organization of the human body -...
TRANSCRIPT
Organization Of The Human Body
Mr. Fernandes
Anatomy is the study of body structure.
Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts; in other words, what are things called?
Objective 1: Define anatomy and physiology
Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
Physiology studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work?”
Objective 1: Define anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology are closely related.
Form and function work together
Example: the stomach shaped like a pouch (anatomy) function is to store food (physiology)
Objective 1: Define anatomy and physiology
A disease is anything that upsets the normal structure or working of the body.
Pathology is the study of disease.
Objective 1: Define anatomy and physiology
Objective 2: Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole body
All living things are organized from very simple levels to more complex.
What is the basic unit of all life? a cell
Objective 2: Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole body
Levels of Organization Chemical
Cell Tissue Organ
Organ system Whole organism
8
Fig01.03
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organism
Organ system
Levels of Organization 1. Chemicals are the simplest level, non living 2. Cells are the basic living unit. 3. Tissues are groups of cells functioning
together. 4. Groups of tissues form organs. 5. Groups of organs function together as organ
systems. 6. Organ systems functioning together make
up an organism.
9
10
A. Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms.
1. Movement (internal or gross) 2. Responsiveness (reaction to internal or
external change) 3. Growth (increase in size without change in
shape) 4. Reproduction (new organisms or new cells) 5. Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)
Characteristics of Life
11
6. Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler
forms) 7. Absorption (movement of substances
through membranes and into fluids) 8. Circulation (movement within body fluids) 9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into
chemically different forms) 10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) Taken together, these 10 characteristics constitute
metabolism.
Characteristics of Life
Metabolism and Its Regulation Metabolism: all the chemical and
physical processes that occur within an organism.
Divided into two types of activities: Catabolism: The breakdown of complex
substances into simpler ones Anabolism: The building up of simple
substances into more complex
Objective 3: Describe metabolism using anabolism and catabolism
Metabolism and Its Regulation The energy obtained from the
breakdown of nutrients is used to form ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): the energy of the cell
14
Maintenance of Life Requirements of Organisms: 1. Life depends on the availability of the following: a. Water b. Food c. Oxygen d. Heat e. Pressure 2. Both the quality and quantity of these
factors are important.
Homeostasis Homeo- means same and –Stat/stasis
means state. So…
Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an organism.
Homeostasis refers to maintaining
INTERNAL conditions
Objective 4: Define and give examples of homeostasis
Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintained through
feedback loops within the body.
Two types of feedback: Negative feedback Positive feedback
Negative Feedback Gets the body back to normal
conditions by reversing any upward or downward shift.
Examples: Body Temperature, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate
Similar to a thermostat in a house.
Positive Feedback The action in the body promotes
more of the same to increase the effect.
They cause UNSTABLE conditions in
the body for a period of time
Examples: Childbirth and Blood Clotting
Objective 5: State the general function of each of the 11 body systems
Integumentary System “integument” means skin Made up of skin and associated
structures Includes hair, nails, sweat/oil glands
Function: Protects underlying tissues,
regulates body temperature
Skeletal System This system is made up of 206 bones
and the joints between them (the skeleton)
Function: Provides a framework for the body and protective shield for softer tissues
Muscular System Made up of skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle, and cardiac muscle
Function: Body movement, maintenance of posture, and body heat
Nervous System Made up of the brain, spinal cord, and
nerves
Function: Responsible for integration and coordination of muscles and glands (takes messages in and gives a response)
Endocrine System Made up of the endocrine glands
which produce hormones
Function: Responsible for integration and coordination of metabolic functions
Cardiovascular System Made up of the heart and blood
vessels. Function: Transports blood to and from
cells, delivering oxygen and removing waste
Lymphatic System Made up of specialized vessels and
organs (tonsils, thymus gland, spleen)
Function: Drain excess tissue fluid and
help with immunity
Respiratory System Includes the lungs and the passages
leading to and from the lungs Function: Exchanges gases between
the blood and air
Digestive System Includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestine, liver, and pancreas
Function: Receive, break down, and
absorb nutrients
Urinary System Includes the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra.
Function: Remove wastes from blood
and maintain water and electrolyte balance
Reproductive System Includes the external sex organs and
all related internal structures needed for making offspring
Function: Production of offspring
Anatomical Position There is a need for consistency in
medicine therefore universal positions and directional terms are used in studying the body.
Anatomical position is with the body standing upright with face front, arms at sides with palms forward, and feet parallel
Objective 6: Use directional terms in describing the location of body parts
Anatomical Position
Directional Terms Superior: above or in a higher
position Inferior: below or lower
Example: the heart is superior to the
intestine
Directional Terms Ventral/Anterior: located toward the
belly surface or front of the body Dorsal/Posterior: located nearer the
back
Cranial: nearer to the head Caudal: in an inferior direction
Directional Terms Medial: nearer to the midline of the
body Lateral: farther away from the
midline, toward the side
Proximal: nearer the origin of a structure
Distal: farther from that point (origin)
Superior Cranial
Posterior/Dorsal Anterior/Ventral
Medial Lateral
Inferior Caudal
Planes of Division Imaginary planes are used to divide
the body into sections, so internal structures can be viewed in relation to each other.
There are 3 planes: Frontal (Coronal) Sagittal Transverse (Horizontal)
Planes of Division Frontal (Coronal):
Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. (front and back)
Planes of Division Sagittal: Divides
the body into left and right halves.
If they are equal we call it the “median”.
Planes of Division Transverse:
Divides the body into superior and inferior parts. (up and down)
Body Cavities The body is divided into cavities or
large spaces which contain organs.
2 main cavities Dorsal Ventral
Dorsal Cavity This cavity has
two subdivisions Cranial cavity:
contains the brain
Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity Larger of the two Has 2 main subdivisions separated by
the diaphragm Thoracic Abdominopelvic (Abdominal & Pelvic)
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity: located superior to the diaphragm; contains the heart, lungs, and large blood vessels that join the heart
Ventral Cavity Abdominal
Cavity: Located inferior to the diaphragm; contains the stomach, majority of the intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
Ventral Cavity Pelvic Cavity:
Located below the top of the hip bones; contains the urinary bladder, rectum, and internal reproductive organs
9 Regions of the Abdomen
The abdominal area can be divided into nine regions
Quadrants of the Abdomen The abdominal
area can also be divided into 4 quadrants