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Physics 111Lecture 1Units
Dr. Ali ÖVGÜNEMU PhysicsDepartment
www.aovgun.com
CourseInformation:Instructor• Instructor:AliÖvgün• Office:AS245(ArtsandSciencesFaculty)• Officehour:Tobeannounced(checkmywebpage).Othertimebyappointment
• Email:[email protected]• Website:www.aovgun.com• Physics Lab Exemptions http://physics.emu.edu.tr/
CourseInformation:Materials• LectureClasses:
– PHYS111(03)12:30-14:20,WED PHAR- A220– PHYS111(01)12:30-14:20WEDPHAR219TUTORIALORLAB– PHYS111(01)14:30-16:20THURPHAR226– PHYS111(03)14:30-16:20THURPHAR219TUTORIALORLAB– Lecturenotesavailableatwww.aovgun.com
– PrimaryTextbook:1)J.W.Jewett,Jr.andR.A.Serway,PhysicsforScientistsandEngineerswithModernPhysics.2)Halliday,Resnick,Walker,PrinciplesofPhysics.
• LabMaterial:“Physics Laboratory Manual ”
CourseInformation:• MidtermExam(35%)
• LabExperiments(5%)
• LabExam(10%)
• FinalExam(50%)
• FinalLetterGrade• Participationtolaboratory:• Attendingatleast3outof4experimentsisamust,
otherwisethestudentwilldirectlygetNGfromthelecture.
COURSESCHEDULE• 1st WeekChapter1– Units• 2nd WeekChapter3– Vectors• 3rd WeekChapter2– MotioninOneDirection• 4th WeekChapter5– TheLawsofMotion• 5th WeekChapter6– CircularMotionandOtherApplicationsofNewton’s
Laws• MidtermExam• 6th WeekChapter7– EnergyofaSystem• 7th WeekChapter8– ConservationofEnergy• 8th WeekChapter14– FluidMechanics• 9th WeekChapter23– ElectricFields• 10th WeekChapter29– MagneticFields• 11th WeekX-Rays• 12th WeekNuclearStructure(Radioactivity)• FinalExam
Physics
• Physicsdealswiththenatureandpropertiesofmatterandenergy. Commonlanguageismathematics.Physicsisbasedonexperimentalobservationsandquantitativemeasurements.
• Classicalmechanicsdealswiththemotionandequilibriumofmaterialbodiesandtheactionofforces.
TheQuick6:SixUnitConversionDisasters
• Thinkyouhadabaddayatwork?
• Forgettingtoconvertunitscanresultinbig-timedisasterslikethesesixexamples.
1.Canyouimaginelosing$125millionthankstoalittlemetricsystemerror? That’sexactlywhathappened in1999whenNASAlostaMarsorbiterbecauseoneteamusedmetricunitsforacalculationandtheotherteamdidn’t.
2.In1983,anAirCanadaplaneranoutoffuelinthemiddleofaflight. Thecause?Notonebut twomistakesinfiguring howmuchfuelwasneeded.ItwasAirCanada’sfirstplanetousemetricmeasurementsandclearlynoteveryonehadthehangofityet.Luckily,noonewaskilledandonlytwopeople receivedminor injuries.That’samazingconsidering theflightcrewthought theyhaddouble thefueltheyactuallyhad.
Pharmacist• In1999,theInstituteforSafeMedicationPracticesreportedaninstancewhereapatienthadreceived0.5gramsofPhenobarbital(asedative)insteadof0.5 grainswhentherecommendationwasmisread.Agrainisaunitofmeasureequaltoabout0.065grams…yikes.TheInstituteemphasizedthatonlythemetricsystemshouldbeusedforprescribingdrugs.
Chapter1Measurement• BeingquantitativeinPhysicsrequiresmeasurements• HowtallisMingYao?Howabouthisweight?
– Height:2.29m(7ft6in)– Weight:141kg(310lb)
• Number +Unit
– “thicknessis10.”hasnophysicalmeaning– Bothnumbersandunits necessaryforanymeaningfulphysicalquantities
TypeQuantities• Manythingscanbemeasured:distance,speed,energy,time,force……
• Thesearerelatedtooneanother:speed=distance/time
• Choosethreebasicquantities:– LENGTH:Meter– MASS:Kilogram– TIME:Second
• Defineotherunitsintermsofthese.• In1960,standardsbodiescontrolanddefineSystème Internationale (SI)unitas,
FundamentalQuantitiesandSIUnitsLength meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric Current ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Amount of Substance mole mol
Whyshould wecareaboutSIunits?MarsClimateOrbiter: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/orbiter
SILengthUnit:Meter• FrenchRevolutionDefinition,1792• 1Meter=XY/10,000,000• 1Meter=about3.28ft• 1km=1000m,1cm=1/100m,1mm=1/1000m
• CurrentDefinitionof1Meter:thedistancetraveledbylightinvacuumduringatimeof1/299,792,458second.
SITimeUnit:Second
• 1Secondisdefinedintermsofan“atomicclock”– timetakenfor9,192,631,770oscillationsofthelightemittedbya133Csatom.
• Definingunitspreciselyisascience(important,forexample,forGPS):– Thisclockwillneithergainnorloseasecondin20millionyears.
SIMassUnit:Kilogram• 1Kilogram– themassofaspecific
platinum-iridiumalloykeptatInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasuresnearParis.(Seekingmoreaccuratemeasure:http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21569417-kilogram-it-
seems-no-longer-kilogram-paris-worth-mass)• Copiesarekeptinmanyothercountries.• YaoMingis141kg,equivalenttoweightof
141piecesofthealloycylinder.
January 21, 2015
Length, Mass, Time
PrefixesforPowersofTen
DerivedQuantitiesandUnits• Multiplyanddivideunitsjustlikenumbers• Derivedquantities:area,speed,volume,density……
– Area=Length* Length SIunitforarea=m2
– Volume=Length* Length* LengthSIunitforvolume=m3
– Speed=Length/time SIunitforspeed=m/s– Density=Mass/Volume SIunitfordensity=kg/m3
• In2008OlympicGame,UsainBoltsetsworldrecordat9.69sinMen’s100mFinal.Whatishisaveragespeed?
m/s 10.32sm
9.69100
s 9.69m 100speed =⋅==
UsainBolt setanewworldrecordof9.58seconds inthemen's100matthe2009WorldChampionships inBerlin,aspeedof23.3mph(10.416m/s).MarkWebber hadthehighestaveragespeedof119.61mphinhisRedBullatF1'sHungarianGrandPrixinJuly.Mallard,aClassA4steamlocomotive,setthesteamlocomotionlandspeedrecord- 125.88mph- on3July1938.FredMarriott hasheldthecurrentlandspeedrecordforsteam-poweredvehiclessince1906,whenhereached127.659mphinhisStanleycar.The BritishSteamCarteam saytheircarhasreached137.14mphintesting,butthisisanunofficialfigure.Theyhopetoreachupto170mphintheirrecordattempt(indicatedbyyellowbar).British-built ThrustSSC settheworldlandspeedrecordinOctober1997,reaching763.035mphinadesertintheUSstateofNevada.The speedofsound changesaccordingtofactorsincludingtemperatureandaltitude,butastandardfiguregivenisroughly768mph.
1mph=0.44704m/s
6AnimalsFasterThanUsainBoltIt’swellknownthatJamaicansprinterand100mworldrecordholder, UsainBolt,isthefastesthumanonEarth.Buthowdoeshecomparetohisspeedyanimalcounterparts?Bolt’sworldrecordof9.58secondsforthe100mraceinBerlin2009placeshimatatopspeedof30mphwithanaveragespeedof23.5mph.However, thesesixanimalslistedfromslowesttofastest,leavehiminthedust,reachingdoubleandeventriplethetopspeedsthatBoltwouldonlydreamofeverachieving.Whenitcomestospeedefficiency,Boltcouldlearnathingortwofromhisfurry friends.
1. NorthAfricanOstrich40mph
2.Greyhound43mph
3.ThoroughbredRacehorse55mph
4.Pronghorn Antelope55mph
5.Cheetah61mph
OnJune20,2012sheran100min5.95secondswithatopspeedof61mph.That’snearly4secondsfasterthanBolt’s100mworldrecordandmorethandoublehistopspeed.
6.PeregrineFalcon161mph
Fasterthanasportscar,thissmallpredatorcanreachuptoatopspeedof161mph.That’sfivetimesfasterthanBolt’stopspeed.
2.3miles->cm?1mile=5,280ft,1ft=12in,1in=2.54cm
1,000,000,000micrograms
UnitConversion• Example:Ishespeeding?
– OnthegardenstateparkwayofNewJersey,acaristravelingataspeedof38.0m/s.Isthedriverexceedingthespeedlimit of75mi/h?
– Sincethespeedlimitisinmiles/hour (mph), weneedtoconverttheunitsofm/stomph.Takeitintwosteps.
– Step1:Convertmtomiles.Since1mile=1609m,wehavetwopossibleconversionfactors,1mile/1609m=6.215x10−4 mile/m,or1609m/1mile=1609m/mile.Whataretheunitsoftheseconversionfactors?
– Sincewewanttoconvertmtomile,wewantthemunitstocancel=>multiplybyfirstfactor:
– Step2:Convertstohours.Since1hr=3600s,againwecouldhave1hr/3600s=2.778x10−4 hr/s,or3600s/hr.
– Sincewewanttoconvertstohr,wewantthesunitstocancel=>
2m 1mile 38.0 mile38.0 2.36 10 mile/ss 1609m 1609 s
−⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⋅ = ⋅ = ×⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 mile 3600 s38.0 m/s 2.36 10 85.0 mile/hr = 85.0 mphs hr
−= × ⋅ =
1mile=1609m
Summary• Thethreefundamentalphysicalquantitiesofmechanicsare
length,massandtime,whichintheSIsystemhavetheunitsmeter(m),kilogram(kg),andsecond(s),respectively
• Themethodofdimensionalanalysisisverypowerfulinsolvingphysicsproblems.
• Unitsinphysicsequationsmustalwaysbeconsistent.Convertingunitsisamatterofmultiplyingthegivenquantitybyafraction,withoneunitinthenumeratoranditsequivalentintheotherunitsinthedenominator,arrangesotheunwantedunitsinthegivenquantityarecancelledoutinfavorofthedesiredunits.
Estimation:CountingBrainCells• Estimatethemassofyourbrainandthenumberofcellsitcontains
January 21, 2015
Answers:4000rad,25×10&'𝑀𝑒𝑣/𝑔
Ans:355.2×1001𝑚3
Ans:7692tablets
Ans:0.15L
Ans:3months
Ans:992.25kg/𝑚3
Ans:558.7µmol/L
Ans:88.03g,20 kg