polici es tm;vhk;twlzgyhnzdk;wdk;wufjcif; fo ......tm;vhk;twlzgyhnzdk;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmedkifihü...

tm;vHk;twlzGYHNzdK;wdk;wufjcif;

jrefrmEdkifiHü aus;vufa'oqif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavSsmhcsjcif;

ALLABOARD

Policies for shared prosperity in Myanmar

POLICIES FOR SHARED PROSPERITY IN MYAN

MAR

103338P

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ALLABOARD


This Policy Note was prepared by:Nikolas Myint (Team Leader and Senior Social Development Specialist); Reena Badiani-Magnusson (Senior Poverty Economist);Andrea Woodhouse (Senior Social Development Specialist) and Sergiy Zorya (Senior Agricultural Economist) under the guidance of Salman Zaidi (Practice Manager, Poverty); Bassam Ramadan (Practice Manager, Social Development);Nathan Belete (Practice Manager, Agriculture) andSteven Jaffee (Lead Agriculture Specialist)

1



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yg0ifEdkifonfh zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk azmfaqmifEdkifrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ aus;vufa'oonf jynfoltrsm;pk\

aexdkif&m t&yfa'ojzpfonf/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd; trsm;pkonfvnf; aus;vufa'wGif aexdkifvsuf&SdNyD;

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd qif;&JEGrf;yg;ol OD;a& pkpkaygif;\ 70% onf aus;vufa'owGif aexdkifMuonf/ aus;vufa'o

zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf t"du twm;tqD;jzpfaeonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;rSm pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rS &&Sdonfh

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vlrIpD;yGm;b0rsm; wdk;wufvmEdkifonf/



2

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0ifa&mufvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ vkyfom;

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tm;ay;onfh pepfydkif;qdkif&m wdk;wufajymif;vJrIrsm;

jzpfay:vmEdkifrnf/ 2014 ckESpfwGif pdkufysKd;a&;u@onf

pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 31% &Sdaomfvnf;

xkwfvkyfrIrSm usqif;cJhonf/ t"duoD;ESHjzpfonfh

pyg;xkwfvkyfrIEIef;rSm tm&SEdkifiHrsm;teuf tedrfhqHk;

jzpfonf (yHk 1)/ jrpf0ußGef;ay:a'owGif rdk;pyg;

pdkufysKd;rI xkwfvkyfrI wpf[ufwmvSsif ysrf;rSstjrwfaiG

tar&duefa':vm 140 (rdom;pk0ifrsm;\ vkyftm;

tygt0if xkwfvkyfrIp&dwftm;vHk; EIwfNyD;onfh &aiG)

&Sdonf/ uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwGif tar&duefa':vm 340

ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif 430 wdkU toD;oD; &&SdMuonf/

t&nftaoG;jynfhrDonfh rsKd;aphrsm;udk toHk;jyK

pdkufysKd;jcif;jzifh pdkufydsK;a&;xGufukefrsm; wdk;wuf

xkwfvkyfEdkifrnfh tvm;tvmrsm; &Sdaeonf/

rsKd;aph xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;udk tpdk;&utm;ay;

aqmif&Gufaeaomfvnf; vuf&SdwGif aqmif&GufEdkifrIrSm

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Edkif&eftwGufvnf; twm;tqD;rsm;pGm &Sdaeonf/

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rSwfyHkwifay;jcif;ESifh t&nftaoG; ppfaq;jcif;rsm;

ponfh jynfolU0efaqmifrIrsm; tm;enf;jcif;wdkY

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rsdK;aumif;rsdK;oefYrsm; &Sm;yg;vsuf&Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif

rsdK;pyg; vdktyfcsuf\ 1% udkom jznfhwif;ay;Edkifonf[k

cefYrSef;xm;onf/ xdk&mcdkifEIef;rSm a'owGif;rS tjcm;

EdkifiHrsm;ESifh,SOfvSsif tvGefedrfhusaeonf/ (yHk 2)

pdkufysdK;a&;enf;ynmrsm;ESifh enf;vrf;rsm; wdk;wuf

tokH;jyKEdkifrnfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sdaeygonf/

awmifolv,form;rsm;xHwGif vuf&Sdtajctaeü

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pyfvsOf;onfh A[kokwrsm;r&SdMuyg/ "gwfajrMoZm

rsm;ESifh "gwkypönf;rsm;udk rMumcPyif vdkonfxuf

ydkoHk;Mu&m xda&mufrI avsmhenf;vmNyD; (yHk 3)?

tusdK;tjrwfvnf; enf;vmonf/ pdkufysKd;a&;xkwfukef

rsm;udk ,cifu EdkifiHjcm;odkU tajrmuftjrm;wifydkU

a&mif;csEdkifcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg txGufEIef;usqif;jcif;?

t&nftaoG;edrfhusjcif;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&; xkwfukefrsm;udk

jyKjyifxkwfykd;onfhtydkif;wGif tm;enf;jcif;wdkYu

yHk 1? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf pyg;xkwfvkyfrI (2014-2015)

Source: US Department of Agriculture

3

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jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;vufa'owGif acs;aiG tvG,fwul

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37% ESifh v,f,m vkyfom; 10% cefUomvSsif acs;aiG

rsm;udk w&m;0if &&SdEdkifMuonf/

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a&mufrnfjzpfojzifh pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;tay: MuD;rm;

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ESpfydkif; okH;ydkif; uGJaeojzifh puf,Eå&m;MuD;rsm;

tokH;jyKEdkif&efESifh aps;uGuf&SmazG&mwdkUwGif tcuftcJ

jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdktcuftcJrsm;udk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif

ausmfvTm;EdkifcJhonfhenf;vrf;rsm;teuf Oyrm wpfckrSm

aps;uGufudk tajccHNyD; v,f,majrrsm;udk pkaygif;

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v,f,majr iSm;&rf;onfh aps;uGufay:aygufvm&ef

ta&;BuD;ygonf/ v,f,majraps;uGuf ay:aygufEdkif&ef

rSmvnf; ajr,mydkifqdkifrIrsm; vkHjcKHpdwfcsrI&Sdap&ef

vdktyfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t&G,ftpm; BuD;rm;onfh

v,f,majr ta&twGufrSm tenf;i,fom &Sdonf/

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pdkufysdK;xm;Muonf/

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0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk&&SdEdkifap&ef wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Guf

ay;jcif;jzifh vlom;t&if;tjrpf wdk;wufvm&ef1?

aps;uGufrsm;ESifh csdwfqufEdkifap&efESifh v,f,mtay:

tajcrcHonfh tjcm; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;

jzpfxGef;Edkif&eftwGuf taxmuftulay;Edkifonf/2

aus;vufaejynfol 84% onf vSsyfppfrD; r&&Sdyg/

37% twGuf oefY&Sif;aom aomufoHk;a& r&&Sdyg/

aus;vufvrf;pkpkaygif;\ 12% om jyKjyif xm;onfh

vrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh vrf;trsm;pkrSm rdk;&moDwGif

oGm;vmí r&yg/ xdkaMumifh aus;vufa'oonf

tquftoG,f jywfawmufNyD; aus;vufae jynfolrsm;

twGuf aps;rsm;odkY oGm;vmEdkif&ef? tvkyftudkif

tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sd&ef twm;tqD;

jzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ aus;vufaejynfolrsm;udk

yHk 2? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tvdkuf

pyg;rsdK;aph a&mif;vdktm;ESifh ê,fvdktm;tcsdK; (2013-2014)

Source: World Bank estimates.

yHk 3? tm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif Edkufx&dk*sif toHk;jyKrI

xda&mufjcif; (2013-2014)

Source: LIFT and World Bank.

1 vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm; &&Sda&;wGif aus;vufESifh jrdKUjyuGmjcm;yHktm; aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf “uGm[rIrsm;avsmhcsjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf

ynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh vlrIêefaqmifrIrsm; ydkrdk wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&Gufay;jcif;” [lonfh rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk udk;um;yg/

2 “jrefrmhpGrf;tif jr§ifhwifjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf pGrf;tif” [lonhf rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkwGif Munhfyg/

4

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aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ xdkodkY aqmif&Gufay;Edkifrnf

qdkvSsif cufcJonfh wnfae&maMumifh tquftoG,f

jywfawmufaerIudk ajz&Sif;edkifrnf/ xdkUtjyif aemufus

usefaecJhonfh a'orsm;twGuf tpdk;&u xda&mufpGm

ulnDEdkifrnfjzpf&m wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm; tcsif;csif;

pkpnf; nDnGwfrIudkvnf; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/

txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexdkifonfh

a'orsm;ESifh y#dyu©rsm; jzpfyGm;cJhNyD; tpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfa&;

oufa&mufrI tm;enf;onfh e,fpyfa'orsm;

yg0ifMuonf/

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vmap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;onfvnf; aus;vuf

xkwfukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufcsJU&efESifh aus;vufrS

jrdKUjyodkY a&TUajymif;aexdkifolrsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif

tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef taxmuftuljyKonf/

rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifpkav;pkvSsif wpfpkESifh

{&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif tdrfaxmifpk ig;pkvSsif

wpfpkrS tdrfom;wpfa,mufonf tjcm;a'oodkY

a&TUajymif;aexdkifaMumif; od&onf/ txl;ojzifh

jrdKUjywGif aeYpm;tvkyfrsm;jzpfonfh aqmufvkyfa&;?

pm;aomufqdkifESifh vufbuf&nfqdkifrsm;wGif t"du

0ifa&muf vkyfudkifMuonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wpfae&mrS

wpfae&modkU ajymif;a&TU&jcif;rSm rdom;pkESifh ynma&;

udpörsm;aMumifh r[kwfbJ pm;0wfaea&; tajctaeaMumifh

jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ {&m0wD wdkif;a'oMuD;rS

tdrfaxmifpk 74% ESifh rauG;wdkif;a'oMuD;rS tdrfaxmifpk

71% u ,if;wdkY tdrfom;rsm;onf tvkyf&Sm&ef odkYr[kwf

tvkyfvkyf&ef a&TUajymif;aexdkifaMumif;ESifh aemufxyf

20% u ,if;wdkY tdrfaxmifpkrsm;wGif &kwfw&uf

BuHKawGYvm&onhf pD;yGm;a&; tMuyftwnf;rsm;aMumifh

a&TUajymif;&aMumif; ajzqdkMuonf/

5

vwfwavm zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHonf aus;vufa'owdk;wufa&;\

wGef;tm;wpf&yfjzpfonfh pdkufysdK;a&;udk tm;ay;onfh

rl0g'rsm;udk 2011 ckESpfuwnf;u usifhoHk;cJhonf/

ydkUukeftm;ay;onfh rl0g'rsm; tygt0if EdkifiHjcm;aiG

vSJv,f a&mif;0,fa&;? ukefoG,fa&; udpö&yfrsm;wGif

ajzavSsmhrIrsm; jyKvkyfay;cJhjcif;aMumifh pdkufysKd;a&; u@

zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aqmif&Guf&mwGif taxmuftul

jzpfapcJhonf/ pdkufysdK;a&;u@wGif tpdk;&\

axmufyHhaMu;rsm; okdUr[kwf aps;uGufudk yHkysufaponfh

t&mrsm; MuD;BuD;rm;rm; r&SdcJhbJ pdkufysdK;a&;

xkwfukefrsm;ESifh pm;aomufukef aps;EIef;rsm;onf

aps;uGuf oabmw&m;twdkif; &SdcJhonf [k qdkEdkifonf/

2015 ckESpfwGif a&;qGJcJhonfh qefpyg;u@ zGHYjzdK;

wdk;wufa&;AsL[monf qefxkwfvkyfrIESifh txGuf

EIef;wdk;wuf t"du&nf&G,fum a&;qGJxm;NyD;

t&nftaoG; aumif;rGefvmap&ef? EdkifiHjcm; aps;uGufwGif

,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&efESifh tpdk;&ESifh yk*¾vdu yl;aygif;

aqmif&Gufa&; (Public Private Partnerships-PPP) rsm; ydkrdk

vkyfaqmifEdkif&ef tm;ay;xm;onf/

rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif; pdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf

bPfrsm;u ay;onfh acs;aiG yrmPonf

wdk;wufvmaMumif; awGU&onf/ jrefrmh v,f,m

zGHYjzdK;a&; bPfu xkwfay;onfh acs;aiG yrmPrSm

2009-2010 wGif usyfoef;aygif; 94000 &Sd&mrS 2014-

2015 wGif usyfbDvD,Haygif; 1165 &SdvmcJhonf/

acs;aiGrSm avSsmhayghay;onfh subsidized terms jzpfNyD;

rdk;&moDpyg; xkwfvkyfonfh umvtay: tajccHNyD;

acs;ay;vsuf &Sdaomfvnf; acs;aiG\ xda&mufrIESifh

a&&Snf tvkyfjzpfrItay: ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfaeonf/3

v,form;rsm;twGuf pdkufysKd;a&;oGif;tm;pkrsm;

yHhydk;jcif;? jyKjyifxkwfykd;NyD; pdkufysKd;a&; xGufukefrsm;ESifh

ukefypönf;rsm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;wdkYwGif yk*¾vdu

3 jrefrmh v,f,m zHYGNzdK;a&;bPf \ tqdkjyKcsufjzpfonfh

b@ma&;u@jyKjyifajymif;vJrI ydkrdkus,fjyefYap&ef jyefvnf

xkqpfjcif;ESifhtwl rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpk tem*wftwGuf

&if;ESD;NrSyfESHjcif;/ vlwdkif;twGuf yGifhvif;acwfrDaom b@

ma&;pepf wnfaqmufjcif; udk Munhfyg/

pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; \ yg0ifrI tcef;u@onf

ta&;BuD;onfhtjyif wdk;wuf jzpfay:aeonf

udkvnf; awGU&onf/ ta&;ygonfh ajr,mqdkif&m

Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif; (Oyrm ajr,m Oya' ESpfck)ESifh

tpjyKjcif; (Oyrm ajr,m rl0g' rlabmifESifh Oya')

wdkYudk aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ v,form;rsm;pGmonf

ajr,mtoHk;jyKcGifh taxmuftxm; vufrSwfrsm;

&&SdcJhMuonf/4 þuJhodkU aumif;rGefonfh

jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh pdkufysKd;a&; u@

udk wdk;wufapcJhonf/ ykHrSefaps;EIef;rsm;t&

wdk;wufrIEIef;onf 2012-2013 wGif 1.7 %? 2013-

2014 wGif 3.6 % ESifh 2014-2015 wGif 5.6 % txd

&Sdvmonf/

txufyg wdk;wufrIrsm;udk tm;jznfhay;Edkif&ef

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vspfvsL&Ixm;jcif;cH&onfh aus;vuf

a'o qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI avSsmhcsa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefvnf

tav;ay;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ aus;vufa'orsm;wGif

aexdkifonfh jynfolrsm;twGuf jynfolUa&;&m

0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifomrI? wm0efcHrI

&SdpGmjzifh vsifjrefpGm wkefUjyefaqmif&Gufay;Edkif&eftwGuf

pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; rlabmif

(jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vlwef;pm;tm;vHk; yg0ifonfh

wdk;wufrIESifh pOfqufrjywf zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI &&SdEdkif&ef

&nf&G,fonf) ESifh aus;vufa'o zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufa&;

r[mAsL[m rlabmif (aus;vufae jynfolrsm;ESifh

a0;vHacgifzsm;onfh a'orsm;udk tultnDay;rnfh

tpDtpOfrsm; yg&Sdonf)wdkUudk csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf/

4 rMumcif xGuf&SdcJhonfh ajr,mOya'rsm;wGif tpOftqufu

vkyfudkifcJhonfh awmifwef;a'orS v,fajrrsm;udk ydkifqdkifcGifh

r&Sdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdjcif;onf

tjiif;yGm;rI y#dyu©rsm; ay:aygufvmEdkifonfh tcsufjzpfonf/

a'wmtcsuftvufrsm; rSwfwrf; pkaqmif;xm;&SdrI

tm;enf;jcif;ESifh tajccHtaqmufttkHydkif;qdkif&m

csKdUwJhrIwdkUaMumifh trSefwu,f vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaeonfh

ajr,mtajctaeudk aumif;pGm udk,fpm;rjyKEdkifonfhtwGuf

ajr,mydkifqdkifcGifh taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonfh v,f,majr

toD;oD;onfvnf; cdkifvkHrI&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifyg/

6

þrlabmifrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef ESifh

aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf jynfolU b@maiGrsm;

udk okH;pGJ&mwGif A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavSsmhay;rIrsm;

aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;

tpdk;&rsm;tm; vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ydkdrkd ay;tyfcJhonf/

jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm; twGuf jynfolU b@maiG

cGJa0ay;rIrSm tpdk;& tokH;p&dwfpkpkaygif;\ 10%

rSsom &SdNyD; tvGefenf;onf[k qdkEdkifonf/ xdkrSs

yrmPjzifh aus;vufa'o zGUHNzdK;a&;twGuf y"meusNyD;

ta&;BuD;onfh 0efaqmifrI vkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm -

pdkufysKd;a&;? a'oEå& ydkUaqmifqufoG,fa&;? tdrfwGif;

pufrI vufrI vkyfief;rsm;? tao;pm; vSsyfppfrD; &&Sda&;

vkyfief;rsm; ponf) aqmif&Guf&ef okH;pGJae&onf/

pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& qif;&JrIEIef; jrifhrm;onfh jynfe,fESifh

wdkif;a'oMuD;wdkUwGif jynfolwpfOD;csif;tay: jynfolU

b@maiG ydkrdk okH;pGJaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/ (ykH 4)

xdktcsufonf jynfolUa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; &&SdEdkifrI

tm;enf;vsuf&Sdonfh a'orsm;wGif 0efaqmifrIrsm;

wkd;jr§ifhay;tyfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufaeaMumif;

jyoaeygonf/

jynfolU b@maiGrsm; cGJa0csxm;ay;&mwGif azmfjrLvm

wpfckudk tajccHwGufcsufonfhpepf (formula-

based system) udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef ueOD;

MudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaeNyD; xdkaqmif&GufcsufaMumifh

a'owpfckcsif;pD\ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh

tnD jynfolYb@maiG t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cGJa0csxm;

ay;&ef aumif;pGm taxmuftuljyKEdkifonf/ taxGaxG

vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tokH;jyK&ef vTJajymif;ay;rIonf

2011-2012 jynfaxmifpkbuf*sufwGif pkpkaygif;

jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI(GDP) \ 0.6% &Sd&mrS 2014-2015

wGif 2.3% txd wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ xdkwdk;wufrIonf

jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI

tajctaersm;ESifh csdwfqufaeonf/ azmfjrLvmudk

tokH;jyKum jynfe,f/ wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;tm;vkH;&Sd jynfol

wpfOD;csif;pD twGuf b@maiG cGJa0&mwGif nDnDrSsrSs

jzpfap&ef aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ þvkyfaqmifcsufu

jynfol wpfOD;csif;xHrS tcGef aumufcH&&SdrI enf;ygonfh

jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm; &ifqdkifae&onfh

b@maiG okH;pGJEdkifrI tcuftcJrsm;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;&ef

taxmuftuljyKonf/ (yHk 5)

yHk 4? jynfe,frsm;ESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;\ qif;&JrIESifh

wpfOD;ustoHk;p&dwfrsm;

Source: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, Ministry of Finance and World Bank staff calculations

yHk 5? qif;&JrIESifh wpfOD;us udk,fydkifomref0ifaiGrsm;

Source: Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, Ministry of Finance and World Bank staff calculations

7

þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk xyfrHtm;jznhf&ef jrefrmEdkifiH

onf trsKd;om;tqifh vlxk A[dkjyK pDrHudef; (National

Community Driven Development Program-NCDDP)

udk 2013 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhonf/ xdktpDtpOf\

ueOD; awGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& aus;vufa'orsm;wGif

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI usqif;aeonfh &vm'faumif;rsm;

xGufay:aeonf/ vlxkA[dkjyK pDrHudef; (NCDDP) onf

zGHYjzdK; wdk;wufa&; pDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef

&yf&Gmvlxkudk ulnDí &yf&Gmtqifh tajccH

taqmufttHkrsm;twGuf aiGaMu;tultnDrsm;udk

aus;&Gmtkyfpk aumfrwDrsm;odkY wdkuf&dkuf

vTJajymif;ay;onf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk aumfrwD0ifrsm;udk

vSsdKU0SufrJqE´jzifh usm;? rrSswpGm a&G;aumuf wifajr§muf

Muonf/ þtpDtpOfudkf ueOD;tqifhtjzpf

aus;vufa'orS jrdKUe,f 27 jrdKUe,fjzifh pwifcJhonf/

þtpDtpOfaMumifh vlaygif; 7 odef;cefYonf

trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tajccH taqmufttHkrsm;udk

tokH;jyKcGifh &&SdvmMuonf/ pDrHudef;wGif yg0ifonfh

aus;vufa'orsm;rS tdrfaxmifpk oHk;yHkESpfyHkonf

pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJjcif;? qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;ESifh

taumiftxnfazmfjcif; wdkYwGif udk,fwdkifudk,fus

yg0ifaqmif&Gufaeonf/ &yf&Gmvlxk 75% onf pDrHudef;

taumiftxnfazmfrIESifh &vm'frsm;tay: tjynfht0

odkYr[kwf tjynfht0xuf ausmfvGefí auseyfrI&Sdonf[k

ajzqdkMuonf/

a'oqkdif&m tawGYtBuHKrsm;ESifh oifcef;pmrsm;

qif;&JrIavSsmhcsa&;wGif atmifjrifrIrsm; &&SdcJhonfh

AD,uferfEdkifiHxHrS jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf ta&;BuD;onfh

oifcef;pmrsm; &,lEdkifygonf/ AD,uferfEdkifiHwGif

qif;&JrIIEIef; vsifjrefpGm usqif;rIonf ,cifu

wpfBudrfwpfcgrS rMuKHpzl; xl;uJonfh tajctaersKd;

jzpfcJhonf/ 1993 ckESpfwGif qif;&JrIEIef; 58% &Sd&mrS

2012 ckESpfwGif 17% txd usqif;vmonf/ 1990

jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif aus;vuf pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufrIonf

qif;&JrIavsmhusjcif;\ t"du armif;ESiftm;

jzpfcJhonf/ ajr,m jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh

umv&Snf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm; wdk;wufvmcJhNyD; pdkufysdK;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkwfvkyfrIESifh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;

wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaponf/ AD,uferfEdkifiH\ 1993

ckESpf ajr,m Oya'wGif w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKonfh

ajrydkifqdkifcGifhrsm;yg0ifjyD;? yk*¾vdu ajrtoHk;cscGifhrsm;udk

todtrSwfjyKí ajr,mvTJajymif;rIrsm;udkvnf; cGifhjyK

xm;onf/ þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;aMumifh tdrfaxmifpk

rsm;onf qnfajrmif; tajccHtaqmufttHk

rsm;ESifh ESpf&Snf oD;ESHyifrsm;tay: ydkrdk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH

vmMuonf/ tqdkygajrudk tdrfaxmifpk0ifESpfOD;

(t"dutm;jzifh cifyGef;ESifh ZeD;) yl;wGJydkifqdkif

apojzifh oD;ESHtxGufEIef; wdk;wufvmouJhodkY

tdrfaxmifpkwGif trsdK;orD;rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGifh ydkrdk

wdk;wuf&&Sdvmaponf/

þvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk tm;jznfh ay;Edkif&ef

tpdk;&\b@maiGrsm;udk qif;&J EGrf;yg;olrsm; tm;

OD;wnfcsufxm;um aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkvkyfief;rsm;wGif

t&nftaoG;rD tajccH vlrI0efaqmifrIrsm;jzpfonfh

ynma&;? usef;rma&;ESifh vrf;rsm;? qnfajrmif;ESifh

vSsyfppfponfh aus;vuf tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;wGif

wdk;wuf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ ydkrdk

AD,uferf

8

qif;&Jonfh a'orsm;odkY A[kdtpdk;&rS b@maiG

rsm;udk ydkrdk cGJa0csxm;ay;Edkif&eftwGuf AD,uferfEdkifiHonf

a'otvdkuf aus;vufESifh NrdKUjy uGm[rIrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;NyD;

rSwfwrf;rsm; xm;&SdrIonf twk,lp&m tcsufjzpfonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ae&ma'otvdkuf wpfrlxl;onfh vlrI

pD;yGm;a&;aemufcH&Sdaom &yf&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif

(txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; tMum;)

qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef; jrifhrm;vsuf&Sd&m xdktajctaersKd;udk

AD,uferfEdkifiHuvnf; tvm;wl &ifqdkifcJh&onf/

xdktajctaeudk AD,uferf EdkifiH tpdk;&onf OD;wnf

ypfrSwfxm;onfh tpDtpOfrsm; toHk;jyKum wdkif;&if;om;

vlenf;pkrsm;\ vlrIpD;yGm;b0 rsm;pGm wdk;wufatmif

aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ okdUaomfvnf; AD,uferfEdkifiH\

wdkif;&if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHvHk; vlOD;a&\

15%&SdjyD; qif;&Jom;OD;a&\ 50% ausmfudk

udk,fpm;jyKaeqJjzpfonf/

tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;rIonf

1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;rS pwifcJh&m qif;&JrI avSsmhcsjcif;ü

NyD;cJhaom q,fpkESpftwGif; wdk;wufrI aumif;pGm

&&SdcJhonfhtjzpfu jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf oifcef;pmrsm;

ay;Edkifonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIEIef;onf

1999 ckESpfwGif 24% &SdcJh&mrS 2012 tapmydkif;wGif

12%&SdNyD; wpf0uf jyKwfuscJhonf/ jynfolU a&;&m

0efaqmifrIrsm; vufvSrf;rDrI wdk;wufap&efESifh pD;yGm;a&;

tMuyftwnf;rsm;udk cHEdkif&nf &Sdap&ef vlxkA[dkjyK

pDrHudef;rsm; (Community-driven Development-CDD)?

ynma&;ESifh vlrIa&; taxmuftyHhqdkif&m MuD;rm;onfh

pDrHcsufrsm;udk tpdk;&u csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ Oyrm-

tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ EdkifiHawmftqifh CDD tpDtpOfu

a'oEå&tkyfcsKyfrIwGif vlxkydkrdkyl;aygif;yg0ifapcJh&mrS

qif;&Jom; tdrfaxmifpkrsm;\ pm;oHk;rI 12% rSs

wdk;wufvmcJhonf/ xdkYtjyif EdkifiH\ a0;vHonfh

a'orsm;wGif tm[m&csKdUwJhrI avsmhenf;apcJhjyD;

rdcifESifhuav; usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIESifh tajccH

ynma&;wdk;wufrI jzpfay: apcJhonf/

xdkif;EdkifiHwGif rsdK;aph u@zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifh pdkufysKd;a&;

ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonfh

twGuf v,form;rsm;\ rdsK;aphvdktyfcsufrsm;udk

jznfhqnf;ay;EdkifcJhNyD; pdkufysdK;a&; enf;pepfaumif;rsm;udk

ydkrdk tokH;csaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonfhtjyif trsKd;tpm;

pkHvifonfh oD;ESH rsm;udk pdkufysKd; xkwfvkyfEdkifcJhonf/

1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif pdkufysdK;a&;okkawoeESifh

pdkufysdK;a&; ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;tay: tpdk;&\

toHk;p&dwfrSm pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP)

\ 1%ausmf &SdcJhojzifh a'owGif;&Sd tjcm;EdkifiH

rsm;xufjrifhrm;cJhonf/ rdsK;aumif;rdsK;oefYxkwfvkyf

ysdK;axmifjcif;wGif tpdk;&\ &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm;aMumifh

rsdK;aphyGm;jcif;ESifh jzefYaêa&mif;csjcif;rsm;ü yk*¾vdu

vkyfief;rsm; 0ifa&muf &if;ESD;jr§KyfeSHEdkifa&;twGuf

0ef;usifaumif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ pdkufysdK;

ajrqdkif&m vufawGtoHk;cs odyÜHynmrsm; zGHYjzdK;wdk;wuf&ef

ESifh jzefYa0&ef okawoe0efxrf;rsm;ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;

ynmay;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufonfh 0efxrf;rsm;

twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMuNyD; pdkufysdK;a&; qef;opf

wDxGifrIpepftm; 0,fvdktm;u armif;ESifí trsm;

yl;aygif;yg0ifrI jzpfay:aponf/

xdkif;

tif'dkeD;&Sm;

9

þ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk xyfrHtm;jznhf&ef trsKd;tpm;

pkHvifonfh oD;ESD;pdkufysKd;rIrsm; tm;vkH; ESifh pyfvsOf;

onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pdkufysdK;a&; ynmay;

vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifEdkif&ef aqmif&GufcJhonf/

xkwfvkyfa&;twGufom r[kwfbJ aps;uGufxdk;azmuf

Edkifa&;twGufvnf; tultnDrsm; yHhydk;ay;onf/

tpdk;&u@onf yk*¾vduu@ESifh 0efaqmifrIay;onfh

rsm;ESifh twlwGJNyD; owif;tcsuftvuf

ESifhqufoG,fa&;enf;ynm (ICT) vTJajymif;&,lrI

wdk;wufapvSsuf a'ocHv,form;rsm;\ vdktyfcsuf

rsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;&ef aqmif&Gufonf/

pdkufysdK;a&;aps;uGufrsm;udk ajzavSsmhaqmif&Gufay;jcif;

ESifh pyfvsOf;í uarÇm'D;,m;ESifh xdkif;EdkifiHwdkY\

Oyrmrsm;onf rwlnDonfh ta&;BuD;aom

oifcef;pmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH\

yHkpH qefpyg;wifydkYrIonf 2009 rS 2015 twGif;ü

wefcsdef12000 rS wefcsdef av;odef;txd

wdk;wuffcJhonf/ wifydkYaom qeftrsm;pkrSm

aps;aumif;&aom obm0twkdif; xkwfvkyfonfh

teHYarT;qefrsdK; jzpfonf/ ukefoG,fa&;ESifh

EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHrIrsm; vGwfvyfrI&SdjyD; yk*¾vdu u@

wdk;wufa&; twm;tqD; jzpfaeonfrsm;udk avSsmhcs&ef

&nf&G,fonfh xdkif;ESifh AD,uferf e,fpyf jzwfausmf

ukefwifydkYrIvnf; wdk;wufcJhonf/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh

qefpufydkif&Sifrsm;tm;vHk; ydkYukefvdkifpifrsm; &&SdEdkifcJhMu&m

qefwifydkYolOD;a& 5 OD;rS 86 OD;xd rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/

rwlnDonfh om"u taejzifh 2010 rS 2014

ckESpftwGif;ü xdkif;tpdk;&onf v,form;rsm; twGuf

qefaps; jr§ifhwifay;&ef urÇmhaps;uGufaygufaps;xuf

50% ydkay;rIyg jyKvkyfNyD; jynfolUb@maiGrsm;pGm

oHk;pGJcJhonf/ atmifjrifrItenf;i,fom &&SdcJhjyD;

a&&SnftwGuf tusdK;rjzpfEdkifbJ ukefusp&dwf

jrifhrm;cJh&onf/ xdktpDtpOfonf EdkifiHjcm;ydkYukef

tcGifhtvrf; tuefYtowfrSsom &&SdapcJhjyD; yxrESpf

rSmyif tar&duefa':vm 12.7 oef; (odkYr[kwf

pkpkaygif; jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI (GDP) \ 3.5%)

ukefuscJhojzifh EdkifiH\ buf*sufvdkaiGjyrIrSm pkpkaygif;

jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrI(GDP) \ 1.7 % rS 2011 ckESpfwGif

\ 4.4% txd a&muf&SdcJhonf/ t&nftaoG;jrifhqef

wifydkYaeonfh xdkif;EdkifiH\ *kPfudk v,form;rsm;u

tav;xm;rI avsmhenf;vmjyD; pdkufysdK;csdefwdkwdktwGif;ü

txGufEIef;jrifhonfh qefpyg;trsdK;rsdK;udk ajymif;vJ

pdkufysdK;vmMuonf/ e*dkuyif vdkonfxuf

ydkwnfxm;onfh qefpufvkyfief;udk wdk;csJUvmcJhMuojzifh

tpdk;&rS qef0,f,lrnfh tpDtpOfwGif ryg0if&aom

qefpufrsm; ydwfodrf;&onfh tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/

v,form;rsm;\ xkwfvkyfrIp&dwfESifh ajriSm;cvnf;

BuD;jrifhvmcJhonf/

xdkif;EdkifiHESifh uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHwdkY\ þtawGYtBuHK

rsm;u ukefoG,frIESifh EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf&dkuf &if;ESD;jrSKyfESH

rIrsm;udk vrf;zGifhay;&ef ta&;BuD;onfudk rD;armif;xdk;jy

aeonf/ þtawGYtBuHKrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfEdkifonfh

êef;usiftaetxm;rsm; aeom;wus&SdonfESifh wjydKifeuf

yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;? vSnfhywfoHk;pGJEdkifonfh

t&if;tESD;rsm;? ukefoG,frI uefx&dkufrsm;ESihf

ußGrf;usifrItopfrsm; rnfrSsjrefjrefwdk;wuf&&Sd

vmEdkifonfudk oufaoxlaeonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif

þtawGYtBuHKrsm;u aps;uGufpnf;rsOf;rsm;ESifh Mum;0if

pGufzufrIrsm;\ qdk;usdK;oufa&mufrIudkvnf; nTefjy

aeonf/

uarÇm'D;,m; & xdkif;

10



rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;

pdkufysdK;a&;txGufEIef;wdk;wufjcif; a&wdkumvü

&v'faumif;rsm; &&SdEdkif&ef yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk

jr§ifhwifjcif;? acwfrDpdkufysdK;a&;enf;ynmrsm;udk

tvG,ftul &&Sd tokH;jyKEdkif&ef wdk;jr§ifh aqmif&Gufjcif;

[lonf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&rnf/

qefpufrsm;wGif &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHvdkonfh EdkifiHjcm;om;

rsm;taejzifh cGifhjyKcsufrsm; oD;jcm;&,l&onfh vuf&Sd

vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udk ajzavSsmhay;jcif;? pdkufysdK;a&;

oGif;tm;pkrsm;ay;Edkifonfh yk*¾vduu@ tcef;u@

wdk;wufvmatmif Oya'ESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;

wdk;wufapjcif;ESifh t"duusonfh jynfolYa&;&m

0efaqmifrIrsm; (Oyrm - ppfaq;jcif;rsm;? t&nftaoG;

xdef;odrf;jcif;? "mwfcGJcef;rsm;)5 wdkYwGif &if;ESD;jrSKyfESH

jcif;ponfwdkY yg0ifonf/

rsKd;aphESifh pkdufysKd;a&; ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;wGif

t&nftaoG; wdk;wuf aumif;rGefap&ef tpdk;&u

OD;aqmifNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;&ef

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11

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12

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13

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tvm;wltcsufrsm;udk Munfhyg/

14

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yHhydk;ay;Edkifonf/

15



txufyg &nfrSef;csufrsm;odkU a&muf&SdEdkif&ef atmufygZ,m;wGif vmrnfh 5 ESpfumv

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9. “tajymif;tvJwGif yg0ifjcif;/ jynfolYa&;&m u@ wm0efcHrI jrSifhwifa&;”[lonfh rl0g'a&;&mrSwfpkwGif Munhfyg/

16



&nfnTef;udk;um;

Bordey, F., P. Moya, J. Betran, C. Launio, A. Litonjua, R. Manalili, A. Mataia, J. Besenio, F. Macalinta, R. Malasa, E.

Marciano, M. Milanes, S. Paran, G. Redondo, R. Relado, M. San Valentin, I. Tanzo, E. Tulay, S. Valencia, C. Viray,

and C. Yusongco (2015): Benchmarking The Cost and Profitability of Paddy Production in Selected Asian Rice

Bowls. Philippine Rice Research Institute, International Rice Research Institute, Benguet State University, and

Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries

Do, Quy-Toan, and Lakshmi Iyer (2008): Land Titling and Rural Transition in Vietnam.

Economic Development and Cultural Change 56 (3): 531-579.

Newman, C., Tarp, F. and van den Broeck, K., Property Rights and Productivity (2015): The Case of Joint Land

Titling in Vietnam. Journal of Land Economics, 91, (1), 2015, p. 91 – 105.

Poapongsakorn, N. (2014): The Benefits and Costs of a Paddy Pledging Policy: The Experience of Thailand. In:

Dawe, D., S. Jaffe and N. Santos (eds.): Rice in the Shadow of Skyscrapers: Policy Choices in a Dynamic East

and Southeast Asian Setting. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Rice

Research Institute and the World Bank.

UNCDF (2015): Myanmar: Agricultural Finance: Making Access Possible. Study prepared by FinScope Myanmar for

the United National Capital Development Fund.

World Bank and LIFT (forthcoming): Myanmar: Analysis of Farm Production Economics. Economic and Sector

Work, Washington, DC and Yangon, Myanmar.

World Bank (2015): Cambodian Agriculture in Transition: Opportunities and Risks. Economic and Sector Work

Report No. 96308-KH, Washington, DC.

World Bank and LIFT (2014): Myanmar: Capitalizing on Rice Export Opportunities. Economic and Sector Work

Report No. 85804, Washington, DC.

ALLABOARD


ENERGIZING MYANMAREnhancing access to

sustainable energy for all

CLOSING THE GAPExpanding access to

social services

FINANCING THE FUTUREBuilding an open, modern and

inclusive financial system

PARTICIPATING IN CHANGEPromoting public sector

accountability to all

GROWING TOGETHERReducing rural poverty

in Myanmar

BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUALFostering competitiveness and a dynamic

environment for private sector growth

ENERGIZING MYANMAREnhancing access to

sustainable energy for all

CLOSING THE GAPExpanding access to

social services

FINANCING THE FUTUREBuilding an open, modern and

inclusive financial system

PARTICIPATING IN CHANGEPromoting public sector

accountability to all

GROWING TOGETHERReducing rural poverty

in Myanmar

BREAKING BUSINESS AS USUALFostering competitiveness and a dynamic

environment for private sector growth

,ck rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsuf pmwrf;onf “tm;vkH;oGm;MupdkU? rSsa0ykdifqdkifonfh om,m0ajymrIrsm;

azmfaqmifEdkifa&;twGuf rl0g'a&;&m tMuHjyKcsufrsm;” teuf wpfckjzpfygonf/



The World Bank Myanmar

No.57, Pyay Road61/2 Mile, Hlaing Township, Yangon,Republic of the Union of Myanmar.

www.worldbank.org/myanmarwww.facebook.com/WorldBankMyanmar

[email protected]

ALLABOARD


POLICIES FOR SHARED PROSPERITY IN MYAN

MAR

polici es tm;vhk;twlzgyhnzdk;wdk;wufjcif; fo ......tm;vhk;twlzgyhnzdk;wdk;wufjcif; jrefrmedkifihü...

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