pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

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Endodontics DB 305C Module 1 Year 3. Wan Noorina WA

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The lecture describes the pathology of pulp dan periraducular tissues and the factors which affect the response of the pulp and periradicular area.

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Page 1: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

Endodontics  DB  305C  Module  1  Year  3.                                                                            Wan  Noorina  WA  

Page 2: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Explain  the  scope  of  endodontic  treatment  ¡  Explain  why  root  canal  treament  needs  to  be  carried  out  

¡  Describe  the  stages  of  root  canal  treatment  ¡  Describe  the  standards  of  treatment  ¡  List  the  factors  that  determine  the  success  of  treatment  

Page 3: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Characterize  aetiological  factors  causing  pulpal  inflammation  

¡  Explain  the  mechanism  of  spread  of  inflammation  in  the  pulp  and  periradicular  tissues  and  its  consequences  

¡  Explain  why  the  pulp  has  difficulty  in  recovering  from  severe  injury  

¡  Classify  the  pulpal  and  periradicular  lesions  ¡  Describe  the  step  involve  in  healing(resolution)  of  

periradicular  lesions  following  successful  root  canal  treatment  

¡  Identify  in  general,  non-­‐endodontic  lesions  that  may  simulate  endodontic  periradicular  lesions  

Page 4: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 5: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  The  study  of  form,  function  and  health  of:-­‐            

       

¡  Injuries  to  and  diseases  of  dental  pulp  and  periradicular  region  

 ¡  The  prevention    ¡  The  treatment  management  

 

Page 6: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 7: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 8: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  The  clinical  management  that  consists  of  procedures  that  are  design  to  maintain  the  health  of  all  or  part  of  dental  pulp  

¡  When  pulp  is  diseased  or  injured,  treatment  aimed  at  preserving  the  normal  periradicular  tissues  

¡  When  infection  pursues,  treatment  is  aimed  at  restoring  the  periradicular  tissues  to  health  

¡  This  is  done  with  root  canal  treatment,  +  surgical  endodontics  

Page 9: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

Healthy  pulp  

Inflamed  

Pulpectomy  Root  canal  treatment    (Preserving  The  Normal  Periradicular  Tissues)  

   

Maintain  health  

Infected  

Pulp  capping  Pulpotomy    

Root  canal  treatment  Root  canal  re-­‐treatment  Apical  surgery    (Restoring  The  Periradicular    Tissues  To  Health)  

   

Page 10: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

WHY?  

Page 11: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 12: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Living  organisms  § Micro-­‐organisms  ▪  Bacteria  ▪  Viruses  ▪  ?  Others  

¡  Non-­‐living  irritants  § Mechanical  §  Thermal  §  Chemical    

Page 13: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Kakehashi  et  al.  The  effects  of  surgical  exposures  of  dental  pulps  in  germ-­‐free  and  conventional  laboratory  rats.  Oral  Surg  Oral  Med  Oral  Pathol  20:340;  1965  

¡  Moller  et  al.  Influence  on  periapical  tissues  of  indigenous  oral  bacteria  and  necrotic  pulp  tissue  in  monkeys.  Scant  J  Dent  Res  89:475,  1981  

Page 14: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡ Microorganisms    §  Toxins  §  By  products    

¡  Pulp  is  infiltrated    at  the  base  of  the  carious    tubules  by  

§  Chronic  inflammatory  cells  §  Macrophages,  lymphocytes    §  Plasma  cells      

Page 15: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Once  pulp  is  exposed,  pulp  is  infiltrated  by  PMN  to  form  liquefaction  area  at  the  site  of  exposure  

 ¡  Bacteria  colonize  and  

persist  at  the  site  

¡  Pulp  tissue  will    §  Remain  inflamed  for  a  long  

time  or  §  Undergo  necrosis  slowly  or  

rapidly  ¡  Depending  on  

§  Bacteria  virulence  §  Ability  to  release  

inflammatory      fluids  §  Host  §  The  amount  of  circulation  §  Lymph  drainage  

Page 16: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  By  this  time  pulp  harbors  bacteria  and  by-­‐products.  

¡  Pulp  can  only  defend  temporarily  to  impede  the  spread  of  infection  and  tissue  destruction  

¡  More  irritantàmore  damage  and  will  spread  throughout  pulp  

¡  Subsequently  bac,  toxins  &  by-­‐products  will  diffuse  periapicallyàapical  inflammatory  lesions  

 ¡  Where  is  the  bacteria?  

Page 17: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 18: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

§  Cavity  prep  (physical)  §  Cavity  prep  without  water  (physical  with  thermal)  §  Physical  pressure  on  the  prepared  tooth  (physical)  §  Deep  periodontal  curettage  (physical)  §  Occlusal  trauma  (physical)  §  Orthodontic  movement  (physical)  §  Dentine  expose  §  Dental  materials    ▪  Restorative  materials  ▪  Cements  

Page 19: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

IEJ  42,  422-­‐444,  2009  

Chemical  irritants?    Leakage?  

Page 20: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Mixed  pulpal  response  to  Dycal  after  3  months.  CP  (restorative  material  along  with  Dycal)  C:  Distinct    but  incomplete  hard  tissue  bridge  (BR),  revealing  gaps  on  either  side  of  BR  with  infiltrate  of  chronic  inflammatory  cells  

Page 21: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡ Who  can  survive  after  an  injury?    ¡  Type  of  injury  

¡  The  condition  of  the            pulp    ¡  Tissue  involve  

§  Pulp  tissue    

Page 22: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Initial  response  §  Hard  tissue  formation    §  Examples?  §  How?  

¡ Moderate  to  severe  response  §  Inflammatory  process  §  Non  specific  inflammatory  mediators  and  specific  immune  reactions  

Page 23: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 24: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Direct  irritation  §  Hyper-­‐occlusion  §  Occlusal  trauma  §  Endodontic  procedural  accidents  

§  Overinstrumentation  §  Overextention  of  GP  ▪  Physical    ▪  Chemical  

¡  Bacteria?  

Page 25: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

31  Jan  2005   16  Apr  2005  

25  June  2005  

Page 26: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013
Page 27: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Healing  §  Regeneration  §  Repair  

¡  How  can  you  tell?  ¡  The  aim  of  RCT  is  to  

remove  the  irritant  within  the  canal  

¡  Healing  by  repair  will  take  place  once  the  irritant  is  removed  and  ‘inflammation’  process  for  healing  will  take  its  course  

 ¡  Immune  system  will  take  

its  course  

¡  Osteoclastic  resorption  stops  resorbing  bone.  

 ¡  In  healing  process,  

osteoblast  cells  will  start  depositing  new  bone  and  deposit  new  matrix.  

Page 28: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

REGENERATION  OR  REPAIR?  

Page 29: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Normal  pulp,  Healthy  pulp    ¡  Reversible  pulpitis  

§  Symptoms  §  Treatment    

¡  Irreversible  pulpitis  §  Symptoms?  Asymptomatic?  §  Signs-­‐  PA?  §  Treatment  §  Hyperplastic  pulpitis  ▪  Chronically  inflamed  young  pulp  

Page 30: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Pulp  calcification    ¡  Internal  resorption  

§  Lectures  in  Year  4    

¡  Pulpal  necrosis  §  Symptoms  §  Test  &  treatment  §  Not  responsive  §  PA  radiographs=  normal  

Page 31: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Normal  Periapical  tissues  ¡  Apical  periodontitis  

§  Acute  ▪  Moderate  to  severe  pain  ▪  Tender  to  palpation  ▪  Excruciatingly  painful  to  

percussion  ▪  May  or  may  not  respond  to  EPT  ▪  PA-­‐  Slight  widening  of  lamina  

dura  §  Chronic  apical  periodontitis  ▪  May  not  be  in  severe  pain  ▪  Tender  to  palpation  ▪  Tender  to  percussion  ▪  Not  responsive  to  EPT  ▪  PA-­‐  apical  radiolucency  

¡  Apical  abscess  §  Acute  apical  abscess  §  Rapid  onset,  painful  §  No  swelling  if  confined  to  

bone,  otherwise  swelling  is    positive  as  collection  of  pus  seeps  through  path  of  least  resistance:  soft  tissue  

§  Tender  to  palpation  and  percussion  

§  PA-­‐  no  lesion,  +  ve  widening,  and  obvious  

§  Chronic  abscess  ▪  Presented  with  sinus  tract  ▪  +  PA  radiolucency  

Page 32: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

ACUTE  APICAL  PERIODONTITIS  

46  

Page 33: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  CHRONIC  APICAL  PERIODONTITIS  

Page 34: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Acute  apical  abscess  

Page 35: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Chronic  Apical  Abscess  

Page 36: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Very  similar  to  odontogenic  lesions  

¡  Must  be  vigilant    ¡  Use  tests  to  guide  

§  Clinical  findings  §  Sensibility  testing  §  PA  radiographs  

¡  Usually  response  to  EPTs  

¡  Normal  structures  ¡  Non  odontogenic  diseases  §  Early  stage  of  monostotic  fibro    dysplasia  

§  Ossifying  fibroma  §  Dentigerous  cysts  §  Central  giant  cell  granuloma  

Page 37: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

   

Ameloblastoma  

Page 38: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

Periapical  cemento-­‐osseous  dysplasia  

Page 39: Pathology of the pulpal and periradicular tissues 2012 2013

¡  Harty’s,  Endodontics  in  Clinical  Practice,  BS  Chong  2010  

¡  Endodontics  Principles  and  Practice  T  and  Walton  

   Questions?