis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli, Sesustda yuradReba.
pirveli qarTuli originaluri Txzuleba, sadac sagvareulo nusxaa mocemuli aris sumbat daviTis Zis `cxovreba da uwyeba bagrationTa~, romelic XI saukunes ganekuTvneba. XVXVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos calkeul aristokratiul saxlebSi Cveulebad hqondaT sakuTari sagvareulo matianeebis – qronikebis Sedgena. garkveuli kvlevaZieba feodaluri saqarTvelos zogierTi Tavadaznauruli sagvareulos genealogiis Sesaswavlad Caatara vaxuSti batoniSvilma. XVIII sis damlevsa da XIX sis dasawyisSi vrceli genealogiuri naSromi qarTlkaxeTis samefos 62 saTavado da 200ze meti saaznauro saxlis Sesaxeb Seadgina ioane batoniSvilma. XIX sis dasawyisSi, roca ruseTis imperiulma xelisuflebam saqarTvelos aristokratiul sagvareuloTaTvis saTavadaznauro xarisxebis damtkiceba SemoiRo, calkeulma sagvareuloebma genealogiuri nusxebi Seadgines mTavrobis organoebSi warsadgenad. yovelive amis Sedegad didZali genealogiuri masala dagrovda qarTul genealogiaSi.
karolingTa dinastiis `sagvareulo xe~
klasSi samuSao
1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, ra mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrules heroldebma genealogiis ganviTarebaSi da daasabuTeT ratom
miiCneva, rom im dros genealogia jer kidev Sors iyo mecnierebisagan?
2. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda
genealogiuri cnobarebis Sedgenas?
genealogiuri cnobarebi
XV s-dan gaCnda sagangebo genealogiuri cnobarebi, romlebSic Setanilni iyvnen
gvaris yvela ZiriTadi da gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi, aRniSnuli iyo maTi
saqorwino kavSirebi. genealogiuri monacemebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba SeiZleba
sruliad gansxvavebuli yofiliyo. zogjer adamianis saxiT gamosaxavdnen, zogjer
genealogiuri xis saxiT, XV s-is bolos da XVI s-Si yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
forma tabulebi gaxda. genealogiuri tabula SeiZleba yofiliyo vertikaluri,
horizontaluri da wriuli. sagvareulo nusxebi da tabulebi aRmavali xazis iyo _
romelime pirisagan misi winaprebisaken, an daRmavali xazis _ winapridan STamomav-
lobisaken. genealogiuri tabulebi SeiZleba SeedginaT mamrobiTi an mdedrobiTi
xaziT. Cveulebriv ufro gavrcelebuli iyo mamrobiTi xaziT, romelic Seicavda
orive sqesis memkvidreebs, magram qalebis memkvidreoba aRar grZeldeboda. miuTi-
Tebdnen mxolod mis meuRles, mamakacebisas ki yvela memkvidres aRniSnavdnen. es
imiT aixsneboda, rom miwis sakuTrebac, socialuri statusic, titulebic Sua sauku-
neebSi mamakacis xaziT gadaecemoda. zogjer, magaliTad, inglisSi, memkvidreoba
qalis xaziT fiqsirdeboda specialur wignebSi danarTis saxiT.
81
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
damatebiTicnoba
82
Tavi pir
vel
i
sfragistika16.
sfragistika (berZn. sphragis – beWedi) anu, rogorc mas kidev uwodeben, sigilografia (laT. sigilum – beWedi) damxmare istoriuli disciplinaa, romlis Seswavlis obieqts beWdebi da sabeWdavebi warmoadgenen. sabeWdavi ewodeba sxvadasxva masalisagan (qva, liToni, Zvali da sxva) gakeTebul Stamps, yalibs, xolo beWedi mis anabeWds, miRebuls dawneviT plastikur masalaze (Tixa, cvili, luqi, tyvia, vercxli, oqro da sxv.), an saRebavis saSualebiT qaRaldze, etratze da sxv. sfragistikis warmoSoba dakavSirebuli iyo istoriuli dokumentebis namdvilobis dadgenasa da daTariRebasTan. garda amisa, kerZo pirTa da gaerTianebebis saxelebis dadgenasTan, radgan mefeebs, saero da sasuliero feodalebs, qalaqebs, korporaciebs, saamqroebs, yvelas sakuTari beWedi hqonda.
XIX sis dasasrulidan sfragistikis ganviTarebaSi axali etapi iwyeba, maxlobel aRmosavleTSi masobrivi arqeologiuri kvlevebis dawyebiT da mniSvnelovani raodenobis arqeologiuri masalis – rogorc Tavad sabeWdavebis (mesopotamiis civilizaciis da egviptis cilindruli beWdebi, antikuri beWdebi, bizantiis liTonis kiduli beWdebi da evropuli Sua saukuneebis beWdebi) aseve keramikul
r sfragistika – istoriuli dargi. pirveli specialuri naSromebi sfragistikaSi XVIII sSi gaCnda. mecnierebas beWdebis Sesaxeb, safuZveli Cauyara (1709 w.) germanelma iuristma iohan gotlib heinekcem (16811741), romelic dainteresebuli iyo istoriuli siZveleebis SeswavliT. misma mimdevarma iohan heimanem misca am mecnierebas berZnuli saxelwodeba `sfragistika~. sfragistika uSualod dakavSirebulia heraldikasa da numizmatikasTan. mravali gamosaxuleba, romelic mxolod sabeWdavebSi gamoiyeneboda, Semdgom gerbebze gadavida. monetebze xSirad gamosaxavdnen mTavrebis beWdebs, Tu monetaze warwera ar iyo SemorCenili, beWdis emblemis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iyo monetis warmoSobis gansazRvra.
leqsikoni
nawarmze beWdebis aRmoCeniT (lursmul warwerebian Tixis firfitebze, Tixis WurWelze da sxv.). am droidan moyolebuli sfragistika, rogorc damoukidebeli istoriuli disciplina, Seiswavlis Zveli saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebis istorias, saxelmwifo aparatis cvlilebebs sabeWdavebis qronologiuri klasifikaciis safuZvelze. beWedi, rogorc sabuTis utyuarobis niSani, pirvelad gaCnda Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi – SumerebTan, egvipteSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSi, sadac isini mzaddeboda myari feradi qvebisagan cilindruli, xoWos formis da a.S.
farTod gamoiyeneboda beWdebi mogvianebiT antikur saberZneTSi, romsa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi daiwyes TiTze wamoc
83
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
muli sabeWdavi beWdebis gamoyeneba. romis imperiidan beWdebis gamoyeneba gavrcelda dasavleT evropaSi. saukuneebis manZilze icvleboda beWdebis forma, teqsti, aqtebTan misi gamoyenebis xerxebi (kiduli tyviis – bulebi, kiduli oqros da vercxlis, aqtebze dasmuli cvilis beWdebi da a.S.). es cvlilebebi dadgenilia sfragistikiT da SesaZleblobas iZleva, ganisazRvros aqtis namdviloba, xolo aucilebel SemTxvevaSi aqtis Sedgenis droc. romis imperiaSi da Semdgom Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi micvalebulisTvis samarxSi misi sabeWdavis Cayolebis wesCveuleba arsebobda, rac pirovnebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
wyaro 1
biblia beWdebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb:
wigni mesame mefeTa, T.21, [8] dawera werilebi aqabis saxelze, misi
beWdiT dabeWda da daugzavna werilebi uxucesebs...
wigni daniel winaswarmetyvelis, T.14 [11] mefeo . . . Caraze kari da
Seni beWdiT dabeWde; . . . [14] . . . gareT gamosulebma Carazes kari, mefis beWdiT dabeW-
des da wavidnen.
wigni dabadeba T. 38 [18] . . . ra mogce windad? . . . eg beWedi, eg Tasma da argani, . . .
[25]. . . icani, visia es beWedi, Tasmebi da argani.
adreuli qristianuli
beWedi
ras gansazRvravs cvilis feri
beWdis cvilis feri gansxvavebuli iyo mflobelis Rirsebisa da saqmianobis mixed-
viT. wiTeli cviliT dabeWdvis ufleba mxolod xelmwifes da im pirs hqonda,
romelsac am privilegias mefe mianiWebda. konstantinopolis patriarqi Tavis
sigelebs Cveulebriv Savi cviliT beWdavda. XVI – XVII saukuneebSi privilegiad
miiCneoda cisferi da laJvardisferi cvilis gamoyeneba.
gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo beWdebi
yovel saxelmwifoSi iyo gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo beWdebi, romlebic ZiriTa-
dad sam saxeobad iyofoda: didi, saSualo da patara. didi beWedi gankuTvnili iyo
mniSvnelovani dokumentebisaTvis, upiratesad sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da saer-
TaSoriso traqtatebisTvis, saSualo da patara beWdebi naklebad mniSvnelovani
dokumentebisa da mefeTa piradi werilebisTvis.
damatebiTicnoba
Tavi pir
vel
i
beWedi sabuTis simtkicis simbolo iyo. beWedma Tavisi funqcia SeinarCuna maSinac, roca XVI sis AdasawyisSi dokumentis damowmebis erTerT formad xelis mowera gamoCnda. ramdenadac beWedi pirvel rigSi Zalauflebis atributia, misi erTerTi ZiriTadi praqtikuli funqcia – sabuTis damowmebadadastureba, maTTvis iuridiuli Zalis micemaa. garda amisa, msgavsi niSnebi farTod gamoiyeneboda vaWrobaSi, xelosnobasa da warmoebis sxva sferoebSi. beWediStampi, romelsac svamdnen xelosnuri warmoebis saqonelze, asrulebda Tavisebur safirmo niSnis rols, romelic gamoarCevda erTi xelosnis nakeTobas meorisgan. damRa vaWarTa saqonelze mowmobda ama Tu im piris kerZo sakuTrebas.
1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, ra daxmarebas gauwevs msgavsi masalis codna mkvlevars?
2. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-s da imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs masSi mo-cemul informacias?
3. yuradRebiT gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, risi maCve-nebelia XVIII s-Si beWdebis simravle saqarTveloSi?
klasSi samuSao
84
qarTuli sabeWdavebi
saqarTveloSi sabeWdavebi gaCnda qristes Sobamde XIV s-Si da, rogorc Cans, far-
Tod gamoiyeneboda adre antikuri periodidan Zv.w. VI-IV ss. am xanidan mokidebuli,
gvxvdeba warweriani (berZnuli) sabeWdavebi. elinisturi xanidan ukve aris sabeWda-
vebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis nivTieri sabuTebi: GTixis bula romauli sabeWdavis
anabeWdiT, Tixis bulebi sasanuri sabeWdavebis anabeWdebiT, liTonis Sekiduli
beWdebi berZnuli warwerebiT. Cvenamde moRweul sabuTebze qarTulwarweriani
beWdebis uZvelesi nimuSebi XV s-is 70-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba. am droidan moyole-
buli, qarTuli beWdebis xmareba sabuTebSi sistematur xasiaTs iRebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom Cvenamde ZiriTadad beWdebis anabeWdebma moaRwia, TviT beWdebis udidesi nawi-
li ki dakargulia. qarTuli beWdebis raodenoba saukuneebis mixedviT sxvadasxvaa.
XV-XVI saukuneebSi maTi ricxvi metad mcirea da maTi legendebi mokle. es legen-
debi umTavresad gadmoscemen beWdis mflobelis saxels yovelgvari titulis ga-
reSe. XVII saukunis meore naxevridan SemorCenili beWdebis ricxvi izrdeba. XVIII
saukuneSi maTi simravle erT-erTi maCvenebelia did Zvrebisa ekonomikis dargSi. am
periodSi gansakuTrebiT mravlad iCens Tavs moqalaqeTa sabeWdavebi, rac qalaqTa
rolis zrdis utyuari maCvenebelia.
damatebiTicnoba
85
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
veqsilologia17.
droSebisa da maTi warmoSobis Semswav leli mecnieruli disciplinis aRsaniSnavad termini `veqsilologia~ (laT. `vexillum~ – romael legionerTa droSa) – doqtorma uitni smitma (aSS) SemoiRo (1958 w.), da igi droSis samecniero analizis yvela aspeqts moicavs. farTo interesi veqsilologiisadmi amerikasa da evropaSi XX sis 60ian wlebSi gaCnda. veqsilologiis farTo polularizaciac uitni smitis gamokvlevebs ukavSirdeba.
mecnierTa varaudiT, pirveli droSebi jer kidev qristes Sobamde IIIII aTaswleulebSi unda Seqmniliyo. yoveli droSa xalxis bedis anareklia, utyvi da amavdroulad mWevrmetyveli mematiane. droSebi erTianobis da Zalauflebis niSania. yovel maTgans Tavisi, xSirad sakmaod rTuli biografia aqvs. droSebi informaciis dagrovebis, Senaxvis da gadacemis erTerT simbolur sistemas warmoadgens. emblemebi da warwerebi droSebze Tavisi epoqis ZiriTad ideebs gamoxatavs da gansakuTrebuli dinamikurobiT gamoirCevian. droSebze arsebuli simboloebi da devizebi qveynis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobis mixedviT swrafad icvleba. droSebze emblemebisa da devizebis `bunebrivi SerCeva~ xdeba, mas TandaTan scildeba yovelive meorexarisxovani da rCeba is, rac arsebiTia. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba mwvave politikuri brZolebis dros. amdenad, droSebi warmoadgens iseT wyaros, romelic xels uwyobs mkvlevars ama Tu im saxelmwifo wyobis an politikur partiaTa ideologiuri mimarTulebis dadgenaSi. maT SeuZlia socialurpolitikuri procesebis gansazRvruli periodizaciis mocema.
droSa Tavisi SinaarsiT aris saxelmwifo, samxedrosazRvao, sasignalo, savaWro da sxv. saxelmwifo droSa saxelmwifos oficialuri ganmasxvavebeli niSania da igi misi suverenitetis simbolod miiCneva.
samxedro droSa samxedro nawilis simboloa. igi rogorc mebrZolTa Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis niSani, gaCnda Zveli aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebSi – indoeTSi, CineTsa da sxv.
samxedrosazRvao droSa gansazRvravs, Tu romeli saxelmwifos SeiaraRebul Zalebs ganekuTvneba samxedro xomaldi. igi Zvel romSi gaCnda da sabolood XVIXVIII saukuneebSi damkvidrda.
droSaTa umravlesobas uSualo kavSiri aqvs samxedro istoriasTan, pirvel rigSi rogorc movlenaTa monawiles, da Semdeg rogorc samxedro didebis matianes, ramdenadac axali nimuSis droSebzec ki SemorCenilia warsuli didebis niSnebi.
dekoratiuli gaformeba, Zvirfasi naqargebi, aplikaciebi, mxatvruli gamosaxulebebi droSebs warmoaCenen rogorc gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis Zeglebs. droSebi mniSvnelovani wyaroa gerbebis istoriisaTvis, radgan maTze xSirad didi raodenobiTaa asaxuli ara mxolod piradi da saxelmwifo, aramed saadgilmamulo gerbebic. kacobriobis istoriaSi droSis saxeobaTa didi mraval
86
Tavi pir
vel
i
ferovneba arsebobda. rogorc wesi, es iyo sxvadasxvanairi niSani – simboluri, religiuri, politikuri da sxv. sayovelTaodaa cnobili `mxiaruli rojeri~ – mekobreTa Savi droSa Tavis qaliTa da gadajvaredinebuli ZvlebiT, romlis danaxvazec saukuneebis manZilze mezRvaurebs sisxli eyinebodaT. Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi xis tarze amagrebdnen RmerTebis, yvelaze metad mzis RvTaebis, gamosaxulebebsa da emblemebs. droSaTa analogiuri tipi SemorCa antikur saxelmwifoebsac, qristes Sobamde III saukuneebis mijnaze romis samxedro da politikurma moRvawem gaius mariusma (daaxl. Zv.w. 15786 ww.) jarSi SemoiRo maudis droSebi. gamoCenili romaeli istorikosis titus liviusis (Zv.w. 59 – ax.w. 17 ww.) aRweriT es droSebi oTxkuTxa formis iyo da magrdeboda horizontalur wanwalaze, droSaTa swored am saxeobas ewoda `vexillum~i. droSaTa istoria sakmaod sainteresoa da amis naTelsayofad Tundac safrangeTis, inglisis da aSSis droSebis magaliTic kmara.
wyaro 1
saqarTvelos droSis
istoria
qar Tu li dro Se bi saT vis
tra di ci u li iyo wmin da gi-
or gis ga mo sa xu le ba. wmin da
gi or gi me o mar RvTa e ba Ta Se-
sat yvi si iyo da mi si ga mo sa-
xu le bis dro Seb ze mo Tav se ba
brZo la Si mi si mfar ve lo bis
mo po ve bas niS nav da. ro gorc
va ra u do ben, Se saZ le be lia,
TeTr dro Sa ze jvris ga mo sax va da viT IV aR ma Se neb lis (1089-1125 ww.) dros Se mo-
e RoT, ma Sin, ro ca sa qar Tve lom, jva ro san Ta msgav sad, wmin da gi or gis mfar ve lo ba
mi i Ro, rac sim bo lu rad TeTr fon ze wi Te li swo ri jvriT ga mo i xa ta. 1375 wels
bar se lo na Si, ano nim ka ta lo ni el bers ga mo uq vey ne bia (dRes mi si ori gi na li mad ri-
dis bib li o Te ka Si ina xe ba) msof lios qvey ne bis uZ ve le si at la si. at las Si im dro is
ev ro pis, azi i sa da Crdi lo eT af ri kis qvey ne bis dro Seb Tan er Tad oT xi qar Tu li
dro Sa caa aR we ri li. dro Se bi er Tma ne Tis iden tu ria, gan sxva ve baa mxo lod oT xkuT-
xed Si Ca xa tul jvreb sa da dis ko ebs So ri s.
87
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
wyaro 2
britaneTis droSis istoria
me sa me jva ros nu li laS qro bis (1189-1192 ww.) erT-er Tma wi nam ZRol ma _ in-
gli sis me fe ri Card I lom gul ma (1157-1199 ww.) wmin da gi or gi Ta vis mfar ve lad
air Cia, xo lo mi si fa ris fer Ta Se xa me ba, TeT ri fa ri wi Te li jv riT, ga da i ta na
in gli sis dro Seb ze. ase gaC nda bri ta ne Tis dro Sis sa fuZ ve li _ TeT ri ti lo
swo ri wi Te li jv riT.
erT sib rtye ze mo a Tav ses in gli su-
ri dro Sa da Sot lan di u ri lur ji
dro Sa, iri bi TeT ri e.w. wmin da an-
drias jv riT (qris ti a nu li gadmo-
cemiT wmin da an dria, ro me lic Sot-
lan di is mfar ve lad mi iC ne va, jvar-
cmu li iyo irib jvar ze).
1603 wels eli za beT I-is (1533-1603 ww.)
gar dac va le biT das rul da ti u dor Ta
di nas ti is ze o ba da in gli sis tax ti, mi-
si an der Zis Ta nax mad, ka no ni e rad er go
ma ri sti u ar tis vaJs, Sot lan di is me fe
je imss (1566-1625 ww.).
in gli si da Sot lan dia ga er Ti an da sa-
er To gvir gvi nis qveS, mag ram arc in gli-
se leb sa da arc Sot lan di e lebs ar sur-
daT uc xo dro Sis qveS yof na. 1605 wels
me fe iZu le bu li gax da, ga mo e ca sa gan ge-
bo brZa ne ba, ro mel Sic, naT qva mi iyo:
ga er Ti a ne bul dro Sas Se mok le biT _
`ga er Ti a ne bu li je ki~ (Uni on Jack) uwo-
des.
dRe van de li sa xe bri ta ne Tis dro Sam
1801 wels mi i Ro, ro ca `iu ni on jeks~
ki dev er Ti jva ri da e ma ta _ es iyo
wmin da pat ri kis iri bi wi Te li jva ri
TeTr fon ze, rac ofi ci a lu rad ir lan-
di el Ta ka To li kur siw min ded iyo miC-
ne u li. wmin da pat ri ki iyo mi si o ne ri,
ro mel mac V sa u ku ne Si ir lan di is kun-
Zul ze Se i ta na qris ti a no ba.
`Cvens say va rel Crdi lo e Tis
(Sot lan di is) da sam xre Tis (in-
gli si) qve Sev rdo mebs So ris
di di mRel va re be bis Sem deg sa si-
ke Tod mi viC ni eT am ori dro Sis
ga er Ti a ne ba~.
wyaro 3
aSS-is droSis istoria
1775 wels kon ti nen tur ma kon gres ma da am tki ca am bo xe buli sam xed ro-saz Rvao
gemebis ofi ci a lu ri em ble ma, ro mel zec er Tma neTs enac vle bo da ca me ti (ko lo nia-
Sta te bis ra o de no bis mi xed viT) _ 7 wi Te li da 6 TeT ri _ zo li, mis ze da kuT xe Si
ga mo sa xu li iyo bri ta ne Tis `iu ni on je ki~. bri ta ne Tis `iu ni on je kis~ ga mo sa xu le ba
amo i Res mas Sem deg, rac 1776 wlis 4 iv liss kon ti nen tur ma kon gres ma da mo u ki deb-
lo bis dek la ra cia ga mo ac xa da. 1777 wli dan zo li an dro Sa ze bri ta nu li em ble ma
Sec va la var skvla ve bi an ma lur jma oT xkuT xed ma, ro mel Sic yo ve li var skvla vi axa-
li kav Si ris Ti To e u li na wi lis aR mniS vne li iyo. sa xel mwi fo iz rde bo da, Se sa ba-
mi sad iz rde bo da var skvlav Ta da zo le bis ra o de no ba dro Sa ze. ro de sac zo le bis
ra o de no bam ocs mi aR wia, kon gres ma da ad gi na: gaz rdi li yo mxo lod var skvlav Ta
ra o de no ba, xo lo zo le bis ra o de no ba dab ru ne bo da Tav da pir vel ricxvs _ ca mets.
ga daw yda, rom igi mud mi vad Se uc vle li yo fi li yo. dRe i saT vis or moc da a Ti var-
skvla vi Ta da ca me ti TeTr-wi Te li zo li Taa war mod ge ni li ame ri kis Se er Te bu li
Sta te bis er Ti a ni dro Sa.
1. moiZieT romelime saxelmwifo droSis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe
saSinaodavaleba
klasSi samuSao
1. gaecaniT wyaroebs da imsjeleT, SeuZliaT Tu ara droSas mogviTxros im saxelmwifos istoria, romelsac is warmoadgens? daasabuTeT.
2. romel droSasTan aqvs saerTo saqarTvelos droSas? daasabuTeT.
3. bri ta ne Tis is to ri is ra mov le ne bis `amo kiT xva~ Se iZ le ba bri ta ne Tis dro-Sa ze?
4. aSS-is is to ri is ra mov le ne bis `amo kiT xva~ Se iZ le ba ame ri kis droSaze?
88
Tavi pir
vel
i
89
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
istoria da informatika18.
axali teqnologiebi, erTis mxriv, istorikoss saSualebas aZlevs gacilebiT ufro swrafad moipovos misTvis sasurveli informacia, wyaroebi, magram kidev ufro mniSvnelovania am axali teqnologiebis sul ufro mzardi pirdapiri zegavlena istorikosis muSaobaze, zogadad istoriuli kvlevis organizebaze.
am axal teqnologiebs Soris, bunebrivia, upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs personalur kompiuters da internetkavSirs, romliTac istorikosi Sedis msoflio saZiebo sistemaSi da misTvis sasurvel informacias moipovebs. internetiTa Tu eleqtronuli saxiT ukve vrceli da sul ufro mzardi literaturaa xelmisawvdomi. dRes naTlad Cans, rom istorikoss kompiuteruli teqnologiebi sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs uqmnis, uadvilebs Sromas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes kompiuteruli mecniereba iseTive damxmare disciplinaa istoriisaTvis, rogorc magaliTad, paleografia an diplomatika da is sulac ar cvlis (piriqiT, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT zrdis kidec), adamianis Semoqmedebisa da istorikosis gansjis mniSvnelobas. kompiuteruli kvlevis Sedegebi arasodes iqneba ukeTesi, vidre sakuTriv istorikosis mier Seqmnili SemuSavebuli monacemebi. magaliTad, Tu statistikuri monacemebi arasworadaa Sedgenili, kompiuteri am Secdomebs gaimeorebs (gaaRrmavebs kidec).
kompiuteri upirvelesad gamoiyeneba raodenobrivi, statistikuri masalis damuSavebisas. kompiuteri gamosadegia im problemebis analizisas, romlebic moicavs sxvadasxva faqts kompiuterisaTvis aRqmad kategoriebSi. Tuki infor
pirveli kompiuterebi
90
Tavi pir
vel
i
Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnika
macia orazrovani da bundovania, an araa sakmarisi raodenobrivi monacemebi, maSin es ar eqvemdebareba kompiuterul analizs. yvela kompiuteruli operaciis arsebiTi winapirobaa misTvis aRqmadi sqemis arseboba. amdenad, mxolod mkvlevris mier procesebis winaswari xarisxobrivi analizis Semdeg SeiZleba raodenobrivi analizis miznebis dasaxva kompiuterisaTvis.
kompiuteris SesaZleblobebis am SezRudulobis miuxedavad, kompiuters aqvs metad mniSvnelovani da Seucvleli funqciebic mkvlevrisTvis. pirvel rigSi, es aris, monacemTa `bazis~, `bankis~ Seqmna. ra Tqma unda, amas istorikosebi yovelTvis TviTon akeTebdnen – agrovebdnen wyaroebsa Tu masalebs, axarisxebdnen maT da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iyenebdnen. magram amgvari `xeliT~ Sesrulebuli samuSao (romelic xorcieldeboda kalmiTa da qaRaldiT istorikosisaTvis SezRudul droSi), verafriT Seedreba kompiuteris analizisa da monacemTa bazis swrafad Seqmnis unars. orma amerikelma istorikosma gaanaliza masaCusetsis eseqsis sagrafos uZravi qoneba 1640dan 1682 wlamde. amisaTvis maT mouwiaT 26 aTasi baraTis xeliT Sedgena. am Sromis Sedegad Seiqmna sagrafoSi arsebuli qonebis sruli suraTi. gamoiTvales, rom am Sromas dasWirda 500 saaTi da 125 aTasi ariTmetikuli operaciis ganxorcieleba. yovelive es ki sistematizebuli formiT kompiuters SeuZlia 10 wuTSi gaakeTos! magram esec ar aris kompiuteris mTavari Rirseba. kompiuteruli analizi gacilebiT ufro maRal donezea gasuli da mis WeSmarit faseulobas warmoadgens is, rom SeiZleba faqtebis ori `bankis~ urTierTSejereba da winaswar micemuli programis mixedviT sruliad axali tipis Sedegebis miReba. monacemTa banki SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes sruliad sxvadasxva programisaTvis da erTmaneTTan daakavSiros sxvadasxva samecniero disciplina.
kompiuteris metad mkafio upiratesobaa, rom is istorikoss aTavisuflebs zedmeti Sromisagan. Cveulebriv, e.w. mosamzadebel samuSaoebs (masalebis Segroveba, daxarisxeba da a.S.) istorikosis drois sami meoTxedi miaqvs. amdenad, kompiuteri uzarmazar dros uzogavs istorikoss imisaTvis, rom man mTeli Tavisi energia moaxmaros or mTavar funqcias: istoriuli movlenis axleburad gaazrebasa da axsnas.
klasSi samuSao
1. ra aris kompiuteruli `banki~?
2. isaubreT istoriul kvlevaSi kompiuteris gamoyenebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze.
3. rogor aisaxeba istorikosi Secdoma `monacemTa bazaze~?
4. yuradRebiT gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. imsjeleT komiuteruli gamoTvlebis mniSvnelobaze istoriis raodenobrivi kvlevebisas.
91
ist
or
iis mecnier
eba
raodenobrivi istoria
raodenobrivi istoria istoriuli kvlevis erT-erTi midgomaa. is gamoiyenebs rao-
denobriv, statistikur monacemebs da iTvleba socialuri istoriis nawilad.
arsebobs ekonomikuri, demografiuli da a.S monacemTa uzamazari bazebi, romlebic
istorikosebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoikvlion maTTvis saintereso sakiTxebi. maga-
liTad monobis Semswavleli istorikosebi iyeneben aRwerebis, gayidvebis Cekebis
da fasebis siebs monobis socialuri istoriis aRsadgenad. politikis sferoSi
Seiswavlian arCevnebSi sxvadasxva jgufis mier ama Tu im kandidatisTvis upirate-
sobis miniWebis, sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvis da a.S. monacemebs. `axali socialuri
istorikosebis~ (es saxeli maT XX s-is 60-ian wlebSi ewodaT) kvlevis sagania mo-
saxleobis aRweris, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, epidemiebis, ganaTlebis, migracie-
bis da a.S Seswavla.
damatebiTicnoba