LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN DISERTASI DOKTOR

TAHUN ANGGARAN 2010

Judul : Perkembangan Populasi dan Aktivitas Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat Akibat Keberadaan Pb dalam Tanah danPengaruhnya Terhadap Perubahan Anatomi- Morfologi Akar Tanaman

Peneliti : Lolita Endang Susilowati

Dibiayai Oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional sesuai dengan Surat Perjanjian Penugasan Dalam Rangka Pelaksanaan

Penugasan Penelitian Disertasi Doktor Tahun Anggaran 2010 Nomor : 492/SP2H/PP/DP2M/VI/2010, tanggal 11 Juni 2010.

Universitas Brawijaya Malang 2010

BIDANG ILMU : PERTANIAN

RINGKASAN

Timbal (Pb) tergolong unsur non essensial dalam metabolisme organisme, dan

dikenal sebagai pencemar lingkungan yang potensial serta berdampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia. Keberadaan Pb dalam tanah tidak dapat didegradasi baik secara kimia ataupun biologi. Akumulasi Pb dalam tanah akan terus meningkat melalui berbagai sumber masukan Pb, seperti penggunaan bahan agrokimia, aplikasi pupuk organik berbahan baku sampah kota dan limbah industri (sludge), masuknya residu emisi pembakaran bensin ataupun dari aktivitas penambangan dan peleburan logam. Permasalahan krusial terkait dengan keberadaan Pb di tanah pertanian adalah bagaimana efek negatif Pb terhadap kehidupan BPF di rhizosphere dan pengaruhnya terhadap kesehatan tanaman yang ditunjukkan dengan perubahan anatomi-morfologi akar.

Terkait dengan keberadaan Pb dalam tanah pertanian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji keberadaan Pb dari berbagai konsentrasi masukan Pb ke dalam tanah dan pengaruhnya terhadap perkembangan dan aktivitas BPFdi rhizosphere serta perubahan anatomi dan morfologi akar. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut dilakukan percobaan eksperimental dengan percobaan pot yang tersusun atas tujuh aras konsentrasi masukan Pb (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 dan 500 mgPb kg-1 tanah) dan setiap perlakuan percobaan diulang 3 kali. Variabel penelitian meliputi: (1) variabel tanah-rhizosphere dengan parameter meliputi: asam organik, aktivitas fosfatase, konsentrasi P-tersedia, pH-tanah, populasi BPF ;(2) variable jaringan akar dengan parameter meliputi asam organik, Pb-terserap, (3)variable pertumbuhan anatomi-morfologi akar.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi lingkungan tanah rhizosphere berbeda dengan tanah sebelum ditanami. Dalam tanah rhizosphere, konsentrasi masing-masing asam organic mencapai 10 hingga 100 kali, populasi BPF mencapai 10 hingga 15 kali, aktivitas alkalin fosfatase mencapai 5 hingga 10 kali > dari keadaannya dalam tanah sebelum ditanami. Reaksi tanah rhizosphere lebih rendah dari pH tanah sebelum ditanami. Selama masa pertumbuhan tanaman terjadi penurunan tahana P-tersedia dari sedang (dalam tanah sebelum ditanami dan pada tanah rhizosphere 20 HST) menjadi rendah (pada tanah rhizosphere 40 HST) dalam rhizosphere yang menerima pemasukan Pb dari 0 hingga 100 mg kg-1. Kadar Pb dalam jaringan apikal akar mulai meningkat secara nyata dengan pemasukan Pb ≥ 100 mg kg-1, yang diikuti dengan mulai terjadi penghambatan pertumbuhan akar dan penyimpangan anatomi dan morfologi ujung akar. Pada pemasukan Pb ≥ 200 mg kg-1 Pb ujung akar mengalami pembengkakan, pembengkokan, dan pemendekan ujung akar, sedangkan anatomi akar mengalami kerusakan sel pada jaringan epidermis dan terjadi akumulasi Pb yang tersebar mulai dari epidermis sampai stele.

Temuan dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi: kaidah ilmiah yang melandasi penyusunan strategi remediasi tanah pertanian dan/atau pola pengelolaan tanah yang tercemar Pb, sehingga tanah tetap berfungsi sebagai media pertanaman yang sehat.

SUMMARY

Lead (Pb) classified as non-essential element in the metabolism of organisms, andrecognized as a potential pollutant in polluting the environment. Pb element has a characteristic that can not be degraded either chemically or biologically. Accumulation of Pb in agricultural soil will continue to rise through the various agricultural activities such as the use of agrochemicals (pesticides and inorganic fertilizers), application of organic fertilizer made from municipal waste and also from industrial activities such as sludge, emission waste,.mining.and.smelting.activities.of.metal.

As an environmental pollutant, Pb in agricultural loil not only has negative effect on soil microbia, soil enzyme activity and soil fertility decline, but also directly affects on the physiology of plants that cause distortion of morphology and anatomy of plant root, This result in decreasing the quantity and quality of the crop. Finally, the Pb accumulation in agricultural soil is a threat to the availability of safe food consumed (food safety) through the food chain.

Related to the characteristic of Pb that can not be degraded and its accumulation up to the food chain, the crucial issue is how the behavior of Pb in soil affect on soil microbial and plant growth. In order to get these objectives, it has been conducted the pot experiment arranged in 7 levels of the input concentration (0,50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg Pb kg-1 soil) plus SP-36 fertilizer (equivalent to 150 kg ha-1), urea (equivalent to 150 kg ha-1) and KCl (equivalent to 75 kg ha-1). the general purpose of research is to assess population changes of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and its influence on anatomical-morphological changes of plant roots.

These results of the research show that the soil rhizosphere has different conditions with the soil before planting. In the soil rhizosphere, the concentration of each organic acid reached 10 to 100 times, BPF population reached 10 to 15 times, alkaline phosphatase activity reached 5 to 10 times > the situation in the soil before planting. Soil reaction oh the rhizospfere is lower than the pH of the soil before planting. During the plant growth result in declining status of available P from moderate status (in the soil before planting and the soil rhizosphere 20 DAT) to low status (on the soil rhizosphere 40 HST) with the Pb input concentration from 0 to 100 mg kg-1. Levels of Pb in the root apical began to increase significantly with the Pb input consentration Pb ≥ 100 mg kg-1, followed by starting to happen inhibition of root growth and distortion of anatomy and morphology of root tips. On the Pb input concentration ≥ 200 mg kg-1 root tip occurred swelling, bending, and shortening, whereas the root anatomy take palace the epidermis tissue demage and the accumulation of Pb.is.scattered.from.the.epidermis.to.the.stele.

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