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United Nations Development Programme

Country: Uganda

PROJECT DOCUMENT1

Project Title: Strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Africa for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change – Uganda

UNDAF Outcome 2: Vulnerable segments of the population increasingly benefit from sustainable livelihoods and in particular improved agricultural systems and employment opportunities to cope with the population dynamics, increasing economic disparities, economic impact of HIV&AIDS, environment shocks and recovery challenges by 2014.

Agency outcome: 2.2 Vulnerable communities, Government, civil society and the private sector are sustainably managing and using the environment and natural resources for improved livelihoods and to cope with the impact of climate change.

UNDP Strategic Plan PrimaryOutcome:Adaptation to climate change promoted

UNDP Strategic Plan Secondary Outcome: Environmental finance mobilized

Expected CP Outcome: Natural and Energy resources are used and managed in a manner that is sustainable and contributing to growth and poverty reduction.

Expected CPAP Outputs:i) Number of institutions integrating environment, Climate Change and energy access in development plans; (Disaggregated by level i.e. National/ Local government); ii) % of targeted Environment, natural resources management and Climate change adaptation/ mitigation pilot initiatives (innovative practices) implemented %; and iii) Number of policies and strategies reviewed/ developed to draft stage.

Executing Entity/Implementing Partner: Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE)

Implementing Entity/Responsible Partners: Department of Meteorology (DoM)/Ugandan National Meteorological Authority (UNMA), Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM), Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM)/Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), and Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF).

1For UNDP supported GEF funded projects as this includes GEF-specific requirements

UNDP Environmental Finance Services

Brief DescriptionUganda is particularly vulnerable to the increasing frequency and severity of droughts, floods and severe storms (hail, thunder, lightning and violent winds), and their impacts on sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, as well as infrastructure. Such climate-related hazards are having increasingly adverse effects on the country and future climate change is likely to further exacerbate the situation. A large proportion of the Ugandan population has a low capacity to adapt to climate change. Climate change impacts are likely to be particularly negative on Uganda’s rural population because of their high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resource-based livelihoods. Uganda’s capacity to adapt to climate-related hazards should therefore be developed to limit the negative impacts of climate change and address the country’s socio-economic and developmental challenges effectively.

One way to support effective adaptation planning – in particular for an increase in intensity and frequency of droughts, floods and severe storms – is to improve climate monitoring and early warning systems. For Uganda to improve the management of these climate-related hazards it is necessary to: i) enhance the capacity of hydro-meteorological services and networks to predict climatic events and associated risks; ii) develop a more effective and targeted delivery of climate information including early warnings; and iii) support improved and timely responses to forecasted climate-related risks.Barriers that need to be overcome to establish an effective EWS in Uganda include the following: i) weather and climate monitoring infrastructure is obsolete and inadequate, which limits data collection, analysis and provision of meteorological services; ii) knowledge and capacity to effectively predict future climate events is limited as a result of an acute shortage of technology and skilled human resources; iii) systematic processes for packaging, translating and disseminating climate information and warnings do not exist; iv) long-term sustainability of observational infrastructure and technically skilled human resources is not guaranteed; and v) community level usage of climate information and responses to received warnings is poor.

This LDCF financed project, implemented by the Ministry of Water and Environment, will: i) establish a functional network of meteorological and hydrological monitoring stations and associated infrastructure to better understand climatic changes; ii) develop and disseminate tailored weather and climate information (including colour-coded alerts – advisories, watches and warnings – for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps) to decision makers in government, private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-region; and iii) integrate weather and climate information into national policies, annual work plans and local development including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, and district and sub-county development plans in priority districts in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions. The project is expected to be completed by December 2017.


Programme Period: 2013-2017

Atlas Award ID: 00076999Project ID: 00088073PIMS # 5094

Start date: September 2013End Date September 2017

Management Arrangements NIMPAC Meeting Date 31 July 2013

Agreed by (Government):

Date/Month/Year

Agreed by (Executing Entity/Implementing Partner):

Date/Month/Year

Agreed by (UNDP):

Date/Month/Year


Total resources required US $ 27664000 Total allocated resources: US$ 27664000

GEF US $ 4,000,000 Government US$ 17,800,000 UNDP US$ 3,900,000 Other US$ 1,960,000

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SITUATION ANALYSIS 9

1.1. The problem this project seeks to address..............................................................................101.2. Preferred solution.....................................................................................................................101.3 Barriers to the solution..............................................................................................................11

2. STRATEGY 152.1. Project rationale and policy conformity.................................................................................16

2.1.1 Consistency with the policies and objectives of the Least Developed Country Fund...........172.2. Country ownership: country eligibility and country drivenness.........................................19

2.2.1 Legal and Policy Framework...............................................................................................192.2.2 Institutional Framework.......................................................................................................212.2.3 Stakeholder baseline analysis...............................................................................................23

2.3. Design principles and strategic considerations......................................................................242.3.1Baseline projects and on-going initiatives.............................................................................242.3.2 National and local benefits...................................................................................................262.3.3 UNDP comparative advantage in Uganda...........................................................................28

2.4 Project Objective, Outcomes and Outputs/activities..............................................................30Outcome 1: Enhanced capacity of the DoM and DWRM to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change........................................................................................30

Baseline situation and associated baseline projects (without LDCF project)..............................31Adaptation alternative (with LDCF project).................................................................................35

Outcome 2: Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans..............................42

Baseline situation and associated baseline projects (without LDCF project)..............................43Adaptation alternative (with LDCF project).................................................................................48

2.5. Key indicators, risks and assumptions....................................................................................542.6. Cost-effectiveness......................................................................................................................562.7. Sustainability.............................................................................................................................622.8. Replicability...............................................................................................................................622.9 Stakeholder involvement plan..................................................................................................63

3. PROJECT RESULTS FRAMEWORK 674. TOTAL BUDGET AND WORKPLAN 725. MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS 776. MONITORING FRAMEWORK AND EVALUATION 797. LEGAL CONTEXT 828. ANNEXES 83

Annex 1: Stakeholder involvement in Project Preparatory Phase..............................................84Annex 2. Description of baseline projects upon which the LDCF project will build................91Annex 3: ICPAC..............................................................................................................................95Annex 4: Institutional framework of the Water and Environment sector (November 2012). .96Annex 5: Services rated as mixed good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE...................................................................................................97


Annex 6: Project Risk Analysis (Risk Log)...................................................................................98Annex 7: Capacity Assessment Scorecard...................................................................................101Annex 8: Baseline and targeted percentage of national coverage of climate monitoring network...........................................................................................................................................105Annex 9. Agreements (including co-financing letters)...............................................................114Annex 10. References.....................................................................................................................124Annex 11. Key assessment reports...............................................................................................125Annex 12. Terms of Reference......................................................................................................160Annex 13. Capacity Assessment...................................................................................................166Annex 14. Response report on Council comments..........................................................................167


List of Acronyms

ACDP Acoustic Doppler Current ProfilerACTED Agency for Technical Cooperation and DevelopmentAfDB African Development BankAIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAMAT Adaptation Monitoring & Assessment ToolASCII American Standard Code for Information InterchangeATAAS Agricultural Technology & Agribusiness Advisory ServicesAWLS Automatic Water Level StationsAWS Automatic Weather StationsCBO Community Based OrganisationCbWRS Catchment based Water Resource ManagementCCA Climate Change AdaptationCCD Climate Change DepartmentCCU Climate Change UnitCLICOM Climate ComputingCSO Civil Society OrganisationDDMTC District Disaster Management Technical CommitteesDEA Directorate of Environmental AffairsDESS Department of Environmental Support ServicesDEWS Drought Early Warning SystemDoM Department of MeteorologyDRDPM Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness & ManagementDRR Drought Risk ReductionDWD Directorate of Water DevelopmentDWRMA Department of Water Resource Monitoring & AssessmentEAC East African ClimateECHO European Commission?ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ForecastsENR Environment & Natural ResourcesFA Focal AreaFAO Food and Agriculture OrganisationEU European UnionFSSD Forestry Sector Support DepartmentGDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental FacilityGHG Green House GasGIS Geographical Information SystemsGIZ German Society for International CooperationGoU Government of UgandaGPRS General Packet Radio System


HIV Human Immunodeficiency SyndromeHFA Hyogo Framework for ActionIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentINC Initial National CommunicationIP Implementing PartnerIT Information TechnologyITU International Telecommunications UnionIWRM Integrated Water Resource ManagementJPF Joint Partnership FundJWSSP Joint Water & Environment Sector Support ProgrammeKfW German Development BankKP Kyoto ProtocolLDCF Least Developed Countries FundLRIT Low Rate Information TransferM&E Monitoring and EvaluationMAAIF Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry & FisheriesMDA Ministries, Departments and AgenciesMDG Millennium Development GoalsMoFPED Ministry of Finance, Planning & Economic DevelopmentMLG Ministry of Local GovernmentMSG Meteosat Second GenerationMTTI Ministry of Tourism, Trade & IndustryMWE Ministry of Water & EnvironmentNAADS National Agricultural Advisory ServicesNAP National Adaptation PlanNAPA National Adaptation Programmes of ActionNC National CommunicationsNCCP National Climate Change PolicyNDP National Development PlanNDRRMP National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management PolicyNECOC National Emergency Coordination & Operations CentreNEMA National Environmental Management AuthorityNFA National Forestry AuthorityNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNMA National Meteorological AuthorityNMC National Meteorological CentreNWSC National Water & Sewerage CooperationO & M Operations and MaintenanceOMP Office of the Prime MinisterPMA Programme for Modernisation of AgricultureQMS Quality Management SystemRUWASS Reform of the Urban Water & Sanitation SectorSCCF Special Climate Change FundSCDMC Sub - County Disaster Management Committees


SKU Station Key UnitSMS Short Message ServiceSoP Standard Operating ProcedureTPC Technical Planning CommitteeTSU Technical Support UnitUCC Uganda Communication CommissionUFWG Uganda Forestry Working GroupUGX Ugandan ShillingUKMO United Kingdom Meteorological OrganisationUN United Nations UNCT United Nations country TeamUNDAF United Nations Development Assistance FrameworkUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUNMB Uganda National Meteorological BillURCS Ugandan Red Cross SocietyUS United StatesUSTDA United States Trade Development AgencyUWASNET Uganda Water & Sanitation NetworkWB World BankWIND Weather Information for DevelopmentWMD Wetlands Management DepartmentWMDP Water Management Development ProjectWMO World Meteorological OrganisationWMZ Water Management ZonesWS Water & SanitationWSDF Water and Sanitation Development Facility


1. SITUATION ANALYSIS

1. Over the past three decades, increasing temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns and climate hazards – in particular droughts, floods and severe storms (hail, thunder, lightning and violent winds) – have undermined social and economic development in Uganda. Climate hazards have negatively affected the livelihoods of ~150 000 people and resulted in ~74 deaths per year. Furthermore, droughts, floods, landslides, windstorms and hailstorms – which contribute to over 70% of the natural disasters in Uganda – destroy ~800 000 hectares of crops annually. These damages are estimated to be in excess of UGX 120 billion2. Floods and droughts have the greatest impacts on local communities as well as socio-economic sectors – particularly the agriculture sector3.

2. Climate change models for Uganda predict that temperatures will continue to increase by between 0.7oC and 1.5oC by 2020. This will increase further by between 1°C and 3.1°C by 20604. Future projections of rainfall suggest an increase in variability with most areas receiving higher annual totals as well as increases in 1-5 day totals5. Increases in temperature and erratic rainfall will result in more frequent and intense floods, droughts and heat waves. The agriculture sector is particularly vulnerable to these climate changes. This is because it: i) is highly susceptible to changes in weather and climate events; ii) is an important component of the economy constituting 42% of GDP and 90% of export earnings; and iii) forms the basis of local community livelihoods – 70% of Uganda’s population is engaged in the agriculture sector6.

3. Increases in droughts, floods, temperatures and severe storms will negatively affect crop growth and many aspects of the value chain including drying, storage and transport to market. Other predicted socio-economic impacts will result in the reduction of: i) national security; ii) the life-span and durability of infrastructure; iii) hydropower production; iv) human health; and v) ecosystem integrity, and thus natural capital. Climate change is expected to disproportionately affect vulnerable groups. These include the poor, people living with disability and HIV/AIDS, youth and children – orphans in particular – the elderly, refugees, and marginalised communities7.

4. Without adaptation, the negative effects of climate change will undermine years of development assistance and asset accumulation in Uganda. This will threaten macro- and micro-economic stability, socio-economic development and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Uganda’s economy and local communities are vulnerable to climate change and variability as a result of a number of compounding factors: i) heavy reliance on natural resources, particularly within the agricultural sector; ii) dependence on rain-fed agriculture; iii) close linkages between agriculture performance and climatic changes – with gross domestic product (GDP) and inflation rates closely corresponding to seasonal rainfall patterns; iv) high population growth rates – ~3.2% per year – that in combination with high poverty levels reduce capacity to cope with climate hazards; v) low per capita income of ~ US$506; vi) limited financial capacity to fund adaptation measures; vii) weak and inadequate infrastructure; viii) inadequate supply of clean water and sanitation facilities; and ix) inadequate availability of health and medical services8.

5. There is limited detailed data for Uganda on the projected economic costs of climate change and the additional costs and benefits of adaptation. Assessments of Africa and other African countries facing similar challenges, however, indicate that the economic costs of climate change in Africa could equal an annual loss in GDP of ~1.5-3% by 2030 under a business-as-usual scenario. In the long-term, these costs could increase rapidly to a loss of ~10% of GDP by 2100. Assessments undertaken 2The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.3Directorate of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Refugees.2010.The National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management. Office of The Prime Minister: 1-88.4 http://country-profiles.geog.ox.ac.uk/5The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.6The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.7The Republic of Uganda.2012.Uganda National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment: 1-58.8The Republic of Uganda.2012.Uganda National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment: 1-58.


indicate high benefits incurred by adaptation compared to costs. For example, appropriate adaptation measures could reduce the economic costs of climate change in Africa from ~2 to 1% of GDP by 2040 and from 10 to 7% of GDP by 21009. Adaptation measures need to be carefully planned for and managed to reduce the negative effects of climate change on socio-economic returns in Uganda10.

6. One way to support effective adaptation planning – in particular for an increase in intensity and frequency of droughts, floods and severe storms – is to improve climate monitoring and early warning systems. Accurate weather and climate information and forecasting are essential for planning and managing economic production and the provision of social services, under a changing climate.

7. Monitoring climate change, forecasting impacts and using early warning systems to disseminate data to a range of stakeholders, from national to local levels, are important components of successful long-term adaptation measures. Meteorological services provide real-time, short-, long-term and seasonal forecasts as well as other meteorological parameters for planning and management of agricultural production, water resource management, solar energy use, research, disaster and rescue operations, transport, trade and tourism, and environmental-related diseases. Meteorological parameters are particularly important for the design, construction and management of physical infrastructure. Furthermore, they are necessary for understanding weather variability and climate change, as well as climate change impacts on socio-economic development. The more extensive the available information, the better the climate can be understood and future conditions can be assessed at the local, regional, national and global level11.

1.1. The problem this project seeks to address

8. The fundamental problem that this project seeks to address is that the current climate information (including monitoring) and early warning systems in Uganda are not functioning as optimally as they could for effectively supporting the adaptive capacity of local communities and key sectors. This constrains management and early warning activities, as well as restricts long-term planning, better knowledge of expected future climate change impacts, in particular those associated with the expected increase in frequency and intensity of droughts, floods and severe storms. The current state of climate information and early warning systems in Uganda, if not improved, will significantly undermine social and economic development under a changing climate.

9. Weather and climate information, as well as disaster management, has mostly till now focussed on relief and rehabilitation (reactive actions) in Uganda. At present, there are limited hard (e.g. weather/climate observing infrastructure and communications equipment) and soft (e.g. weather forecasting and analysis software, derived analyses of user-friendly information) technologies as well as human and technical capacity to utilise these technologies. This has resulted in: i) insufficient understanding of current and future climate risks; ii) inadequate monitoring and forecasting of climate hazards; iii) inappropriate communication and packaging of warnings; iv) restricted responses to impending climate hazards; and v) constrained planning for long-term climate changes in economic development and risk reduction efforts.

1.2. Preferred solution

10. To allow Uganda the opportunity to better manage climate hazards, food security and agricultural production, scarce and dwindling water resources and make its socioeconomic development process less vulnerable to climate-related risks – it is essential to:

enhance the capacity of hydro-meteorological services and networks to monitor and predict weather and climate events and associated risks e.g. floods, droughts and severe storms;

9The Republic of Uganda.2012.Uganda National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment: 1-58.10The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.11Zhu, X. 2011.Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – TNA Guidebook Series.UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Denmark.


develop effective and efficient ways of packaging weather and climate information, including contextualising with other environmental and socio-economic data to produce early warnings/alerts and advisories; and

support improved and timely preparedness and response to weather and climate information and early warnings, including efficient delivery mechanisms using radio and telecommunications networks.

11. Access to accurate weather and climate data and the capacity to analyse and interpret this at the national level is important for effective early warning systems (EWS) and adaptation planning in Uganda. Effective and efficient climate information and EWS in Uganda should be based on the integration of regional and national early warning systems, GIS mapping of vulnerable areas, meteorological and hydrological information on flooding, droughts and severe storms, and community-based and/or traditional early warning systems. It should provide indicators for monitoring the impacts of climate change and facilitate climate hazard preparedness and adaptation planning. In this way, climate can be systematically integrated into longer-term planning and investment decision-making.

12. The following is required to develop effective weather/climate information and EWS to support adaptation planning in Uganda: i) improving capacity to analyse and interpret climate data; ii) improving weather forecasting capabilities; iii) enhancing the availability of local, regional, national and global data; iv) establishing denser monitoring networks and infrastructure – including automatic and remote sensing technologies – which can be rapidly deployed especially in hazard-prone areas, are relatively easy to maintain, and simple to use; v) recovering historical data held in paper/perishable/obsolete formats; vi) building support and awareness among local communities that have a demand for weather/climate information and warnings; and vii) promoting greater collaboration between the providers and users (including user-agencies and local communities) of weather/climate information12.

13. Strengthened weather/climate information and EWScan result in adequate: i) lead-times for local communities at risk – of floods and severe storms (hail, thunder, lightning, intense rains and violent winds) – to prepare and undertake risk reduction measures, including moving assets 13 to safer locations and implementing flood resilience measures14; ii) interpretation, packaging and transfer of climate information for relevant user-agencies to minimise risk to life and livelihoods including evacuating vulnerable groups, assisting local communities implement risk reduction activities, and implementing flood control and re-routing structures15; iii) agro- and hydro-meteorological information for informing integrated farm management and water resources management; iv) integration of climate information into planning and policy making processes; and v) packaging of weather and climate data and information for a range of other service providers including applications related to building and management of infrastructure, land and air transport, and the private sector.

1.3 Barriers to the solution

14. The development of climate information and EWS for to increase climate resilience and support effective adaptation planningin Uganda – and thus the preferred solution – is constrained by a number of policy, institutional, financial, technological and informational barriers that exist in the country. This LDCF financed project, in conjunction with a number of ongoing initiatives, aims to facilitate Uganda’s development of the necessary skills and frameworks to assist the country in achieving the preferred solution in the long-term.

12Zhu, X. 2011.Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – TNA Guidebook Series.UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Denmark.13food, livestock and personal items.14E.g. sandbags.15dam management, temporary flood defenses to prevent inundation of property and land


Key barriers that need to be addressed in order to contribute towards the achievement of the preferred solution include:

Obsolete and inadequate weather, climate and hydrological monitoring infrastructure, which limits data collection, analysis and provision of meteorological services.

15. One of the main reasons for the obsolete status of the climate information and early warning system in Uganda at present is that it has not received adequate public sector support. The Department of Water Resource Monitoring and Assessment (DWRMA) under the Water and Sanitation (WS) sub-sector and the Weather, Climate and Climate Change sub-sector under Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) sector has received limited funding from the government relative to energy, transport and productionsectors (such as agriculture). Even with increasing realization of the effects of climate change, there is a strong perception that the benefits associated with efficient climate monitoring and early warning system management including effective climate change adaptation planning are not immediate and less tangible when compared to water, energy, agriculture supply, and production-oriented infrastructure activities. As a result, basic components of a functioning weather,climate and hydrological monitoring system (including synoptic, agro-meteorological and hydrological stations, satellite receivers, radar and upper air stations) in Uganda have not been updated with appropriate automated equipment and have been insufficiently maintained over the last 20-30 years. Insufficient coverage of meteorological and hydrological observation stations hasresulted in limited monitoring of vulnerable regions and populations, e.g. drought conditions (rainfall) are not monitored for agricultural lands, intense rainfall is not monitored in areas prone to landslides and flooding, and rapid rises in rivers are not identified as a precursor to flooding. Most operational stations are manually operated and therefore do not report data with sufficient frequency to provide adequate lead times to respond to impending climate hazards. Measurements are generally reported days to weeks after a climate hazard has passed. The current monitoring infrastructure is therefore not adequate for effective early warning provision or climate change adaptation planning. This is despite the realization that the future productivity of the agriculture and water sectors will be significantly undermined by climate change impacts in the absence of accurate weather and climate data and information from ENR and DWRMA.

Limited knowledge and capacity to effectively predict future climate events as a result of an acute shortage of technology and skilled human resources.

16. Compared to other sub-sectors in the country including energy, water and agriculture, the ENR sub-sector – which includes the Department of Meteorology – is currently poorly funded with limited experience in coordination and cooperation. These challenges have resulted in limited computational equipment, software (model code and associated routines) and human (scientific and technical) capacity to program and run the model codes, as well as effectively identify climate hazards and forecast their potential impacts on vulnerable communities. Furthermore, as a result of the poorly coordinated state of the sub-sector and thus low institutional capacities and insufficient funds, well-trained forecasters in the country are not able to use their skills effectively and are often lured overseas or into more lucrative work. This has resulted in limited manpower especially skilled forecasters, technicians and IT specialists. In general there is insufficient use of satellite data for: i) predicting rainfall or monitoring convective systems that result in severe storms; ii) providing information for regions not covered by meteorological and hydrological stations; and iii) monitoring environmental variables related to agricultural and hydrological risks, e.g. satellite-based vegetation monitoring to assess crop performance or flood mapping. This is largely a result of limited human resources and skills to access and use the available satellite data.

17. There is a significant implementation gap between the existing policy framework (including the Climate Change Policy and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy) and the capacities available for implementation. Uganda’s overarching national planning framework – National Development Plan (NDP, 2010/11 to 2014/15) – includes NDP goals in the areas of water for production, water resources management, environment/natural resources management and climate change. The sector


targets as stipulated cannot be reached with the current level of funding. Budget allocations need to be highlighted and addressed through high-level dialogue between the government and the sector Development Partners16.

No systematic process for packaging, translating and disseminating weather/climate information and warnings – including different information sources across – and within country borders.

18. There is limited packaging of climate information and warnings and inappropriate communication to different sectors and end-users. This is partly because of limited information sharing agreements and operational channels which prevents the vertical and horizontal flow of information and coordination between different agencies (in particular DoM, MAAIF, DWRMA, MLG, and DRDPM/OPM) and levels, e.g. community, local, state/provincial, national and regional. The packaging of tailored information for specific sectors in formats appropriate to non-technical stakeholders is generally not undertaken. This limits the interpretation and application of weather and climate information by user-agencies and local communities.

19. The Ministry of Water and Environment is insufficiently coordinated with the Ministerial departments (DoM and DWRMA) as well as with other Ministries (e.g. MAAIF and DRDPM/OPM). This is largely a result of weak institutional arrangements, absence of policy and legal frameworks to guide the provision of meteorological services, and limited appreciation and use of meteorological services by other sectors of the economy. In particular, there is poor coordination between the CCU, MAAIF, MWE and DRDPM/OPM with regards to weather/climate monitoring and early warning information sharing and information flow, as well as the mainstreaming of climate change across governmental sectors. Poor inter-sectoral coordination at a departmental and ministerial level results in the available climate, agriculture and environmental data and information not being adequately combined and/or translated for key messages to be easily understood by users. An additional consequence is that there are limited agreements on official processes for sharing weather/climate information and issuing warnings between stakeholders such as sectoral departments and ministries and communities where climate-hazards are predicted to have significant impacts.

20. Climate and agriculture data from MWE and agriculture data from MAAIF are generally not used to develop indices such as cattle comfort, evapo-transpiration, burning indices, soil moisture and drought to assist local farmers undertake risk reduction measures and seasonal planning. Current weather/climate forecasts are not combined with historical data and known vulnerabilities to identify areas and communities most at risk to climate hazards and other climate change impacts. This is because calculating risk levels based on current climate conditions and historical vulnerabilities requires a comprehensive data set of factors such as climate hazard-prone areas, vulnerable communities, infrastructure, roads and cropping patterns etc.

21. As a result of the challenges detailed above, information and knowledge is scattered across departments and ministries. Consequently a wide range of information sources are not considered (including information from international and regional sources, such as ICPAC) when developing weather and climate information products and warnings for dissemination. Mandates for the provision of weather/climate information, the issuing of warnings and the sectoral mainstreaming of climate change adaptation are often not clear. Weather/climate information and warnings are therefore not readily used to inform agriculture and water resources management and the management of local community livelihoods.

Long-term sustainability of observational infrastructure and technically skilled human resources.

22. The maintenance of monitoring equipment and the human capacity to use and repair this equipment requires annual budget allocations from either public or private sources. The ENR sub-sector and DWRMA are vulnerable to unpredictable funding and budget cuts (described further in 16Government of Uganda. 2012. Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme, 2013-2018. Ministry of Water and Environment: 1-171.


barriers 1-3). This results in uncertainty that a minimum level of funding will be available for annual activities as well as ensuring the continuity and integrity of infrastructure investments. Furthermore, government procurement policies result in procurement being a time-consuming, tedious and expensive process. This is particularly problematic as most of the DoM and DWRMA activities – particularly those related to operation and maintenance – are recurrent in nature. The DoM is currently hidden within the DEA under MWE with its services not adequately recognised as useful or relevant for Uganda’s sustainable development. Despite efforts made within the DoM, the establishment of a sustainable operation and maintenance system for infrastructure and recovery of costs has not been attained. No effective regulatory framework for service provision exists. Capacity building and adjustment and/or reformulation of operation and maintenance strategies and workplans is needed in order to improve the functionality of facilities and infrastructure. Equipment failure is common, and regular checks and maintenance are often neglected as a result of insufficient funds, absence of incentives and ineffective regulatory policies. As a result, data obtained is unreliable and of a poor quality for making management decisions related to climate change risks as well as for providing early warnings of climate hazards.

23. Conflicting views exist regarding the DoM’s public versus private services mandate. The question of which hydro-met services and products should be freely available and which should be charged for is a contentious ‘political issue’ in both developing and developed countries. Most countries still rely on government budget lines as well as government reimbursements to cover the costs of hydro-met services, particular if the hydro-met department is a government institution and not an autonomous agency. The DoM is entirely funded by the Government. Like many other Government institutions, the Department suffers from a shortage of operational funding. A key factor that has inhibited the DoM from maintaining its climate information and weather systems is a lack of adequate public funding, which in turn led to less than desirable strategic implementation practices. In the absence of other sources of substantial funding, most of its requirements are catered for by Government within the context of the performance of the economy, and are, therefore subject to national budgetary priorities and limitations. The Uganda National Meteorological Bill was passed by Parliament in April 2012. The anticipated impact of the Bill will be the transformation of the Department of Meteorology into an Authority (an autonomous body). Quality Policy, Quality Objectives, Quality Procedures and other Quality Manuals for Quality Management System (QMS) Certification have already been developed and approved. The process of attaining ISO 9001:2008 certification, however, has not been finalised. The major revenue sources for DoM/UNMA are government direct billing, the private sector and government reimbursements. To capitalise on these earnings comprehensive studies will be needed to establish the viability of the different sources of revenues and demonstrating the value of improved meteorological services and products in particular to the Civil Aviation Authority, which is a primary user of the data. Since the DoM is one of the government departments that are chronically under-funded, there is a need to explore models for income generated by the provision of climate and weather services.

Poor community level usage of climate information as a result of limited consolidation of effective dissemination channels including physical mechanisms and limited trust in warnings received.

24. The challenges underlying this barrier include: i) limited institutionalisation of contingency and emergency planning processes at both the district and central government level; ii) limited community awareness of the benefits of adapting local livelihoods using weather/climate information; iii) limited trust in warnings received from government authorities – local communities are aware of the shortcomings and inherent delays of the climate monitoring and early warning system in the country; and iv) limited understanding of best practises for weather and climate information exchange mechanisms, communication channels and dissemination mechanisms (national and local radio, email, television, print media, internet websites, telephone, regional and national workshops, and SMS-alerts) between DoM, user agencies and end-users.

25. Except in those areas where NGOs are operational, most local district offices have limited capacity and insufficient trained personnel to provide support for the dissemination of warnings as


well as relocation and rescue. Households rely on assistance from the district, which is usually too late to save any assets. Often there is a lack of practical capacity at the community level regarding appropriate responses to early warning information. Certain communities may disregard climate-related information and warnings as they feel they have better knowledge of the area and are aware of the limited capacities of hydro-meteorological services and emergency and response agencies.

26. At present a range of dissemination methods are used including radio (national and local), email, television, print media, internet websites, telephone, regional and national workshops and SMS-alerts. However, there is limited understanding of the effectiveness of these methods particularly regarding effective information, education and communication materials and dissemination methods for all vulnerable persons in a community. There is a need to collect detailed demographic information, ensuring representation of women, the elderly, the disabled, children and socio-economically disadvantaged groups.

2. STRATEGY

27. The LDCF project will contribute to overcoming the above identified barriers by strengthening climate monitoring and early warning systems in Uganda, largely through improving national capacities to generate and use climate information in planning for, and management of, climate hazards and long-term strategic planning. This will be achieved by transferring appropriate technology, infrastructure and skills to hydro-meteorological services (DoM and DWRM), user-agencies (MAAIF, DRDPM, CCU and MLG) and end-users (local communities) in the country, through the following complementary outcomes: Outcome 1: Enhanced capacity of the Department of Meteorology (DoM) and Department of

Water Resource Management (DWRM) to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

Outcome 2: Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

28. Through Outcome 1, LDCF resources will be used, in conjunction with other ongoing initiatives to assist the Government of Uganda (GoU) to address some of the fundamental barriers to the deployment of an operational and modernised (automated) weather, climate and hydrological monitoring system and forecasting extreme weather and longer-term climate variability. This will be achieved by increasing the coverage and automating the national weather and hydrological monitoring system and upgrading weather and climate forecasting facilities.

29. Through outcome 2, LDCF funding will be used to build human technical capacity to use data collected from the strengthened and modernised weather and hydrological monitoring system and increasing the proportion of the local population that has access to adequate climate information, both for early warning purposes and for long-term planning. This will be achieved by training DoM and DWRM in up-to-date forecasting methodologies and meteorological workstation software. SOPs for disseminating and responding to weather and climate forecasts – including warnings for floods, droughts and severe weather – will be developed and demonstrated in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions in the Kyoga WMZ. National systems will be linked to existing community-based systems and decentralised observation networks. It is expected that this will show the socio-economic benefits of adequate climate services that will support the upscaling, operation and maintenance of the system in the long term.

2.1. Project rationale and policy conformity

30. The Government of Uganda signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 13 June 1992 and ratified it on 8 September 1993 as a non-Annex 1 country. By signing and ratifying the UNFCCC, Uganda has committed to the adoption and implementation of policies and measures designed to adapt to climate changeincludinginter alia NAPAs, NCs and NAPs.


In 2002, Uganda submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) to the UNFCCC, which included a national GHG inventory, an assessment of the country’s status of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, and recommendations for adapting to and mitigating climate change. At present Uganda is preparing the Second National Communication. In 2007, Uganda developed and submitted its National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) to UNFCCC. The NAPA includes a list of nine priority projects, many of which are yet to be rolled out and implemented17.

31. The LDCF project responds to priority adaptation needs and actions identified in Uganda’s NAPA18,19.More specifically, the LDCF project activities aim to address NAPA priorities3 (strengthening meteorological services, including expanding weather observation infrastructure (networks) and promoting a multimedia approach to weather and climate information dissemination); and 9 (climate change development and planning project, including reviewing existing relevant policies and laws/regulations in relation to climate change and sensitizing and training decision makers, planners and implementers on impacts of climate change). NAPA priority activities associated with strengtheningmeteorology servicesinclude improving: i) data collection and technical capacities; ii) availability, accuracy and timeliness of weather and climate information; and iii) application of weather and climate information by vulnerable communities and economic sectors. Uganda’s NAPA identifies the need to: i) expand and maintain weather and climate observation networks; ii) strengthen data collection, processing, analysis and interpretation; iii) strengthen human capacity in weather observing, forecasting and information management;iv) scale up information management and communication systems; v) strengthen early warning systems and coordinating mechanisms; vi) develop and package weather and climate information for vulnerable communities; vii) sensitize communities on weather and climate information use; viii) disseminate and promote use of weather and climate information; ix) develop partnerships and synergies with media and other stakeholders; and x) monitor and evaluate utilization of weather and climate information.

32. Uganda’s National Development Plan (2010/11 to 2014/15)20 recognizes that climate change challenges need to be addressed to enhance sustainable economic and social development. Uganda’s Climate Change Policy (2012) is intended to guide all climate change activities and interventions in the country to ensure a harmonized and coordinated approach towards a climate-resilient and low-carbon development path for sustainable development in Uganda. The policy includes the following priority concerns: i) adaptation; ii) mitigation; and iii) research and observation. Adaptation has been identified as a top priority for Uganda21.

2.1.1 Consistency with the policies and objectives of the Least Developed Country Fund

33. The project fits well with the GEF Result-Based Management Framework for Adaptation to Climate Change. The project contributes directly to Objective 2: “increase adaptive capacity to respond to the impact of climate change”. The information that will be generated through this project will be used in making some decisions at the local level, at short, mid- and long-term, for example crop and variety selection, emergency preparedness, land use planning. 17The Republic of Uganda.2012.Uganda National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment: 1-58.18 In implementing priority interventions identified in Uganda’s NAPAs, the project is consistent with the Conference of Parties (COP-9) and satisfies criteria outlined in UNFCCC Decision 7/CP.7 and GEF/C.28/18. The project focus is aligned with the scope of expected interventions as articulated in the LDCF programming paper and decision 5/CP.9 and LDCF updated operational guidelines GEF/LDCF.SCCF.13/04. As climate impacts fall disproportionately on the poor, the project recognizes the links between adaptation and poverty reduction (GEF/C.28/18, 1(b), 29).19 The process for developing NAPAs is highly consultative and the prioritization process relies on the following criteria (as per Decision 28/CP.7):“Criteria for selecting priority activities. A set of locally-driven criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities. These criteria should include, inter alia: a) Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change; b) Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity; c) Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements; (d) Cost-effectiveness. These criteria for prioritization will be applied to, inter alia: a) Loss of life and livelihood; b) Human health; c) Food security and agriculture; d) Water availability, quality and accessibility; e) Essential infrastructure; f) Cultural heritage; g) Biological diversity; h) Land-use management and forestry; i) Other environmental amenities; j) Coastal zones, and associated loss of land.”20The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.21The Republic of Uganda.2012.Uganda National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment: 1-58.


34. The project has been designed to meet overall GEF requirements in terms of design and implementation. For example: a) Sustainability: The project is designed to deliver lasting lessons on the usefulness, operation and

maintenance of the hydro-climate monitoring network, by demonstrating how enhanced climate information can better serve disaster management, risk reduction and long term planning. The project will also work with local communities in the two project regions to enhance their participation in the early warning system, creating conditions for long-term sustainability.

b) Monitoring and Evaluation: The project is accompanied by an effective and resourced M&E framework, that will enable an on-going adaptive management of the project, ensuring that lessons are learnt, management decisions are taken based on relevant and up-to-date information, and regular progress reports are available for concerned parties.

c) Replicability: The project will generate a thorough, costed, report on lessons learned that will enable the replication of project outputs and outcomes in other regions. Conditions for broader replicability will have been facilitated through the increase in national coverage of the hydro-climate monitoring system and the development of Standard Operating Procedures, which will enable the further integration of climate information into planning at all levels, and which will set the conditions for operating an EWS country-wide.

d) Stakeholder involvement: Following on from the NAPA process, the design of this project was undertaken in a participatory manner. Moreover, the design of the project has ensured the appropriate involvement of stakeholders in project development and implementation (See Section 2.9 for stakeholder involvement plan). Specific activities to be undertaken by the LDCF project – based on the above NAPA priorities – were developed and selected through a participatory approach including multi-stakeholder consultations, and have been endorsed during a validation consultation held on 10 April 2013 (see Annex 1).

e) Multi-disciplinary approach: The project was designed and is intended to be implemented in a multi-disciplinary approach that brings together all sectors who are producers or users of climate information, starting with agriculture and water, but including also private sector stakeholders, NGOs and community based organizations. The project is intended to assist Uganda in providing climate services to all sectors.

f) Gender equality: The project design integrates gender considerations in a Ugandan context. The project intends to ensure that women play an adequate part in the early warning system, that they benefit from climate information that is relevant to them and their roles, and that the information is presented and transmitted in a way that is accessible to them, considering their specific constraints.

g) Complementary approach: The project builds on ongoing initiatives and programming in Uganda. The project therefore builds on ongoing efforts to review the legislative texts, institutional make-up of key DRM organizations, as well as emergency preparedness planning at the local level. The project also intends to pursue active coordination with other partners working on climate change and DRM in the country, through continued discussions among donors.

35. This project is also aligned with the GEF Result Based Management Framework for Adaptation to Climate Change by including activities which are aligned with key GEF outcomes and indicators, mainly:a) Outcome 2.1: Increased knowledge and understanding of climate variability and change-induced threats at

country level and in targeted vulnerable areas, Outcome Indicator 2.1.1, Relevant risk information disseminated to stakeholders, Output indicator 2.1.2.1 Type and scope of monitoring systems in place; and

b) Outcome 2.2: Strengthened adaptive capacity to reduce risks to climate-induced economic losses, Output Indicator2.2.2.1 % of population covered by climate change risk reduction measures.

36. The proposed project has been prepared fully in line with guidance provided by GEF and the LDCF Trust Fund. The project follows the guidance from the ‘Programming Paper for Funding the Implementation of NAPA’s under the LDC Trust Fund (GEF/LDCF 2006). The project focus is also aligned with the scope of expected interventions as articulated in the LDCF programming paper and decision 5/CP.9. As climate impacts fall disproportionately on the poor, the project recognizes the links between adaptation and poverty reduction (GEF/C.28/18, 1(b), 29).The project has been screened using the UNDP Environmental and Social Safeguards to ensure that the design includes measures to minimise any risks and pressures

37. The project is also consistent with the principles governing the LDCF:


a) Country ownership: The Government of Uganda has ratified the UNFCCC and is classified among the non-Annex 1 parties. These countries have also developed and submitted their National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPA) and are entitled to benefit from the LDC Fund for the implementation of priority measures identified in their respective NAPAs. In implementing priority interventions identified in the NAPAs, the project is consistent with the Conference of Parties (COP-9) and also satisfies criteria outlined in UNFCCC Decision 7/CP.7 and GEF/C.28/18.This project conforms to country ownership and leadership as, among other things, it is aligned to government policies and strategies as well as management systems and procedures (see Section 2.2).

b) Compliance with programme and LDC Fund policies: The project complies with the NAPA-identified urgent needs, all of which are relevant for supporting national development goals and for achieving MDGs 1, 3, 6 and 7

c) Financing: The project is designed to accommodate the additional adaptation costs of priority actions identified in the NAPAs and build on several other baseline projects and programmes. The co-funding for this project is also within the stated guidelines, with more than $20m in prospective co-funding. To achieve the LDCF project outcomes, the project will build on several baseline projects – identified through in-country an stakeholder consultation – which also represents $28,600,000 of co-financing leveraged by this project (see co-financing letters in Annex 9.1-9.8).The relevance of the co-financing to the proposed LDCF project is outlined below and will be further elaborated on during the project preparation phase (see Section 2.3, Annex 2 and Annex 9.1-9.8).

d) Institutional Synergy and Coordination: The project outcomes will be implemented through national execution. The PIF therefore outlines project management costs that will be incurred by implementing partners at the national level (below 5%).

2.2. Country ownership: country eligibility and country drivenness

38. By signing and ratifying the UNFCCC and Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), Uganda has, respectively, committed to the adoption and implementation of policies and measures to adapt to climate change and to manage existing climate risks, including enhancing preparedness and response capability to likely disasters.

39. The LDCF project is linked and well-aligned to national priorities and measures identified for implementation reflected in the National Development Plan (2010-2014), UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF), National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Policy, National Climate Change Policy, and NAPA. Furthermore, to develop a project that reflects the needs of national stakeholders and encourages local partners to feel ownership of the project, the LDCF project is based on information received from four stakeholder consultations conducted in Uganda from September 2012 to April 2013.

2.2.1 Legal and Policy Framework

40. United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF, 2010-2014) for Uganda seeks to support vulnerable communities for sustainable livelihoods and for building their capacity to address environmental shocks and recovery challenges by 2014. It specifically aims to support vulnerable communities, government, civil society and the private sector to sustainably manage and utilise the environment and natural resources for improving livelihoods and coping with climate change impacts22. The LDCF project is linked to UNDAF Outcome 2: vulnerable segments of the population increasingly benefit from sustainable livelihoods and in particular improved agricultural systems and employment opportunities to cope with the population dynamics, increasing economic disparities, economic impact of HIV&AIDS, environment shocks and recovery challenges by 2014. More specifically the LDCF project aligns with the agency Outcome: 2.2)Vulnerable communities, government, civil society and the private sector are sustainably managing and using the environment and natural resources for improved livelihoods and to cope with the impact of climate change.

22The Republic of Uganda. 2009. United Nations Development Assistance Framework, 2010 to 2014. United Nations System in Uganda: 1-66.


41. The National Development Plan (NDP) is Uganda’s medium-term development strategy for the period 2010/11 to 2014/15 and serves as a guide for investment planning, budget allocation and social interventions in Uganda. It includes sector-specific targets to achieve eight objectives 23 with the overall theme of “Growth, Employment and Prosperity for Socio-Economic Transformation”. The LDCF project has been developed in alignment with the Meteorology Intervention Area under NDP priority area “critical production inputs”24. This Intervention Area describes the need for “a total overhaul and automation of the meteorological instrumentation in Uganda to enhance the predictability of the weather and climate parameters and to increase the reliability of the forecasts.” This is highlighted as a major input to agricultural production, water resource management, air transport, the defence sector and other sectors of the economy. The NDP conceptual framework includes four sector clusters: i) primary growth; ii) complementary; ii) social service; and iv) enabling. The LDCF project is consistent with objectives, strategies and interventions for the following sectors: i) primary growth – agriculture; ii) social services – skills development; and iii) enabling – climate change, water resource management, meteorology and disaster management.

42. One of Uganda’s achievements under the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is the establishment of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Policy as well as institutional structures for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. The goal for the DRRM Policy is “to establish institutions and mechanisms to reduce Uganda’s vulnerability effectively manage existing risks and enhance preparedness and response capability to likely disasters”. The implementation of the DRRM policy is to a large extent being facilitated through the NDP, which also includes disaster management as an enabling sector for the country. The country has also started to establish Disaster Risk Management Systems and has adopted a multi-sectoral DRR system that includes cross-sectoral linkages for drought risk reduction whose programmes all operate under the umbrella of the NDRRM Policy. The LDCF project has been developed in close collaboration with the Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM) in the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM). The DRDPM coordinates the implementation, review and monitoring of the NDRRM Policy.

43. Uganda’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP, 2012) aims to support the integration of climate change issues into planning, decision-making and investments in all sectors and trans-sectoral themes through appropriate institutional arrangements. In line with the East African Climate (EAC) regional policy, this national policy emphasises climate change adaptation as the top priority for Uganda. Mitigation efforts are included in the policy as secondary priorities. The LDCF project is consistent with these priorities and is aligned with the NCCP’s ‘research and observation’ priority area which includes monitoring, detection, attribution and prediction.

44. NCCP sector-specific priorities that have been considered in the design of the LDCF project are: promoting Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) including contingency planning for

floods and droughts, and strengthening water resource monitoring networks and flood warning systems – water sector;

supporting community-based adaptation strategies through improved extension services and systems for conveying climate information to rural populations, and developing innovative insurance schemes (low-premium micro-insurance policies) to insure farmers against crop and livestock failure and/or damage as a result of droughts, floods and other weather-related events – agriculture sector;

23i) increasing household incomes and promoting equity; ii) enhancing the availability and quality of gainful employment; iii) improving stock and quality of economic infrastructure; iv) increasing access to quality social services; v) promoting science, technology, innovation and ICT to enhance competitiveness; vi) enhancing human capital development; vii) strengthening good governance, defence and security; and vii) promoting sustainable population and use of the environment and natural resources.24 The NDP priority areas are: i) strengthening human resource development; ii) infrastructure development; iii) promotion of science, technology and innovation; iv) facilitating availability and access to critical production inputs.


improving disaster preparedness and management knowledge and skills in regions prone to climate hazards, including disseminating climate change and early warning information in local languages, and developing climate change awareness programmes to involve all communities – human settlements and social infrastructure sector;

promoting vulnerability risk mapping (including social and economic impacts of climate change) for the country included a sector specific mapping, improving early warning systems and preparedness, strengthening the National Emergency Coordination and Operations Centre (NECOC), promoting the development of innovative insurance schemes to insure households, institutions and businesses against destruction caused by climate hazards – disaster management sector; and

supporting and encouraging vulnerable groups to engage in sustainable adaptation mechanisms to cope with climate change impacts – vulnerable groups theme.

45. The above sector-specific priorities are aligned with the National Agricultural Policy, National Water Policy (1999), Physical Planning Act 2010, the National Land Use Policy (2007), the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Policy, Constitution of the Republic of Uganda (1995), Water Act, Cap 152, Environment Act Cap 153, Local Governments Act Cap 243 and National Meteorological Authority Bill/Act (2012)25.

46. Uganda’s NAPA identified strengthening meteorology services as an urgent and immediate need for building climate change resilience in the country. The LDCF project addresses this need as it focuses on enhancing the capacity of the Department of Meteorology to provide efficient, timely and reliable weather and climate information to vulnerable communities (see Section 2.2).

2.2.2 Institutional Framework

47. The Water and Environment sector in Uganda consists of two sub-sectors: the Water & Sanitation (WSS) sub-sector and the Environment and Natural Resources (ENR) sub-sector. The WSS Sub-Sector comprises water resources management, rural water supply and sanitation, urban water supply and sanitation, and water for production. The ENR sub-sector comprises environmental management; management of forests and trees; management of wetlands and aquatic resources; and climate, weather and climate change (See Annex 4).

48. The institutional sector framework consists of the: Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) with its three directorates i) Directorate of Water

Resources Management; ii) Directorate of Water Development; and iii) Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA).

Local Governments (Districts, Town Councils), who are responsible for service delivery under the Decentralisation Act;

A number of de-concentrated support structures related to the MWE, at different stages of institutional establishment (TSUs, WSDFs, UOs, Water Management Zones);

Three semi-autonomous agencies: NWSC (large towns’ water supply and sewerage), NEMA (environment management) and NFA (forestry)26;

NGOs/Community-Based Organisations (including those coordinated through the national Uganda Water and Sanitation Network (UWASNET) secretariat) and Water User Committees/Associations; and

The private sector (infrastructure operators, contractors, consultants).

49. MWE is responsible for setting national policies and standards, managing and regulating water resources and determining priorities for water development and management. It also monitors

25The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.26The Department of Meteorology (DoM) under the DEA is in the process of being transformed into a fourth semi-autonomous agency – the National Meteorological Authority (NMA). It is envisaged that NMA will be formally established in July 2013. This however has not been finalised.


and evaluates sector development programmes to keep track of their performance, efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery.

50. MWE through its Directorate of Water Resources Management is the lead agency for water resources management and is responsible for developing and maintaining national water laws, policies and regulations; managing, monitoring and regulation of water resources; Integrated Water Resource Management activities; coordinating Uganda’s participation in joint management of trans-boundary waters resources and peaceful cooperation with Nile Basin riparian countries. The directorate comprises three departments, namely Department of Water Resources Monitoring and Assessments (DWRM), Department of Water Resources Regulation and Department of Water Quality Management.

51. The Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA) is responsible for environmental policy, regulation, coordination, inspection, supervision and monitoring of the environment and natural resources as well as the restoration of degraded ecosystems and mitigating and adapting to climate change. DEA comprised the four departments of Environmental Support Services (DESS), Forestry Sector Support Department (FSSD), Wetlands Management (WMD) and the Department of Meteorology (DOM). DEA works in collaboration with two semi-autonomous agencies, the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) and the National Forestry Authority (NFA). The Department of Meteorology (DoM) under the DEA is in the process of being transformed into a third semi-autonomous agency – the National Meteorological Authority (NMA). It is envisaged that NMA will be formally established in July 2013. This, however, has not been finalised. The Department for Environmental Support Services (DESS) is in charge of policy formulation, regulation, inspection, monitoring, coordination between line ministries, and oversight of agencies in the ENR sub-sector with respect to their functions.

52. The Climate Change Unit (CCU) was created in 2008, directly under the office of the Permanent Secretary within the Ministry of Water and Environment. The main objective for the establishment of the CCU is to strengthen Uganda’s implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol (KP). It is envisaged that the CCU will be promoted to the level of a governmental department under the Ministry of Water and Environment. The main functions of the new Climate Change Department (CCD) will revolve around: i) acting as an information clearing-house on climate change concerns; ii) providing policy and strategic advice on climate change; iii) supporting communication and outreach on climate change; iv) ensuring the integration of climate change concerns into overall national planning through coordination with the relevant ministries, departments and governmental agencies; v) providing secretarial services to the National Climate Change Policy Committee, the National Climate Change Advisory Committee and the CDM-Designated National Authority; vi) monitoring the implementation of the Climate Change Policy and its Implementation Strategy; and vii) serving as the National Focal Point for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)27.

53. A number of other line ministries have important roles in the water and environment sector. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) leads agricultural development. This includes the on-farm use and management of water for production (irrigation, animal production and aquaculture). MAAIF is responsible for supporting, promoting and guiding the on-farm production of crops, livestock and fisheries so as to ensure improved quality and quantity of agricultural produce and products for domestic consumption, food security and export. Under the supervision of MAAIF, two autonomous agencies handle specific tasks: i) National Agricultural Research Organisation carries out research, trials of technologies and increasingly takes up responsibilities for dissemination of results through collaboration with extension and advisory services institutions; and ii) the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) initiated under the Programme for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) develops privatised extension services for farmers based on a demand-responsive approach.

27The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.


54. The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) mobilises domestic and external sources of funds, allocates them to sectors and coordinates development partner inputs. MoFPED reviews sector plans as a basis for allocation and release of funds, and reports on compliance with sectoral and national objectives.

55. The Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development was created in June 2006 and is responsible for the management of land affairs including physical planning, surveys and mapping, valuation, land registration, urban development and housing as well as the Uganda Land Commission. The Uganda Wildlife Authority under Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry (MTTI) manages the forests in National Parks and Wildlife Reserves, especially under the Uganda Wildlife Act, 1996 (CAP 200).

56. The Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management under the Office of the Prime Ministeristhe lead agency responsible for disaster preparedness and management in the country. DRDPM coordinates risk reduction, prevention, preparedness, mitigation and response actions in the country in consultation with other line ministries, humanitarian and development partners, local government and the Private sector. It co-chairs the National Platform for Disaster Management Inter Agency Technical Committee, which includes members from MAAIF, DoM, DWRM and DRDPM.

57. Over 400 NGOs/CBOs are involved in the water and environment sector in Uganda. They work predominantly at the grassroots level, mobilising and sensitising local people, supporting active local participation in managing forests and trees, providing forestry advisory services, and advocating for the concerns of the underprivileged in national development processes. NGOs/CBOs were involved in the design of the LDCF project such as ACTED, Uganda Red Cross Society and the Grameen Foundation.

58. The Uganda Water and Sanitation NGO Network (UWASNET) is a national network organisation established in 2000 with the aim of strengthening the contribution of NGOs/CBOs in achieving the Water and Sanitation Sector goals. Currently it has an active membership of over 170 NGOs/CBOs. Most of the local NGOs/CBOs working in the forestry sub-sector operate under an umbrella organisation, the Uganda Forestry Working Group (UFWG), with Environmental Alert housing UFWG’s Secretariat. There is currently no networking or coordination body for NGOs and CSOs working on environment and natural resources issues and climate change.

59. The Uganda National Meteorological Bill was passed by Parliament in April 2012. The anticipated impact of the Bill will be the transformation of the Department of Meteorology into an Authority (an autonomous body). Quality Policy, Quality Objectives, Quality Procedures and other Quality Manuals for Quality Management System (QMS) Certification have already been developed and approved. The process of attaining ISO 9001:200828 certification, however, has not been finalised29.

2.2.3 Stakeholder baseline analysis

60. Multi-stakeholder consultations conducted to inform the design of the LDCF project included: i) an initial inception workshop on 4 September 2012; ii) a stakeholder follow-up workshop to obtain feedback on proposed project framework on 1 February 2013; iii) a stakeholder retreat on 21 March 2013; and iv) a validation workshop on 9 April 2013.

28ISO 9001:2008 specifies requirements for a quality management system whereby an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide a product that meets customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for continual improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.29Government of Uganda.Ministry of Water and Environment.2012.Water and Environment Sector Performance Report.


61. Consultations were attended by national operational focal points, government departments responsible for generating and using weather/climate information and early warning systems as well as a number of development partners, NGOs and civil society organisations. The stakeholder retreat was attended by government departments that were identified as key responsible parties for the LDCF project. Bi-lateral stakeholder consultations included a range of additional meetings that were held between September 2012 and April 2013 with bi- and multi-lateral organisations, government departments, NGOs as well as private sector partners. The IP and RPs played a considerable role in determining the activities for the LDCF project and were involved in most of the consultations undertaken above. Furthermore, the UNFCCC operational focal point was involved in the project design through emails and consultations particularly the inception workshop on 4 September 2012, follow-up workshop on 1 February 2013, stakeholder retreat on 21 March, and validation workshop on 9 April 2013.

62. All consultations were conducted by an international consultant and/or national consultants with the support from the UNDP Country Office. Details of stakeholder consultations – including reports, programmes and participant lists – are included in Annex 1. Details of stakeholder involvement during the project implementation phase are provided in Section 2.9.

2.3. Design principles and strategic considerations

63. Hydrological and climate monitoring is recognized by the GoU as a core public service provided to all economic sectors. As such this project is founded on a solid baseline of ongoing national programming that provides the existing infrastructure, staff and resources of the early warning network. This includes all programming deployed by the Department of Meteorology (DoM)/Ugandan National Meteorological Authority (UNMA), Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM), Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM)/Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), and Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF) (see section 2.4).This project comes as an add-on to these ongoing initiatives to ensure that climate change dimensions are taken into account in the deployment of short-, medium- and long-term weather and climate services.

64. A key principle governing the design of this project is that, while the project cannot cover all needs in terms of infrastructure and climate-related information, it can provide the means by which national coverage by an efficient EWS will be increased to a level able to cope with climate change induced shocks and changes in the future. It is assumed that this increased coverage, along with the (existing and new) technical capacity to analyse climate information, will allow the country to benefit from efficient, accurate and legitimate climate services on which to underpin development planning. Furthermore, the project also proposes that activities at the local level to demonstrate the efficiency of the early warning system will serve as lessons towards the development of an upscaling strategy to be led by the government. The project therefore aims to deliver concrete lessons towards the sustainable deployment of EWS at all levels in the country.

65. Another strategic principle that governs the design of this project is the use of LDCF funding to provide value added to nationally-led baseline programming. This provides long-term anchoring for LDCF interventions, ensures that the conditions for long-term sustainability continue to be present even after the end of the intervention, and encourages stronger ownership. This project is therefore building on ongoing programming delivered by GoU through the Ministry of Water and Environment and Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (OPM), in addition to being closely linked to ongoing programming in the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF) and other sectoral initiatives.

66. This LDCF project is not a standalone project; it is part of a wider multi-country programme that will implement similar initiatives on climate information and Early Warning Systems in at least 10 countries in Africa (including Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Liberia, Malawi, Sierra Leone, São


Tomé & Príncipe, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia). Synergies between these projects will be used to enhance the cost-effective hiring of specialized technical staff, coordination of data and information (including inter-country sharing where feasible), training (operations & maintenance of equipment; forecasting techniques; tailored advisories and warnings), and effective use of communications and standard operating procedures.

67. In all project countries, upgrades and rehabilitation of the hydrometeorological monitoring network will be complemented by providing local stakeholders with training and capacity-building in operation and maintenance of the improved infrastructure (Outputs 1.1 and 1.2). In addition, project countries will be provided with training and capacity-building for modelling and forecasting climate and weather, as well as generating tailored climate information packages and sector-specific Early Warnings (Outputs 1.4, 2.1 and 2.2). It is anticipated that there will be considerable scope for much of these training and capacity-building activities to be undertaken in coordination with other project countries, which will result in an increase in the cost-effectiveness of LDCF project investments.

68. All 10 LDCF African EWS projects will include activities, which will require considerable technical support in specialized applications related to the design and implementation of standard operating procedures and tailored warnings/advisories, and the communication of advisories/warnings (Outputs 2.3 and 2.4). The appointment of suitably qualified technical staff to provide technical support to all project countries, including Uganda, will reduce the budget and time allocated to hiring and training and will improve the coordination and standardization of activities between all project countries. In addition all project countries will benefit from shared information, lessons learned and identified best-practices. For example, the training of junior and senior hydrologists and meteorologists to produce forecasts and develop tailored hydro-meteorological information can be undertaken through regional workshops, which will allow all project countries to share costs such as workshop facilities and accommodation, hiring technically skilled trainers and purchasing/developing appropriate training materials.

69. All of the abovementioned African climate and Early Warning Systems projects will include an output that will develop a sustainable financing strategy for ongoing operation and maintenance of the newly enhanced hydrometeorological networks, which may include leveraging financing and logistic support from private sector companies and relevant socio-economic sectors, notably aviation and telecommunications (Output 2.5). Wherever possible coordination of activities, which include public-private partnerships between various project countries, will assist participating private sector companies to engage efficiently and cost-effectively with the LDCF projects, and will simultaneously improve the negotiating position of each individual government. Further details on the cost-effectiveness benefits of this approach are provided in section 2.6.

2.3.1 Baseline projects and on-going initiatives

70. The LDCF project is focused on strengthening the capacity of national and sub-national entities to monitor climate change, generate reliable hydro-meteorological information (including forecasts) and to be able to combine this information with other environmental and socio-economic data to improve evidence-based decision-making for early warning and adaptation responses as well as planning. At present, however, there are many projects and programmes – both climate and non-climate related – being implemented in Uganda. Therefore, to ensure that the LDCF funds are used in a strategic manner, the LDCF project aims to build upon existing weather/climate monitoring and EWS-related activities implemented by both government and NGOs. This includes coordinating with donor-supported water resource management and meteorological services baseline projects, community-based EWS and disaster risk reduction efforts in the country and strengthening the national framework for EWS implementation. See detailed descriptions of baseline projects – including the linkages with the LDCF project – in Annex 2 as well as Section 2.4. A summary per baseline project is presented below: The Water Management and Development Project (WMDP) (2013 – 2018) is funded by the

WB and implemented by the MWE and National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). The objectives of WDMP are to improve water resource planning, management and development, as


well as access to water and sanitation in priority areas. The total financing for the project is US$ 135 million, of which US$ 1.1 million has been allocated for flood and drought risk assessment, management and preparedness.

The Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (JWESSP) (July 2013 - June 2018) is a follow-up to the present Joint Water and Sanitation Sub-sector Support Programme (2007-June 2013) and being implemented by MWE.At present, the total funding for the implementation of activities under these components includes: i) donor partner funding of € 175 million from KfW (Germany), African Development Bank (AfDB), EU, Austria, and Denmark; and ii) GoU funding of € 195 million.

Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) programme (2002-2014) was established by GIZ in 2002 to provide advisory services to the MWE, including providing support to the Department of Water Development, National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Directorate of Water Resource Management and the Department of Meteorology. The programme is currently in phase 4 (2011-2014), which includes building capacity of DWRM and DoM and funding weather and climate monitoring equipment and data management solutions.

UNDP’s Strengthening Uganda’s Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacities (2012-2014) project is working towards addressing the needs for effective disaster risk reduction at a national and local level in Uganda with funding of US$ 3.9 million. This is a follow up project to the UNDP’s “Support in Preparation of a National Disaster Management Policy” from 2006-2009 (US$ 4 million).

ACTED Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) in Karamoja in cooperation with national and local government, has developed a DEWs for the Karamoja sub-region. The programme is funded by the European Commission (ECHO) and started in 2008. The DEWS provides drought warnings to communities in Karamoja through a monthly bulletin based on drought indicators gathered by community-based monitors and district officials and analysed by specially designed software.

The International Telecommunications Union and Uganda Communication Commission (ITU/UCC) is implementing the project, “Natural Disaster Early Warning System Pilot in Uganda”. The total funding for this pilot project is US$ 300,000 with the period yet to be confirmed. The focus of the ITU/UCC project on the dissemination of early flood warnings alerts via SMS is well-aligned with the activities of the LDCF project.

Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services (ATAAS) (2010-2015) aims to increase agricultural productivity and household income of participating communities in Uganda by initiating improvements in agricultural technology and advisory services and undertaking agricultural research. The total project cost is US$ 665 million, financed primarily by the GoU (US$ 497 million) and World Bank (US$ 120 million loan), with support from the EU, IFAD and Danida. Component 2 (US$ 72.4 million) and 3(US$ 317.8 million)Stakeholders follow-upmeetings to improve the project document 15th February to 20th March 2013 of the project are focused on enhancing partnerships between agricultural research, advisory services, and other stakeholders;and strengthening the national agricultural advisory services.

The Department of Meteorology (DoM) within the DEA under MWE is the institution mandated with the responsibility for establishing and maintaining the weather and climate observation network in Uganda, including inter alia data collection, analyses and exchange as well as the production of weather and climate information and products. The DoM operates a weather and climate observation network, which includes 12 manual synoptic stations, 15 manual hydro-meteorological stations, 17 manual agro-meteorological stations, 150-300 manual rainfall stations, 33 automatic weather stations and 1 Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite receiver. However, despite efforts made within the DoM, a sustainable operation and maintenance system for infrastructure and recovery of costs has not been implemented. Data obtained is frequently unreliable and of a poor quality for making management decisions related to climate change risks as well as for providing early warnings of climate hazards. There is a need for capacity building and adjustment and/or reformulation of operation and maintenance strategies and workplans in order to improve the functionality of facilities and infrastructure. The DoM has allocated US$ 6,000,000 towards baseline climate monitoring and developing early warning activities.


The Department of Water Resources Monitoring and Assessments (DWRM) within the Directorate of Water Resource Management under MWE is the entity mandated with the responsibility for operating and maintaining a surface hydrological monitoring network of 80 hydrometric stations (rivers and lakes) and 10 automatic weatherstations. Hydrometric stations include manual as well as automatic water level recorders and data loggers for measuring water levels. Observers take manual readings twice a day and data is collected from data loggers only on a monthly basis. These manual flow meter measurements are then sent to the DWRM, either weekly or monthly via post or telephone, often resulting in critical delays, which reduces the effectiveness of these data for warnings of flood levels. At present, a number of the water resources management functions under the DWRM are in the process of being decentralised to regional levels. This is being achieved through the establishment and refinement of four Water Management Zones (WMZs), namely the Kyoga, Victoria, Albert and Upper Nile WMZs, under the DWRM’s framework for Catchment-based Water Resources Management (CbWRM) that is at present being operationalized across Uganda. There are a number of factors which limit the capacity of the DWRM for water resource monitoring and assessment. Spatial coverage of the country’s hydrological monitoring network has been reduced as a result of vandalism or poor maintenance of equipment. At present, automated real-time water level measurements are available for only the Kyoga WMZ, which limits the capacity of the DWRM to generate and disseminate rapid warnings for inundation and flash floods. The DWRM has allocated US$ 2,247,000 towards integrated and sustainable management of water resources, baseline water resource monitoring and flood risk management.

The Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM) under the Office of the Prime Minister is the agency mandated with the responsibility for disaster preparedness and management in the country. Activities of the DRDPM include the coordination of risk reduction, prevention, preparedness, mitigation and response actions in the country in consultation with other line ministries, humanitarian and development partners, local government and the Private sector. It co-chairs the National Platform for Disaster Management Inter Agency Technical Committee, which includes members from MAAIF, DoM, DWRM and DRDPM. The DRDPM coordinates and houses the National Early Warning System Committee. However, there is poor coordination and communication between the DRDPM and Uganda’s Hydrometeorological agencies, in addition to which there are multiple factors which limit the ability of hydromet staff to monitor and forecast climate and weather-related information. As a result, the DRDPM has a limited capacity to implement appropriate timely responses to climate-related hazards. The DRDPM has allocated US$ 1,500,000 towards Risk and Vulnerability Assessments; Early Action; Education and Awareness; and National Disaster Information Sharing.

71. As described above, a number of development partners and projects in Uganda are investing in: i) hydrological and meteorological infrastructure and training in the country to support the DoM and DWRM and to address their current capacity gaps; ii) building DoM and DWRM forecasting capacities; iii) providing disaster risk reduction to support the DRDPM; and iv) community-based early warning support for local communities. Work is still required to assist the DoM and DWRM manage meteorological and hydrological data in a way that is relevant to addressing climate change in the country. There is a need to address issues related to the: i) collection of meteorological and hydrological data, as well as data analysis, storage and management; ii) editing and packaging of weather and climate forecasts for use in early warning systems and long-term development plans; and iii) collaboration mechanisms between the DoM and DWRM in particular with regards to data collection and analysis, but also for the management and operations of automatic and manual stations, data exchange, data processing, and water resource assessments and warnings (particularly flood warnings).Additional support is required for ensuring the efficacy of these support measures and investments under a changing climate. There is a particular need to: i) strengthen the accuracy of forecasting and thus weather and climate information and warnings; ii) link national weather and climate information and early warning systems to existing communities, including traditional and community-based early warning systems, and appropriate communication channels; and iii) develop innovative mechanisms for sustaining these weather and climate forecasting and warning systems.


72. Specifically, the LDCF project will finance the additional adaptation costs of priority actions needed to ensure that the current EWS system and use of climate information (and associated projects) can cope with future changes in the frequency and intensity of climate hazards. Table 1 below indicates each of the specific associated baseline projects and the indicative co-financing amounts upon which this LDCF project will build. In addition to these baseline projects, the LDCF project will link and coordinate with activities under the: i) African Center of Meteorological Application Development (ACMAD) – including those involving ICPAC and the GHACOF process (see Annex 3); ii) Group on Earth Observations’ (GEO) AfriGEOSS initiative – and in particular African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) and Monitoring of Environment and Security in Africa (MESA); iii)WMO’s Global Framework Climate Services (GFCS) initiative; iv) Building Resilience to Climate Change in the Water and Sanitation Sector project (GEF); and v) Uganda Red Cross Society disaster risk reduction nand early warning activities in vulnerable areas including the Karamoja, Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.

Table 1. Specific Baseline Projects and indicative co-financing amountsFunding source US $Co-financing sources 1. Government of Uganda (GoU), MWE, Department of Meteorology (DoM) budget

allocation 6,000,000

2. GoU, MWE, Joint Partnership Fund, Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (JWESSP) 5,400,000

3. UNDP Strengthening Uganda’s Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacities (SUDPMC) 3,900,000

4. GoU, Directorate of Water Resource Management budget allocation 2,800,000 5. GoU, Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management

(DRDMP)/Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) budget allocation 1,500,000

6. German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) 3,870,0007. MWE, World Bank (WB), Water Management and Development Project (WMDP) 1,100,000 8. GoU, MAAIF, Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services

Programme (ATAAS) 1,000,000

9. Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department of the European Commission (ECHO) - Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED) Drought Early Warning System (DEWS)

400,000

10. The International Telecommunications Union and Uganda Communication Commission(ITU/UCC) 300,000

Least Developed Country Fund (LDCF) project grant requested 4,000,000Total 30,270,000

2.3.2 National and local benefits

73. Climate information and EWS will benefit both the poorer segments of society which do not necessarily benefit from large protective infrastructure projects30; and the hydro-meteorological services and other user-agencies e.g. extension services, which utilise weather and climate information.

74. The LDCF project will introduce new infrastructure – including weather stations and forecasting facilities – while building upon, and being integrated into, the existing DoM and DWRM infrastructure and capacity. LDCF project activities will complement existing meteorological and hydrological support programmes being funded by WB and GIZ. This will benefit national hydro-meteorological infrastructure for the effective and efficient use of information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

30World Bank. 2010. Natural hazards, Unnatural disasters: Effective prevention through an economic lens. World Bank and United Nations.231 pp.


75. The LDCF project will also benefit the DWRM and DoM by developing human technical capacity in order to maintain and operate meteorological and hydrological observation networks and systems. Training will be provided to 16 Forecasters, 5 meteorological and 5 hydrological technicians in DoM and DWRM, thereby building technical capacity in weather and climate forecasting as well as hydro-meteorological data handling. This will directly benefit these Government departments with associated benefits filtering down to community end-users at the local level.

76. At a national level, all regions will benefit from the placement of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) andAutomatic Water Level Stations (AWLSs)which will extend the geographical coverage of Uganda’s weather, climate and hydrological observation network. This will particularly address gaps in the observation network in the Western and Northern Regions of the country as well as build on activities in the Eastern Region of Uganda supported by WB and GIZ.

77. Tailored weather and climate information will be made accessible to decision-makers in government, private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities. This information will be mainstreamed into national policies as well as work and development plans. Government and non-government communication alert channels, including advisories, watches and warnings will be strengthened at the local and national levels.

78. Innovative financing options – including appropriate government cost recovery arrangements, service level agreements and potentially public-private partnerships – will be developed to provide sustainable finance for the operation and maintenance of the installed hydro-meteorological observation, forecasting and early warning systems. These financing options will benefit existing governmental financing structures by increasing financial sustainability and relieving existing financial pressure. Potentially the most significant economic benefits are associated with improved transport planning, notably within the aviation section, which can take advantage of improved local forecasts and monitoring. This sector and commercial agriculture represents some of the largest private clients prepared to pay for early warning services and tailored forecasts.

79. At a local level, the Kyoga Water Management Zone (WMZ) – which includes the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions – will benefit from the LDCF project.

80. The Kyoga WMZ covers approximately 58,000 km2, which mostly comprises relatively flat terrain between 900 and 1,150 m above sea level and includes the Teso and Elgon sub-regions. Mean annual precipitation exceeds 1,200 mm. There is considerable potential for the large-scale development of hydro-electricity production in the region31. The population of the Kyoga WMZ is estimated to be 9.3 million and the primary livelihood activity is agriculture32. Flood risk is very high throughout the WMZ while drought risk ranges from moderate to very high33. This zone includes the following catchments: Karamoja (Kapiri), Sironko, Lake Kyoga sub-catchment, Mpologoma and Kwania.

81. The Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions will benefit from tailored weather and climate information, specifically for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps. The Teso sub-region – containing eight districts – is negatively impacted by cyclical floods, droughts, famine, conflicts and cattle-raiding and is consequently vulnerable to periodic food insecurity. Local governments and humanitarian parties endeavour to address issues of food securitywhile disaster risk reduction activities are currently insufficient34. The Elgon sub-region – also containing eight districts – is susceptible to floods and landslides and is characterised by high levels of poverty as well as poor

31The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.32The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.33The Republic of Uganda.2010. Operationalisation of Catchment-based Water Resources Management. Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Resources Management: 1-135.34The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.


infrastructure and service delivery access35.These sub-regions will also benefit from the development of mobile-based alert platforms. One of the aims of this initiative is to ensure that at least 50% of mobile phone users are women. It is essential that this goal is reached, as women in these regions are often the worst affected by the impacts of climate change, due to their predominantly agriculture-based livelihoods36. Women need to be able to access climate information as easily as men – even if it is through differing mediums – otherwise there is the risk of the information either not being used at all or not being fully understood by women37.

82. Priority sub-regions of Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango will also benefit from the mainstreaming of weather and climate information into inter alia the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, as well as district and sub-county development plans.

Criteria for project site selection

83. The criteria used to determine high priority regions – developed by key stakeholders in-country, included that the region: i) should lie in the cattle corridor; and ii) should be identified at a Water Management Zone level as well as sub-region level (Annex 11 and 11.2).

84. Based on a simple multi criteria analysis of stakeholder feedback, which involved scoring sub-regions based on a ranked score, the Karamoja sub-region scored the highest for the implementation of community-based weather/climate information and early warning system outputs and activities. However, after presenting these results to stakeholders in-country, Karamoja was removed as a priority as, while Karamoja is prone to hazards and in particular drought hazards, many EWS interventions have already been implemented and are planned for this sub-region. Stakeholders reached the consensus that the Kyoga WMZ, which includes the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions which received the second and third highest scores, should be prioritised.

2.3.3 UNDP comparative advantage in Uganda

85. The LDCF project is aligned with UNDP’s comparative advantage – as articulated in the GEF matrix – in the area of capacity building, providing technical and policy support as well as providing expertise in project design and implementation. Specifically, the LDCF project will build upon UNDP’s comparative advantages which includes experience working with governments and communities in Uganda and globally in: i) establishing and strengthening institutional, policy and legislative mechanisms; ii) building capacity; iii) undertaking risk assessments; iv) mainstreaming climate change adaptation, disaster risk reduction and early warning systems into development planning; and v) harnessing best practices and community-based approaches across different thematic areas for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. This includes experience with initiatives focused on transferring knowledge and technology via south-south cooperation.

86. The UNDP country office in Uganda is well placed to oversee the implementation of the LDCF project. This is because it has built close connections with the MWE – including the DoM and DWRM – and DRDPM through the implementation of many disaster management and early warning support projects in the country. UNDP also leads the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) Task Force on DRR to promote collaboration on DRR issues among various UN agencies. The approach ensures synergies on disaster risk reduction issues between different agencies and facilitates support to the national government in a coordinated manner.

35The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.36Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision toWomen Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.37Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision toWomen Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.


87. In Uganda, UNDP has facilitated the inclusion of DRR and early warning system aspects into the National Development Plan (NDP) as well as contributed towards the development and subsequent approval of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Policy. This includes the support provided to the GoU by UNDP for implementing the project “Support in Preparation of a National Disaster Management Policy” from 2006-2009 (US$ 4 million) as well as producing a thematic paper that promoted the mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction in sectoral and sub-national development programmes and budgets. UNDP has also played a major role in the development of the draft Drought Risk Reduction Policy, which advocates for DRR to be accorded similar level of priority as other initiatives. The development of a Drought Risk Reduction Policy for Uganda was conceptualized in 1998, but the actual drafting started in 2005 with major input from UNDP.

88. Through the Crisis Management and Recovery Programme, UNDP strengthened the capacity of the OPM and District Disaster Management Technical Committees (DDMTCs) in northern Uganda to coordinate emergency and disaster risk reduction measures. Furthermore, UNDP supported the formulation process of Sub-County Disaster Management Committees (SCDMC) in eleven districts in Acholi, Lango and Teso sub-regions to ensure that disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation reach the lowest level of governance/government. This included training in DRR, early warning systems, data collection and the production of resource maps. UNDP also supported OPM to develop hazard, risk and vulnerability assessments for Teso, Lango and Acholi sub-regions, to provide pre- and post-disaster baseline information required for the planning and design of preparedness and management strategies and in the development of contingency plans. Ten District Contingency Plans were developed and approved by the District Councils laying the groundwork for enhancing disaster preparedness.

89. More recently, UNDP has been focussing its efforts on the operationalization of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Policy through the follow-up project “Supporting Government with Disaster Risk Reduction and Management” 2012 - 2014 (US$3.9 million). This includes working with the GoU at a national level to mainstream DRR into plans, programmes and activities through DRR workshops, roadmap development and disaster risk mapping. These UNDP supported projects and programmes focus on strengthening Uganda’s disaster preparedness and management capacities. This therefore aligns well with the LDCF project and strong links will be achieved between the projects to share lessons learned on how to improve and expand the current climate information and early warning systems in Uganda.

90. UNDP’s strategic positioning on strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Uganda is informed not only by its comparative advantage but also by its global leadership position – in particular south-south cooperation – on strengthening climate information and early warning systems for increasing climate change resilience. UNDP has a high level of experience in managing other LDCF projects in the region, in particular those with disaster management, early warning and climate change adaptation components. It is also informed by UNDP’s working principles of optimising resources and capacities through multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder driven partnership approaches. This is the approach UNDP has been using in Uganda in particular through its DRR and management projects. The country office in Uganda is supported by Regional Technical Advisors at UNDP offices in Pretoria, as well as by policy, adaptation, economics and climate modelling experts in New York, Cape Town and Bangkok.

2.4 Project Objective, Outcomes and Outputs/activities

91. The objective of the LDCF project is “to strengthen the weather, climate and hydrological monitoring capabilities, early warning systems and available information for responding to extreme weather and planning adaptation to climate change in Uganda.”

92. This will be achieved by delivering two integrated and complementary outcomes:


1. Enhanced capacity of the Department of Meteorology (DoM) and Department of Water Resource Monitoring and Assessments (DWRM) to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

2. Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

The overall budget for the LDCF project is US $ 4,000,000 over four years (Table 2).

Table 2. LDCF Budget by outcome.LDCF Outcome LDCF

Funding (US$)

Indicative Co-financing (US$)

1. Enhanced capacity of the DoM and DWRM to monitor extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

2,661,360 15,917,000

2. Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

1,148,640 9,247,000

Project Management 190,000 1,106,000Total 4,000,000 26,270,000

The baseline situation (without the LDCF project) and adaptation alternative (with the LDCF project) –including relative outputs and indicative activities – are detailed below for each Outcome.

Outcome 1: Enhanced capacity of the DoM and DWRM to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

93. To achieve Outcome 1, a sustainable network of weather (synoptic, agro-meteorological) and hydrological stations will be established under the DoM and DWRM. Modern forecasting facilities (computers, storage and networking) will be installed to assist the DoM in accessing, processing and displaying meteorological data as well as integrating and using data for weather and climate forecasting purposes.

94. New infrastructure, including weather stations and forecasting facilities, will build upon and be integrated into the existing DoM and DWRM infrastructure and capacity. A protocol and agreement will be developed to ensure collaboration between the DoM and DWRM for the management and operations of automatic and manual stations, data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and water resource – in particular flood, drought and severe weather risk – assessments and warnings. LDCF project activities under this outcome will also complement and enhance existing meteorological and hydrological support programmes being funded by WB and GIZ (see further details below and co-financing amounts in table 3). This will provide a solid platform on which LDCF funds can build additional adaptation benefits.

95. The overall budget for this outcome under the LDCF project is US $18,578,360. This includes US $ 2,661,360 LDCF project grant requested and US $ 15,917,000 indicative co-financing (Table 3).

Table 3.Total project value for Outcome 1Funding source US $Co-financing sources GoU, MWE/DoM budget allocation 6,000,000 GoU, MWE/DWRM budget allocation 2,247,000 GIZ RUWASS 3,870,000WB, WMDP 1,100,000 GoU, Joint Partnership Fund, JWESSP 2,700,000LDCF project grant requested 2,661,360


Total 18,578,360

Baseline situation and associated baseline projects (without LDCF project)

96. The Department of Water Resources Monitoring and Assessments (DWRM) – in the Directorate of Water Resource Management under MWE – is responsible for operating and maintaining a surface hydrological monitoring network of 80 hydrometric stations (rivers and lakes) and 10 automatic weatherstations (see Table 4 and Annex 7: Capacity Assessment Scorecard 6 for location and operational status of hydrological stations and automatic weather stations). This involves monitoring and assessing the variation of the quantity and quality of water resources as a result of human and climatic impacts and thus providing information for supporting various production and investment activities. Hydrometric stations include manual staff gauges as well as automatic water level recorders and data loggers for measuring water levels. Observers take manual readings twice a day and data is collected from data loggers only on a monthly basis. These manual flow meter measurements are then sent to the DWRM, either weekly or monthly via post or telephone, often resulting in critical delays, which reduces the effectiveness of these data for warnings of flood levels. The DWRM’s operation and maintenance budget is ~US$ 450,000 per annum38.

97. At present, a number of the water resources management functions under the DWRM are in the process of being decentralised to regional levels. This is being achieved through the establishment and refinement of four Water Management Zones (WMZs), namely the Kyoga, Victoria, Albert and Upper Nile WMZs, under the DWRM’s framework for Catchment-based Water Resources Management (CbWRM) that is at present being operationalized across Uganda.

98. The main purpose of the CbWRM framework and the regional WMZs is to de-concentrate water resources management closer to where the activities are needed and to mobilise local community efforts and other stakeholders to participate in CbWRM. This includes the following DWRM IWRM functions: i) operation and maintenance of surface water, groundwater and water quality monitoring networks; ii) operation and maintenance of regional water quality laboratories; ii) water resources assessments; iii) water resources planning and allocation, iv) implementation of water and catchment management regulations and permitting systems; v) review of environmental impact assessment reports; vi) monitoring compliance to water laws, regulations and permit condition; and vii) raising awareness about the role and importance of water resources management.

99. CbWRM activities under the DWRM’s framework are currently in the pilot phase. The WMZs have been formally established. These include WMZ offices with five staff members in each WMZ. These WMZ offices are, however, not yet fully operational and are in need of consolidation and operational strengthening. This will be an on-going process under the DWRM. In each WMZ, a water resources information system that includes a decision support system is being planned to capture all the data and information needed for water resources planning and allocation at WMZ and catchment level. One of the main areas of work for WMZ offices is the preparation of Water and Catchment Management Plans. These are in the process of being developed with effective stakeholder participation, in five priority catchments out of the eight identified hotspot catchments. A Stakeholders Forum, Catchment Management Committee, Catchment Technical Committee and Catchment Secretariat are being established to support these activities at the catchment level.

100. At present, a number of challenges limit the DWRM’s water resource monitoring and assessment capacity. Coverage of the country was originally more extensive, but many of the manual staff gauges as well as automatic water level recorders and data loggers are damaged as a result of vandalism or poor maintenance. As a short-term intervention, DWRM has been conducting awareness campaigns at the local level and has procured sign boards that will be established at the monitoring stations to create awareness of the purpose and benefits of the stations. Automated, real-time water

38The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.


level measurements are available for only the Kyoga WMZ. This prevents rapid warnings for inundation and flash floods from being generated and disseminated.

Table 4.Status of existing hydrological stations under the DWRM (see Annex 6 for location and operation status of existing stations).Station type Existing Fully operationalSurface hydrometric stations (rivers and lakes) 80 of which 16 in

the Kyoga WMZ have been upgraded to telemetric status.

35

Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs) 10 5Acoustic Doppler Profile 0 0

101. The Water Management and Development Project (WMDP, 2013-2018) implemented by the MWE and funded by the World Bank aims to strengthen hydrological infrastructure, information management systems and training in the country to support DWRM address current capacity gaps. The total financing for the project is US$ 135 million, of which US$ 1.1 million has been allocated for flood and drought risk assessment, management and preparedness. The WMDP has planned two activities on flood and drought risk management and preparedness: i) strengthening, expanding and automating the existing hydro-meteorological monitoring network in the Kyoga and Upper Nile Water Management Zones; and ii) developing a comprehensive water resource information system for Uganda. In addition to the WB support, GIZ through the Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS, 2002-2014) programme has supported the DWRM in the installation of five AWLSs at the Manafwa, Namatala, Sipi, Simu and Soronko rivers in the Kyoga WMZ. These remotely send water levels to the DWRM data centre in Entebbe and provide alerts when water levels are beyond flood thresholds. The programme is currently in phase 4 (2011-2014), which includes building capacity of DWRM and DoM and funding weather and climate monitoring equipment and data management solutions.

102. The Department of Meteorology (DoM) within the DEA under MWE is responsible for establishing and maintaining the weather and climate observation network in Uganda. This includes data collection, analyses and exchange as well as the production of weather and climate information and products (including warnings) to support social and economic development. Specific sectors that the DoM aims to support include transport (mainly aviation), defence, agriculture, disaster preparedness, environmental and water resources management, tourism and the construction industry. The DoM’s annual budget including operation and maintenance is ~US $ 1,500,000 per annum.

103. The DoM has four divisions: i) station network division, which is responsible for designing, establishing and monitoring the weather and climate observation network, including flow of data to collecting centres; ii) training and research division, which is responsible for developing research and training programmes in accordance with regional centres and WMO; iii) forecasting division, which is responsible for collecting and distributing real-time data to WMO and regional centres as well as analysing data and producing daily public and aviation forecasts39; and iv) data processing and applications division, which is responsible for collecting, processing and archiving all weather and climate data as well as producing ten-day forecasts – referred to as dekadal forecasts – designed specifically to meet the concerns and needs of the farming community including information for planning and marketing purposes.

104. The weather and climate observation network managed by the DoM includes 12 manual synoptic stations, 15 manual hydro-meteorological stations, 17 manual agro-meteorological stations, 150-300 manual rainfall stations, 33 automatic weather stations and 1 Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite receiver. Observation stations are clustered around institutions for ease of access. Therefore, they do not cover the spatial variability of different zones, i.e. agro-meteorological, climatological, hydro-meteorological and isohyet (rainfall variability) zones that exist in the country. 39including forecasts for all flights leaving or flying over Ugandan air space.


In addition to the poor spatial coverage, most existing stations are onlypartially functional or non-operational as a result of vandalism, limited spare parts and insufficient maintenance and calibration equipment (Table 5).

105. Most of the existing stations under the DoM are obsolete and in need of rehabilitation. Manual and automatic stations do not have the full complement of equipment and sensors required for efficient functioning. This includes – for manual stations – missing or non-functional thermometers, barometers, Stevenson screens, wind speed and direction masts, solar sensors, radiotelephones for communication and weather fences; and for automatic stations, missing or non-functional sensors, data loggers, GPRS modems, dry cells, computer servers and software, power supply, weather fences, solar panels, batteries, wind speed and direction masts. Furthermore, the DoM has no radar, lightning detection equipment, upper air and pilot balloon stations. The C-band radar located at the Entebbe Airport is non-functional. Rehabilitation of the radar is not possible because spare parts are not available, as the manufacturer no longer operates. Because of this limited observational infrastructure, atmospheric parameters (beyond the surface) are only being observed through satellite observations.

Table 5.Status of existing meteorological stations under the Department of Meteorology in Uganda.Station type Existing Fully operationalSynoptic 12 0Agro-meteorological 17 7Hydro-meteorological 15 5Rainfall stations 150-300 60Automatic Weather Stations 33 1Radar 1 0Upper Air 0 0Pilot Sounding 0 0Satellite receiving stations 1 1

106. The DoM’s National Meteorological Center (NMC), based at Entebbe, has a direct link to the MSG Low Rate Information Transfer (LRIT) Direct Dissemination Service. This link provides access to satellite and model data (UKMO and ECMWF numerical models) as well as observations, analyses and forecasts from Regional and Global meteorological centres. At present, the Station Key Unit (SKU) needs to be updated to obtain higher resolution satellite imagery. Computers also have insufficient speed, storage capacity and memory for basic modern meteorological tasks including satellite image and model data analysis and presentation40.

107. Accurate prediction of weather and climate events requires national as well as regional data and information from other countries, namely through regional and global producing centres. To exchange data and information regionally and globally, Uganda is party to the Convention of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the International Civil Aviation Convention. Only ~30% of the required information and data from Uganda is transmitted internationally through the Global Telecommunications Network (GTS). This is as a result of the obsolete and inadequate status of meteorological infrastructure in the country41. Weather and climate observations from Uganda are therefore not being effectively incorporated into regional and global circulation models which decreases the accuracy of these models for the Ugandan context42.

108. The significant shortage of weather and climate monitoring stations in Uganda negatively affects the country’s ability to monitor, detect and predict climate variability and climate change. A combination of non-operational, poorly functioning and obsolete infrastructure as well as poor spatial

40Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC.(Draft-2013).A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US. 41The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.42Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC.(Draft-2013).A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US.


station coverage is currently reducing the ability of the DoM to provide detailed and accurate weather and climate information and products (including <1 day nowcasts and 1-10 day weather, seasonal and climate forecasts) to support social and economic development. Obsolete and inadequate equipment limits the integration, display and analysis of weather and climate data and its use for forecasting purposes. There is a shortage of modern and/or automated monitoring stations. As a result, data is transmitted from existing agro-meteorological and hydrological stations once a month to once every two months and every hour daily from existing synoptic stations. This inhibits the use of hydro-meteorological information for making early warning systems and long-term development plans 43. For example, at present monthly weather reviews and forecasts including agro-meteorological advisories are not issued and inadequate leadtime is provided for seasonal forecasts.

109. GIZ, through the RUWASS, works in close collaboration with the DoM and DWRM providing organisational support where required44. In particular, GIZ is planning to provide support to the DoM for installing 25 AWSs in the Kyoga WMZ. This will include AWSs covering two districts in the central region, nine districts in the eastern region and two districts in the northern region (see below). In addition to strengthening the meteorological and hydrological observation network, GIZ has been working closely with the DoM in digitising climatological data.

Table 6. Locations for the 25 AWSs planned for installation in the Kyoga WMZ under the RUWASS programme funded by GIZ.Region Sub-region Catchment Location for AWS - district

Central Region Buganda Mpogoloma KayungaMpogoloma Nakasongola

Eastern Region Busoga Mpogoloma BuyendeMpogoloma KamuliKyoga Kaliro

Bukedi Kyoga PalisaTeso Mpogoloma/Karamoja Soroti

Sironko/Kyoga NgoraKaramoja/Kyoga/Mpogoloma SerereMpogoloma Kaberamaido

Northern Region Lango Mpogoloma/Kwaina AmolatarKwania DokoloKwania Apac

110. Despite the achievements of the GoU and the support of the associated baseline projects, infrastructure and knowledge for the implementation of modern weather, climate and hydrological forecasting is still required. Repair, maintenance and calibration have been neglected, especially in the case of electronic equipment such as AWSs. Some systems have been installed and after only a few years have been abandoned and removed from the DWRM’s and DoM’s inventory lists. No repair tools or manuals are available, in particular for automated equipment. Equipment such as automated rain gauges, anemometers and wind vanes that have been installed are thus in poor condition. This is sometimes because of simple routine servicing and maintenance reasons, such as not applying grease to anemometers and wind vanes, unblocking rain gauges, cutting grass around the weather fences and dusting instruments. Furthermore, despite investment in computer equipment through existing projects, limited training in relevant software has been provided to DoM and DWRM personnel. This prevents the development of modern weather forecasting and climate change modelling capabilities. A stable coordination mechanism between DoM and DWRM is crucial, especially with reference to flood and drought monitoring, forecasting and early warning. The development of appropriate 43The Republic of Uganda.2010.National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.44Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC.(Draft-2013).A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US.


structures for improved data exchange as a condition for successful IWRM and climate change adaptation is recommended but still not covered by the existing projects45.

Adaptation alternative (with LDCF project)

111. The four outputs under Outcome 1 will build on the existing investments being made in the sector by the GoU (baseline operations and maintenance annual costs by DoM and DWRM described above), including projects supported by GIZ, World Bank and the JWESSP described above, in Section 2.3 and in Annex 2. LDCF resources will be used to improve DoM’s and DWRM’s existing meteorological and

hydrological observation network to ensure Uganda’s monitoring of weather, climate and hydrology is able to cope with the additional impacts expected from climate change and that adaptation planning is based on reliable and extensive information. This will include installing AWLSs and AWSs as well as rehabilitating existing manual and automatic stations in priority districts and catchments. Capacity development will be undertaken to sustain the enhanced observation network during and beyond the lifetime of the LDCF project. The outcome will enhance the coverage of spatial variability that exists, especially for rainfall, to ensure that weather and climate data is collected within climate change vulnerable areas. This will assist accurate and region-specific weather, climate and hydrological modeling as well as provide a platform for generating early warnings for drought, floods and severe storms. LDCF will finance measures to enhance collaboration between the DoM and DWRM for the management and operations of automatic and manual stations, data collection, data analysis, data exchange, data processing and water-related assessments (in particular, flood risks).

This LDCF project will build upon the flood and drought risk-related WMDP project activities at a national level as well as at the regional and local level in Kyoga WMZ. This will include strengthening the hydrological observation network in the Albert and Victoria WMZs as well as filling gaps in the network in the Kyoga and Upper Nile WMZs, not currently being filled by the WMDP. LDCF funds will be used to integrate the installed AWLSs into the water information system being developed under the WMDP. This will also include linking the DWRM system to the DoM data and information system.Additional AWLSs will be installed under Output 1.1 in the Kyogo WMZ under DWRM to fill gaps not being filled by the GIZ stations.LDCF funds will be used to integrate the data received from AWLSs installed under Output 1.1 into the existing water information system and decision support systems that are currently being enhanced through the WMDP project.

The LDCF project will strengthen activities under the GIZ RUWASS project including building capacity of DWRM and DoM and funding weather and climate monitoring equipment and data management solutions. The LDCF project will further expand and strengthen the DoM and DWRM’s observation networks by installing AWSs under Output 1.2, particularly to cover gaps in the northern, western and central regions through the Upper Nile, Albert and Lake Victoria WMZs of Uganda. The installation of AWLSwill complement the support GIZ is providing to the DoM and DWRM in the eastern region of the country covering the Kyoga WMZ, including the 25 AWSs planned for installation in the Mpogoloma, Kyoga, Sironko and Kwania catchment areas (see Table 6 above and Table 7 below).Twenty of the AWSs under the LDCF project are planned to be installed in the eight priority catchments – Sironko, Kyoga, Albert Nile, Aswa, Albert, Semiliki, Edward and Rwizi – covering all four WMZs. Output 1.3 will link closely to work being undertaken by GIZ with regards to digitisation of the weather and climate data.

The LDCF project will build on JWESSP themes and related outcomes under three of the JWESSP components: i) water resources management; ii) water management zones; and iii) environment and natural resources management. This includes building upon the coordination and calibration aspects between subsectors and departments under the JWESSP.The Modernization Plan for the DoM – which is linked to the JWESSP’s theme of facilitating the establishment of the UNMA – has and will be used as a basis for directing LDCF project activities. In this plan, the

45Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC.(Draft-2013).A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US.


importance of efficient automated observation station network, modernised meteorological forecasting facilities including workstations (computers, storage and networking) and importance of operation and maintenance facilities and related training for the DoM is highlighted. This is the focus of output 1.3 and 1.4. Activities under these outputs will build upon the modernisation of the DoM into a semi-autonomous agency – the Uganda National Meteorological Authority – supported through the JWESSP.

Output 1.1: 16 Automatic Water Level Stations (AWLSs) installed and 40 manual hydro-meteorology stations and 5 AWLSs rehabilitated in the Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and Upper Nile Water Management Zones (WMZs.)

112. Activities under this output will increase the capacity of the DWRM to monitor and forecast river and lake water level and flow measurements across the country. This will be achieved by installing AWLSs and undertaking repairs and upgrades to existing manual hydrological stations and AWLSs in each of Uganda’s four Water Management Zones (Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and Upper Nile). By increasing the availability and geographical coverage of real-time hydrological data across Uganda, the DWRM will have an enhanced capacity to forecast floods and issue warnings to vulnerable groups and sectors downstream.

Output 1.1 includes the following indicative activities:

1.1.1 Undertake a systematic analysis of existing manual hydro-met and AWLSs in each WMZ to determine gaps in coverage and priority stations for data rescue and rehabilitation. This will include a plan to integrate new stations into the DWRM existing network and to link these with the DoM meteorological network and forecasting systems.

1.1.2 Procure and install 16 hydrological AWLSs in priority catchments in all four WMZs including solar panels, batteries, data transmission software packages and networking facilities.

113. New AWLSs will be installed in locations in six priority catchments, namely: i) Albert East in the Albert WMZ); ii) Kyoga in the Kyoga WMZ; iii) Rwizi and Edward in the Victoria WMZ; and iv) Aswa and Albert Nile in the Upper Nile WMZ to benefit downstream communities and sectors particularly vulnerable to floods and droughts. Priority catchments for catchment-based IWRM were identified by the GoU using a range of criteria including flood, drought and landslide risk, social and economic profiles, and the status of the existing monitoring network (see Table 7 below)46,47. During the inception phase of LDCF project implementation, catchments and locations for AWLS installation will be revised based on input from water management offices as well as water management plans for each WMZ. Water management plans are currently being developed for the WMZs.

Table 7.WMZs, priority catchments and specific districts within priority catchments for the placement of AWLSs under the LDCF project. This will be reviewed and revised if necessary during inception phase with input from water management offices in each WMZ and existing water management plans.

WMZ Region Catchment District

Upper Nile Northern Region

Albert Nile/Aswa GuluAswa KitgumAlbert Nile Adjumani Albert Nile Arua

46Priority catchments for operationalizing catchment-based integrated water resource management in Uganda include: i) Albert East and Semiliki for Albert WMZ; ii) Sironko and Kyoga for Kyoga WMZ; iii) Albert Nile and Aswa for Upper Nile WMZ; and iv) Rwizi and Edward for Victoria WMZ.47Ministry of Water and Environment, Department of Water Resources Management.2010.Operationalisation of Catchment-based Water Resources Management.COWI Uganda, Kampala.


Aswa Lira

Lake Victoria

Central Region Rwizi Rakai

Western Region

Rwizi MbararaEdward KabaleEdward/Victoria NtungamaoEdward KaseseEdward Kamwenge

AlbertAlbert KabaroleAlbert HoimaRwizi/Edward Bushenyi

Kyogo Eastern Region Kyoga To be confirmedKyoga Busia

1.1.3 Undertake repairs to 40 manual hydrological stations and 5 AWLSs in WMZs, comprising 12 in the Upper Nile WMZ, 9 in the Kyoga WMZ, 16 in the Albert WMZ, 8 in the Victoria WMZ.

1.1.4 Procure AWLS conventional instruments, spare parts and sensors including 1Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP. _)

1.1.5 Integrate hydrological AWLSs into the existing DWRM network, including reviewing and installing appropriate telecommunication infrastructure and creating linkages with the DoM observation network and forecasting systems.

Output 1.2: 25 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) installed and 32 manual (12 synoptic, 10 agro-meteorological and 10 hydro-meteorological) and 32 AWSs rehabilitated in priority districts.

114. Under Output 1.2, the geographical coverage of Uganda’s weather and climate observation network will be extended through the installation of 25 AWSs (8 synoptic, 17 agro/hydro-meteorological) in priority districts to adequately cover agro-meteorological, climatological, hydro-meteorological and isohyet (rainfall variability) zones in the country. This will include gaps identified in the observation network in the western and northern regions of the country covering the Albert, Lake Victoria and Upper Nile WMZs (see Table 8below).

115. Forecasting of crop yields and drought risk depends on accurate knowledge of seasonal rainfall to-date at any given location within Uganda. Accurate forecasts of future precipitation also depend on the availability of accurate daily records of precipitation against which model predictions can be compared, allowing the development of bias-corrected model forecasts. These outcomes are possible when precipitation stations are spaced closely enough together that their observations can be modelled with acceptable errors by averaging together the observations of neighbouring stations. Output 1.2 is designed to achieve an improved sampling density to reduce errors in daily and monthly precipitation.

116. Twenty of the AWSs are planned to be installed in the eight priority catchments – Sironko, Kyoga, Albert Nile, Aswa, Albert, Semiliki, Edward and Rwizi – covering all four WMZs. This will complement the support GIZ is providing to the DoM in the eastern region of the country covering the Kyoga WMZ, including the 25 AWSs planned for installation in the Mpogoloma, Kyoga, Sironko and Kwania catchment areas (see Table 6above and further details under the baseline situation described above).

117. LDCF resources will also be used to rehabilitate obsolete and poorly functioning stations. Manual observations will be continued at sites where it is not cost-effective to automate, for example at sites in remote locations and lacking communication facilities. Where manual stations are replaced


with automatic stations, there will be an overlap of 36 months so that time series from different sensors can be matched. Long-term datasets to assist with weather and climate forecasting will be developed using historical observations as well as newly generated data from automated and upgraded stations.

118. Where applicable AWSs installed under this output and AWLSs installed in Output 1.1 above will be installed where necessary in close proximity to each other. This will improve the DWRM’s monitoring network as weather and climate data is needed for effective water resource management.


1.2.1 Undertake a systematic analysis of existing and planned synoptic, agro/hydro-meteorological stations and AWSs in Uganda to determine gaps in coverage and priority stations for data rescue and rehabilitation. This will include a plan to integrate new stations into the existing DoM network and to link these with the DWRM hydrological network and forecasting information systems. This Activity will be conducted in parallel with the Activity 1.1.1 above.

1.2.2 Procure and install 25 automatic weather stations including solar panels, batteries, data transmission software packages, networking facilities and weather fences in 25 priority districts/locations covering all four regions and WMZs in the country (see Table 8below).

119. A particular focus of this activity will be to cover gaps in the observation network in the western and northern regions to complement donor support currently being provided to strengthen observation networks in the eastern region and in particular in the Kyoga WMZ.

Table 8.Region, WMZs, sub-regions, catchments and specific districts for the placement of AWSs under the LDCF project. This will be reviewed and revised if necessary during inception phase. Catchment names in italics have been identified as priority catchment.Region WMZ Sub-region Catchment Locations for

AWSs Station type

Western Region

Albert Bunyoro Albert Buliisa agro-meteorological /hydrologicalHoima agro-meteorological /hydrological

Albert/Kafu Masindi synopticSemiliki Bundibugyo agro-meteorological /hydrological

Lake Victoria

To be confirmed

Edward Kabale synoptic

Toro Kasese synopticTo be confirmed

Kisoro agro-meteorological /hydrological

To be confirmed

Rubirizi agro-meteorological /hydrological

To be confirmed

Rukungiri agro-meteorological /hydrological

To be confirmed

Rwizi Mbarara synoptic

Central Region

Ssese Islands Victoria Kalangala agro-meteorological /hydrologicalBuganda Masaka agro-meteorological /hydrological

Katonga Mityana agro-meteorological /hydrologicalSembabule agro-meteorological /hydrological

Northern Region

Upper Nile

Acholi Albert Nile/Aswa

Amuru agro-meteorological /hydrologicalGulu synoptic

Aswa Pader agro-meteorological /hydrologicalAlbert Nile Nwoya agro-meteorological /hydrological


West Nile Moyo agro-meteorological /hydrologicalNebbi agro-meteorological /hydrologicalArua synopticNebbi (Packwach Secondary School)

agro-meteorological /hydrological

Eastern Region

Kyogo Busoga Mpogoloma Jinja synopticElgon Sironko Kapchorwa agro-meteorological /hydrologicalBukedi Kyoga Tororo synoptic

1.2.3 Upgrade 32 existing manual (12 synoptic, 10 agro-meteorological and 10 hydro-meteorological) and 32 AWSs in priority areas.

120. This will include: i) for manual stations undertaking upgrades to thermometers, Stevenson screens, barometers, replacing manual wind and solar sensors with digital sensors, stabilising power supply with solar panels, batteries and inverters, installing radio telephones for communication and establishing weather fences; and ii) for AWSs replacing 5 obsolete units with new modern AWSs, upgrading outdated wind and solar sensors, data loggers, GPRS modems, computer servers and software, stabilising power supply by replacing or installing solar panels, batteries and dry cells, relocating 5 existing AWSs to appropriate new locations, and establishing weather fences.

1.2.4Integrate AWSs into the existing DoM network, including reviewing and installing appropriate telecommunication infrastructure, and creating linkages with the DWRM observation network and forecasting systems.

Output 1.3: Weather and climate forecasting facilities upgraded including an integrated hydro-meteorological data management and information system and an online web platform for operationalizing collaboration arrangements and procedures between DWRM and DoM.

121. LDCF resources will be used to procure and install the hardware and software needed to integrate, display, analyze and provide output of observed and model data as well as other graphical information. This will include the development of forecasting facilities to support the 12 synoptic stations and the NMC at Entebbe as well as upgrading the national DoM database and information system from CLIMCOM/ASCII to an appropriate modern system and linking this to the DWRM’s water management information system currently being developed under the WMDP. This will assist in maintaining and providing access to the DoM/DWRM web platform.

122. The installed hardware and software will provide the platform for skilled hydro-meteorologists to: i) visualize meteorological, environmental and oceanographic data from various sources and in various formats48; ii) produce standard and customised <1 day severe weather nowcasts, integrate 1-10 day weather forecasts, 1-6 month seasonal forecasts and >6 month climate forecasts with other relevant information e.g. current weather and climate; and iii) edit and package weather and climate data and information into a suitable format for user-agencies and end-users. Facilities will provide the means to generate weather forecasts based on inter alia numerical weather prediction model, graphical imagery, surface observations and station-based forecasts.

48E.g. surface observations and station based forecasts, NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) fields, satellite data and derived synthetic products, radar data and derived products, aviation reports and forecasts,sounding data, sat-sounding data, satwind data, automatic satellite image interpretation data, SCIT (Storm Cell Identification and Tracking) data, lightning data, road weather observations and forecasts, MOS (Model Output Statistics) data, ocean profile data, warnings based on the monitoring of incoming data,trajectories, webcams and geographical information (based on vector and raster data).


123. Building on an existing Memorandum of Understanding, a protocol and agreement between the DoM and DWRM will be developed for data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and flood, drought and severe weather risk assessment and warnings. An online web platform will be developed to facilitate the collaboration between the DoM and DWRM and the operationalization of protocols and agreements. This platform will be further developed under Outcome 2 to be used by other user-agencies of weather, climate and hydrological information such as MAAIF, CCU, and DRDPM.


1.3.1 Procure and install hardware and software required for modern meteorological forecasting facilities (computers, storage and networking) to support the 12 synoptic stations and the NMC at Entebbe.

1.3.2 Upgrade and update the national DoM database and information management system – from CLICOM/ASC11 to an appropriate alternative modern system – and link to DWRM’s water management and information system.

1.3.3 Undertake a data rescue and digitisation process from DoM and DWRM archives.

1.3.4 Develop and implement a protocol and an agreement between the DWRM and DoM for data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and flood, drought and severe weather risk assessment and warnings.

1.3.5 Develop and establish an online web platform linked to DWRM and DoM’s official websites and information and management systems to assist the operationalization of Activity 1.3.4 as well as activities under Outcome 2.

1.3.6 Determine the costs and benefits of installing lightning detection equipment to determine the most suitable network of detectors and how such information could be integrated/used for weather/rainfall monitoring – this activity will be used to inform Activity 1.3.1 as necessary.

Output 1.4: Capacity developed for operating and maintaining observation networks and related infrastructure including training 9 meteorological and 10 hydrological trainers and 50 weather observers, raising local community awareness, developing an O&M toolbox, and establishing internal arrangements and procedures between DoM and DWRM.

124. UnderOutput 1.4, LDCF resources will be used to develop the human technical capacity as well as the internal arrangements, procedures and frameworks required to maintain and operate improved meteorological and hydrological observation networks and systems in Uganda. Capacity development support and provision of technical assistance will be planned to support the current water and environment sectors as well as the MWE structure and institutional framework.

125. A protocol and agreement will be developed between DWRM and DoMfor the management and operations of automatic and manual stations. This will be supported by an observation network operation and maintenance toolbox and the online platform developed in Activity 1.3.3. These will furthermore be linked to the data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and flood, drought and severe weather risk assessment and warnings protocol and agreement developed in Activity 1.3.4.

126. A ‘train the trainers’ approach will be used to maximize the impact of LDCF funds. Specific advanced technical training will be provided to five meteorological and five hydrological technicians to cover the operation and maintenance of AWSs. Agreements will be established with individuals trained to develop and conduct training courses for technicians working in the DWRM


and DoM and ensure that they remain in the relevant government departments for the minimum period after receiving the training. Training will also be provided on routine servicing and maintenance of infrastructure, e.g. greasing anemometers and wind vanes, dusting equipment and unblocking rain gauges. The sustainability of LCDF project interventions will be strengthened through an awareness campaign undertaken by trained trainers to explain to the communities the benefits of the installed equipment and the need to prevent the equipment from being vandalized.


1.4.1 Develop an observation network quality control and maintenance toolbox, including remotely accessible and online calibration and training courses, handbooks and manuals for AWSs, AWLSs and manual stations.

1.4.2 Develop and implement a protocol and agreement between the DWRM and DoM for the management and operations of automatic and manual stations, particularly where stations are in close proximity.

1.4.3 Train five meteorological and six hydrological technicians on technical aspects regarding the operation and maintenance of AWSs and AWLSs. Training will be conducted by experts on the use of the installed AWSs.

1.4.4 Establish operation and maintenance training facilities including demonstration equipment and reference quality sensors at regional training sites atSoroti, Kasese, Gulu and Masaka synoptic stations.

1.4.5 Assist trained meteorologists and hydrologists to conduct training workshops for water management offices at the WMZ level and synoptic station employees on operation and maintenance of installed modern equipment.

1.4.6 Assist 5 trainers to conduct training of 50 weather observers at Soroti, Kasese, Gulu and Masaka regional training sites on: i) routine servicing and maintenance of automatic and manual stations, e.g. greasing wind vanes and masts, unblocking rain gauges, brush-cutting grass around weather fences and dusting instruments; and ii) conducting awareness raising of local communities situated close to installed and rehabilitated stations on the importance/benefits of installed equipment.


127. To achieve Outcome 2, human technical capacity will be developed to use the data collected from the modernised weather and climate observation and information management systems established under Outcome 1 for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

128. The capacity of DWRM, MAAIF, DRDPM and the CCU will be developed to work with the DoM to consolidate and customise weather and climate services for government, private sector, civil society and development partners. This will be supported through the existing National Early Warning System Committee and an online early warning system platform coordinated and housed at the DRDPM. This will include tailored weather and climate forecasts and information for the agriculture sector and flood, drought and severe weather warnings for vulnerable communities and local farmers. Protocols and agreements between the DoM and DWRM developed and implemented under Outcome 1 will guide collaborations between the two departments regarding flood and drought risk assessments and warnings.

129. Outcome 2 will support the timely sharing and dissemination of relevant weather and climate data and information with users at both the national and district levels. SOPs for disseminating and


responding to weather and climate forecasts – including warnings for floods, droughts and severe weather – will be developed and demonstrated in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions in the Kyoga WMZ. National systems will be linked to existing community-based systems and decentralised observation networks.

130. LDCF project activities under this outcome will complement existing disaster risk reduction, community-early warning system and agricultural advisory support activities under the DRDPM/OPM and MAAIF as well as support programmes under UNDP, ECHO, ITU/UCC and WB (see further details below and co-financing amounts in Table 9).

The overall budget for this outcome under the LDCF project is US $ 10,395,640. This includes a US $ 1,148,640 LDCF project grant and US $ 9,247,000indicative co-financing (Table 9).

Table 9.Total project value for Outcome 2.Funding source US $Co-financing sources GoU DRDPM/OPM budget allocation 1,500,000UNDP SUDPMC 3,347,000ECHO - ACTED DEWs 400,000ITU/UCC 300,000MAAIF, WB, ATAAS 1,000,000GoU, Joint Partnership Fund, JWESSP 2,700,000LDCF project grant requested 1,148,640

Total 10,395,640

Baseline situation and associated baseline projects (without LDCF project)

131. The DoM produces weather and climate information and products (including warnings) to support social and economic development in a range of sectors, namely transport (notably aviation), defence, agriculture, disaster preparedness, environmental and water resources management, tourism and construction (see Table 10 below).

132. Meteorologists in the forecasting, data processing and applied divisions at the DoM’s NMC in Entebbe prepare one terminal area forecast49 for the Entebbe Airport and one daily weather forecast for the public. Forecasts are not updated as the day progresses and are only issued for particular cities. Ten-day (dekad) weather forecasts and monthly weather bulletins customised for the farming community and including information for planning and marketing purposes are also produced. Seasonal forecasts are issued twice a year, based on seasonal precipitation forecasts generated for East Africa at the Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF) regional meeting conducted twice a year by representatives of East African states (see Table 10 below).

Table 10.A description of the services and products generated at the DoM. Many of the services are provided in an ad hoc manner and are generally delayed. Ten-day and monthly weather and agro-meteorological bulletins are currently not issued.DoM services Description Communication

channelUsers

Daily public forecasts

Weather for the current day (including daily readings for rainfall, temperatures, humidity, wind and sunshine) and next 24 hours

National radio, email, television, print media, internet websites

General public

Aviation forecasts Air route and terminal airdrome forecasts

Email, internet, telephone, radio

Flight operators

49Terminal Area Forecasts are official forecasts of aviation activity in Uganda. These forecasts are prepared for use of flight operators.


Monthly weather bulletins

Climatological statistics including comparison of current month and long-term averages.

Email, national workshops and internet websites

General public, hydrologists, agriculturists, climatologists, sector specific strategic planners

Ten-day (dekad) and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins

Weather summary for the last ten daysTen, twenty and thirty day rainfall and temperature analysisAdvisories to agriculture sectorSeasonal rainfall accumulated from beginning of year to most current dekad.

Email, national workshops and internet websites

MAAIF including extension offices and local farmers.

Seasonal 1-6 month forecasts

Seasonal precipitation forecasts generated for East Africa

Email, regional and national workshops and internet websites

General public, hydrologists, agriculturists, climatologists, sector specific strategic planners

Warnings for extreme weather

Press releases

Severe weather (strong winds and storms) alerts for areas adjacent to Lake Victoria

Radio (national and local), email and internet websites and SMS-alerts.

General public, policy and decision makers, DRDPMFishermen on Lake Victoria

133. Daily weather forecasts are released to a standard email list – including agriculture, civil aviation, water resources and disaster risk reduction authorities – and are disseminated by radio and television stations, and print media at a national level. This includes press releases for extreme weather warnings. The primary medium used for daily weather forecasts and warnings is radio.

134. Uganda sends 10-day precipitation and temperature data to Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Application Centre ICPAC50 in Djibouti – WMO nominated Eastern Africa51 regional centre for ACMAD52. Furthermore, the DoM participates in the IGAD ICPAC’s Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF), which brings together national, regional and international climate experts, on anoperational basis, to produce regional climate outlooks based on input from NMHSs, regionalinstitutions, Regional Climate Centres (RCCs) and global producers of climate predictions.By bringing together countries with comparable climates, the forumsensure consistency in the access to and interpretation of climate information.Throughinteraction with sectoral users, extension agencies and policy makers, GHACOFs assess the likely implications of the outlooks on relevant socio-economic sectors in the Greater Horn of Africa and explore the ways in which these outlooks could be made more user-friendly. After the GHACOF additional workshops are held – mostly in an ad hoc manner and sometimes not at all – in Uganda to downscale climate outlooks and risk information including alerts to for decision makers and the public.

135. The authoritative Early Warning institutions in Uganda are the DoM, DWRM, MAAIF, FEWSNet, and WFP VAM. There is a linkage between the Meteorology Department and Early Warning and AgriculturalStatistics Unit in MAAIF and DWRM. MAAIF uses data from Meteorology to advise farmers on what toplant basing on the critical minimums for each of the production

50 IGAD continues assisting its member states with coordination of regional and national workshops (IGAD – website: www.igad.net). With regard to climate issues, the IGAD Secretariat in Djibouti covers policy issues while ICPAC covers technical aspects. ICPAC evolved in 2007 from the Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC) under the auspices of the WMO and UNDP to the IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC). It is also nominated by the WMO to be a regional centre for ACMAD (WHO, 2010).The ICPAC – website is: www.icpac.net.51 Djibouti, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda52ACMAD.2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigilance products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, Niger


processes right from plantingto harvesting. MAAIF and DWRM receive ten-day and monthly weather and seasonal forecasts from DoM on an ad hoc basis through email and, in certain cases, through national workshops. Agronomists and agro-meteorologists at MAAIF use weather and seasonal forecasts to prepare advice for farmers regarding appropriate crops for the expected conditions as well as on the occurrence of seasonal dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry transitions for informing planting and harvesting times. Hydrologists at DWRM use the weather and seasonal forecasts for the implementation of catchment-based IWRM including flood risk assessment and warnings. Weather and seasonal forecasts are also made available to regional agricultural and hydrological research institutions and stations for further dissemination to local farmers.

136. Although this system exists in theory and seems quite efficient and adequate‘on paper’, at present the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts provided by DoM are limited. Uganda generally experiences two seasonal rainfall peaks which become more pronounced towards the equator. The first peak or “Long-rains” season occurs from March – May (MAM) while the “Short-rains” season occurs from September- November (SON). The two rainy seasons are separated by two dry periods from December - February and June -August.Seasonal forecasts are currently issued by the DoM in the first to second week of March and September i.e. these are issued after the season has started and generally provide farmers with insufficient lead time to plan activities. Furthermore, monthly weather reviews and forecasts and agro-met advisories are generally not issued at all or are too late for the farmers to use the information. For example, climateinformation may only reach farmers once rains havealready commenced and they are unable to plan their farming practises accordingly. Farmers would benefit from information relating to the date of onset, distribution and cessation of rain. This needs to be further broken down into recommended actions for a relevant region, district and/or crop type.

137. DoM currently uses WINSURFER to map rainfall anomalies but access to other software such as ArcView/ArcGIS and IDRISI is needed, as well as training on GIS. At present, DoM collaborates with the WFP mapping unit and the Uganda National Data Center (UNDC)for mapping services. Thematic data that might be needed for spatial applications in the development sectors are mainly available in the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), and population statistics in the Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). The DoM website is poorly developed and updated infrequently53.

138. The DoM and WMO, together with Ericsson Communications, MTN Mobile and the National Lake Rescue Institute, piloted a three-month SMS-alert system (known as the Mobile Weather Alert pilot project) in the island district of Kalangala located in Lake Victoria in May 2011. This was built upon the DoM’s existing severe weather alerts system for fishermen in Lake Victoria, which used local radio stations in areas adjacent to the lake to disseminate warnings of strong winds and storm surges. This system has been successful, and has resulted in active responses to alerts. The Uganda DoM links to MTN Mobile through an application developed by Ericsson, which ensures forecasts are captured in an appropriate way and delivered through the SMS platform to the fishermen in the islands. Since the piloting of the SMS-based alerts, one thousand fishermen from various communities in the Ssese Islands that make up Kalangala District have registered for the mobile weather service. An important part of Mobile Weather Alert project is the establishment of an interchange between the pilot communities and service providers in order to collect feedback on the service. The National Lake Rescue Institute plays a key role in this as they have a long history of interaction with the fishing communities.

139. In February 2012, the DoM launched an agricultural component of the Mobile Weather Alert pilot project in Kasese District in close collaboration with the Grameen Foundation and WMO. The project focused on delivering agricultural advisories in conjunction with 10-day, monthly and seasonal forecasts directly to farmers in Kasese District through ‘Community Knowledge Workers’ established under the Grameen Foundation – an organization that assists local microfinance 53ACMAD.2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigiliance products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, Niger


institutions to become more effective and that provides innovative mobile phone-based solutions to individuals living in poverty. The Kasese pilot project was completed at the end of 2012. The Grameen Foundation – based in Washing DC and working in more than 30 countries worldwide –provided farmers and ‘Community Knowledge Workers’ with smart phones and trained them on accessing a range of valuable agricultural information including market prices across different regions in Uganda and practical information regarding managing disease and pest outbreaks. The foundation provides a platform between the farmer and DoM. The service provider, MTN, works with several partners to ensure that the information the farmer receives is up-to-date as possible.

140. As a result of the success of the above SMS-based pilots, the International Telecommunications Union and the Uganda Communication Commission is implementing the project “Natural Disaster Early Warning System Pilot in Uganda” which will design and deploy a pilot SMS-based public alert system to assist authorities with the dissemination of weather and climate information to targeted communities. The focus of the ITU/UCC project on the dissemination of early flood warnings and will primarily benefit communities in the Eastern Region and in particular the Mt. Elgon sub-region of Uganda. Specific districts are yet to be determined.

141. The DDPMR in OPM coordinates disaster risk reduction, prevention, preparedness, mitigation and response actions in Uganda. At district and community level, Technical Planning Committees (TPC), District, and Sub-county Disaster Management Committees (DDMCs/SDMCs) are responsible for disaster risk reduction54, prevention, preparedness, mitigation and response actions. This includes the dissemination of weather and climate forecasts including early warnings and building capacity of local communities to respond to these warnings. At present DDMCs are functional in 35 districts with more than 30 additionally planned to be established and operationalized by the end of June 2013.

142. Even with the provision of improved weather and climate information data, any alert generated will not be of value unless effectively disseminated to targeted end-users. For example, communities in the Karamoja, Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions are particularly vulnerable to climate impacts are inneed of flood and/or drought early warnings as well as tailored weather and climate forecasts for farmers. At present, donor- and NGO-supported initiatives, namely: i) Uganda Red Cross Society Programme (URCS); ii) ACTED Drought Early Warning System (ACTED DEWs); and iii) Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services (ATAAS), aim to strengthen the DDMC/SDMCs disaster risk reduction and early warning system activities in certain priority regions, particularly the Karamoja sub-region.

143. ATAAS (2010-2015) aims to increase agricultural productivity and household income of participating communities in Uganda by initiating improvements in agricultural technology and advisory services and undertaking agricultural research. This includes enhancing partnerships between agricultural research, advisory services, and other stakeholders, strengthening the national agricultural advisory services, and supporting agribusiness services and market linkages.

144. ACTED DEWs provides drought warning information to communities within the Karamoja sub-region by making use of community and market indicators. The project assists DDMC/SDMCs use local radio, school and community-based drama groups, fliers, newsletters, and meetings to disseminate particularly drought early warnings and information. The DEWS provides drought warnings to communities in Karamoja through a monthly bulletin based on drought indicators gathered by community-based monitors and district officials and analysed by specially designed software. The indicators are gathered monthly by district officials, and are transmitted via a district early warning focal person by means of a mobile phone data-gathering system. These data are automatically aggregated by a software system, and are analysed at local government district level. The bulletin is then used by DDMCs to make action plans and issue warnings if necessary. Information dissemination back to the communities is carried out through several different routes, 54The Republic of Uganda. 2009. United Nations Development Assistance Framework, 2010 to 2014. United NationsSystem in Uganda: 1-66.


including community drama and radio bulletins. These current initiatives are project-based, however, activities will be integrated into the district MWE and MAAIF annual workplans for the Karamoja sub-region over the next two years55.

145. URCS works on community-based flood warning systems focussed in the Karamoja, Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions. Basic river gauges have been installed in the Karamoja region and are read by trained community members. In the event that river level rises beyond a critical threshold height, warnings of impending flood are disseminated to local communities. These warnings are typically delivered by individuals on bicycles riding from house to house. In some areas, warnings are communicated with drums. Communities have been trained to use the refuges and evacuation routes established by the URCS programme. One shortcoming of these early warning mechanisms is that during extreme rainfall events, when monitoring is most critical, people are typically indoors avoiding the rain.

146. Except where NGOs are present in the area, most local DDMCs/SDMCs have limited capacity and do not have trained personnel to provide support for disseminating early warnings and ensuring the appropriate community response to warnings. Furthermore, there is a limited practical capacity at the community level regarding appropriate responses to weather and climate forecasts including early warnings. There is currently no networking or coordination body for NGOs and CSOs working on environment and natural resources issues and climate change.

147. Although community-based drought and flood early warning systems have been established in certain priority areas e.g. the Karamoja sub-region, there is currently little coordination between existing, decentralised early warning systems. There are also many gaps in the existing community-based networks established in terms of geographic coverage – most are focused in the Karamoja sub-region – and hazard specificity –many are only focused on either drought and flood and do not consider multiple hazards in one alert system. The Teso and Mt. Elgon regions are also extremely vulnerable to flooding and drought and therefore future efforts should aim to build on lessons learned from the initiatives implemented in the Karamoja sub-region as well as expand successful approaches in sub-regions currently not covered by existing projects.

148. The DoM is entirely funded by the GoU. As a result, it suffers from operational funding shortages, which has prevented sufficient investments in improving weather and climate observation and information systems. This has in turn resulted in some sub-optimal strategic implementation practices. In the absence of other sources of funding, most of the DoM’s funding requirements are administered by Government within the context of the performance of the economy and are therefore subject to national budgetary priorities and limitations. The Uganda National Meteorological Bill was passed by Parliament in April 2012. The anticipated impact of the Bill will be the transformation of the Department of Meteorology into an Authority (an autonomous body). Quality Policy, Quality Objectives, Quality Procedures and other Quality Manuals for Quality Management System (QMS) Certification have already been developed and approved. The process of attaining ISO 9001:2008certificationhas not yet been finalised.

149. The Modernization Plan (funded by USTDA) for the DoM was recently completed in March 2013 and the MWE Business Plan for UNMA/DoMwill be used to direct the JWESSP support for the establishment of UNMA over the next five to 15 years. The formation of the Uganda National Meteorological Authority is intended to help overcome this limitation as it may now carry out its operations with a certain level of autonomy, including a higher level of involvement with the Ministry of Finance. The reorganization of the DoM into the Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) will serve to enhance the ability to modernize its meteorological observing, forecasting and warning technology and expand its services, including access to higher levels of funding for capital investment, maintenance and staff training.

55The Republic of Uganda. 2009. United Nations Development Assistance Framework, 2010 to 2014. United Nations System in Uganda: 1-66.


150. At present, only Civil Aviation pays for meteorological services provided (~115,000/annum). The money is, however, paid into the central treasury and so it is not necessarily used to offset the DoM expenses incurred to the aviation sector. Once DoM becomes an independent agency, the Government is expected to continue meeting the cost of the public good provided by DoM/UNMA while additional resource requirements will be met by way of fees and charges for services. DoM/UNMA will collect funds as cost recovery from other users to cover part of operational costs in addition to donations, grants and loans among other revenue sources. The DoM/UNMA will also deliver services such as advice, training, information on a contracted basis, and develop stronger links with other environmental and socio-economic organizations. DoM/UNMA will provide the aforementioned and other consultancy services at a cost. Oil exploration and extraction will require weather forecasts on a regular basis and these services will be used to generate revenue for DoM/UNMA. A Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework will be put in place and under such a Framework, those institutions which will by mandate require the use of weather and Climate information will be listed in a specific Schedule. To assist DoM transform into UNMA a business plan/model (MWE), Modernisation Plan and capital investment plan (USTDA 2013) have been developed.

151. The major revenue sources for DoM/UNMA are government direct-billing, the private sector and government reimbursements. To capitalise on these earnings, comprehensive studies will be needed to establish the viability of the different sources of revenues and demonstrating the value of improved meteorological services and products, in particular to the Civil Aviation Authority which is a primary user of the data. Since the DoM is one of the government departments that are chronically under-funded, there is a need to explore ways of generating revenue streams from the services it provides.

152. Domestic and international air traffic activities – along with other key sectors – in Uganda are expected to increase appreciably because of continued economic growth. The improvement of forecasting and other services and products provided by DoM in conjunction with the growth of banks, insurance companies, oil and gas sector, tourism and other elements of the private sector can increase the potential revenue stream that could be generated by DoM.

153. Despite the achievements of the GoU and the support of the baseline projects outlined previously, additional support is required to: i) increase the accuracy, timeliness and applicability of weather and climate forecasts; ii) enhance awareness at all levels on the impacts of climate change on socio-economic development and the importance of weather and climate information to assist local communities and sectors to adapt to these impacts; and iii) strengthen coordination procedures and communication channels for sharing and disseminating weather and climate information to decision-makers in government, private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities. This will make the work of DoM, DWRM and DDPMR more visible and better appreciated by other government ministries and local communities.

Adaptation alternative (with LDCF project)

154. The five outputs under Outcome 2 will build on the existing investments being made in the sector by the GoU (baseline operation annual costs by DoM, DWRM and DDPMR described above), including projects supported by UNDP, ACTED, ITU/UCC and WB, described above, in Section 2.3 and in Annex 2. LDCF resources will be used to strengthen the DoM’s and DWRM’s existing weather and

climate forecasts including severe weather alerts (Output 2.1). Furthermore, these resources will provide support for weather and climate information sharing and research that is required to enhance the profile of the hydro-meteorological services. This will include increasing the availability of: i) weather and climate information and related products, including sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps; ii) tailored flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stress alerts including colour-coded advisories, watches and warnings; and iii) integrated economic


evaluation of the costs and benefits of efficient and effective use of weather and climate information (Output 2.2-2.4). This will support and guide adjustments to policies and domestic budgets (Output 2.3).

Weather and climate information will be mainstreamed into national policies, annual budgets and local development plans including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management and district and sub-county development plans in priority districts in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions. This will be achieved by building weather and climate information into DDMPR’s national disaster risk reduction activities as well as local activities undertaken through the DDMC/SDDMCs (Output 2.2 and 2.3).

Protocols and agreements developed and implemented for efficiently and effectively exchanging, processing and analysing data and information among DoM, DWRM, MAAIF, DRDPM, CCU and related institutions for making early warnings and long-term development plans will build on existing MoUs and agreements between the departments (Output 2.2-2.4).

The Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions have been identified as extremely vulnerable to floods and drought. The use of mobile platforms have proved to be successful in two DoM pilot projects which focused on farmers in the Kasese district and fishers surrounding Lake Victoria, respectively. The LDCF project will expand these systems into the Teso and Mt. Elgon regions as well as integrate the use of two-way radios to assist community members and farmers with no mobile phone or who are using a different mobile service provider. This will be achieved by building on the public alerting system being developed and employed by ITU in collaboration with UCC for authorities to disseminate weather and climate information to local communities (Output 2.3 and 2.4).

Innovative financing options – including appropriate government cost recovery arrangements, service level agreements and public-private partnerships – will build upon activities under the JWESSP in particular with regards to “facilitating establishment of the Uganda National Meteorological Authority”. This includes aligning with the MWE Business Plan and the Modernisation Plan for the UNMA/DoM (Output 2.5).

Output 2.1: Technical capacity of DoM and DWRM is strengthened by training 16 forecasters – including 8 senior and 8 junior – to build in-house capacity for producing standard and customised weather and climate forecasts and packaging hydro-meteorological data and information into a suitable format for user-agencies and local community end-users.

155. Activities under this output will focus on enhancing the human resource capacity at DWRMA and DoM to make region-specific weather and climate forecasts to enable provision of accurate hydro-meteorological services to various users. In particular, this will include developing human capacity at the DoM to utilize the hardware and software installed as part of output 1.3 i.e. i) visualize meteorological, environmental and oceanographic data; ii) produce <1 day severe weather nowcasts, 1-10 day weather forecasts, 1-6 months seasonal forecasts and iii) edit and package weather and climate data and information into a suitable format for user-agencies – including DWRM, MAAIF, DRDPM and CCU – and local community end-users. Protocols and agreements between the DoM and DWRM developed and implemented under Outcome 1 will guide collaborations between the two departments regarding flood and drought risk assessments and warnings.

156. Seasonal forecasts will be tested to make sure skill exceeds climatology or persistence or some combination thereof and therefore have potential usefulness. It is expected that improved observations made available by output 1.2 will enable development of model output statistics and improvement of statistical forecasts based on observed large scale indices (as currently practiced by DoM and ICPAC) that allow improved skill in daily, dekadal and monthly forecasts. Forecast skill will be documented rigorously according to standard meteorological practice56,57.

56Jolliffe, I.T., and D.B. Stephenson, 2003: Forecast Verification: A Practitioner's Guide in Atmospheric Science. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 240 pp.57Wilks, D.S., 2006: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, 2nd ed. Academic Press/Elsevier, New York, 627 pp.


157. A ‘train the trainers’ approach will be used. This will include not only training forecasters in state-of-the-art and region-specific weather and climate forecasting but also in capacity building for other meteorologists and hydrologists at the DoM and DWRM. This will include capacity building on the range of online tools and courses that are available for improving meteorological and hydrological skills. Training will include a focus on the regular calculation of model output statistics for all available NWP models regularly run over Uganda (including the US NWS Global Forecast System and Climate Forecast System, the Canadian and UKMET global models, and the ECMWF operational and ensemble forecast models), and on the development a skill-weighted ensemble forecast system that combines the bias-adjusted forecasts of these models to yield optimal forecasts in Uganda. Agreements will be established with individuals trained to develop and conduct training courses for other meteorologists at the DWRM and DoM – particularly employees at synoptic stations – as well as ensure that they remain in the relevant government departments for a minimum period after receiving the training.


2.1.1 Conduct training of 4 senior meteorologists and 4 junior meteorologists on region-specific weather and climate forecasting (including Numerical Weather Prediction and seasonal forecasting models) and the use of forecasting stations and data storage and information management systems installed under Output 1.3. This will include training on building in-house capacity of other meteorologists at DoM’s NMC, and at synoptic and agro/hydro meteorological stations.

2.1.2 Conduct training of 4 senior hydrologists and 4 junior hydrologists in region-specific flood and water resources forecasting including the use of the integrated hydro-meteorological data and information system developed Output 1.3, including training on building in-house capacity at the national and water management zone level of other hydrologists in DWRMA.

2.1.3 Develop training packages and toolkitsforassisting trained meteorologists and hydrologists to: i) build in-house forecasting capacity in the DWRMA and DoM; ii) enhance collaboration between the two departments for data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and flood, drought and severe weather risk assessment and warnings; and iii) mainstream the online platform and integrated data storage and management systems developed under Outcome 1.

2.1.4 Support 2 hydro-meteorological internships in National Meteorological Hydrological Services in countries generating weather forecasting and climate change monitoring products.

Output 2.2: Tailored weather and climate information (including colour-coded alerts – advisories, watches and warnings – for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps) made accessible to decision makers in government, private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-region.

158. Activities under this output will focus on the design and dissemination of tailored weather and climate information including colour-coded alerts for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses as well as integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps at both national and local level in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions. Tailored information products – including alerts, risk and vulnerability maps and results from integrated assessments – will be developed through gender-sensitive consultations with end-users in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions, and appropriate research organizations.

159. Different groups in Uganda have different vulnerabilities based on their culture, gender, caste, ethnicity or other characteristics that influence their capacities to prepare, prevent and respond effectively to disasters. To ensure an effective early warning system is developed that includes all


vulnerable persons in a community, detailed information will be collected for men and women and ensuring representation of elderly, disabled, children, youth and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. Interactions between DoM, DWRM, MAAIF and DRDPMwill be strengthened to design and disseminate tailored information through an online weather and climate information platform housed at the National Early Warning Data and Documentation Center based at the DRDPM.


2.2.1 Undertake a comprehensive assessment of existing centralised and decentralised early warning systems – including existing weather and climate information exchange mechanisms, communication channels and dissemination mechanisms between DoM, user agencies and end-users – to establish best practices and gaps suitable for implementation for the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions in Uganda. This will include household surveys of targeted users of climate information to understand the social and economic costs and benefits of using advisories and warnings for ex-ante risk management in agriculture and water management.

2.2.2 Develop and operationalize a weather and climate information online platform housed at the National Early Warning Data and Documentation Center based at the DRDPM. This platform will share and disseminate tailored weather and climate information between decision makers and government staff in the DoM, DWRM, DDMPR (including DDMCs/SDDMCs), private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities.

2.2.3 Train 4 hazard and vulnerability mapping personnel from MAAIF, DRDPM, DoM and DWRM to produce sector-specific risk maps, using climate and weather data and vulnerability information covering disaster-prone districts in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions.

2.2.4 Develop and implement protocols and agreements for data and information exchange, analysis and dissemination among DoM, DWRM, and MAAIF, DRDPM, CCU and related institutions.

2.2.5 Develop tailored weather and climate alerts including colour-coded advisories, watches and warnings for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses by integrating and customising standard forecasts, e.g. daily, ten-day and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins, seasonal forecasts, , based on sector specific and end-user needs and in collaboration with DWRMA, MAAIF and DRDPM. For example, maps of surface water availability are needed to guide farming activities in order to avoid waterlogging and flooding. This will include field visits and stakeholder consultations to understand how users of early warning advisories and warnings use the information for managing climate and weather related risks and how their decision frameworks affect the interpretation of advisories and warnings.

2.2.6 Develop handbooks and policy and information briefs – to highlight the value of enhanced hydro-meteorological services and early warning systems to policy and decision-makers, civil society organisations, development partners and local communities. This will be based on the results of the study in Output 2.5 on the costs and benefits of accurate, timely and accessible weather and climate forecasts (including tailored forecasts and alerts).

Output 2.3: Weather and climate information mainstreamed into national policies, annual workplans and local development including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, and district and sub-county development plans in priority districts in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions.

160. LDCF resources will be used to mainstream weather and climate information, and early warning systems into sector specific policies, investment plans and annual budgets and 30 district development plans in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions. Furthermore, a national weather and climate information and early warning system communication


and coordination strategy will be developed to coordinate decision makers in government, private sector, civil society and development partners in the communication of weather and climate alerts to local communities. Guidelines will be developed and capacity building undertaken for MDAs and local governments in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions for integrating weather and climate information products produced and designed in Outputs2.1 and 2.2.


2.3.1 Identify, review and propose revisions to five sector-specific policies, investment plans and annual budgets (including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management) to make provisions to incorporate weather and climate information for sector-specific adaptation planning.

2.3.2 Build the capacity of (human and technological) of the Disaster Risk Reduction Platform/National Early Warning Committee coordinated at the DDMPR to facilitate inter-sectoral sharing of weather and climate information including integrated economic evaluation assessments, sectoral risk and vulnerability maps and alerts – advisories, watches and warnings. This will include conducting regional workshops for technical staff to interpret weather and climate forecasts at the local level.

2.3.3 Develop the capacity of 30 members of Sub-County and District DMCs in 18 districts in the eastern region (including Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon and Teso sub-regions) and 12districts in the northern region (including Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions) to integrate weather and climate information into district development plans. This should include the development of guidelines for integrating weather and climate information into district development plans.

2.3.4 Develop a national weather and climate information and early warning system communication and coordination strategy.

Output 2.4: Governmental and non-governmental communication channels and procedures for issuing alerts including advisories, watches and warnings are strengthened at a national and local level including the development of an early warning system dissemination national and local toolbox and mobile-based alert platforms in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.

161. Under Output 2.4, SOPs (including protocols and agreements between relevant MDAs) for disseminating weather, climate and hydrological information including alerts across all levels will be developed. This will be complemented by an early warning system dissemination toolbox, which will include a trainer manual on the use of a range of national and local gender sensitive media for disseminating alerts to end-users. The DRDPM and local DDMCs will be facilitated and equipped in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions to apply SOPs and disseminate warnings.

162. Communities will be engaged and trained to respond effectively to the alerts in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions. This will include the development of a two-way SMS colour-coded alert system for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural advisories, watches and warnings. The two-way system will provide: i) alerts to local communities at risk; ii) a communication channel to disseminate feedback on the usefulness and impact of the alert as well as the current status of the particular weather, climate or hydrological extreme being experienced. Furthermore, implementation simulation exercises for enhanced flood, drought and severe weather preparedness in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions will be conducted to complement the SMS-alert system and will be guided by the SOPs. Activities will be informed by household surveys, field visits and stakeholder consultations undertaken in Output 2.2 in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.



2.4.1 Develop and operationalize SOPs for disseminating weather, climate and hydrological information including alerts across all levels, e.g. community-level, local-level, state/province-level and national level.

2.4.2 Develop and operationalize an EWS dissemination national and local toolbox including a gender sensitive trainer manual on the use of radio, television, print media, SMS-based partnerships, satellite phones, cell phone call centres/hotlines, including local community-specific methods such as flags, drums, village chiefs, religious leaders, and school and community drama, posters and flyers.These approaches will be promoted at a national and local level in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions.

2.4.3 Equip and facilitate DRDPM and DDMCs to support the dissemination of weather and climate information, including the establishment of call centres/hotline and internet connection at the DRDPM linked to the DoM and DWRMA.

2.4.4 Develop a SMS-based alert system for floods, droughts, severe weather and other agricultural advisories for local farmers and vulnerable communities in Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions – this will be established through building on existing Mobile Alert Pilot projects for fishermen in Lake Victoria and farmers in the Kasese district. The importance of cooperative responsibility of service providers will also be promoted. Two-way radios will be integrated into the system to assist community members and farmers with no mobile phone or on a different service provider contract.

2.4.5 Develop and conduct simulation exercises for enhanced flood, drought and severe weather preparedness to complement the SMS-alert system implemented in Output 2.4.4 in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions. Feedback from these exercises will be included in the development of SOPs through 2.4.1

Output 2.5 Sustainable financing options – including appropriate government cost recovery arrangements, service level agreements and public-private partnerships – identified, developed and implemented for the operation and maintenance of the installed hydro-meteorological observation, forecasting and early warning system.

163. Output 2.5 focuses on conducting a comprehensive study to establish the viability of different sources of revenues – rated as mixed good/commercial as well as public good – identified in the existing DoM/UNMA MWE Business and Modernisation Plan (see Table 11 and Table 12). This study will include a market analysis of the need for improved forecasting and other services and products by the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), private sector and government institutions – and the fees/reimbursements these entities are willing to pay. Activities will need active engagement with customers to determine user-specific needs in terms of product/service, frequency of update and form of delivery.

164. A sector-specific marketing strategy and programme will be developed and implemented to capitalise on potential income streams. The marketing programme will aim to enhance revenue by demonstrating the value of improved meteorological services and products to the Civil Aviation Authority – which is the primary user of DoM data – as well as for other key economic sectors, namely banking, insurance, oil and gas exploration and recovery, agriculture and tourism.

165. The current cost recovery arrangement between the DoM and the CCA will be reviewed and revisions will be proposed to adequately reflect enhanced services and fee structures. The current government reimbursement levels for meteorological services will be reviewed and revisions will be proposed to reflect higher levels of operating expenses and capital costs needed to maintain and operate automated and modernised equipment and retain forecasting skills. The Memoranda of Understanding between the DoM/UNMA and other users for which the GoU reimburses DoM/UNMA will be revised to reflect the higher expenses to provide improved forecasts. Service level agreements will be developed for government organizations and/or private companies (e.g.


MTN, Orange, Google and insurance companies) requiring specific customised meteorological services from DoM/UNMA. This will include services for integrating weather and climate information into development and programs. Service providers such as MTN, Orange and Airtel will be approached to develop a service level agreement with regards to internet bandwidth costs for station networks.


2.5.1 Conduct a comprehensive study to establish the viability of different sources of revenues – rated as mixed good/commercial as well as public good – identified in the existing DoM/UNMA MWE Business and Modernisation Plan (See Annex5). This will include i) a market analysis of the need for improved forecasting and other services and products by the CCA, private sector and government institutions – and the fees/reimbursements these entities are willing to pay; and ii) a study to evaluate the costs and benefits of accurate of accurate, timely and accessible weather and climate forecasts (including tailored forecasts and alerts).

2.5.2 Develop and implement sector-specific marketing strategy and programme for improved meteorological services and products to the CCA as well as for 1-2 other key economic sectors that are identified as having the most potential for generating revenue.

2.5.3 Review and propose revisions to the current i) cost recovery arrangement between the DoM and CCA to adequately reflect enhanced services and fee structures based on the results of Activity 2.5.1 and 2.5.258; and ii) government reimbursement levels for meteorological services to reflect higher levels of operating expenses and capital costs needed to maintain and operate automated and modernised equipment and retain forecasting skills.

2.5.4 Based on the results of 2.5.1 and 2.5.2, develop service-level agreementsfor government organizations and private companies requiring specific customised meteorological services from DoM/UNMA. This will also include establishing a public-private partnership with an internet service provider with regards to internet bandwidth costs for the DoM station network.

2.5. Key indicators, risks and assumptions

Indicators

166. The indicators are designed to measure change in the coverage, impact, sustainability and replicability of the LDCF project. These indicators track progress in achieving project objective and outcomes. The baseline, target, source of verification, risks and assumption per indicator are detailed in the Project Results Framework (see Section 3Project Results Framework). Baseline values and targets per indicator will be verified within the first six months of project implementation.

At the level of the project objective and the two project outcomes, indicators are:

Objective:To strengthen the weather, climate and hydrological monitoring capabilities, early warning systems and available information for responding to climate shocks and planning adaptation to climate change in Uganda.

Indicators: 1. Capacity as per capacity assessment scorecard (Annex 7).

58The cost recovery for DoM/UNMA should be achieved in a manner that is in accordance with Article 15 of the Chicago Convention on Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation.


2. Domestic finance committed to DoM of DWRM to monitor and forecast weather, climate and hydrological variability and change.

Outcome 1:Enhanced capacity of the Department of Meteorology and Department of Water Resource Monitoring and Assessments to monitor extreme weather and climate change.

Indicators: 1. %of national coverage of climate/weather and hydrological monitoring infrastructure.2. Frequency and timeliness of climate-related data availability.

Outcome 2:Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

Indicators:1. %of population with access to improved climate information and drought, flood and severe storm

warnings (disaggregated by gender).2. Sector-specific policies, annual budgets and development plans that integrate climate information

(type and level of development plans).

Risks, mitigation/reduction measures and assumptions

167. Risks, mitigation/reduction measures and assumptions to the LDCF project are summarised below, and assigned to indicators in the Project Results Framework (see Section 3). The risks are further detailed in the Risk Log in Annex 6.

# Risk Mitigation/reduction measure Assumption1 Delayed implementation of

baseline projects by the government and donors negatively affects LDCF project outcomes.

Continuous lobbying and sensitization of the policy makers based on evidence from the pilot sites to secure cooperation and commitment.

Baseline projects are implemented according to the timeline identified in the design phase of the LDCF project, and achieve the desired outcomes and objectives.

2 Installed hydro-meteorological equipment fails because it is vandalised or not maintained.

Awareness raising activities will be undertaken in target communities to highlight the importance of the installed equipment. In addition, the equipment will be housed within a secure fence.

Communities living in proximity to installed hydro-meteorological equipment commit to taking active measures to prevent the equipment from being vandalised; and the equipment is adequately maintained by the responsible institution.

3 Climate shocks occurring during the design and implementation phase of the LDCF project result in disruptions to installed equipment and severely affect communities, prior to the EWSs being established.

Disaster mitigation and response activities will be prioritized at the target communities whilst the EWS is being established.

Any climate shocks occurring whilst the EWSs are being established will not be so severe as to result in a relocation of the communities where the effectiveness of the EWSs will be tested, or to irreparably damage hydro-meteorological equipment.

4 Local information technology and telecommunications infrastructure restricts the transfer of data from installed equipment to necessary recipients, and restricts communication amongst key role players and end-users.

The LDCF project has been designed in accordance with local conditions, taking, where applicable, the latest available international technology into account.

Information technologies and telecommunications systems implemented or used through the LDCF project are best suited to the local context and do not restrict the transfer and communication of information.

5 Procurement and Effective administrative planning UNDP CO and HQ will co-


# Risk Mitigation/reduction measure Assumptioninstallation of hydro-meteorological equipment, including hardware and software, is delayed because of complications with the release of funds and/or national procurement procedures.

will be undertaken, with support from UNDP CO, which will include procuring equipment at an early stage in the project implementation phase.

ordinate with the IP to ensure effective administrative planning and the timely procurement and installation of equipment.

6 Lack of commitment from communities where EWS are established undermines the effectiveness of the LDCF project demonstrations.

The LDCF project will avoid a ‘top down’ approach and seek to create community ownership of the EWSs through community training and encouraging participation in project activities.

Awareness-raising activities and the demonstration of the advantages of responding to the information provided through the established EWS will ensure the commitment of the communities participating in the LDCF project.

7 Alerts and warnings required by communities are not feasible to produce due to scientific or technological failure.

The LDCF project will ensure that the training provided is based on the most up to date scientific and technical advances in the fields of hydrology and meteorology. A regional team of experts will be available on a full-time basis to provide support to work towards ensuring state-of-the-art technology and scientific methodology – suitable to the local context – is used.

The most up to date technology and scientific approaches and advances are feasible andappropriate for meeting the LDCF project needs. The level of error for forecasting is within the minimum thresholds appropriate for the LDCF project activities.

2.6. Cost-effectiveness

168. Quantifying the cost effectiveness of improved climate information and early warning system investments is acknowledged to be difficult, and is therefore not regularly undertaken 59. Cost-benefit analyses of investments in improved climate monitoring and effective early warning systems are scarce. However, evidence suggests that investment in prevention is more cost-effective than spending on relief60. In developed countries in general, the benefits of improved weather services to inform severe weather warnings exceed costs by an average of more than 10 times (taken from Tsirkunov and Rogers, 2010)61. There is potential for similar cost-benefits to be realised through investing in improved climate monitoring and early warnings systems in developing countries. These benefits are expected to be proportional to the: i) population of the country; ii) level of climate-related risk; and iii) exposure to weather due to the state of infrastructure. It is estimated that, for all developing countries, the benefits of improved hydro-meteorological information, production of early warnings and associated capacity building/development will be62. The total benefits are estimated to be between US$ 4 and US$ 36 billion per year. The cost of improving hydro-meteorological services and producing the required warnings is estimated to be lower than US$ 1 billion. The benefit-cost ratio is thus, on average for developing countries, between 4 and 36.

59Tsirkunov, V. and Rogers, D. 2010.Costs and benefits of early warning systems.Global Assessment report on Disaster Risk Reduction.The World Bank.60Healy, A. and Malhotra, N. 2009.Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy.The American Political Science Review 103(3): 387-406.61Tsirkunov, V. and Rogers, D. 2010.Costs and benefits of early warning systems.Global Assessment report on Disaster Risk Reduction.The World Bank.62Hallegatte, S. 2012. A Cost Effective Solution to Reduce Disaster Losses in Developing Countries: Hydro-Meteorological Services, Early Warning, and Evacuation. Policy Research Working paper 6058. The World Bank.


169. The objective of the LDCF project is to strengthen climate monitoring capabilities through the installation of weather monitoring equipment to inform early warning systems, and for planning for adaptation to climate change. Various approaches could be adopted to achieve this objective. The proposed outputs and procurement purchases of the LDCF project were assessed, in collaboration with government stakeholders, for cost-effectiveness and sustainability of investments (based on available government support) and weighed against alternative approaches. In some instances, investments in technologically advanced equipment and techniques e.g. repairing and installing radar technologies, were considered too expensive to be implemented through the LDCF project.

170. The approach taken to ensure cost-effectiveness of the LDCF project’s outcomes is detailed further below and in Table 13.

Outcome 1: Enhanced capacity of the DoM and DWRM to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

171. LDCF project activities will build on existing networks, achievements and planned actions by DoM and DWRM. This will allow institutional capacity to be built cost-effectively, ultimately assisting in planning and implementing the early warning system. This approach of complementing existing, related projects is more cost-effective than the implementation of a separate initiative, as it will allow the LDCF project to be managed within the existing institutional and management frameworks rather than creating new systems, which would result in additional start-up and opportunity costs.Additionally this approach builds local capacity and maximises the baseline EWS on which future investments can build. The LDCF project will also work closely with existing DoM and DWRM projects to co-produce outputs. This will promote cost-sharing with these other projects, reducing overheads and enhancing cost-effectiveness. The LDCF project will develop sustainable financing mechanisms to support the operation and maintenance of the improved hydro-meteorological network. In particular, there is potential for improved early warning services and tailored forecasts to generate revenue from the aviation and commercial agriculture sectors. Income generation will greatly enhance the cost-effectiveness of the project as costs will be partially offset through increased revenue.

172. Equipment purchases and repairs to existing infrastructure were evaluated for cost-effectiveness. In order to maximise the geographic coverage of the hydro-meteorological network, a large proportion of existing infrastructure will be rehabilitated in addition to the procurement of new AWSs. Rehabilitating existing equipment is more cost-effective than procuring new equipment, as there is a lower unit cost. Stakeholders within the DWRM and DoM were consulted extensively on the likely extent of training that would be required for personnel to operate various equipment types in order to ensure that training was included in cost-effectiveness considerations.


173. Lessons learned from on-the-ground climate monitoring and early warning interventions will be captured and disseminated through inter alia: i) in-house training for meteorologists; ii) internships in national meteorological hydrological services; iii) a weather and climate information online platform; and iv) a toolbox that will include courses, handbooks and manuals. This integrated approach provides a cost-effective manner of informing and increasing the capacity of an extensive range of stakeholders, which include government technical staff, policy-makers, restoration practitioners, scientists, university students, school children and the general public.

174. A baseline self-capacity assessment was conducted during the project preparation phase in order to guide the identification and prioritisation of stakeholder needs. Equipment and capacity-building investments were selected based on identified priorities as well as the available budget and focal areas of the LDCF project. Proposed outputs and procurements were reviewed in a


representative validation workshop and revised to reflect considerations of sustainability and cost-effectiveness. Proposed outputs are considered cost-effective relative to the alternative approaches considered to address project barriers, as shown in Table 13 below.

175. This LDCF project is not a standalone project; it is part of a wider multi-country programme that will implement similar initiatives on climate information and Early Warning Systems in at least 10 countries in Africa (including Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Liberia, Malawi, Sierra Leone, São Tomé & Príncipe, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia). Synergies between these projects will be used to enhance the cost-effective hiring of specialized technical staff, coordination of data and information (including inter-country sharing where feasible), training (operations & maintenance of equipment; forecasting techniques; tailored advisories and warnings), and effective use of communications and standard operating procedures.

176. Surveying the technical support needs for each country a set of common specialized technical staff were identified, each with particular skills related to the development of hydroclimatic observing systems, the effective design and implementation of standard operating procedures and tailored warnings/advisories, as well as the communication of advisories/warnings. Hiring 3-4 full-time technical staff, which can provide the needed support for all countries, will be more cost effective than hiring the same staff as consultants for each country and all projects will benefit from the diverse technical support that will be provided. Further benefits include time saved on HR procurement procedures (e.g. for hiring, advertising etc.) and the ability to compare and standardize support across countries where possible. UNDP will directly undertake the recruitment for all project staff who will support all countries in this multi-country programme.

177. Training and capacity building for operations and maintenance of the hydromet infrastructure and for modeling and forecasting (Outputs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.4) can also be done at a regional level, bringing together participants from all countries to encourage knowledge sharing and the development of collective skills. This has several advantages, namely: i) promoting the sharing of information and learning between countries; ii) encouraging discussions of best practices i.e. what works, reasons for failure etc; and iii) increasing the effective pool of skilled resources which each country can draw upon (increasing the potential for future trainings to be conducted by experts within the region). Such activities will be closely coordinated with other regional and international partners/centres e.g. WMO/GFCS, ACMAD, ICPAC etc.

178. Regional support will also be used to help strengthen the development of standard operating procedures (both the procedures themselves and their legal basis), for the development, issuing and communication of warnings/advisories (Outputs 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3), where possible incorporating warnings issued by neighbouring countries e.g. in the case of shared watersheds. This will allow all project countries to benefit from shared information, lessons learned and best-practices. For example, the training of junior and senior hydrologists and meteorologists to produce forecasts and develop tailored hydro-meteorological information can be undertaken through regional workshops, which will allow all project countries to share costs such as workshop facilities and accommodation, hiring technically skilled trainers and purchasing/developing appropriate training materials.

179. All projects under this programme will develop a sustainable financing strategy for ongoing operation and maintenance of the newly enhanced hydrometeorological networks, which may include leveraging financing and logistic support from private sector companies and relevant sectors, notably aviation and telecommunications. Where private sector engagement (Output 2.4 and 2.5) includes multi-national corporations, regional support will assist engaging head offices in multiple countries, increasing the total effective services being offered and hence bargaining position of each government. In the case of mobile (cellular) communications (which may be used for both disseminating alerts and the collection of data used to generate alerts), the regional support programme will leverage collective negotiations for data services, as well as engaging with corporate social responsibility programmes to enhance services where possible.


Table 11.Alternatives considered for the project.Output Barrier Addressed Alternatives ConsideredOutput 1.1 16 Automatic Water Level Stations (AWLSs) installed and 40 manual hydro-meteorology stations and 5 AWLSs rehabilitated in the Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and Upper Nile Water Management Zones (WMZs.).



Alternative 1: Expansion of the hydrological monitoring network through only procurement of new Automatic and Manual Stations. However, the costs and technical challenges of maintain a dramatically expanded automated monitoring system is unlikely to be sustainable given the limited availability of maintenance funding and suitable qualified technicians. Therefore an emphasis on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, as well as procurement of new equipment and associated training, has been adopted

Alternative 2: Various sources of equipment could be used. However, budgets were developed based on existing models that are used in the country as well as endorsed by the relevant stakeholders. Local stakeholders indicated that they preferred to use particular models as they already have experience with these models. At times these models were more costly, however, stakeholders indicated that these were most suitable for the local context and easier to maintain. This is more cost-effective in the long-term. Using different models would increase the training and maintenance costs.

Output 1.2 25 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) installed and 32 manual (12 synoptic, 10 agro-meteorological and 10 hydro-meteorological) and 32 AWSs rehabilitated in priority districts.



Alternative 1: Only use manual stations and incorporate SMS communication services, using the existing capacity to monitor and report data with familiar and user-friendly equipment. Automated data collection is necessary in order to generate timely alerts, particularly at night when manual stations will not be monitoring or reporting data.

Alternative 2: Expansion of the meteorological monitoring network through only procurement of new Automatic and Manual Stations. However, the costs and technical challenges of maintain a dramatically expanded automated monitoring system is unlikely to be sustainable given the limited availability of maintenance funding and suitable qualified technicians. Therefore, an emphasis on rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, as well as procurement of new equipment, has been adopted.

Alternative 3: Lighting detection systems. At present, there is considerable variability around the costing for lightning detection systems. Besides startup costs, which in some cases are a significant portion of the project budget, the costs of implementing new technologies, training and maintenance, as well the requirement for ground based observations (for calibration) and the untested nature of the technology in Africa were significant concerns given the project


timeframe and budget.

Alternative 4: The rehabilitation and installation of radar technologies has the potential to generate high-quality spatial data of various weather indices in near-real-time. However, as a result of the high costs and extensive technical capacity requirements for operation and maintenance of these technologies, radar was not considered an option for this LDCF project. The GoU recommended that investments in simpler, more fundamental skills and technologies would be more sustainable and appropriate to the local context.

Output 1.3 Weather and climate forecasting facilities upgraded including an integrated hydro-meteorological data management and information system and an online web platform for operationalizing collaboration arrangements and procedures between DWRM and DoM.



Alternative 1: Ongoing and planned monitoring, forecasts and EWS initiatives will continue to operate independently and as a result there will be limited development of national capacity.

Alternative 2: Forecasting and data management capacity is sourced offshore. However this is not popular with GoU as this places data (which is considered a national asset) offshore and does not build local human and technical capacities.

Output 1.4 Capacity developed for operating and maintaining observation networks and related infrastructure including training 9 meteorological and 10 hydrological trainers and 50 weather observers, raising local community awareness, developing an O&M toolbox, and establishing internal arrangements and procedures between DoM and DWRM.


Alternative 1: All operation and maintenance can be outsourced to a private company through a PPP (public private partnership) to enable the company time to train information production personnel over a longer period of time. However, local stakeholders are already experienced with the equipment that will be used in the rehabilitated monitoring network and can make use of previous experience in training personnel.

Output 2.1Technical capacity of DoM and DWRM is strengthened by training 16 forecasters – including 8 senior and 8 junior – to build in-house capacity for producing standard and customised weather and climate forecasts and packaging hydro-meteorological data and information into a suitable format for user-agencies and local community end-users.



Alternative 1: Technical capacity of forecasters could be built purelythrough regional and international training centers. However this option may be less cost-effective because it does not capitalize on the existing internal forecasting and training expertise within DoM and DWRM and will reduce the upscaling of technical capacity within these departments through the LDCF project.

Alternative 2: Only regional and international products are used. This would reduce their applicability and usefulness within the districts and sectors targeted in Uganda


Output 2.2Tailored weather and climate information (including colour-coded alerts – advisories, watches and warnings – for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps) made accessible to decision makers in government, private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-region.



Alternative 1: Allow decision-makers to receive their information independently through current sources. With this option, there is no central focal point for reporting information and to clarify disaster prevention strategies. Also, there would be no standards applied to the generation and packaging of information. Thus, information would not have consistency in terms of content and quality. This would lead to poor coordination of strategies and DRR activities, resulting in duplication of efforts and/or gaps in delivery of DRR services.

Alternative 2: Rely on additional infrastructure (e.g. rehabilitated and newly installed weather stations) to improve information generation. However, while the additional infrastructure allows improvements in the gathering of information, without tailoring the information may be of limited value to decision-makers in the various sectors. The decision-maker will not have access to sector-specific information that would guide planning and budgeting. This will result in sub-optimal delivery of DRR and other services.

Output 2.3 Weather and climate information mainstreamed into national policies, annual workplans and local development including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, and district and sub-county development plans in priority districts in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions.



Alternative 1: Allow national, district and local policy-making and planning to continue under present modus operandi. This would perpetuate the current reactive approach to climate change adaptation and disaster risk management planning. This would result in poor coordination of early warning-related planning and implementation across all levels, leading to duplication of efforts and/or gaps in delivery of services (especially in localized flood, drought and extreme weather management and relief efforts).

Output 2.4 Governmental and non-governmental communication channels and procedures for issuing alerts including advisories, watches and warnings are strengthened at a national and local level including the development of an early warning system dissemination national and


Poor community level usage of climate

Alternative 1: Continue using present communication channels and procedures for issuing alerts. This would result in a poor coordination of alerts being issued. Also, there would be no standards in terms of inter alia protocols, content, timing and modalities of alerts. Consequently, alerts may contain insufficient information, be of poor quality, not reach the proper recipients, and/or be transmitted/received too late. Have separate data portals for each agency to ensure security: however, this would prohibit the easy use


local toolbox and mobile-based alert platforms in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.

information as a result of limited consolidation of effective dissemination channels including physical mechanisms and limited trust in warnings received.

of data across agencies and a potential means to share data internationally.

Output 2.5 Sustainable financing options – including appropriate government cost recovery arrangements, service level agreements and public-private partnerships – identified, developed and implemented for the operation and maintenance of the installed hydro-meteorological observation, forecasting and early warning system.


Alternative 1: Operation and maintenance of upgraded hydro-meteorological network can be financed purely through allocation of public budgets. However this will reduce the participation of various socio-economic sectors in the development of tailored forecasts and EWS services i.e. reduce dialogue regarding most valuable services. Furthermore, the limited availability of funding from DoM and DWRM budgets is likely to affect the efficacy and sustainability of the LDCF project’s investments.


2.7. Sustainability

180. To sustain the LDCF project interventions beyond the project implementation period, ownership of the LDCF project by government structures (primarily DoM and DWRM) is essential. Consequently, relevant government departments, as well as local communities, need to be involved in the design and implementation of project interventions. This participatory approach has been initiated through collaboration with national government departments in designing the LDCF project approach and interventions. Implementation of the project activities will include technical capacity building in appropriate government departments that will coordinate and/or support the implementation of the LDCF project. Furthermore, local communities will be consulted during the development of early warning systems in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions. Community needs will therefore be addressed by the LDCF project, which will instil community ownership of the project’s activities. Government personnel will also be involved in and will benefit from these community capacity building exercises which will be beneficial for future projects in Uganda.

181. To further strengthen the sustainability of the LDCF project, interventions will be implemented in a phased approach. This applies to the development of human technical capacity as well as to installing hydro-meteorological equipment. Lessons learned as the equipment is installed will be used to inform future installations, and capacity developed in government staff will be used to build in-house capacity of fellow staff members through a ‘train the trainers’ approach. Additionally agreements will be established with individuals trained to ensure that they remain in the relevant government departments for the minimum period after receiving the training. All capacity that is developed will also be linked to a deliverable, such as the production of maps or assessments, which will contribute to the implementation of the LDCF project.

182. Ensuring sufficient budgetary allocations for Operation and Maintenance of installed hydro-meteorological equipment is an important part of sustainability of the LDCF project interventions. This is particularly relevant to DoM and DWRMA as there is uncertainty as to whether the minimum level of funding required for annual recurrent costs will be made available. As a result, the LDCF project will develop and implement promising innovative financing options for enhancing the long-term functionality and sustainability of the hydro-meteorological observation and forecasting systems. This will include identifying, developing and promoting public-private partnerships, innovative market-based financing mechanisms, institutional restructuring and cost recovery where the local institutional and legal frameworks allow for such options to be successfully developed.

183. Ultimately, the sustainability of the LDCF project will largely depend on the willingness of stakeholders to adopt interventions and continue to pursue them beyond the duration of the project. Suitable technical, legal and institutional capacity is necessary at both local and national level for sustainability to be achieved. This capacity will be strengthened by: improving institutional coordination within government; building awareness of climate change risks and the benefits of improved climate information and

early warnings from local to national level; enhancing stakeholder capacity to use the climate information generated through the LDCF

project; and developing an evidence base to stimulate greater levels of investments in climate monitoring and

early warning system projects and to develop understanding of sector-specific needs and climate information priorities, as well as which policies and strategies are expected to provide economic growth benefits.

2.8. Replicability

184. The LDCF project will generate improved climate information at a national level, and activate communication channels and procedures for issuing alerts including advisories, watches and warnings at a national and local level. This will include the development of mobile-based alert platforms in the


Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions in the Kyoga WMZ. There is thus considerable scope for replication of activities in the other 11 sub-regions of Uganda, using the improved climate information generated at the national level and the experience in developing locally relevant products for initial target regions. To facilitate the effective replication of project activities, the lessons learned during the project implementation will be disseminated nationally through training programmes, the online platform and toolboxes including courses, handbooks and manuals.

185. The close involvement of government institutions and departments – principally DoM and DWRM – in the LDCF project’s development and implementation means there is considerable potential for future incorporation of the project’s approaches into on-going planning and strategies. Additionally, it is expected that the strengthening of capacities among key government stakeholders will enable continued mainstreaming of the use of climate information and early warnings into sectoral planning and decision-making.

186. Furthermore, the extensive training and capacity building of local communities and technical staff regarding the application of climate information and the response to early warnings will ensure that future local level endeavours within Uganda are climate-aware and able to focus quickly on effective responses/information. As a result, LDCF project interventions are more likely to be replicated and/or upscaled to other sub-regions in Uganda where similar benefits could be realised.

2.9 Stakeholder involvement plan

187. The lead institution for all project outputs is the Ministry of Water and Environment. The implementation strategy for the project is dependent on comprehensive stakeholder participation. Participating stakeholders and their key responsibilities are detailed in Table 14below.

Table 12.Relevant partners and stakeholders identified for engagement by project outcome/output.

Outcome Output Lead Institution Key Partners Key Responsibilities

Outcome 1 Enhanced capacity of the DoM and DWRM to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

Output 1.1 16 Automatic Water Level Stations (AWLSs) installed and 40 manual hydro-meteorology stations and 5 AWLSs rehabilitated in the Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and Upper Nile Water Management Zones (WMZs.)

MWE (DWRM)

DoM, DLGs Undertake systematic analysis.Procure and install AWLSs.Undertake repairs.Procure spare parts.Integrate AWLSs into existing DWRM network.

Output 1.225 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) installed and 32 manual (12 synoptic, 10 agro-meteorological and 10 hydro-meteorological) and 32 AWSs rehabilitated in priority districts.

MWE (DoM) DWRM, DLGs Undertake systematic analysis.Procure and install AWSs.Upgrade existing stations.Procure spare parts.Integrate AWSs into existing DoM network.

Output 1.3 Weather and climate forecasting facilities upgraded including an integrated hydro-

MWE (DoM) DWRM, DRDPM, CCU, MAAIF, DLGs

Procure and install equipment.Upgrade and update the national DoM database and information


meteorological data management and information system and an online web platform for operationalizing collaboration arrangements and procedures between DWRM and DoM.

management system.Undertake data rescue and digitisation.Develop and implement a data protocol.Develop and establish an online web platform.

Output 1.4 Capacity developed for operating and maintaining observation networks and related infrastructure including training 9 meteorological and 10 hydrological trainers and 50 weather observers, raising local community awareness, developing an O&M toolbox, and establishing internal arrangements and procedures between DoM and DWRM.

MWE (DoM) DWRM Develop an observation network quality control and maintenance toolbox.Develop and implement a management protocol.Train five meteorological and six hydrological technicians.Establish operation and maintenance training facilities.Assist trained meteorologists and hydrologists to conduct training workshops.Assist 5 trainers to conduct training of 50 weather observers.

Outcome 2Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

Output 2.1Technical capacity of DoM and DWRM is strengthened by training 16 forecasters – including 8 senior and 8 junior – to build in-house capacity for producing standard and customised weather and climate forecasts and packaging hydro-meteorological data and information into a suitable format for user-agencies and local community end-users.

MWE (DoM) DWRM Conduct training of 4 senior meteorologists and 4 junior meteorologists.Conduct training of 4 senior hydrologists and 4 junior hydrologists.Develop training packages and toolkits.Support 2 hydro-meteorological internships.

Output 2.2Tailored weather and climate information (including colour-coded alerts – advisories, watches and warnings – for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and

MWE (DoM) DWRM, DRDPM, MAAIF, DLGs

Undertake a comprehensive assessment of existing centralised and decentralised early warning systems.Develop and promote general climate information online platform.Train 4personnel from MAAIF, DRDPM, DoM


vulnerability maps) made accessible to decision makers in government, private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-region.

and DWRM.Develop and implement protocols and agreements for data and information exchange.Develop tailored weather and climate alerts.Develop handbooks and policy briefs.

Output 2.3 Weather and climate information mainstreamed into national policies, annual workplans and local development including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, and district and sub-county development plans in priority districts in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions.

OPM (DRDPM)

MWE (DoM, DWRM, CCU), NPA, MAAIF, MoFPED, MoH, DLGs

Identify, review and propose revisions to sectoral policies, strategies, investment plans and annual budgets.Develop the capacity of Sub-County and District DMCs.Develop a national weather and climate information and early warning system communication and coordination strategy.

Output 2.4 Governmental and non-governmental communication channels and procedures for issuing alerts including advisories, watches and warnings are strengthened at a national and local level including the development of an early warning system dissemination national and local toolbox and mobile-based alert platforms in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.

OPM (DRDPM)

MWE (DoM, DWRM, CCU), MAAIF, MLG, CSOs, UCC, private sector.

Develop SoPs.Develop an early warning system dissemination national and local toolbox.Equip and facilitate DRDPM and DDMCs to support the dissemination of weather and climate information.Develop a SMS-based alert system.

Output 2.5 Sustainable financing options – including appropriate government cost recovery arrangements, service level agreements and public-private partnerships – identified, developed and implemented for the operation and

MWE (DoM) DWRM, MoFPED, UCC, private sector, DLGs, UWA, CCU

Conduct a comprehensive study to establish the viability of different sources of revenues – rated as mixed good/commercial as well as public good. Develop and implement sector-specific marketing strategy and programme. Review and propose revisions to the current cost recovery


maintenance of the installed hydro-meteorological observation, forecasting and early warning system.

arrangements/government reimbursements.Develop service-level agreements for government organizations and private companies requiring specific customised meteorological services.


3. PROJECT RESULTS FRAMEWORK

This project will contribute to achieving the following Country Programme Outcome as defined in CPAP or CPD: Natural and Energy resources are used and managed in a manner that is sustainable and contributing to growth and poverty reduction.Country Programme Outcome Indicators: i) number of institutions integrating environment, climate change and energy access in development plans (disaggregated by level i.e. national/ Local government); ii) % of targeted Environment, natural resources management and Climate change adaptation/ mitigation pilot initiatives (innovative practices) implemented %; and iii) number of policies and strategies reviewed/ developed to draft stage.Primary applicable Key Environment and Sustainable Development Key Result Area: 3. Promote climate change adaptationApplicable SOF (e.g GEF) Strategic Objective and Program:Climate Change Adaptation Objective 2 “Increase adaptive capacity to respond to the impact of climate change, including variability, at local, national, regional and global level” Applicable SOF (e.g. GEF) Expected Outcomes:Outcome 2.1: “Increased knowledge and understanding of climate variability and change-induced risks at country level and in targeted vulnerable areas; and Outcome 2.2: “Strengthened adaptive capacity to reduce risks to climate-induced economic losses.”Applicable SOF (e.g .GEF) Outcome Indicators:

Relevant risk information disseminated to stakeholders; Type and scope of monitoring systems in place; and % of population covered by climate change risk reduction measures.

Indicator Baseline Targets End of Project

Source of verification

Risks and Assumptions

Project Objective63: To strengthen the weather, climate and hydrological monitoring capabilities, early warning systems and available information for responding to extreme weather and planning adaptation to climate change in Uganda.

1. Capacity as per capacity assessment scorecard (see Annex 7).

2. Domestic finance committed to DoM, DWRM and other relevant institutions to monitor extreme weather and

1. Average capacity scorecard rating of 77 across men and women (Annex 7).

2. Annual budget of US$1,500,000 and $ 450,000 allocated to DoM and DWRM respectively to monitor extreme weather and climate change.

1. CCA capacity scorecard rating is increased to an average of143 for both men and women (Annex 7).

2. >20% increase in domestic financing committed to DoM, DWRM and other relevant institutions to monitor extreme weather and climate change (including equipment operation

1. Capacity assessment scores based on focus group interviews with climate monitoring and EWS-related stakeholders; consultant reports.

2. Review of DoM and DWRMannual budget.

Risk: Delayed implementation of baseline projects by the government and donors negatively affects LDCF project outcomes.Assumption: Baseline projects are implemented according to the timeline identified in the PPG phase of the LDCF project, and achieve the desired outcomes and objective.

Risk: Installed hydro-meteorological equipment fails because it is vandalised or not maintained.Assumption: Communities living nearby installed hydro-meteorological equipment commit to taking active measures to prevent the equipment from being vandalised; and the equipment is adequately maintained by the responsible institution.

Risk: Climate shocks occurring during the design and implementation phase of the LDCF project result in disruptions to installed equipment and severely affect communities, prior to the EWSs being established.Assumption: Any climate shocks occurring whilst the EWSs are being established will not be so severe as to result in a

63Objective (Atlas output) monitored quarterlyERBM and annually in APR/PIR


climate change. and maintenance)64. relocation of the communities where the effectiveness of the EWSs will be tested.

Risk: Local information technology and telecommunications infrastructure restricts the transfer of data from installed equipment to necessary recipients, and restricts communication amongst key role players and end-users.Assumption: Information technologies and telecommunications systems implemented or used, where such suitable system already exist, through the LDCF project are best suited to the local context and do not restrict the transfer and communication of information.

Risk: Procurement and installation of hydro-meteorological equipment, including hardware and software, is delayed because of complications with the release of funds and/or national procurement procedures. Assumption: UNDP CO and HQ will co-ordinate with the IP to ensure effective administrative planning meaning the equipment is procured and installed in a timely manner.

Outcome 165:Enhanced capacity of the DoM and DWRM to monitor and forecast extreme weather, hydrology and climate change.

1. % of national coverage of climate/weather and hydrological infrastructure.

1. DoM 66–10% national coverage of operational manual (9 %) and automatic (1%) weather (synoptic, agro/hydro-meteorological) stations (Annex 8).

1.DWRM– 28% national coverage of operational surface hydrometric stations (24%) and automatic weather stations (4%) (Annex 8)67.

1. DoM68–47% national coverage of operational manual (26%) and automatic (33%) weather (synoptic, agro-/hydro-meteorological) stations69 (Annex 8).

1.DWRM70 – 50% national coverage of operational surface hydrometric stations (50%) and automatic weather and water

1. Field inspection of AWS sites; review of climate monitoring database.

Risk: Delayed implementation of baseline projects by the government and donors negatively affects LDCF project outcomes.Assumption: Baseline projects are implemented according to the timeline identified in the PPG phase of the LDCF project, and achieve the desired outcomes and objective.

Risk: Installed hydro-meteorological equipment fails because it is vandalised or not maintained.Assumption: Communities living nearby installed hydro-meteorological equipment commit to taking active measures to prevent the equipment from being vandalised; and the equipment is adequately maintained by the responsible institution.

Risk: Climate shocks occurring during the design and

64To be confirmed and finalized during the inception phase. 65All outcomes monitored annually in the APR/PIR. 66Manual stations are operational in 11 out of 121 districts, which equates to 9.1% coverage. Automatic stations are operational in 1 out of 121 districts, which equates to 1% coverage. Manual and automatic stations are operational stations in 14 out of 121 districts, which equates to 10% (Annex 8).67Surface hydrometric stations areoperational in 29 districts out of 121, which equates to 24%. Automatic weather stations are operational in 5 districts out of 121, which equates to 4.1%.Surface hydrometric stations and automatic weather stations are operational in 34 districts out of 121, which equates to 28.1% coverage.


2. Frequency and timeliness of climate-related data availability.

1.Number and Type (operational stations):Automatic weather stations: 6Manual synoptic, agro/hydro-meteorological stations: 12Surface hydrometric stations: 35Automatic water level stations: 0

2. DoM– >Hourly for synoptic stations. ; and>Once a month for agro- and hydro-meteorological stations.

Seasonal forecasts have a lead-time of 0-2 weeks.

Monthly weather reviews and forecasts are not issued at present.

Agro-met monthly advisories are not issued at present.

level stations (19%)71

(Annex 8).

1.Number and Type (operation stations)Automatic weather stations: 36Manual synoptic, agro/hydro-meteorological stations: 44Surface hydrometric stations: 75Automatic water level stations: 16

2. DoM – Hourly for synoptic stations; and dekadal(every ten-days) for agro- and hydrometeorological stations.

Seasonal forecasts have a lead-time of 2 weeks.

Once a month a monthly weather review and forecasts is issued.

Once a month an agro-met advisory is issued.

2. Review of weather, hydrological and climate monitoring databases.

implementation phase of the LDCF project result in disruptions to installed equipment and severely affect communities, prior to the EWSs being established.Assumption: Any climate shocks occurring whilst the EWSs are being established will not be so severe as to result in a relocation of the communities where the effectiveness of the EWSs will be tested.


Risk: Procurement and installation of hydro-meteorological equipment, including hardware and software, is delayed because of complications with the release of funds and/or national procurement procedures. Assumption: UNDP CO and HQ will co-ordinate with the IP to ensure effective administrative planning meaning the equipment is procured and installed in a timely manner.

Risk: Alerts and warnings required by communities are not feasible to produce due to scientific or technological barriers.Assumption: The most up to date technology and scientific approaches and advances are feasible and appropriate for meeting the LDCF project needs. The level of error for forecasting is within the minimum thresholds appropriate for the LDCF project activities.

(Annex 8)68 This includes 25 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) installed and 32 manual (12 synoptic, 10 agro-meteorological and 10 hydro-meteorological) and 32 AWSs rehabilitated in priority districts.69Manual stations are operational in 32 districts out of 121, which equates to 26% coverage. Automatic stations are operational in 40 districts out of 121, which equates to 33% coverage. Manual and automatic stations are operational in 57 districts out of 121, which equates to 47% (Annex 8).70This includes 16 Automatic Water Level Stations (AWLSs) installed and 40 manual hydro-meteorology stations and 5 AWSs rehabilitated in the Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and Upper Nile Water Management Zones (WMZs.)71Manual stations are operational in 61 districts out of 121, which equates to 50.4%. Automatic weather stations are operational in 24 districts out of 121, which equates to 19.8%. Manual and automatic stations are operational in 61 districts out of 121, which equates to 50.4% coverage (Annex 8Annex 7: Capacity Assessment Scorecard)


Outcome 2Efficient and effective use of hydro-meteorological and environmental information for making early warnings and long-term development plans.

1. % of population with access to improved climate information and drought, flood and severe storm warnings (disaggregated by gender).

2. Sector-specific policies, annual budgets and development plans that integrate climate information (type and level of development plans).

1. 3% of men and 3% women with access to improved climate information and flood, drought and severe weather warnings (to be confirmed during project inception).

Male: 920,000Female: 1,010,000 72

2. 0

1. 12% of men and 12% women with access to improved climate information and flood, drought and severe weather warnings(to be confirmed during project inception).

Male: 3,300,000Female: 3,700,000 73

2. 3 sector specific policies (including the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management), investment plans and annual budgets and 10 district development plans.

1. Gender-sensitive field surveys undertaken within identified priority sites, representative the Ugandan population; consultant reports.

2.Review of policies, annual budgets and development plans to validate incorporation of risk, weather and/or climate information.

Risk: Lack of commitment from communities where EWS are established undermines the effectiveness of the LDCF project demonstrations.Assumption: Awareness raising activities, and the demonstration of the advantages of responding to the information provided through the established EWS, will ensure the commitment of the communities in participating in the LDCF project.


72 Based on estimates of the population in districts covered by ACTED DEWS (Abim, Amudat, Kaabong, Kotido, Moroto, Nakapirip, Npak) and 2000 individuals in the Kalangala and Kasese Districts covered by mobile alert platforms under the DMO pilot projects described in the baseline situation. The sex ratio in Uganda was used to determine population estimates for males and females in each of the districts. 73Based on population estimates in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions which will benefit from colour-coded alerts – advisories, watches and warnings – for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses and mainstreaming of climate information and EWS into local development plans as well as districts in the Bukedi, Busoga, Acholi, and Lango sub-regions which will benefit from mainstreaming of climate information and EWS into local development plans.


4. TOTAL BUDGET AND WORKPLANAward ID: 00076999

Project ID(s): 00088073

Award Title: Natural Energy and Resource ManagementBusiness Unit: UGA10Project Title: Strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Uganda for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate changePIMS no._______ 5094Implementing Partner (Executing Agency) Ministry of Water and Environment

SOF (e.g. GEF) Outcome/Atlas

Activity

Responsible Party/ Fund

IDDonor Name

Atlas Budgetary Account

Code

ATLAS Budget Description

Amount Year 1 (USD)

Amount Year 2 (USD)

Amount Year 3 (USD)

Amount Year 4 (USD)

Total (USD)

See Budget Note:Implementin

g AgentOUTCOME 1: Ministry of

Water and Environment

62160 GEF LDCF

74100 Contractual Services 65,000 101,800 29,500 26,500 222,800 a

71300 Local Consultants 14,400 23,640 11,000 1,000 50,040 b

74200 Audio Visual and Print Prod Costs 9,500 3,500 3,000 3,000 19,000 c

72300 Materials and Goods 81,000 1,085,760 968,260 30,500 2,165,520 d

75700 Training, Workshops and Conferences

8,000 81,000 25,000 18,000 132,000 e

71300 Local Consultants 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 72,000 f

Total Outcome 1 195,900 1,313,700 1,054,760 97,000 2,661,360

OUTCOME 2: Ministry of Water and Environment

62160 GEF LDCF

74100 Contractual Services 107,000 67,950 110,250 91,000 376,200 g71300 Local Consultants 7,400 11,225 30,900 30,325 79,850 h

74200 Audio Visual and Print Prod Costs 2,500 4,500 52,530 56,000 115,530 i

72300 Materials and Goods 52,500 15,000 10,000 151,000 228,500 j

75700 Training, Workshops and Conferences 86,500 79,000 32,500 78,560 276,560 k

71300 Local Consultants 18,000 18,000 18,000 18,000 72,000 lTotal Outcome 2 273,900 195,675 254,180 424,885 1,148,640

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Ministry of Water and Environment

62160 GEF LDCF 71300 Local Consultants 29,000 29,000 29,000 29,000 116,000 m

71600 Travel 3,500 3,500 3,500 3,500 14,000 n


COSTS/UNIT 74500 Miscellaneous 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 60,000 o Total Project Management Costs 47,500 47,500 47,500 47,500 190,000

PROJECT TOTAL 517 300 1 556 875 1 356 440 569 385 4 000 000

Summary of Funds:74

Amount (USD)Year 1

Amount (USD)Year 2

Amount (USD)Year 3

Amount (USD)Year 4 Total

GEF 517 300 1 556 875 1 356 440 569 385 4 000 000

UNDP 900 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 3 900 000

Government of Uganda 3 925 000 3 925 000 3 925 000 3 925 000 15 700 000

Government of Uganda/World Bank 525 000 525 000 525 000 525 000 2 100 000

GIZ 250 000 250 000 250 000 250 000 1 264 000

ACTED 200 000 200 000 400 000

ITU/UCC 150 000 150 000 300 000

TOTAL 6117300 7256875 7406440 6619385 27664000

Budget Note Description of cost item

a

Cost of region-based technical support to be provided to the project from a pool of project staff supporting this and other EWS projects in the UNDP-GEF multi-country initiative on EWS/CI (262days @ $550/day +7 flights @ $2,000 +45days DSA @ $200/day). Note that the full cost of the Technical Support is covered by all 10 projects participating in the GEF/LDCF financed EWS multi-country initiative. This will be managed separately.

M&E expert (16 days @ $550/day +1 flight @ $2,000 +5days DSA @ $200/day). Cost of 4audits @ $3000each prorated at the Outcome level @$6000 (i.e. total for LDCF project: $12000). Cost of an Independent Mid-term evaluation@ $30000 prorated at the Outcome level @ $15000. Cost of an Independent Terminal evaluation @ $45000 prorated at the Outcome level @ $22500.

b

National hydrological specialist (81 days @ $200/day +2 flights @ $200 +6days DSA @ $100/day). National meteorological specialist (89days @ $200/day +3 flights @ $200 +10days DSA @ $100/day). National training and workshop facilitator (15 days @ $200/day). National Communications and ICT specialist (50 days @ $200/day +1 flight @ $200 +3days DSA @ $100/day).

c Cost to strengthen existing and/or develop, implement and maintain coordination protocols and agreements between DWRM and DoM . Edit, print and publish protocols, handbooks, and/or guidelines for DoM and DWRM including manuals for AWSs, AWLSs and manual stations as well as other

74Summary table should include all financing of all kinds: GEF financing, cofinancing, cash, in-kind, etc...


remotely accessible resources regarding the observation network quality control and maintenance toolbox developed.

d

Cost of procuring and installing 8 Synoptic Automatic Weather Stations at Jinja, Tororo, Gulu, Arua, Masindi, Kasese, Mbarara and Kabal synoptic stations @$11000each.

Cost of procuring and installing17 Agro/hydro-met Automatic Weather Stations in Mityana, Masaka, Hoima, Rubirizi, Bundibugyo, Rukungiri, Kisoro, Sembabule, Buliisa, Packwach, Pader, Nebbi, Kalangala, Kapchorwa, Nwoya, Amuru and Moyo districts @$11000each.

Installation and construction costs (including weather fencing @ $3500) for 25 AWSs @$5500each. Cost of procuring and installing16 Automatic Water Level Hydrological Stations @$18000each. Installation and construction costs for 16 Automatic Water Level Hydrological Stations @$10000each. Rehabilitation of 40 manual Hydrometeorological stations including procurement and replacement of gauge plates, installation and civil works @$700each. Rehabilitation of 5 AWLSs including instalment of solar panels, batteries and wind sensors @$1000each. Cost of procuring and installing1 Acoustic doppler current profile @$60000 (or an equivalent alternative). Cost of procuring and installing AWLSs spare parts and equipment. Purchase telecommunications infrastructure including computers, computer servers and software, radiotelephones, portable telephones, GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS

modems and other equipment for internet access. Upgrade 32 manual stations - including thermometers, Stevenson screens, manual wind and solar sensors with digital sensors and calibrate thermometers and

barometers @$5260each. Installation and construction costs for 32 manual stations, including stabilizing power supply with solar panels, batteries and inverters and upgrading weather

fences @$5000each. Replace barometers in 12 manual stations @$700each. Upgrade 5 AWSs - replacing the unit @$4000each. Upgrade 5 AWSs - replacing sensors on units @$1500each. Upgrade 19 AWSs - replacing data loggers on units @$800each. Relocate 5 AWS stations, including installation of new weather fencing @$5500each. Stabilise power at 32 AWSs through the provision of dry cells, upgrading solar panels, and batteries @$2300each. Calibration and installation costs for 32 AWS upgrades including fieldtrips to sites @$3000each. Procure equipment (hardware and software) and ensure connectivity (internet modems and access) for 22modern forecasting workstations to support NMC at

Entebbe and synoptic stations @$4000each. Cost to purchase data rescue and digitization equipment for DoM and DWRM archives. Cost to develop, host and maintain an integrated hydro-meteorological database and information management system including costs for upgrading/updating the

national DoM database and information system from CLICOM/ASCII to an appropriate modern system and link to DWRM’s water and management information system.

Cost to develop, host and maintain a platform and database to operationalize protocols and agreements between DoM and DWRM. Procure vehicles for technical hydro-meteorological staff for field visits and other project activities related to ensuring the effective operation and maintenance

of all equipment installed.

e

Provide in-country national technical hydrometeorological operation and maintenance training (2 weeks) for 5 meteorological and six hydrological technicians. Facilitate regional training workshops at synoptic stations and water management offices (refresher training at the regional level conducted by individuals

trained at a national level). Facilitate 5 trainers to conduct training (5 days) of 50 weather observers at Soroti, Kasese, Gulu and Masaka regional training sites @$800each. Cost of 4 training sessions (5 days) for 50 weather observers at Soroti, Kasese, Gulu and Masaka regional training sites @$2404each. Cost of an Inception workshop@ $10000 prorated at the Outcome level @ $5000. Equip 4 training facilities with reference quality sensors and demonstration equipment at Soroti, Kasese, Gulu and Masaka synoptic stations (4 @ $15000each). Develop and promote an observation network quality control and maintenance toolbox, including remotely accessible and online calibration and training

courses, handbooks and manuals for AWSs, AWLSs and manual stations. Promoting protocols and agreements developed between DoM and DWRM.


f Local consultants support for organising and conducting equipment surveys/reports, identifying and liaising on procurement of equipment with line ministries and facilitating NHMS etc. training programs.

g

Cost of region-based technical support to be provided to the project from a pool of project staff supporting this and other EWS projects in the UNDP-GEF multi-country initiative on EWS/CI (379days @ $550/day +8 flights @ $2,000 +40 days DSA @ $200/day). Note that the full cost of the Technical Support is covered by all 10 projects participating in the GEF/LDCF financed EWS multi-country initiative. This will be managed separately.

Costs of data collection and/or VRA for informing early warning systems established in Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions and training undertaken in Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions.

Conduct a study on the costs and benefits of accurate, timely and accessible weather and climate forecasts (including tailored forecasts and alerts). Conduct a market analysis of the need for improved forecasting and other services and products by the CCA, private sector and government institutions – and

the fees/reimbursements these entities are willing to pay. International economist (35 days @ $550/day +1 flight @ $2,000 +5days DSA @ $200/day). International M&E expert (16 days @ $550/day +1 flight @ $2,000 +5days DSA @ $200/day). Cost of 4audits @ $3000each prorated at the Outcome level @$6000 (i.e. total for LDCF project: $12000). Cost of an Independent Mid-term evaluation @ $30000 prorated at the Outcome level @ $15000. Cost of an Independent Terminal evaluation @ $45000 prorated at the Outcome level @ $22500.

h

National meteorological specialist (13 days @ $200/day) National policy and strategy advisor (25 days @ $200/day +1 flight @ $200 +2days DSA @ $100/day) National climate change modeller to undertake a risk and vulnerability assessment and mapping (28 days @ $200/day +1 flight @ $200 +4days DSA @

$100/day) National adaptation, early warning system and disaster management consultant (70 days @ $200/day +2 flights @ $200 +5days DSA @ $100/day) National training and workshop facilitator (20 days @ $200/day +1 flight @ $200 +10days DSA @ $100/day) National economist (16 days @ $200/day +1 flight @ $200 +3days DSA @ $100/day) National Communications and ICT specialist (28 days @ $200/day +1 flight @ $200 +3days DSA @ $100/day) Employ 2 Regional Focal Points at Teso and Mt Elgon (365 days ea @ $50/day)

i

Develop a national weather and climate information and early warning system communication and coordination strategy. Develop, implement and maintain coordination protocols and agreements for data and information exchange and dissemination among DoM, DWRM, DRDPM,

CCU and related institutions. This will cover costs of research, DSA, travel (including fuel), meetings/workshops for developing protocols and agreements. Develop tailored weather and climate alerts including colour-coded advisories, watches and warnings for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses

by integrating and customising standard forecasts. Implement a two-way SMS-based alert and feedback system for floods, droughts, severe weather and other agricultural advisories for local farmers and

vulnerable communities in Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.This will cover the costs of building on baseline projects and promoting the importance of cooperative responsibility of service providers; and include meetings, planning, establishing relationships and agreements, travel, and other costs needed including additional equipment and consultants not covered under materials and goods and contractual services budget codes respectively – see budget notes g, h and j).

Edit, print and publish protocols (among DoM, DWRm, MAAIF, DRDPM, CCU), policy and information briefs (based on reviews on five sector-specific policies, investment plans and annual budgets), and remotely accessible handbooks –training packages and toolkits– for assisting trained meteorologists and hydrologists build in-house capacity in the respective institutions.

j

Procure 2 Satellite phones @$2500each. Establish 4 hotlines/call centres @$1250each to cover the costs of equipment and training at the DRDPM. Procure 30 cellphones for DDCMs and/or community champions @$1250each. These will be integrated into the two-way SMS-based alert and feedback system

for floods, droughts, severe weather and other agricultural advisoriesby building on baseline projects in particular the alert system being implement by ITU/UCC and the DoM pilot mobile alert platform projects for farmers in the Kasese district and fishers using Lake Victoria.

Procure and install signs for colour-coded signs for alerts - advisories, watches and warnings to support the two-way SMS-based alert and feedback system. Procure 8 Communication Facility Radio Transceivers @$3000 each and 60 supporting two way radios @ $100.


Purchase airtime, TV, radio spot messages. Cost of developing, hosting and maintaining a climate and early warning platform and database at the national Early Warning Data and Documentation Center in

DRDPM. This will cover the costs of database and platform development and maintenance (including software, hardware and any consultants required). Procure vehicles for disaster management offices for field visits, and other project activities. Procure 2computer workstations/laptops (including internet connection) for the DRDPM.

k

Train 4 senior national hydro/meteorologists on state-of-the-art region-specific weather and climate forecasting and in-house capacity building. Train 4 national junior hydro/meteorologists on state-of-the-art region-specific weather and climate forecasting and in-house capacity building. Provide 2 NMHS internships (6 months) @$45000each. Train MAAIF and DDMPR personnel to produce climate risk and vulnerability sector-specific maps. Train the national early warning committee to facilitate inter-sectoral sharing of climate early warning and related disaster risk reduction activities. Train sub-county/DDMCs in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions to integrate weather and climate information into 30

development plans at a district and/or sub-country level. Cost of an Inception workshop@ $10000 prorated at the Outcome level @ $5000. Costs of developing training packages and toolkits for assisting trained meteorologists and hydrologists to build in-house forecasting and capacity and enhance

collaboration in the DWRMA and DoM. This will include costs associated with materials and goods, consultants, DSA and travel required. Costs of developing promoting EWS dissemination national and local 'toolbox' and trainer, SOPs, protocols and agreements among DoM, DWRM, DRDPM,

CCU, MAAIF, handbooks and policy and information briefs. This will include costs associated with materials and goods, consultants, DSA and travel required. Develop and implement a community awareness campaign in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-region. This will include materials and goods, consultants, DSA and

travel required.

l Local consultants costs to monitor the utility of forecasts/predictions for end-users and the efficacy of the Standard Operation Procedure for alert communication. Organise workshops, meetings and feedback sessions from users of forecasts and SOPs

m Employ a financial/administrative officer Employ Project manager

n Project Manager travel and other internal flights. Project team travel and local transport around regions and district.

o Miscellaneous cost such as Insurance, bank charges and other sundries for project coordinating unit.


5. MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

188. The LDCF financed project will be implemented over a four year period. MWE will function as the Implementing Partner for this project (see Annex 13 for HACT). MWE, as the IP, will be responsible and held accountable for managing the LDCF project on a day-to-day basis as per UNDP’s NIM procedures and compliant with GEF policies. Please see management arrangements in Figure 2 and further details on this below.

Figure 2. UNDP LDCF Project Organization Structure

189. The Project Board (sometimes referred to as the Project Steering Committee at the local level) will be responsible for making the management decisions of the LDCF project, and will guide the Project Manager. The Project Board plays a critical role in monitoring progress of implementation and ensuring that recommendations from annual and mid-term evaluations are adopted for performance improvement, ensuring accountability and adoption of lessons learnt. It ensures that required resources are committed and arbitrates on any conflicts within the project or negotiates a solution to any problems with external bodies. In addition, it approves the appointment and responsibilities of the Project Manager. Based on the approved Annual Work Plan, the Project Board can also consider and approve the quarterly plans (if applicable) and also approve any essential deviations from the original plans.

190. In order to ensure UNDP’s ultimate accountability for the project results, Project Board decisions will be made in accordance to standards that shall ensure management for development results, best value for money, fairness, integrity, transparency and effective international competition. In cases where consensus cannot be reached within the Project Board, the final decision shall rest with UNDP in its role as the Senior Supplier.

191. Potential members of the Project Board are reviewed and recommended for approval during the PAC meeting. Representatives of other stakeholders can be included in the Project Board as appropriate. The Project Board contains three distinct roles, including:


Project Manager

Project BoardSenior Beneficiary/ies:

MWE, OPM, MAAIF Executive:

MWESenior Supplier:

UNDP

Project AssuranceUNDP (CO & UNDP GEF)

Project SupportAdmin/Financial officer

Project Organisation Structure

Technical and implementation support: Department of Meteorology (DoM), Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM),

Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM), Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF), Climate Change Unit (CCU), District Local Governments (DLGs), National Planning Authority (NPA), Uganda Communications Commission (UCC), Uganda

Wildlife Agency (UWA), Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and private sector.

An Executive representing the project ownership to chair the group. The Executive for the LDCF project will be an individual from the Ministry of Water and Environment.

Senior Supplier representing the interests of the parties concerned which provide funding for specific cost sharing projects and/or technical expertise to the project. The Senior Supplier’s primary function within the Board is to provide guidance regarding the technical feasibility of the project. The Senior Supplier of the LDCF project is UNDP.

Senior Beneficiary/ies representing the interests of those who will ultimately benefit from the project, i.e. sector and communities vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The Senior Beneficiary’s primary function within the Board is to ensure the realization of project results from the perspective of project beneficiaries. The Senior Beneficiary/ies for the LDCF project will be MWE, OPM and MAAIF.

192. The Project Board will be supported by the following roles: The Project Assurance role supports the Project Board Executive by carrying out objective

and independent project oversight and monitoring functions. UNDP Uganda CO and UNDP-GEF will provide Project Assurance to the Project Board for the LDCF project.

The Project Manager has the authority to run the project on a day-to-day basis within the constraints laid down by the Project Board. The Project Manager’s prime responsibility is to ensure that the project produces the results specified in the Project Document, to the required standard of quality and within the specified constraints of time and cost. The Project Manager will be selected by MWE, the Implementing Partner, in consultation with UNDP CO.

The Project Support role provides project administration, management and technical support to the Project Manager. Project Support will be provided by an Administrative/Financial Assistant recruited through the LDCF project.

193. The Project Manager will be supported by Responsible Parties, namely, Department of Meteorology (DoM)/Ugandan National Meteorological Authority (UNMA), Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM), Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM), and Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF). In addition, LDCF project implementation will be supported by the following key project partners: Climate Change Unit (CCU), District Local Governments (DLGs), National Planning Authority (NPA), Uganda Communications Commission, Uganda Wildlife Agency (UWA), Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and private sector (see Section 2.9 stakeholder involvement plan).

194. As per discussions with the GEF Secretariat, this initiative is part of a multi-country set of NIM projects supported by UNDP-GEF. In response to LDCF/SCCF Council requirement that a regional component would be included to enhance coordination, increase cost effectiveness and, most importantly, benefit from a regional network of technologies, a cohort of technical advisors and a project manager will be recruited to support each of the national level project teams. In particular they will support countries to develop robust adaptation plans and provide technical advice, training and support for accessing, processing and disseminating data for early warning and national/sectoral planning related purposes on a systematic basis. The cost of these project staff has been prorated across all country project budgets and recruitment of these posts will be undertaken by UNDP-GEF (HQ) in coordination with all UNDP Country Offices.

195. Audits will be conducted in accordance with UNDP financial rules and regulations and applicable audit policies


6. MONITORING FRAMEWORK AND EVALUATION

196. The project will be monitored through the following M& E activities. The M&E budget is provided in Table 15 below. The M&E framework set out in the Project Results Framework in Part III of this project document is aligned with the AMAT and UNDP M&E frameworks.

197. Project start: A Project Inception Workshop will be held within the first 2 months of project start with those with assigned roles in the project organization structure, UNDP country office and where appropriate/feasible regional technical policy and program advisors as well as other stakeholders. The Inception Workshop is crucial to building ownership for the project results and to plan the first year annual work plan.

198. The Inception Workshop should address a number of key issues including: Assist all partners to fully understand and take ownership of the project. Detail the roles, support

services and complementary responsibilities of UNDP CO and RCU staff vis-à-vis the project team. Discuss the roles, functions, and responsibilities within the project's decision-making structures, including reporting and communication lines, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The Terms of Reference for project staff will be discussed again as needed.

Based on the project results framework and the LDCF related AMAT set out in the Project Results Framework in Section 3 of this project document, and finalize the first annual work plan. Review and agree on the indicators, targets and their means of verification, and recheck assumptions and risks.

Provide a detailed overview of reporting, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) requirements. The Monitoring and Evaluation work plan and budget should be agreed and scheduled.

Discuss financial reporting procedures and obligations, and arrangements for annual audit. Plan and schedule PB meetings. Roles and responsibilities of all project organisation structures

should be clarified and meetings planned. The first PB meeting should be held within the first 12 months following the inception workshop.

199. An Inception Workshop report is a key reference document and must be prepared and shared with participants to formalize various agreements and plans decided during the meeting.

Quarterly: Progress made shall be monitored in the UNDP Enhanced Results Based Management Platform. Based on the initial risk analysis submitted, the risk log shall be regularly updated in ATLAS. Risks

become critical when the impact and probability are high. Note that for UNDP/GEF projects, all financial risks associated with financial instruments such as revolving funds, microfinance schemes, or capitalization of ESCOs are automatically classified as critical on the basis of their innovative nature (high impact and uncertainty due to no previous experience justifies classification as critical).

Based on the information recorded in Atlas, a Project Progress Reports (PPR) can be generated in the Executive Snapshot.

Other ATLAS logs will be used to monitor issues, lessons learned. The use of these functions is a key indicator in the UNDP Executive Balanced Scorecard.

Annually: Annual Project Review/Project Implementation Reports (APR/PIR): This key report is prepared to monitor progress made since project start and in particular for the previous reporting period (30 June to 1 July). The APR/PIR combines both UNDP and GEF reporting requirements.

The APR/PIR includes, but is not limited to, reporting on the following: Progress made toward project objective and project outcomes - each with indicators, baseline data and

end-of-project targets (cumulative) Project outputs delivered per project outcome (annual).


Lesson learned/good practice. AWP and other expenditure reports Risk and adaptive management ATLAS QPR

200. Periodic Monitoring through site visits: UNDP CO and the UNDP-GEF region-based staff will conduct visits to project sites based on the agreed schedule in the project's Inception Report/Annual Work Plan to assess first hand project progress. Other members of the Project Board may also join these visits. A Field Visit Report/BTOR will be prepared by the CO and UNDP RCU and will be circulated no less than one month after the visit to the project team and Project Board members.

201. Mid-term of project cycle: The project will undergo an independent Mid-Term Review at the mid-point of project implementation. The Mid-Term Review will determine progress being made toward the achievement of outcomes and will identify course correction if needed. It will focus on the effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness of project implementation; will highlight issues requiring decisions and actions; and will present initial lessons learned about project design, implementation and management. Findings of this review will be incorporated as recommendations for enhanced implementation during the final half of the project’s term. The organization, terms of reference and timing of the mid-term review will be decided after consultation between the parties to the project document. The Terms of Reference for this Mid-term review will be prepared by the UNDP CO based on guidance from the Regional Coordinating Unit and UNDP-GEF. The LDFC/SCCF AMAT as set out in the Project Results Framework in Section 3 of this project document) will also be completed during the mid-term evaluation cycle.

202. End of Project: An independent Terminal Evaluation will take place three months prior to the final PB meeting and will be undertaken in accordance with UNDP-GEF guidance. The terminal evaluation will focus on the delivery of the project’s results as initially planned (and as corrected after the mid-term review, if any such correction took place). The terminal evaluation will look at impact and sustainability of results, including the contribution to capacity development and the achievement of global environmental benefits/goals. The Terms of Reference for this evaluation will be prepared by the UNDP CO based on guidance from the Regional Coordinating Unit and UNDP-GEF. The LDFC/SCCF AMAT as set out in the Project Results Framework in Section 3 of this project document) will also be completed during the terminal evaluation cycle. The Terminal Evaluation should also provide recommendations for follow-up activities and requires a management response, which should be uploaded to PIMS and to the UNDP Evaluation Office Evaluation Resource Center (ERC).

203. Learning and knowledge sharing: Results from the project will be disseminated within and beyond the project intervention zone through existing information sharing networks and forums.The project will identify and participate, as relevant and appropriate, in scientific, policy-based and/or any other networks, which may be of benefit to project implementation though lessons learned. The project will identify, analyze, and share lessons learned that might be beneficial in the design and implementation of similar future projects.

There will be a two-way flow of information between this project and other projects of a similar focus.


Table 13.Project Monitoring and EvaluationType of M&E

activityResponsible Parties Budget US$

Excluding project team staff time

Time frame

Inception Workshop and Report

Project Manager (MEE) PIU UNDP CO, UNDP GEF

Indicative cost: 10,000Within first two months of project start up

Measurement of Means of Verification of project results.

UNDP GEF RTA/Project Manager will oversee the hiring of specific studies and institutions, and delegate responsibilities to relevant team members.

PIU, esp. M&E expert

To be finalized in Inception Phase and Workshop.

Start, mid and end of project (during evaluation cycle) and annually when required.

Measurement of Means of Verification for Project Progress on output and implementation

Oversight by Project Manager (MEE)

PIU, esp. M&E expert Implementation teams

To be determined as part of the Annual Work Plan's preparation.

Indicative cost is 20,000

Annually prior to ARR/PIR and to the definition of annual work plans

ARR/PIR Project manager (MEE) PIU UNDP CO UNDP RTA UNDP EEG

None Annually

Periodic status/ progress reports

Project manager and team None Quarterly

Mid-term Review Project manager (MEE) PIU UNDP CO UNDP RCU External Consultants (i.e.

evaluation team)

Indicative cost: 30,000 At the mid-point of project implementation.

Terminal Evaluation Project manager (MEE) PIU UNDP CO UNDP RCU External Consultants (i.e.

evaluation team)

Indicative cost : 45,000

At least three months before the end of project implementation

Audit UNDP CO Project manager (MEE) PIU

Indicative cost per year: 3,000 (12,000 total)

Yearly

Visits to field sites UNDP CO UNDP RCU (as appropriate) Government representatives

For GEF supported projects, paid from IA fees and operational budget

Yearly for UNDP CO, as required by UNDP RCU


Type of M&E activity

Responsible Parties Budget US$Excluding project team

staff time

Time frame

TOTAL indicative COST Excluding project team staff time and UNDP staff and travel expenses

US$ 117,000

7. LEGAL CONTEXT

204. This document together with the CPAP signed by the Government and UNDP which is incorporated by referenceconstitute together a Project Document as referred to in the SBAA and all CPAP provisions apply to this document.

205. Consistent with the Article III of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement, the responsibility for the safety and security of the implementing partner and its personnel and property, and of UNDP’s property in the implementing partner’s custody, rests with the implementing partner.

The implementing partner shall:a) put in place an appropriate security plan and maintain the security plan, taking into account the

security situation in the country where the project is being carried;b) assume all risks and liabilities related to the implementing partner’s security, and the full

implementation of the security plan.

206. UNDP reserves the right to verify whether such a plan is in place, and to suggest modifications to the plan when necessary. Failure to maintain and implement an appropriate security plan as required hereunder shall be deemed a breach of this agreement.

207. The implementing partner agrees to undertake all reasonable efforts to ensure that none of the UNDP funds received pursuant to the Project Document are used to provide support to individuals or entities associated with terrorism and that the recipients of any amounts provided by UNDP hereunder do not appear on the list maintained by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999). The list can be accessed via http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ListEng.htm. This provision must be included in all sub-contracts or sub-agreements entered into under this Project Document.


http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ListEng.htm

8. ANNEXES

Annex 1: Stakeholder involvement in Project Preparatory Phase................................................2Annex 2. Description of baseline projects upon which the LDCF project will build................10Annex 3: ICPAC..............................................................................................................................14Annex 4: Institutional framework of the Water and Environment sector (November 2012). .15Annex 5: Services rated as mixed good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE..................................................................................................................16Annex 6: Project Risk Analysis (Risk Log)...................................................................................17Annex 7: Capacity Assessment Scorecard.....................................................................................20Annex 8: Baseline and targeted percentage of national coverage of climate monitoring network............................................................................................................................................................24

Table A.8.1. Baseline status of climate observation network of DoM...........................................24Table A.8.2 Baseline status of climate observation network of DWRM........................................28

Annex 9. Agreements (including co-financing letters).................................................................33Annex 10. References.......................................................................................................................36Annex 11. Key assessment reports.................................................................................................37Annex 12. Terms of Reference........................................................................................................69Annex 13. Capacity Assessment.....................................................................................................75Annex 14. Response report on Council comments........................................................................76


Annex 1: Stakeholder involvement in Project Preparatory Phase

Mission 1: Inception workshop and consultations 4 September 2012

The primary purpose of the first mission was to kick start a 6-8 month process that will be followed to narrow down the activities to be undertaken by an LDCF financed project “Strengthening climate information and early warning systems for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change: Uganda”. The mission focussed on i) initiating the stakeholder engagement process; ii) taking stock of all relevant activities in the EWS arena in Uganda, to ensure alignment of the project with current, planned and ongoing EWS development initiatives; iii) developing a workplan for technical assessments to be undertaken during the project planning phase. An inception workshop was held with stakeholders including national structures responsible for generating and using EWS, as well as a number of development partners and NGOs. The 1 day workshop was followed by three additional days of meetings with bilateral and multilateral organisations to obtain further information regarding ongoing operations and gaps in EWS capacity within Uganda.

List of inception workshop participants:

NAME INSTITUTION POST EMAIL PHONE1 Carlotta Rudolfi FAO Int. Consultant [email protected] 07870137422 Ester Kalibbala RELIEF/SVS Research Associate [email protected] 07726659023 Collin Oloya MOWE Ac/Pe [email protected] 07728896224 Jalia Kobusinge EU Operations Officer [email protected] 07724580675 Kennedy Igbokwe FAO Proj. Manager [email protected] 07722008906 Daniel Opwonya GIZ Senior TA [email protected] 07724580677 Joachim Lelima GIZ Technical Advisor [email protected] 07729674648 Solomon Elungat OPM Senior Disaster Prep. Officer [email protected] 07820700769 Denis Mugagga MFPED Economist [email protected] 070244068510 Michael Mbogga MUK School of

ForestryConsultant [email protected] 0772483723

11 Lawrence Aribo CCU Principal CC Officer [email protected] 07018329260712832926

12 Michael Nkalubo MWE Commissioner [email protected] 077245361713 Vicent Woboya OPM Principal Disaster MGT [email protected] 077234751814 Lebogang Motlana UNDP Country Director [email protected] 041423344015 Mark Tadross UNDP Technical Advisor [email protected] +2721650288416 James Reeler Advisor [email protected] +2776144367817 Onesimus Muhwezi UNDP Team Leader E&E [email protected] 071600513918 Daniel Omodo UNDP Prog. Analyst [email protected] 071600514019 Irene Agudu UNDP Prog. Associate [email protected] 0414233440


mailto:[email protected]

















20 Racheal Muleke Consultant Advisor [email protected] 0712800445

Additional stakeholders consulted during the mission:

NAME INSTITUTION POST EMAIL PHONE1 Paul Mafabi Ministry of Water and

Environment Commissioner, Wetlands Management Department

[email protected] 0414254706

2 Bob Natifu CCU Deputy Director [email protected] 0414-2376903 Barbara Siegmund CCU Principal Prog. Officer [email protected] 0414-2376904 Douglas Otim Northern Uganda Data

Centre Assistant Manager [email protected] 0772657543

5 Stuart Solomon World Bank Climate Change Consultant

[email protected] 0787 415 337

6 Eng. Mugisha-Shillingi DWRM Director of Water

Resource [email protected] 0414-320852

7 Lillian Idrakua DWRM Director of Water Quality

[email protected]

8 Jackson Twinomujuni DWRM Assistant Commissioner [email protected] 0414-321342

9 Kevin Nabutuwa Busima Uganda Red Cross Society Assistant Director

(Disaster Management)[email protected] 0414-258701

10 Stephen Muwaya MAAIF UNCCD National Focal Point


11 Wilson Fred Kyosingira DWRM Assistant Commissioner

Water [email protected] 0414-323532

12 Aliou M. Dia UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Regional Prog. Specialist/DRR

[email protected] +27116035095

13 Clarence S. Haynes USTDA Project Consultant [email protected] +1-202-544-370514 James Kafeero UCC Manager [email protected] 041-339016

Mission 2: Stakeholder follow-up workshop to obtain feedback on proposed project framework 1 February 2013

A mission was undertaken to i) undertake consultation with national partners regarding the proposed project framework, ii) to ensure that all suitable baseline activities had been identified, and to finalise the gap and needs assessment process. A stakeholder workshop was held on 1 February 2013. Attendees included representatives from key government departments and additional bilateral donors, although some key stakeholders were unable to attend at the last minute due to poor weather conditions. In addition to the stakeholder workshop, bilateral consultations were also undertaken with key stakeholders from USAID and




USTDA by the International Consultant (IC) Petra de Abreu.

A draft framework for the project activities was presented to the stakeholders for discussion and evaluation. A stronger focus on the procurement and installation of infrastructure to support EWS was requested. It was agreed that ratio of funds between Component 1 and 2 would be kept as indicated at PIF stage. No exact costing and/or details relevant for costing activities were achieved. It was agreed that the stakeholders would assist the NC in securing the costs for each of the proposed activities.

Identification of relevant baseline activities ensued, with detailing of potential interactions with these baselines. No further baseline projects were identified. It was agreed that stakeholders would assist the NCs in securing details on indicative co-financing amounts. The identification of the national implementing partner was undertaken, which facilitated a guided discussion to evaluate which agency should be nominated as the national executing agency. This elicited that much of the infrastructural investment will be in the DoM, while the CO and government agencies approved the MWE as the implementing agency.

List of Participants:

NAME INSTITUTION POST EMAIL PHONE1 Moses Okello URCS PM – Disaster Prep. &


2 Sarah Mujabi UNDP Proj. Officer: Environment [email protected] 07160051384 Daniel Omodo-McMondo UNDP Prog. Analyst [email protected] 07160057405 Carlotta Rudolfi FAO Int. Consultant carlotta.ridolfi@fao. org 07870137426 Leonardo Goeu FAO Int. Consultant [email protected] Irene Agudu UNDP Prog. Associate [email protected] 04142334408 Gilbert Anguyo UNDP DRR Analyst [email protected] Onesimus Muhwezi UNDP Team Leader E&E [email protected] 071600513910 Rebecca Mayanja UCC Spec. Frequency Planning [email protected] 077929068311 Daniel Kirk-Davidoff DoM/MDA Inf.

Systemsdaniel [email protected] +1 240 281 5006

12 Malika Ogwang ACTED DRR Manager [email protected] 075909939313 Michael Nkalubo MWE Commissioner [email protected] 077245361714 Michael Mbogga MUK School of

ForestryConsultant [email protected] 0772483723

15 Joachim Lelima GIZ Technical Advisor [email protected] 077296746416 Deus Bamanya PM 0783057966 [email protected] Deus Bamanya 1718 Kapene Richard UWA Climate Change Focal












mailto:carlotta.ridolfi@fao.




19 Denis Mugagga MFPED Economist [email protected] 070244068520 Racheal Muleke Consultant Advisor [email protected] 071280044521 Fred Kyosingira MWE/DWRM Ass. Commissioner, Water

Res. [email protected] 077244126522 Hadas Kushnir USAID [email protected] 077222170223 Lawrence Aribo CCU Principal CC Officer [email protected] 0701832926

071283292624 Barbara Siegmund MWE/CCU Principal Programme

[email protected] 0414-237690

25 A.W. Majugu MWE/CCU [email protected]

Stakeholder retreat from 21-22 March 2013

The aim of the retreat is to finalize technical and budgetary information needed to inform the design of the government of Uganda LDCF-financed project mentioned above. This stakeholder retreat was planned to stimulate collaborative discussions between stakeholders from key departments and ministries, including Department of Meteorology (DoM), Directorate of Water Resources Development (DWRD), Department of Disaster Preparedness, Management and Refugees (DDPMR/OPM), Climate Change Unit (CCU), Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF) and Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development (MoF). This retreat focussed on finalizing, and agreeing on, technical and budgetary details related to the proposed project logframe. The technical and budgetary details required to ensure the UNDP-LDCF project is consistent with national and local circumstances were finalised.

List of Participants:Organization Name Designation Phone Email

B: Department of Meteorology – DoM

Michael Nkalubo Commissioner [email protected] Waiswa Ass. Commissioner Weather stationsKhalid Muwembe PRO [email protected] Bamanya PM 0783057966 [email protected]

C: Directorate of Water Resource Development – DWRD

Fred Kyosingira Ass. Commissioner, Water Resources 0772441265 [email protected]

David Katarambi [email protected]: Department of Disaster Preparedness, Management and Refugees, Office of the Prime Minister –

Ogwang Jimmy DPO 0712382459 [email protected]

Nyangoma Immaculate DPO 0782902280 [email protected]

Elungat Solomon DPO 0782070076 [email protected]














DDPMR/OPMF: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries – MAAIF

Annunciata Hakuza 0772479309 [email protected]



Stakeholders follow-up meetings to improve the project document 15th February to 20th March 2013

To improve data collection, we sent out a Self- Reporting Questionnaire for Information Dissemination Agencies and a Summary of Technical and Budgetary Questions to be addressed by the Implementing Entity. National Consultants met one by one stakeholder in their designated offices and guided them through this set questions where all information and critical comments on inputs to the revised LDCF project log frame was availed. In this process a conclusion on detailed cost estimates for each activity and project activities focusing on establishing coordinated mechanisms for climate information and early warning system interpreting, packaging and disseminating were discussed and agreed on by all the Implementing Entity/Responsible Partners.

List of Stakeholders Participating in the follow up-meetings.Organization Name Designation Phone Email

B: Department of Meteorology – DoM

Michael Nkalubo Commissioner [email protected]

Milton Waiswa Ass. Commissioner Weather stations

Khalid Muwembe PRO [email protected] Bamanya PM 0783057966 [email protected]

C: Directorate of Water Resource Development – DWRD

Fred Kyosingira Ass. Commissioner, Water Resources 0772441265 [email protected]

David Katarambi [email protected]: Department of Disaster Preparedness, Management and Refugees, Office of the Prime Minister – DDPMR/OPM

Ogwang Jimmy DPO 0712382459 [email protected]

Nyangoma Immaculate DPO 0782902280 [email protected] Solomon DPO 0782070076 [email protected]

E: Climate Change Unit –CCU

Lawrence Aribo Principal CC Officer 07018329260712832926 [email protected]

Barbara Siegmund Principal Programme Officer 0414-237690 [email protected]

F: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries – MAAIF

Annunciata Hakuza Principle Economists 0772479309 [email protected]

URCS Shaban Mawanda DRR - Officer [email protected]

UCC Rebecca Mayanja Spec. Frequency Planning 0779290683 [email protected]













Mission 3: Stakeholder validation workshop 10 April 2013

NAME INSTITUTION DESIGNATION TEL.NO EMAIL ADDRESS1 Michael Nkalubo DOM/MWE Commissioner /MET 0712453617 [email protected] Pauline Akidi MoFPED PE 0772462254 [email protected] Onesimus Muhwezi UNDP Team Leader 0716005139 [email protected] Jalia Kobusinge European Union Programme Officer 0414 70100 [email protected] Gilbert auguyo Undp DRR Analyst 0716005145 [email protected] Daniel opwonya GIZ TA 0772610164 [email protected] Joachim Lelimann GIZ TA 0772763464 [email protected] Rebecca mayanja UCC Manager Broadcasting 0414339038 [email protected] Muwembe Khalid MET PRO 0712983646 [email protected] Waiswa Milton Met Ass Commissioner 0777216000 [email protected] Elungat Solomon OPM SDPO 0782070076 [email protected] Ochoto Sam MWE/MET PMO 0702535175 [email protected] Laz Ocira CERBO Coordinator 0772424691 [email protected] Mugagga Denis MoFPED Economist 0702440655 [email protected] Magezi Akiiki MWE/MET Asst. Commissioner 0772413311 [email protected] Aribo Lawrence MWE/CCU Principal CC Officer 0701832926 [email protected] Hakuza Annunciata MAAIF SE 0772479309 [email protected] Petra de Abreu UNDP International Consultant [email protected] Micheal Mbogga MUK National Consultant 0772483723 [email protected] Racheal Muleke Relief Services National Consultant 0712800445 [email protected] Daniel Omodo UNFP Prog Analyst 0176005140 [email protected] Irene Agudu UNDP Prog Associate 0782246213 [email protected]
























Annex 2. Description of baseline projects upon which the LDCF project will build

To ensure that the LDCF funds are used in a strategic manner, the LDCF outputs will be linked to, and closely coordinated with, donor-supported water resource management and meteorological services baseline projects as well as additional baseline projects focused on disaster risk reduction, community-based early warning systems and developing mobile alerts communication systems for severe weather alerts.

1. The Water Management and Development Project (WMDP) (2013 – 2018) is funded by the WB and implemented by the MWE and National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC). The objectives of WDMP are to improve water resource planning, management and development, as well as access to water and sanitation in priority areas. WMDP project components include: i) IWRM investments in key selected catchment areas including support for implementation of selected activities in the Kalagala offset sustainable management plan; ii) infrastructure investments in priority urban water supply and sanitation and catchment source protection, and iii) strengthening institutions for effective project implementation. The total financing for the project is US$ 135 million, of which US$ 1.1 million has been allocated for flood and drought risk assessment, management and preparedness. The WMDP has planned two activities on flood and drought risk management and preparedness: i) strengthening, expanding and automating the existing hydro-meteorological monitoring network in the Kyoga and Upper Nile Water Management Zones; and ii) developing a comprehensive water resource information system for Uganda. The LDCF project will build upon the flood and drought risk-related WMDP project activities at a national level as well as at the regional and local level in Kyoga WMZ. This will include strengthening the hydrological observation network in the Albert and Victoria WMZs as well as filling gaps in the network in the Kyoga and Upper Nile WMZs not being filled by the WMDP. LDCF funds will be used to integrate the AWLSs installed into the water information system being developed under the WMDP. This will also include linking the DWRM system to the DoM data and information system developed.

2. The Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (JWESSP) (July 2013 - June 2018) is a follow-up to the present Joint Water and Sanitation Sub-sector Support Programme (2007-June 2013) and being implemented by MWE. The programme is aligned with the NDP and related policies and aims to support the water and environment sectors to achieve their targets and improve efficiency. The programme comprises eight components: i) sector programme support; ii) rural water supply and sanitation, iii) urban water supply and sanitation; iv) water for production; v) water resources management; vi) water management zones; vii) environment and natural resources management; and viii) climate change. At present, the total funding for the implementation of activities under these components includes: i) donor partner funding of € 175 million from KfW (Germany), African Development Bank (AfDB), EU, Austria, and Denmark; and ii) GoU funding of € 195 million. The LDCF project will particularly build on JWESSP themes and related outcomes under three of the JWESSP components: i) water resources management; ii) water management zones; and iii) environment and natural resources management (see table below for funding information for these specific components). This will provide mutual benefits between the projects.

Funding sources for JWESSP components upon which the LDCF project will build.

JWESSP Components

JWESSP Themes JPF/donor75

US$

GoU US$ Total US$

Water resources management

Theme 3: Improved water resource monitoring and assessment.

846 805 885 296 1 732 102

Water Management

Theme 1: Operational water resource monitoring and information

2 694 380 1 154 734 3 849 115

75Denmark and Austria.


Zones management, licencing and regulation at the WMZ level.Theme 2: Integrated catchment-based water resources planning.

1 154 734 1 231 717 2 386 451

Environment and Natural Resources Management

Theme 1: Strengthen the institutional capacity of DEA and its departments to implement their mandates.

1 924 557 1 924 557

Theme 7: Facilitate establishment of the Uganda National Meteorological Authority.

769 823 769 823 1 539 646

Total 5 465 743 5 966 128 11 431 871

JWESSP will be the first time the Environment and Natural Resources Sub-sector (ENR) will be included in the implementation of the sector support programme. This is because the water and environment and natural resources sectors were merged in 2008. JWESSP has been prepared by MWE in collaboration with water and environment donor partners to strengthen and consolidate the merger of the two subsectors. This acts to improve the overall sector coordination, synergy and efficiency in resource utilization. To strengthen the implementation of the LDCF project outputs, it will particularly build upon the coordination and calibration aspects between subsectors and departments under the JWESSP. The LDCF project, on the other hand, will enhance the efficiency of the above investments under a changing climate.

3. Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) programme (2002-2014) was established by GIZ in 2002 to provide advisory services to the MWE, including providing support to the Department of Water Development, National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Directorate of Water Resource Management and the Department of Meteorology. RUWASS has also focused on improving drinking water and sanitation systems in small towns in Uganda. The programme is currently in phase 4 (2011-2014), which includes building capacity of DWRM and DoM and funding weather and climate monitoring equipment and data management solutions. GIZ works in close collaboration with the DoM and DWRM providing organisational support where required76. Under the RUWASS, GIZ has supported the DWRM in the installation of five AWLSs at the Manafwa, Namatala, Sipi, Simu and Soronko rivers in the Kyoga WMZ. These remotely send water levels to the DWRM data centre in Entebbe and provide alerts when water levels are beyond flood thresholds. Furthermore, support will be provided to the DoM for installing 25 AWSs in the Kyoga WMZ. This will include AWSs covering two districts in the central region, nine districts in the eastern region and two districts in the northern region (see table below).

Locations for the 25 AWSs planned for installation in the Kyoga WMZ under the RUWASS programme funded by GIZ.Region Sub-region Catchment Location for AWS - districtCentral Region Buganda Mpogoloma Kayunga

Mpogoloma Nakasongola

Eastern Region

BusogaMpogoloma BuyendeMpogoloma KamuliKyoga Kaliro

Bukedi Kyoga Palisa

Teso

Mpogoloma/Karamoja SorotiSironko/Kyoga NgoraKaramoja/Kyoga/Mpogoloma SerereMpogoloma Kaberamaido

76 Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC. (Draft-2013). A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US.


LangoMpogoloma/Kwaina Amolatar

Northern Region

Kwania DokoloKwania Apac

In addition to strengthening the meteorological and hydrological observation network, GIZ has been working closely with the DoM in digitising climatological data in a numerical weather prediction laboratory. Interventions of the RUWASS are well aligned with the activities of the LDCF, particularly in terms of capacity building and technology provision. The LDCF project will further expand and strengthen the DoM and DWRM’s observation networks by installing AWSs particularly to cover gaps in the northern, western and central regions – and thus Upper Nile, Albert and Lake Victoria WMZs of Uganda. Furthermore, additional AWLSs will be installed in the Kyogo WMZ under DWRM to fill gaps not being filled by the GIZ stations.

4. UNDP’s Strengthening Uganda’s Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacities (2012-2014) project is working towards addressing the needs for effective disaster risk reduction at a national and local level in Uganda with funding of US$ 3.9 million. Project activities include: i) strengthening national disaster risk reduction institutions; ii) enhancing sectoral coordination and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into national and sector-specific development policies and programmes; iii) generating an evidence-base for disaster risk reduction and strengthening post-disaster recovery; iv) enhancing community resilience to disasters; and v) training and capacity building for comprehensive disaster risk reduction. This is a follow up project to the UNDP’s “Support in Preparation of a National Disaster Management Policy” from 2006-2009 (US$ 4 million). The LDCF will build upon disaster risk reduction activities in the UNDP project including sharing lessons learned on how to improve and expand early warning systems in Uganda.

5. ACTED Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) in Karamoja in cooperation with national and local government, has developed a DEWs for the Karamoja sub-region. It is a detailed and functional EWS to provide drought warning information to communities within the area, by making use of community and market indicators. The programme is funded by the European Commission (ECHO) and started in 2008. The aims of the warning system are to disseminate early warnings for climate-related hazards, manage the exposure of vulnerable pastoral communities to drought-related hazards, and increase the resilience of local livelihoods to droughts. The DEWS provides drought warnings to communities in Karamoja through a monthly bulletin based on drought indicators gathered by community-based monitors and district officials and analysed by specially designed software. The indicators are gathered monthly by district officials, and are transmitted via a district early warning focal person by means of a mobile phone data-gathering system. These data are automatically aggregated by a software system, and are analysed at local government district level. The bulletin is then used by DDMCs to make action plans and issue warnings if necessary. Information dissemination back to the communities is carried out through several different routes, including community drama and radio bulletins. Bulletins are widely circulated among concerned agencies and the results fed into the FAO Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classification (IPC)77. This model of generating and disseminating drought early warnings has been very successful and the ACTED programme is currently investigating the potential for collaboration with the DoM. There is a need, however, to develop appropriate linkages between this regional initiative and the relevant national institutions. The ACTED programme is currently examining the potential interactions with the DoM to further strengthen the value of the reports that it generates. The accuracy and efficiency of the DEWS in Karamoja will be enhanced as a result of the LDCF project by the integration of improved hydro-meteorological data and forecasts into the established DEWs.

6. The International Telecommunications Union and Uganda Communication Commission (ITU/UCC) is implementing the project, “Natural Disaster Early Warning System Pilot in Uganda”. The total funding for this pilot project is US$ 300,000 with the period yet to be confirmed. The pilot project aims to establish an early warning system in Eastern Uganda – an area vulnerable to floods 77 Karamoja Livelihoods program report (2009), EU/FAO/Gov’t of Uganda


and mudslides. ITU and UCC will jointly finance, design and deploy a public alerting system for assisting authorities disseminate weather and climate information to local communities. This project will primarily benefit communities in the Eastern Region of Uganda although specific districts are yet to be determined. The focus of the ITU/UCC project on the dissemination of early flood warnings alerts via SMS is well-aligned with the activities of the LDCF project. The LDCF project will therefore collaborate with the ITU/UCC project to share lessons learned. The ITU/UCC will benefit from the enhancement of the hydro-meteorological observation network and forecasting systems under the LDCF project.

7. Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services (ATAAS) (2010-2015) aims to increase agricultural productivity and household income of participating communities in Uganda by initiating improvements in agricultural technology and advisory services and undertaking agricultural research. The total project cost is US$ 665 million, financed primarily by the GoU (US$ 497 million) and World Bank (US$ 120 million loan), with support from the EU, IFAD and Danida. The project has five components78: i) agricultural technologies and strengthening the national agricultural research system (US$ 137.8 million); ii) enhancing partnerships between agricultural research, advisory services, and other stakeholders (US$ 72.4 million); iii) strengthening the national agricultural advisory services (US$ 317.8 million); iv) supporting agribusiness services and market linkages (US$ 63.0 million); and v) programme management (US$ 74.5 million). The increasing severity and frequency of climate-related hazards pose a significant threat to the livelihoods of farmers across Uganda, who will require considerable advice on how to respond to and mitigate these threats. The LDCF project is particularly well-aligned with component three of the ATAAS project, which aims to improve the delivery of demand-driven and market-oriented advisory services to farmers. The interventions of the LDCF project will increase the climate-resilience of the ATAAS project’s activities, primarily through the provision of improved hydro-meteorological observations and forecasting and the development of tailored agriculture weather and climate forecasts and products to reduce the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change.

78 For further information, see: http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P109224/agricultural-technology-agribusiness-advisory-services?lang=en.


Annex 3: ICPAC

ICPAC has access to considerable computer hardware and software, including GIS (ArcGIS, ArcInfo, MapInfo ERDAS, Ilwis) and Remote Sensing (PUMA/EUMETSAT revived by AMESD: MSG, NOAA, MODIS). Error: Reference source not found(below) is an example of early warning products produced by the IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) on ten-day and monthly time scale and depicts cumulative rainfall performance from January to December 2011 for Masindi in Uganda79. Early warning systems for foodsecurity use information from the major international food security monitoringsystems such as the USAID-sponsored Famine Early Warning System (FEWS NET) and the FAO Global Information and EarlyWarning System on Food and Agriculture (GIEWS). Access to timely,high qualitydata and the ability to derive vulnerability and food insecurity indicators from primary and secondary data have supported the implementation of efficient responsemechanism to food crises.

Figure 1.An example of early warning products produced by IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC) on ten day and monthly time scales80,81.

79 ACMAD. 2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigilance products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, Niger 80 ACMAD. 2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigilance products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, Niger 81 www.icpac.net


Annex 4: Institutional framework of the Water and Environment sector (November 2012)


Annex 5: Services rated as mixed good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE.

Services rated as mixed good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE.Source of income Total annuallyCivil Aviation (International Flights) 367,394Civil Aviation (Local Flights) 367,39National Environment Management Authority 2,296Contribution to the State of the Environment 383National Forest Authority (data and service) 2,296Uganda Bureau of Statistics 4,592Construction Industry 68,886Oil Exploration and Extraction 13,777Energy Sector 2,296Marine Industry 22,962Media 13,777Tourism Industry 13,777Hydro Power Sector 13,777Commercial Farmers 22,962Consultancies 45,924Legal and Insurance 2,296Climate Proofing 13,777Beverages 4,592Bank of Uganda and other Banks 13,777NGOs and CBOs 9,185Levy on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) 309,989Total potential revenue annual from mixed good services 985,457

Services that are rated as public good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE.Source of income Total annuallyUPDF Air Force 68,886Mercy Flights (e.g. UN) 22,962Health Sector 22,962Water Resources 22,962Agriculture Sector 413,318Disaster Preparedness and Management 45,924Public Weather Forecasts 91,848Planning and Finance 45,924Police Airwing 13,777Capital Development Needs (from Treasury) 1,148,106Total potential revenue annual from public good services 1,896,670


Annex 6: Project Risk Analysis (Risk Log)

Project Title: Strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Uganda for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change.

GEF Project ID: Date:GEF Agency Project ID:

# Description of the risk Potential consequence Countermeasures/ Management Response

Type(Risk

category)

Probability &

Impact (1-5)

Owner Submitted, updated by

Last Update Status

1 Delayed implementation of baseline projects by the government and donors negatively affects LDCF project outcomes.

Limited integration of complementary, principally hydrological data into the climate monitoring framework for creating and disseminating information, established through the LDCF project.

Continuous lobbying and sensitization of the policy makers based on evidence from the pilot sites to secure cooperation and commitment.

Political and operational

P = 2

I = 2

2 Installed hydro-meteorological equipment fails because it is vandalised or not maintained.

Coverage and frequency of transmit ion of climate data is reduced, resulting in limited achievement of LDCF project outcomes.

Awareness raising activities will be undertaken in target communities to highlight the importance of the installed equipment. In addition, the equipment will be housed within a secure fence.


P = 3

I = 4

3 Climate shocks occurring during the design and implementation phase of the LDCF project result in disruptions to installed equipment and severely affect communities, prior to the EWSs being established.

Coverage and frequency of transmit ion of climate data is reduced, resulting in limited achievement of LDCF project outcomes.

Disaster mitigation and response activities will be prioritized at the target communities whilst the EWS is being estabished.

Environmental P = 2

I = 3



Type(Risk

category)

Probability &

Impact (1-5)


Last Update Status

4 Local information technology and telecommunications infrastructure restricts the transfer of data from installed equipment to necessary recipients, and restricts communication amongst key role players and end-users.

Frequency of transmit ion of available climate data is reduced, as is co-ordination between IP, RPs and data end-users, resulting in limited achievement of LDCF project outcomes.

The LDCF project has been designed in accordance with local conditions, taking, where applicable, the latest available international technology into account.

Operational P = 3

I = 4

5 Procurement and installation of hydro-meteorological equipment, including hardware and software, is delayed because of complications with the release of funds and/or national procurement procedures.

Climate data is not collected, resulting in limited achievement of LDCF project outcomes.

Effective administrative planning will be undertaken, with support from UNDP CO, which will include procuring equipment at an early stage in the project implementation phase.

Political and strategic

P = 2

I = 4

6 Lack of commitment from communities where EWS are established undermines the effectiveness of the LDCF project demonstrations.

Community-based EWSs are ineffective as information is not used as intended, resulting in limited achievement of LDCF project outcomes.

The LDCF project will avoid a ‘top down’ approach and seek to create community ownership of the EWSs through community training and encouraging participation in project activities.


P = 1

I = 4

7 Alerts and warnings required by communities are not feasible to produce due to scientific or technological barriers.

The LDCF project will ensure that the training provided is based on the most up to date scientific and technical advances in the fields of hydrology and meteorology. A regional team of experts will be

The most up to date technology and scientific approaches and advances are feasible and appropriate for meeting the LDCF project needs. The level of

Operational P = 2

I = 2



Type(Risk

category)

Probability &

Impact (1-5)


Last Update Status

available on a full-time basis to provide support to work towards ensuring state-of-the-art technology and scientific methodology – suitable to the local context – is used.

error for forecasting is within the minimum thresholds appropriate for the LDCF project activities.


Annex 7: Capacity Assessment Scorecard

The scorecard is arranged according to functional capacities for agencies to both monitor and forecast climate-related hazard information, share and package such information with relevant agencies, disseminate both warnings and advisories based on such information and provide appropriate legal and procedural frameworks. The standard scale is:

1. No evidence of capacity2. Anecdotal evidence of capacity3. Partially developed capacity4. Widespread, but not comprehensive capacity5. Fully developed capacity

CAPACITY OF AGENCIES TO PRODUCE INFORMATION

Capacity Indicator Baseline: Level of Existing Capacity

Target level of Capacity in

the project timeframe

Priority of Capacity (h/m/l)

1 2 3 4 5Capacity to service the observational infrastructure e.g. hydrological and meteorological stations, radar, upper air monitoring, satellite technology etc. 2 3 h

Capacity to generate weather/climate forecasts e.g. Numerical weather prediction (1-7 days), seasonal forecasts etc. 2 3 m

Capacity to utilize internationally and regionally available monitoring and forecast products 3 4 h

Capacity to send local observations to international centres 2 4 h

Capacity to record and use national/local observations for monitoring current meteorological and hydrological hazards in a timely manner 2 4 h

Capacity to record and use national/local observations to forecast future 2 4 h


meteorological and hydrological hazards in a timely manner

Capacity to utilise satellite information for climate and environmental monitoring. 2 4 h

Capacity to form partnerships with key stakeholders to ensure effective delivery of agricultural/hydrological support services 4 5 m

Capacity to be able to monitor the cost of operations and maintenance of current equipment 3 4 m

Capacity to assess and understand key stakeholder’s needs for climate information 4 5 m

Capacity to enable a free flow of information (e.g. generate, and provide access to data and information to partners and other users) 2 4 h

Capacity to plan cost recovery mechanisms 2 3 m

Capacity to sell products to the private sector 3 4 m

CAPACITY OF AGENCIES TO PACKAGE INFORMATION


Target level of Capacity

in the project

timeframe

Priority of

Capacity (h/m/l)

1 2 3 4 5Capacity to fully understand impacts of climate variability and change on food security (e.g. on fisheries , crop production, livestock, etc) 2 4 h

Capacity to fully understand impacts of climate variability and change on water resources and flooding (e.g. dam management and flood risk modelling)

2 4 h

Capacity to combine climate monitoring and forecast information with current agricultural assessments to provide agriculturally specific advisories 1 4 h


Capacity to combine climate monitoring and forecast information with current hydrological assessments to provide hydrologically specific advisories

2 4 h

Capacity to partner with national government structures and academic institutions to develop tailored, sectorally specific information and packaged products

1 4 h

Capacity to feed climate information into policy briefs and long-term strategies 2 4 h

Capacity to analyze relevant data/information for policy strategies such as agricultural production, infrastructure development, credit, insurance and marketing

2 4 h

Capacity to feed climate information, forecasts and tailored information to disaster risk management agencies and frameworks 3 4 m

Capacity of disaster risk management agencies to assess information in a timely manner 2 4 h

CAPACITY OF AGENCIES TO DISSEMINATE INFORMATION



in the project

timeframe

Priority of

Capacity (h/m/l)

1 2 3 4 5Capacity to disseminate warnings and advisories in local languages 2 4 hCapacity to disseminate warnings and advisories related to existing indigenous practices and technologies. 2 4 h

Capacity to disseminate alerts in a wide range of media (e.g., privileged telephone communication systems, CB radios, SMS alerts etc.) 3 4 m

Capacity for district and community focal points to understand the content of warnings and advisories 2 4 h


Capacity to establish and sustain mechanisms to raise awareness on the impacts of climate shocks and long-term change 2 4 h

Capacity to coordinate with government agencies to respond to warnings 2 4 hCapacity to coordinate with CSOs to respond to warnings 2 4 h

Capacity to disseminate warnings and advisories to the district level or community focal points 2 4 h

Capacity of local populations to understand climate change and it’s long term effects 2 4 h

Capacity to receive feedback on the usefulness of alerts from affected communities 1 4 h

CAPACITY OF LEGISLATIVE AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK



in the project

timeframe

Priority of

Capacity (h/m/l)

1 2 3 4 5Capacity for national coordination of emergency response activities 2 4 hCapacity of standard operating procedures to guide the production, dissemination and response to warnings 2 4 h

Capacity of legislative system to mandate designated authorities e.g. which authority will disseminate warnings, which will produce warnings etc. 2 4 h

Capacity of multiple agencies to contribute to the issuing of warnings through national structures e.g. disaster management committees etc. 1 4 h

BASELINE: 77; TARGET: 143


Annex 8: Baseline and targeted percentage of national coverage of climate monitoring network.

The location and status of existing hydro-meteorological infrastructure is detailed further in Tables A.6.1 and A.6.2.

Baseline DoM Manual: 38 districts covered out of 121 districts, of which only 11districts have stations that do

not require rehabilitation. This equates to ~9.1%. Automatic: 26 districts covered out of 121 districts, of which only 1 district has astation that does

not require rehabilitation. This equates to ~1%. Total coverage: 49 districts covered out of 121 districts. This equates to 40.4%. However, only 13

districts out of 121 currently have functional observational stations, which equates to 11%.

Target DoM 25 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) installed and 32 manual (12 synoptic, 10 agro-

meteorological and 10 hydro-meteorological) and 32 AWSs rehabilitated in priority districts. Manual: 32 districts out of 121 covered by rehabilitated manual stations. This equates to 26%. Automatic: 40 districts covered out of 121 districts. This equates to 33%. Total coverage: 57 districts covered out of 121 districts. This equates to 47%.

Baseline DWRM Manual: 80 stations in 49 districts, of which 35 are operational in 29 districts out of 121. This

equates to ~24%. Automatic: 10 stations in 10 districts out of 121, out of which 5 are operational. This equates to

4.1%; Total coverage: 92 stations in 56 districts out of 121, out of which 40 are operational in 34

districts. This equates to 28.1%.

Target DWRM 16 Automatic Water Level Stations (AWLSs) installed and 40 manual hydro-meteorology stations

and 5 AWLSs rehabilitated in the Victoria, Kyoga, Albert and Upper Nile Water Management Zones (WMZs.)

Manual: 75 operational stations in 61 districts out of 121. This equates to 50.4%. Automatic: 26 operational stations in 24 districts out of 121. This equates to 19.8%. Total coverage: 103 operational stations in 61 districts out of 121. This equates to 50.4%.

Table A.8.1. Baseline status of climate observation network of DoMStation Number

Name Type Status Latitude Longitude District

86300000 Arua Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 3.05 30.917 Arua

87320000 Gulu Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 2.783 32.283 Gulu

89330430 Jinja Met. Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 0.45 33.183 Jinja

91290000 Kabake Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation -1.25 29.983 Kabale

89320220 Makerere University

synoptic Rehabilitation 0.25 32.633 Kampala

89300630 Kasese Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 0.183 30.1 Kasese


88310030 Masindi Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 1.683 31.717 Masindi

90300030 Mbarara Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation -0.6 30.683 Mbarara

89320660 Entebbe Intl Airport

synoptic Rehabilitation 0.05 32.45 Wakiso

88330060 Soroti Met Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 1.717 33.617 Soroti

89340190 Tororo Met.Station

synoptic Rehabilitation 0.683 34.167 Tororo

87320390 Lira Ngetta AgroMet

synoptic Rehabilitation 2.283 32.933 Lira

88320110 Aduku Variety Trial

Hydromet 10 out of the 15 stations require rehabilitation.

1.983 32.717 Apac

90300320 Bushenyi Agromet Station

Hydromet -0.567 30.167 Bushenyi

88310060 Bulindi Farm Hydromet 1.483 31.467 Hoima89330390 Ikulwe Farm

InstituteHydromet 0.433 33.483 Mayuge

91290040 Karengere Pyrethrum Plant

Hydromet -1.217 29.8 Kabale

89300180 Kyembogo Farm

Hydromet 0.683 30.333 Kabarole

86320000 Kitgum Centre VT

Hydromet 3.3 32.883 Kitgum

90310260 Kamenyamigo. Hydromet -0.3 31.667 Lwengo88340590 Buginyanya

Coffee ResHydromet 1.283 34.367 Bulambuli

89320670 Namulonge Res Station

Hydromet 0.533 32.617 Wakiso

89321290 Mityana DFI Hydromet 0.383 32.033 Mityana89321040 Kituza Coffee

Research Station

Hydromet 0.267 32.767 Mukono

88330040 Serere Agric Station

Hydromet 1.517 33.45 Serere

89330140 Ivukula Hydromet 0.95 33.583 Iganga91290120 Kachwekano

DFIHydromet -1.25 29.95 Kabale

87310150 Wadelai WDD Agromet 10 out of the 17 required rehabilitation.

2.733 31.400 Nebbi88300040 Kasonga HM Agromet 1.183 30.783 Hoima88310000 Butiaba HM Agromet 1.817 31.350 Bulisa89300790 Kyenjojo 1st

Order StationAgromet 0.600 30.650 Kyenjojo

88330470 Kiige WDD Agromet 1.183 33.033 Kamuli86340020 Kotido Agromet 3.017 34.100 Kotido


88320260 Ngoma Hydromet Station

Agromet 1.183 32.017 Nakaseke

88320270 Kakoge Hydromet Station

Agromet 1.067 32.467 Nakasongola

90310410 Masaka Hydromet

Agromet -0.350 31.733 Masaka

89310340 Ntusi Hydromet Agromet 0.050 31.217 Sembabule88340620 Namalu C.

PrisonAgromet 1.800 34.600 Nakapiripirit

89320750 Entebbe WDD Agromet 0.050 32.467 Wakiso89310330 Mubende

Hydromet Station

Agromet 0.583 31.367 Mubende

90300450 Ntungamo Agromet -0.883 30.267 Ntugamo90310370 Kibanda WDD Agromet -0.867 31.367 Rakai88330450 Bugondo

Hydromet Station

Agromet 1.617 33.283 Serere

88300060 Pachwa Agromet 1.13 31.28 KibaleKarenga Automatic -

Davis Vantage

31 out of the 32 required rehabilitation.

Kaabong

Kaabong Automatic - Davis Vantage

Kaabong

Nakaperimoru Automatic - Davis Vantage

Kotido

Kotido Automatic - Davis Vantage

Kotido

Matany Automatic - Davis Vantage

Napak

Moroto Automatic - Davis Vantage

Moroto

Amdat Automatic - Davis Vantage

Amdat

Nakapiripirit Automatic - Davis Vantage

Nakapiripirit

Amuria Automatic - Davis Vantage

Amuria

Katakwi Automatic - Katakwi


Davis Vantage

Kumi Automatic - Davis Vantage

Kumi

Pader Automatic - Davis Vantage

Pader

Kalongo Automatic - Davis Vantage

Pader

Luwero Automatic - Davis Vantage

Luwero

Bukalasa Automatic - Davis Vantage

Luwero

Nyimbwa Automatic - Davis Vantage

Luwero

Buhimba Automatic - Davis Vantage

Hoima

Munkunyu Automatic - Davis Vantage

Kasese

Kitswamba Automatic - Davis Vantage

Kasese

Nakasongola Automatic - Davis Vantage

Nakasongola

Entebbe Automatic - Skye Instruments

Wakiso

Makerere Automatic - Skye Instruments

Kampala

Masindi Automatic - Skye Instruments

Masindi

Kasese Automatic - Skye Instruments

Kasese

Arua Automatic - Skye Instruments

Arua

Kabale Automatic - Skye Instruments

Kabale


Soroti Automatic - Skye Instruments

Soroti

Tororo Automatic - Skye Instruments

Tororo

Jinja Automatic - Skye Instruments

Jinja

Buhoma Automatic - Vaisala

Kanungu

Ishasha Automatic - Vaisala

Rukungiri

Mubako Automatic - Vaisala

Bulisa

Katanguru Automatic - Vaisala

Rubirizi

Table A.8.2 Baseline status of climate observation network of DWRM.Station Number

Station Name Type Status Latitude Longitude District

87222 R. Albert Nile at Panyango

Manual operational 2.566667 31.433333 Nebbi

87217 R. Albert Nile at Laropi

Manual operational 3.552222 31.813333 Moyo

85217 R. Waki II at Biiso - Hoima Road

Manual operational 1.708611 31.377778 Hoima

85212 R. Nkussi at Kyenjojo - Hoima Road

Manual operational 1.130000 30.994722 Kibaale

85201 L. Albert at Butiaba

Manual operational 1.836389 31.327500 Buliisa

84227 R. Chambura at Kichwamba

Manual operational 0.122778 30.106667 Katerere

84212 R. Mpanga at Kampala - Fort Portal Road

Manual operational 0.643611 30.393333 Kabarole

84206 L. Edward at Katwe

Manual operational 0.148333 29.882500 Kasese

83219 R. Kigwe at Semuto - Wobulenzi Road.

Manual operational 0.723611 32.495833 Luwero

83213 R. Kafu at Kampala - Gulu Road

Manual operational 1.543056 32.042222 Nakasongola

83212 R. Tochi II at Gulu - Atura

Manual operational 2.227222 32.341667 Oyam


Road83209 R. Kyoga Nile at

ParaaManual operational 2.283333 31.563889 Buliisa

83206 R. Kyoga Nile at Kamdini

Manual operational 2.266667 32.266667 Oyam

83203 R. Kyoga Nile at Masindi Port

Manual operational 1.694722 32.092778 Kiryandongo

82251 R. Wambuli - Nakasongola

Manual operational 1.469444 32.280833 Nakasongola

82241 R. Simu at Mbale - Moroto Road

Manual operational 1.298333 34.287222 Bulambuli

82240 R. Sironko at Mbale - Moroto Road

Manual operational 1.236111 34.256944 Sironko

82231 R. Kelim (Greek) at Mbale - Moroto Road

Manual operational 1.598333 34.543889 Kween

82225 R. Sezibwa at Falls

Manual operational 0.366667 32.866667 Buikwe

82222 R. Abuket at Kumi - Serere Road

Manual operational 1.453333 33.654167 Serere

82221 R. Agu at Kumi - Serere Road

Manual operational 1.468333 33.699722 Ngora

82220 R. Enget at Bata - Dokolo Road

Manual operational 2.000000 33.183333 Dokolo

82218 R. Malaba at Jinja - Tororo Road

Manual operational 0.585000 34.051944 Busia

82213 R. Namatala at Mbale - Soroti Road

Manual operational 1.108611 34.172778 Mbale

82212 R. Manafwa at Mbale - Tororo Road

Manual operational 0.936944 34.157778 Mbale

82205 L. Kwania at Kachung

Manual operational 1.916667 32.983333 Dokolo

82203 R. Victoria Nile at Mbulamuti

Manual operational 0.866667 33.000000 Kayunga

82201 L. Kyoga at Bugondo Pier

Manual operational 1.622222 33.278333 Serere

81260 R. Kibimba at Kinoni - Mubende Road

Manual operational 0.192222 31.695833 Gomba

81250 R. Kiruruma South at Kitumba

Manual operational 1.283333 30.000000 Kabale

81224 R. Ruizi at Manual operational 0.619167 30.645000 Mbarara


Mbarara Water Works

81223 R. Kagera at Masangano

Manual operational 0.939167 31.763333 Rakai

81216 R. Kakinga Index Catchment

Manual operational 0.118056 31.052500 Kiruhura

81202 L. Victoria at Jinja Pier

Manual operational 0.414444 33.207500 Jinja

81201 L. Victoria at Entebbe Pier

Manual operational 0.066667 32.466667 Wakiso

87221 R. Albert Nile at Laropi

Manual Rehabilitation 3.550000 31.816667 Adjumani

87218 R. Nyagak Manual Rehabilitation 2.866667 30.966667 Arua87212 R. Ora at Inde -

Pakwach RoadManual Rehabilitation 2.716667 31.400000 Nebbi

87210 R. Albert Nile at Pakwach

Manual Rehabilitation 2.450000 31.500000 Nwoya

87208 R. Oru at Arua - Yumbe Road

Manual Rehabilitation 3.266667 31.133333 Maracha

87207 R. Ayugi at Atiak - Laropi Road

Manual Rehabilitation 3.350000 32.050000 Amuru

87206 R. Anyau at Arua - Moyo Road

Manual Rehabilitation 3.250000 31.116667 Maracha

87201 R. Nyarwodo Manual Rehabilitation 2.500000 31.133333 Nebbi86213 R. Agago at

Kitgum - Lira Road

Manual Rehabilitation 2.833333 32.966667 Pader

86212 R. Pager at Kitgum

Manual Rehabilitation 3.250000 33.883333 Kotido

86202 R. Aswa II at Gulu - Kitgum Road

Manual Rehabilitation 2.950000 32.583333 Gulu

86201 R. Aswa I at Puranga

Manual Rehabilitation 2.583333 32.933333 Lira

85214 R. Wambabya at Buseruka

Manual Rehabilitation 1.550000 31.116667 Hoima

85211 R. Muzizi Manual Rehabilitation 0.950000 30.733333 Kibaale85206 L. Albert at

NtorokoManual Rehabilitation 1.050000 30.550000 Ntoroko

85205 R. Semliki at Bweramule

Manual Rehabilitation 0.950000 30.183333 Ntoroko

84279 R. Kaku Manual Rehabilitation 1.216667 29.633333 Kisoro84278 R. Chambura at

Nyakasharu - Katerera Bd.

Manual Rehabilitation 0.247778 30.152778 Katerere

84274 R. Eisesero at Manual Rehabilitation 1.183333 29.833333 Kabale


Lake Bunyonyi Outlet

84267 R. Mitano at Kanungu - Rwensama Road

Manual Rehabilitation 0.683333 29.800000 Kanungu

84265 R. Ishasha at Katunguru - Zaire Road


84264 R. Ntungwe at Katunguru - Zaire Road


84228 R. Nyamugasani at Katwe - Zaire Road

Manual Rehabilitation 0.116667 29.833333 Kasese

84224 R. Rukoki at Fort Portal - Kasese Road


84222 R. Mubuku at Fort Portal - Kasese Road


84221 R. Rwimi at Fort Portal - Kasese Road


84215 R. Mpanga at Fort Portal - Ibanda Road

Manual Rehabilitation 0.100000 30.466667 Ibanda

84207 L. George at Kasenyi


83218 R. Mayanja at Kapeeka

Manual Rehabilitation 0.565833 32.416667 Wakiso

82245 R. Akokorio at Soroti - Katakwi Road

Manual Rehabilitation 1.863889 33.854167 Katakwi

82243 R. Sipi at Mbale - Moroto Road

Manual Rehabilitation 1.383333 34.316667 Bulambuli

82239 R. Longiro - Near Kotido

Manual Rehabilitation 2.990000 34.100000 Kotido

82228 R. Namalu at Mbale - Moroto Rd

Manual Rehabilitation 1.783333 34.600000 Nakapiripirit

82227 R. Kapiri at Kumi - Soroti Road

Manual Rehabilitation 1.666667 33.766667 Ngora

82224 L. Bisina at Opeta

Manual Rehabilitation 1.650000 34.133333 Katakwi

82217 R. Mpologoma Manual Rehabilitation 0.833333 33.783333 Namutumba82206 L. Kyoga at

LwampangaManual Rehabilitation 1.516667 32.516667 Nakasongola

81278 R. Kagera_ Manual Rehabilitation 1.050000 30.430000 Ntungamo


Kikagati81270 R. Bukora Manual Rehabilitation 0.850000 31.483333 Rakai81269 R. Sio Manual Rehabilitation 0.316667 34.050000 Namiyango81266 L. Wamala at

LubajjaManual Rehabilitation 0.250000 31.883333 Mityana

81259 R. Katonga - Kampala -Masaka Rd

Manual Rehabilitation 0.116667 31.933333 Kalungu

81248 R. Nyakizumba Manual Rehabilitation 1.316667 30.083333 Kabale81233 R. Kibale Manual Rehabilitation 0.766667 31.350000 Rakai81225 R. Ruizi at

NdeizaManual Rehabilitation 0.718056 30.366667 Mbarara

9034901 Kome Automatic 5 out of the 10 require rehabilitation.

0.080000 32.733000 Mukono9033901 Lolui Automatic 0.129000 33.669000 Namiyango9032901 Bukasa Automatic 0.411000 32.526000 Kalangala9031901 Masaka Automatic 0.330000 31.750000 Masaka9030001 Mbarara Automatic 0.200000 30.650000 Kiruhura8930901 Kasese Automatic 0.660000 30.360000 Kabarole8834002 Mbale Automatic 1.067000 34.167000 Mbale8832901 Nakasongola Automatic 1.377500 32.456000 Nakasongola8734001 Moroto Automatic 2.550000 34.483000 Napak8631005 Moyo Automatic 3.617000 31.733000 Moyo


Annex 9. Agreements (including co-financing letters)

9.1. Co-financing letter: Government of Uganda (GoU), Ministry of Water and Environment: i) Department of Meteorology (DoM) budget allocation; ii) DWRM budget allocation; iii) Joint Partnership Fund – Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme (JWESSP).


9.2. Co-financing letter: UNDP Strengthening Uganda’s Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacities (SUDPMC)

9.3. Co-financing letter: GoU Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDMP)/Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) budget allocation

9.4. Co-financing letter: German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ)

9.5. Co-financing letter: WB Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services (ATAAS)

9.6. Co-financing letter: Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department of the European Commission (ECHO) - Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development (ACTED) Drought Early Warning System (DEWS)

9.7. Co-financing letter: The International Telecommunications Union and Uganda Communication Commission (ITU/UCC)


Annex 10. ReferencesACMAD. 2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigiliance

products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, NigerDirectorate of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Refugees. 2010. The National Policy for Disaster

Preparedness and Management. Office of The Prime Minister: 1-88.Government of Uganda. 2012. Joint Water and Environment Sector Support Programme, 2013-2018. Ministry

of Water and Environment: 1-171.Hallegatte, S. 2012. A Cost Effective Solution to Reduce Disaster Losses in Developing Countries: Hydro-

Meteorological Services, Early Warning, and Evacuation. Policy Research Working paper 6058. The World Bank.

Healy, A. and Malhotra, N. 2009. Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy. The American Political Science Review 103(3): 387-406.

Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC. (Draft-2013). A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US.

Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision to Women Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.

The Republic of Uganda. 2009. United Nations Development Assistance Framework, 2010 to 2014. United Nations System in Uganda: 1-66. The Republic of Uganda. 2010. National Development Plan. International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.: 1-499.

The Republic of Uganda. 2010. Operationalisation of Catchment-based Water Resources Management. Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Resources Management: 1-135.

The Republic of Uganda. 2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30. The Republic of Uganda. 2012. Uganda National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and

Environment: 1-58.Tsirkunov, V. and Rogers, D. 2010.Costs and benefits of early warning systems. Global Assessment

report on Disaster Risk Reduction. The World Bank.World Bank. 2010. Natural hazards, Unnatural disasters: Effective prevention through an economic

lens. World Bank and United Nations. 231 pp.Zhu, X. 2011.Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – TNA Guidebook

Series. UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Denmark.

Jolliffe, I.T., and D.B. Stephenson, 2003: Forecast Verification: A Practitioner's Guide in Atmospheric Science. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 240 pp.

Wilks, D.S., 2006: Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences, 2nd ed. Academic Press/Elsevier, New York, 627 pp.

Annex 11. Key assessment reports

11.1 Inception Report

Strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Africa for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change –Uganda

INCEPTION REPORT

Author: James Reeler, Michael Mbogga and Racheal MulekeOctober 2012

Executive summary:A mission was undertaken to kick start a 6-8 month process that will be followed to narrow down the activities to be undertaken by an LDCF financed project “Strengthening climate information and early warning systems for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change: Uganda”. The mission was focussed i) initiating the stakeholder engagement process; ii) taking stock of all relevant activities in the EWS arena in Uganda, to ensure alignment of the project with current, planned and ongoing EWS development initiatives; iii) developing a workplan for technical assessments to be undertaken during the project planning phase.

An inception workshop was held with stakeholders including national structures responsible for generating and using EWS, as well as a number of development partners and NGOs. This 1 day workshop was held at the Mosa Court Apartments, in Kampala on the 4 th of September. This was followed by three additional days of meetings with bilateral and multilateral organisations to obtain further information regarding ongoing operations and gaps in EWS capacity within Uganda. Some identified stakeholders were not available for consultation during the period of the mission. However, through a process of iterative engagement, a list of relevant activities and organisations was drawn up.

Two national consultants (Michael Mbogga and Racheal Muleke) have been hired for the project preparation phase of the LDCF project, and their activities are being coordinated by the international consultant (James Reeler). They are currently engaging with all outstanding stakeholders to obtain a full assessment of the baseline situation. Final identification of relevant activities is being delayed pending the full stocktaking analysis to better ensure that the project addresses necessary gaps.

Key findings from the mission include: Although Uganda historically had fairly extensive hydro-meteorological capacity, it has lost much

of this capacity, and has not been able to modernize. Although a number of different projects are currently investing in training and infrastructure for the services, there is still considerable lack of expertise, infrastructure and knowledge for the implementation of long-term climate monitoring.

The Department of Meteorology (DoM) is in the process of becoming an independent agency called the Ugandan National Meteorological Authority (UNMA). A business plan has been drawn up for this process, which has been validated by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED). In addition, a gap analysis and investment plan conducted by the US Trade Development Agency (USTDA) has been made available in part to the project. These documents will help considerably in the assessment and costing of needs for the project.

The Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM) has been receiving some support from GIZ, NELSAP, Sheba HydroMet and the Chinese government, but nevertheless lacks capacity to monitor ground- and surface-water levels throughout the country. Each of these has supplied a different model of monitoring equipment, which is problematic in terms of maintenance. A Water

Resources Assessment Strategy has nearly been completed, which will provide guidance on the locations of required monitoring equipment.

The Department of Disaster Preparedness, Management and Refugees (DDPMR) within the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) is mandated with disaster risk reduction and early warning systems in terms of the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management. It also chairs the recently-formed National DRR Platform’s Early Warning subcommittee, which is mandated as the central committee for early warning information dissemination. Current capacity for implementation of these obligations is very low.

EWS structures at the central level are still very limited. A number of NGO-run community early warning systems have been developed at district level within high-priority provinces, and the project is engaging with these to evaluate successes and failures within these procedures. Some of these are highly successful (such as the ACTED drought early warning system in Karamoja), but there has not been a good analysis of the successes and best practices, and national guidance on the development of EWS is lacking.

Communication and coordination between core EWS organisations. At present there is poor communication of information, and no central repository for information storage. This hampers the development and dissemination of timely warnings.

Initial activities, workshop and consultationsA national inception workshop was held on the 4th September 2012, and stakeholders from many organisations were present to provide input and guidance in the PPG stage. Full details are provided in section 2.1

Following the inception workshop, bilateral consultations took place with government departments (e.g. Ministry of Water and Environment), technical institutions (Directorate of Water Resource Management), and bilateral/multilateral donors (e.g.: GIZ). These meetings were designed to inform the relevant institutions of the LDCF project’s proposed components, elucidate the role of current baseline activities, identify gaps and needs within the EWS institutions, and to identify potential areas not already covered in the PIF and inception workshop that might be addressed through project activities. Rough costings for these activities were discussed wherever possible, and projects that had already undertaken scoping of the needs identified so that the NCs and IC could attempt to secure copies of these documents and thereby ensure that the LDCF project plays a strengthening and complementary role to on-going and proposed capacity building activities.Inception workshopThe inception workshop involved 20 participants from technical, governmental and donor agencies. After presentations from the DDPMR and DoM, the IC facilitated a guided discussion to establish the national priorities with respect to climate EWS, and to establish priority areas for the project EWS implementation.

Full minutes of the inception workshop are appended in .Key sectors / users of climate informationDuring the inception workshop, the following groups were identified as key organisations for project interaction: The DoM in the Ministry of Water and Environment monitors weather and climate variables and

produces forecasts and seasonal outlooks for all national partners. At present this national department is severely understaffed, but it is in the process of transforming to a fully independent national authority. This department/authority is responsible for providing the meteorological and climate products required by the project.

The DDPMR is mandated with the coordination of disaster risk reduction activities, including defining preventive action, rehabilitation policy and implementing rehabilitation activities in disaster areas. It co-chairs the National DRR Platform Early Warning Subcommittee.

The DWRM is the national agency responsible for monitoring ground-water and surface water, operation and maintenance of flow meters, and for hydrological modelling of such resources. As such this Department is the project’s key resource for determination of flood risk.

The Early Warning Subcommittee of the National DRR Platform has recently been formed with the mandate for monitoring of all national EWS. It is currently looking at developing regular early warning bulletins and examining the dissemination structure. All EWS information that is not time-essential must be disseminated through this structure, although as yet the dissemination structures have not been fully developed.

The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries has currently facilitates the dissemination of seasonal alerts and relevant warnings through its national structures, down to the district level. It provides agricultural extension services to rural farming communities and is therefore a key implementing partner for the project.

After some discussion regarding key sectors dependent on EWS, it was agreed that a more useful designation would be the types of EWS that were feasible through the project. Once it was clarified that the principal focus of the LDCF project was on climate-related EWS, the group identified three key EWS products that are of value to multiple sectors of society. These are: drought EWS on a seasonal scale, with as fine a scale as possible to ensure that the products are

relevant to targeted districts; river flood EWS as a result of large upstream rains; and flash flood warnings.A fourth type of warning that is of particular relevance to the hilly eastern parts of the country is that of potential land slippage. It was agreed that the potential for developing land slippage warnings was beyond the scope of the project, although training for identifying indicators by local EWS cells might be undertaken.

It was pointed out that there is a shortage of appropriate climate and river information throughout the country, despite the fact that several projects are currently underway to assist in building capacity in these areas. In addition, there is low capacity to collate, interpret and disseminate the information (particularly time-dependent information) due to a lack of both infrastructural resources and institutional technical capacity.

The stakeholders were divided into two groups: i) the information generation group, focuses on the gathering and processing of climatic and environmental data, and the provision of relevant products; and ii) the information use group, including the identification and transmission of warnings, and coordination of responses to such warnings. These groups will work independently to determine needs and gaps, and the information will be coordinated by the project team. Michael Mbogga has been assigned to work with the former group to gather baseline information and further determine needs and gaps, and Racheal Muleke has been assigned to the second group. The flow of information between the stakeholders during the project preparation stage will be undertaken by the project team.

Vulnerable regions to be targetedIt was agreed in the workshop that the project should concentrate on building capacity nationally within the government agencies relevant to DRR and early warning. However, key areas were identified as highly vulnerable to specific climate-related threats, and it was agreed that the project would focus relevant EWS activities to address the needs of communities in these key areas. These key areas are: The cattle corridor running from SW Uganda (Mbarara) to NE Uganda (Karamoja), which

typically experiences the worst effect of droughts, and is therefore most in need of drought EWS The eastern highland area (around Mt Elgon) typically experiences high incidences of land

slippage and landslides as a result of inundation; and The central Teso region has been identified as highly vulnerable to both flash flooding and river

flooding, and therefore a priority location for flood EWS.

Initial consultations Consultations were carried out by the IC and NCs over the period from 3-7 September 2012. Full details of these consultations and the key findings from the interactions are provided in Annex 2.

Additional consultations undertaken and lined up

24/10/2012: The IC undertook a meeting with the US Trade Development Agency to coordinate around their project “Modernising the Ugandan Meteorological Services”. A provisional gap analysis for the DoM was provided, with rough costings, and the full gap analysis will be provided once the report is released in December 2012. It is hoped that the gap analysis undertaken by the USTDA will highlight specific areas in which the EWS project can address needs and supplement activities already being undertaken by the USTDA. It was further agreed that USTDA will be advised of any infrastructural and training activities to be undertaken by the EWS project in order to prevent duplication of activities

The IC and Mark Tadross had a Skype conversation with the UNDP Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery on to discuss the BCPR’s activities regionally. This was followed up by a direct consultation between the IC and Aliou Dia of BCPR on 24/10/2012. BCPR has provided a copy of the project document for their new project “Strengthening Uganda’s Disaster Preparedness and Management Capacities” which has been identified as one of the baseline projects upon which to build.

Racheal Muleke will meet with ACTED, WFP, RANET and the Red Cross over the period October-November 2012, since they are all undertaken relevant EWS work. She will also follow up with the DRR to quantify needs and complete a gap assessment.

Michael Mbogga will meet with the hydromet departments

Project development

Whilst a good amount of information and detail regarding on-going activities and recommendations was obtained during the inception mission, there are still large amounts of information to be gathered by the NCs before the project framework can be finalised,Current and past EWS-related activitiesAt present the majority of EWS activities are focussed on delivering drought-related warnings. At first glance it appears that there is extensive investment in this area, but this is nevertheless identified as a key area for improvement by national partners and many separate bilateral agencies. Part of the reason for this shortcoming is that despite some successes in the area of drought early warning the majority of the projects are very localised, with little interaction with the national partners, and consequently poor coordination with necessary relief efforts where required. This lack of coordination is being addressed for drought and famine through the FSAL coordination committee detailed below, but there is little coordination as yet for non-food/agricultural early warning and response. FEWSNet (Famine Early Warning System Network) provides three seasonal forecasts per

annum, with monthly updates on changes in these outlooks. These data are provided directly to the MAAIF, which integrates the reports into their seasonal forecasts and agricultural extension services. In addition, the reports are taken into account in the determination of seasonal outlook reports by the DoM. At present FEWS does not provide up to date monitoring of the current state of the growing period.

Food Security and Agricultural Livelihoods (FSAL) coordination committee: This cluster was put together as part of the OCHA clusters approach programme. The coordination committee is made up of government departments, NGOs and national organisations with activities in the relevant sectors. They meet regularly to discuss potential hazards, and play a key role in the coordination of national and community responses to potential drought or famine events. Sources of information for these events include the FEWSNet reports, DoM outputs and on-the-ground

indicators where available from member NGOs. It was indicated that this committee would benefit significantly from improved information resolution and reliability, particularly from national partners.

World Food Program Vulnerability and Mapping: This project is coordinated with the FEWSNet and ACTED programs. To date, the project has supplied 12 automated weather stations in the Karamoja and Teso regions for the DoM, and supplied an additional 14 to MWE (totalling ~$200,000 so far in purchase, installation and maintenance costs). This project has also supplied phones to the communities for the transfer of information between community focal points and district coordination individuals. As well as providing drought and planting information to these communities, the project gathers and distributes provides market information (market prices and crop production estimates) using the Grameen Foundation’s Community Knowledge Worker initiative. All this information is used in the coordination of responses within the FSAL committee.

ACTED Drought Early Warning System (DEWS) in Karamoja: This programme has been running since 2008, and has expanded from the original focus of to encompass the whole region in 2013. It is a detailed and functional EWS to provide drought warning information to communities within the area, by making use of community and market indicators. The indicators are gathered monthly by district and parish officials, and are transmitted via a district EW focal person by means of a mobile phone data-gathering system. These data are automatically aggregated by a software system, and are analysed at the district level by heads of department. Information dissemination back to the communities is carried out through several different routes, including community drama and radio bulletins. This is a very successful model which is currently examining the potential interactions with the DoM to further strengthen the value of the reports that it generates. However, the linkages between this regional approach and national institutions need to be developed more fully to allow for appropriate response planning in national agencies. In addition, there is significant scope for the integration of improved forecasts into the EWS, once these are made available by DoM. Additional information about this warning system will be elucidated by the NCs before the second stakeholder workshop.

Red Cross community EWS in Karamoja: The Ugandan Red Cross Service (URCS) currently carries out disaster risk reduction (DRR) activities in some of the more vulnerable areas of Karamoja as a corollary to their disaster relief activities. These activities are funded by several international Red Cross organisations (including the Danish Red Cross, the German Red Cross, the British Red Cross and theSwedish Red Cross). In addition, a fund has been set aside to provide EWS in these areas. At present, the EWS activities are primarily community response activities for river flood warning. River height gauges have been provided in key vulnerable areas, and community members trained to read these, and to provide timeous warnings to local communities if the rivers rise beyond critical thresholds. These warnings are typically delivered by individuals on bicycles riding from house to house, and in some areas drums are also used. In addition, the URCS is also training community members to identify indicators of potential land slippage. Refuges and escape routes for communities have been established, and the communities are trained to make use of these. Importantly, a key shortcoming for these response mechanisms is the fact that the monitoring is most important during extreme rainfall events, during which times people are typically indoors avoiding the rain. Automatic stations might therefore provide a good alternative means of raising the alert.

The International Telecommunications Union, together with the Uganda Communications Commission, are piloting a telecommunications EWS. This small-scale project ($300,000) has not yet identified a pilot area or fully realized the information value chain from source to the target community, and is therefore a key project with which to coordinate.

Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD): IGAD has a country programme as a component of the regional programming framework entitled “Initiatives to End Drought Emergencies in the Horn of Africa”. Relevant activities include providing EWS for pastoral people in Karamoja, support for EWS development in MAAIF (6.22 in Country Programming Paper) and climate monitoring and adaptation (6.23 in CPP). At present this project is in the early stages of implementation and therefore is a useful project with which to develop synergies.

The Northern Uganda Data Centre (NUDC) was established through the operations of OCHA. At the completion of the project, no additional funding was provided, and the NUDC has since been integrated into OPM. The original concept as envisaged by OCHA was for the NUDC to form the core of a mapping and data management entity within DDPMR to enable it to undertake vulnerability mapping and streamline response strategies. However, the NUDC lacks formal funding and needs to have capacity expanded in order to fully realise its mandate. In addition, the staffing complement is low for such a broad-reaching mandate. At present it is playing an M&E role for the Peace & Recovery Development Plan (PRDP) in Northern Uganda.

DoM has a functional severe weather warning system for fishermen on Lake Victoria. The DoM monitors storm cells migrating across Lake Victoria, and issues alerts through local radio stations in areas adjacent to the lake. This system has met with considerable success, and response to the alerts is very high. Recently the project piloted a three-month SMS alert system for a part of this area (called the Mobile Weather Alerts project). Partnered with Ericsson, MTN and the National Lake Rescue Institute, this project may provide a potential example of a functional SMS rapid alert system.

Limitations of current capacity and existing systemsWeaknesses and limitations of current EWS systems and their capacity include the following:

Limited capacity to manage crises in the field by the DDPMR at present, as witnessed by the timing of responses to landslides in the Mt Elgon region. However, the response has improved since 2011, and the DDPMR is steadily building capacity.

No formal protocols for dissemination of low-priority alerts through media houses. Emergency dissemination through national radio is undertaken, but there is nevertheless considerable leeway for media to select the information that they disseminate rather than issuing a standardised alert.

Poor collaboration between various EWS agencies (DoM, DoWRM, DDPMR and media) Poor coordination of climate information. At present information is gathered and held by a

large number of discrete entities, and is not readily exchanged. Climate and weather data collection is poor, data are unreliable, and much of the equipment is

non-functional due to poor maintenance or budgetary restrictions. Inability to provide numerically modelled forecasts on the part of the DoM – most reports are

based on external information and expert interpretation of synoptic observations. Poor resolution of forecasting (too broad scale) and low reliability, which means that

community responses are typically sceptical. No tailored forecasts for the agricultural sector, which inhibits long-term development

planning. Low mapping capacity and difficulty in providing spatially explicit forecasts at a district

level. DoWRM cannot run high-resolution hydrological models to provide warnings for land

slippages and flash floods Lack of realtime information for both DoM and DoWRM, preventing the issuance of any

short term warnings. Little historical climate information, and where it is available it typically has not yet been

digitised or electronically archived. No modern data management systems in wither DoM or DoWRM, although other projects are

addressing this in part.

EWS components, existing and proposed Weather data:

o 12 class 1 manual synoptic stations, undertaking 24 hour monitoring using the global telecommunications system (GTS). Currently migrating to the WMO standard Table-driven Code Forms (TDCF).

o 200 reported manual rainfall stations, although typically only 60 or so will report in any given month. A number of these stations are no longer functional as a result of lack of

maintenance (the exact number is under review at present). Accuracy of the monthly reports from these stations varies considerably, and there are challenges in providing payment to monitors, which means reporting is erratic.

o 35 automated weather stations provided by GIZ and WFP (either installed or being installed) in remote areas. No information is being generated from these as yet. They are ADCOM stations, and are designed to provide updates via GPRS. Both the GPRS and the integration of the systems into central data management have proved challenging.

o All coverage is below WMO standards of 1 synoptic station per 100km and 1 rain gauge per 8km.

o Staffing complement is low due to funding shortfalls, and only 140 of 350 positions within the department are filled.

Satellite data is accessed through a EUMETSAT receiving station in Kampala, which has upgraded from PUMA to AMESD. Satellite data reception is considered to be sufficient, but there is little capacity and no equipment to undertake any numerical interpretation of the data.

The Satellite Aviation Distribution System is fully operational, with backup. However, there is insufficient radar coverage of Ugandan airspace, and additional radar coverage is needed.

Hydrological data gathering capacity is low at present:o Multiple manual flow meter measurements, with data provided either weekly or monthly

via post or telephone. Coverage of the country was originally high, but many of the stations and flow gauges are damaged or poorly maintained.

o Automated, real-time flow measurements available for only one basin at four sites (Mbale area). This prevents rapid warnings for inundation and flash flood warnings.

o GIZ has provided 14 flow gauges to the DoWRM, which are undergoing testing, but are mostly not yet installed in the field.

o The Water Resource Assessment Strategy is nearly complete, and this should assist in the analysis of additional gaps in monitoring capacity.

Weather bulletins are provided at daily, decadal and monthly scales. The analysis is synoptic, and numerical models are not run due to lack of equipment, data and personnel skills.

Needs for the EWS components include the establishment of an accurate and rapid flood warning system. This includes accurate hydrological modeling, determination of formal alerts (including level warnings, risk maps and flood probabilities). Key to the establishment of such a system is a network of automated hydrological stations reporting via GSM or GPRS depending on network coverage). The required additional coverage will be investigated by the NCs in collaboration with the DoWRM.

In addition, a drought warning system is required, which will greatly improve the accuracy and resolution of current drought warning systems. This requires better coverage of synoptic and rainfall stations in the country. The required number of stations and equipment is already being assessed through actions of the USTDA, and the project will collaborate with this organization to ensure that maximum coverage is achieved as rapidly as possible.

Finally, development and integration of SOPs for information dissemination between EWS bodies and to the district and community level needs to be undertaken. This needs to include both rapid response systems and long lead time systems.Training is required for: Improving forecast information Setting up, managing and using electronic databases Installation and maintenance of new equipment.Potential private sector clients

Limited engagement was possible with the private sector due to time limitations. However, the business plan for the privatisation of the DoM includes details of potential sources of private sector income to ensure that the agency is able to maintain and improve the current levels of operation. These include: Electricity operators have a vested interest in maintaining regular water flow, and are at risk from both

drought and flood events. The mining sector is dependent on regular water flow as well Cellphone companies (MTN and Airtel) has been nominated as a key may be interested in distributing

weather and agricultural advisories as a value-added subscription service. Agribusiness may be interested in drought, flood, and high wind advisories in order to undertake remedial

measures (timing of irrigation, supplementary Insurance companies can also be approached to investigate the potential for weather-based insurance for

the agribusiness sector. However, whilst specific amounts have been estimated for the earnings from these sectors, it is specified in the business plan that procedures for such payments and the specific products still need to be established.

Strategic results frameworkThis still needs to be developed, once the project activities have been finalised. The indicators will be based on guidance from the LDCF AMAT in line with the country-specific goals developed during the PPG. The Monitoring and evaluation plan will detail how these indicators are to be measured, and the responsible parties for the gathering and verification of this data.

Letters of co-financingThese will be obtained following the second mission, once the draft project framework has been approved by all stakeholders. Co-financing has been confirmed through verbal commitments for all UNDP projects, as well as the Red Cross projects, GIZ and World Bank.

Implications for the project budget and co-financingCurrent budget allocation The current budget allocation appears to be appropriate. There is a heavy reliance on the project to supply additional technical infrastructure for climate and water flow monitoring, as well as for the dissemination of time-sensitive early warning products. Consequently, the most critical investments are for the procurement and installation of automatic weather and river flow stations, as well as the training of technical personnel within the DoM and DWRM. This is reflected in the needs assessment undertaken by the USTDA, and in the business plan prepared by the DoM.

Full budget costings for proposed interventions have not been undertaken as yet, and the NCs will interact with the relevant government agencies to obtain some idea of installation costs. Operation and management costs can also be obtained through from other projects such as the GIZ Reform of Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS), which has undertaken similar activities. Capacity assessment

Capacity assessments of all EWS actors will be undertaken during the second mission (or prior to this mission through interaction with the NCs). These assessments will include the ability of these actors to budget and plan for the human and technical costs of operationally maintaining current and additional observation networks and systems. Self-assessments will be undertaken using a template to be developed by the IC.

A HACT has already been undertaken for DoM by the country office, and other HACTs will be undertaken before finalising the choice of implementing agency and responsible parties.

Co-financing

Initial consultations have identified the GIZ Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) programme as a key additional baseline project for the project. Although the project’s principal focus is on urban water and sanitation, phase 4 (2011 – 2014) includes a climate change adaptation component. Through this component, the programme is funding the provision of monitoring equipment, data management solutions and capacity building to DoM and DoWRM.

A second potential baseline project is the ACTED Drought Early Warning System in Karamoja district. Whilst it was not possible to meet with individuals from this project during the inception period, the activities of this project provide a valuable indicator of potential means of interaction with vulnerable communities, and therefore the potential for expansion on these baseline activities will be further explored by the NCs.In addition to the Dutch Red Cross project identified in the PIF, the operations of the URCS include finance from the German Red Cross, British Red Cross and Swedish Red Cross for DRR activities. These will be included as baseline finance. The International Telecommunications Union project “Natural Disaster Early Warning System – Uganda” is keen to cooperate with the LDCF project. The total finance for this project is only $300,000, but the focus on development of dissemination tools for alerts via SMS is key functionality for flood warnings, and is therefore a good potential baseline for expansion.It was not possible to meet with UNDP’s BCPR, but this project document will be provided later, and the IC will engage with the BCPR to explore the potential for synergies and baseline finance. The UNDP country office confirms that this project is a valid baseline, and has committed to ensuring that the funding is available as baseline co-finance.Institutional coordination and implementationBoth the UNDP CO and the national partner agencies have suggested that the MWE be the implementing agency for this project. The CO has completed an HACT for this ministry, and believes it is a suitable implementing partner. The HACT will be provided. The DoM is currently housed within the MWE, and although it will likely become an independent agency during the project implementation period, this linkage will remain strong throughout the period. The DDPMR is acknowledged by all partners as currently having low implementing capacity, which establishes it as a priority for project support, but means that it may not be suitable as an implementing partner. Consequently, the implementing partner selection still needs to be finalised.

Principal national institutions coordinating the EWS will include the DoM, DDPMR and MAAIF. At present there is virtually no information exchanged between these partners, other than long-term drought information which is largely sourced from outside sources such as FEWSNet. New institutional links will need to be established, and protocols for the flow of information need to be further developed, particularly with regard to time-sensitive information.

Key stakeholders that will provide training, expertise and guidance for the project include FAO, Red Cross, GIZ, DFID and the World Bank. Their respective EWS and DRR activities are discussed above.

Identified risks

The on-going transformation of the Department of Meteorology to the independent Ugandan Meteorological Authority. Whilst this is a good opportunity for the project to engage with the institutional change process and for the UMA to more fully exploit the potential for private sector engagement in terms of funds generation, it means that the income for UNMA is uncertain over the next few years. Consequently, budget allocation for O&M is not guaranteed.

Historical inaccuracies of EWS products. Due to historical challenges faced by the Meteorological Department the products that it has generated have had only a moderate degree of

accuracy (this is particularly true for medium- and long-term forecasts). Consequently, communities may not respond to warnings in a timely manner since they consider the warnings to be of little value. The project can address this risk through comprehensive risk response training, and by ensuring that the national agencies have the capacity to provide more accurate and fine-scaled products.

Challenges in information dissemination. At present there is little dissemination of information from a central level to appropriate targets. The project aims to reduce this risk by ensuring multiple channels are opened to facilitate communication

Poor understanding of risk response strategies. Communities at present do not have a good knowledge of climate change, and except in a few cases where NGOs have facilitated the development of response plans, do not know how to respond to certain early warnings. The project will facilitate national partner’s understanding of responses and ability to facilitate the development of communities’ EWS responses.

Lack of private sector engagement. At present there are no tailored private sector warnings, and little cognisance of the potential value that such warnings might provide within the private sector.

Follow up activities – Timeline and BudgetIn order to build upon the information collected from consultations and the workshop and to streamline PPG reporting, workplans have been created for the International and National Consultants. Annex I shows the comprehensive workplans in the form of Gantt charts indicating the timeline and monthly activities. Milestone deliverables and missions/workshops are noted as well as a rough budget for planned travel costs for the next missions.Follow up activities – Timeline and BudgetIn order to build upon the information collected from consultations and the workshop and to streamline PPG reporting, workplans have been created for the International and National Consultants. Annex I shows the comprehensive workplans in the form of Gantt charts indicating the timeline and monthly activities. Milestone deliverables and missions/workshops are noted as well as a rough budget for planned travel costs for the next missions.

Timetable for IC (James Reeler) and NCs (Michael Mbogga and Racheal Muleke) during project development phase.

ACTIVITY2012 2013

SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

Prep and logistics IC [JR]

Inception meeting and initial bilateral meetings

Develop a preparation workplan Review and gather information on past, current and planned projects including disaster management and risk reduction activities. Help identify both successful and unsuccessful interventions.

Inception Report Meetings with bilateral and multilateral partners to obtain information on ongoing and parallel programming; discussions on co-financing

Baseline Assessment Report - including a map of available stations and infrastructure, an org chart of the current EWS procedures and a needs

assessmentProject Logframe proposal, with indicators, tracking tools and activity based budget

Second preparation workshop (10-12 december)

Drafting of project documentation Revisions to project documentation, including cost predictions, tracking tools, results frameworks and indicators. Completion of first draft PD & submission to UNDP.

Revisions to project documentation, including cost predictions, tracking tools, results frameworks and indicators. Completion of second draft of PD.

Validation meeting Obtain co-financing letters and endorsement letters

Final revisions to the project document Final project hand-in

Prep and logistics NC [MM]


Inception Report Develop a preparation workplan Meetings with current projects to determine baseline activities and potential for interaction, including RANET, GIZ and World Bank (ATAAS baseline project)

Working sessions with Department of WRM to determine the current state of the EWS, including equipment, telecommunications, databases, forecasting and monitoring products, advisories and communication of EWS messages;

Working sessions with Department Meteorology to determine the current state of the EWS, including equipment, telecommunications, databases, forecasting and monitoring products, advisories and communication of EWS messages;

Meetings with bilateral and multilateral partners to obtain information on ongoing and parallel programming; discussions on co-financing

Baseline Assessment Report - including a map of available stations and infrastructure, an org chart of the current EWS procedures and a needs assessment

Project Logframe proposal, with

indicators, tracking tools and activity based budgetSecond preparation workshop (10-12 december)

Meetings with stakeholders on proposed logframe

Drafting of project documentation Meetings with stakeholders to obtain additional information, finalize cost estimates

Revisions to project documentation, including cost predictions, tracking tools, results frameworks and indicators. Completion of first draft PD & submission to UNDP.




Prep and logistics NC [RM]


Inception Report Develop a preparation workplan Meetings with current projects to determine baseline activities and potential for interaction, including RANET, Red Cross, and WFP

Working sessions with Ministry of Agriculture, Animal industries and Fisheries to determine the current state of the EWS, including equipment, telecommunications, databases, forecasting and monitoring products, advisories and communication of EWS messages;

Working sessions with DDPMR to determine the current state of the EWS, including equipment, telecommunications, databases, forecasting and monitoring products, advisories and communication of EWS messages;

Meetings with bilateral and multilateral partners to obtain information on ongoing and parallel programming; discussions on co-financing

Baseline Assessment Report - including a map of available stations and infrastructure, an org chart of the

current EWS procedures and a needs assessmentProject Logframe proposal, with indicators, tracking tools and activity based budget

Second preparation workshop (10-12 december)

Meetings with stakeholders on proposed logframe

Drafting of project documentation Meetings with stakeholders to obtain additional information, finalize cost estimates

Revisions to project documentation, including cost predictions, tracking tools, results frameworks and indicators. Completion of first draft PD & submission to UNDP.




Rough budget for missions:Stakeholder engagement mission (December 2012)Flight $1,100DSA (Kampala, Uganda): 6 days @ 198 $1,188Terminal Allowance $152Visa $50

Validation workshop (February 2013)Flight $1,100DSA (Kampala, Uganda) 4 days @ 198 $792Terminal Allowance $152Visa $50

TOTAL $4,584

Initial mission schedule and consultations

Consultations were carried out by the IC and NCs over the period from 3-7 September 2012.Day/Date Time Meetings/Activities Key Points discussedMon 3Sep 2012

15:00 - 16:30

Meeting with FAO (Kennedy Igbokwe, Project manager for Climate Adaptation; Joseph Koneke, Mt Elgon projects coordinator; Carlotta Rudolphi, CC team)

Uganda still does not have a very good CC information management systemo FAO provided Integrated Food Security Classifications 2008-2010 under a humanitarian

project (seasonal projections). o Provided information for food/disaster planning agencieso Handed over to DDPMR, but discontinued due to lack of funding.

FAO activities:o Set up community-based EWS (pilot project) in Karamoja, Eastern Ugandao Made use of local indicators, and disseminated to local communitieso Inconclusive results.

Urgent need for downscaled agricultural products (drought and planting EWS at an appropriate scale)

FEWSNet provides monthly updates to Food Security and Livelihoods coordination committee (FSAL), but it is developed regionally and of insufficient scale

Proposed possibility of engaging with mobile phone companies to provide agricultural products as in Kenya

Wed 5 Sep 2012 08:30

- 09:30

Meeting with Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) Directorate of Environment (Paul Mafabi, Commissioner of Wetlands)

Overview of operations, departmental focus and capacity gaps Training of focal point officers at present (20 of 100+ reached to date) Biggest challenge is information flow:

o District officers rarely have computerso Hierarchical reporting structure, with quarterly reports from districts.

09:45 - 10:30

Meeting with GIZ (Daniel Opwonya, Technical Advisor for Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector)

RUWASS has been providing considerable technical support to the MWE in terms of capacity building and infrastructure.

Considerable investment in both the DoM and DWRM, including 23 Adcom GPRS synoptic stations, 14 automated water level dataloggers, and 3 radar flow metres.

They have also provided training, data centre improvement, capacity support Still significant gaps in information gathering & interpretation Accuracy of predictions needs to be improved Dissemination of information needs to be more timely, and reach more people.

11:00 - 12:00

Meeting with Uganda Communication Commission (James Kafeero, Manager; Specialists in Monitoring and Compliance and Frequency Planning)

UCC is in the early stages of implementing an EWS information system supported by the International Telecommunications Commission

Still scoping prospective sites, have not finalised project structure Happy to look at interaction with LDCF project.

12:15 - 1:15

Meeting with MWE Climate Change Unit (CCU) (Bob Natifu, Deputy Director; Barbara Siegmund Principal Programme Officer - Adaptation)

CCU (national CC focal point) had not seen the PIF, although the Director was present at the Inception Meeting. This was provided by email,

Key partner for developing the information chain Developing PIF for agricultural sector, with a component on flood warning (Mt Elgon area). Pointed out that German red Cross is developing a DRM project (2013 start) with an EWS

component.

14:30 - 14:50

Meeting with Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) North Uganda Data Centre (Douglas Otim, Assistant Manager of NUDC)

OPM data centre contains experts and equipment for disaster management. Initially developed for Karamoja (OCHA/ECHO), and then expanded to handle all of Northern

Uganda. Handed over to Government in 2011 when the ECHO project was completed Not fully integrated into government structures yet.

o Supports implementation and monitoring of PRDPo Staff salaries come from PRDP

Poor interface with other information systems in government (NEMA, DWM) Provides geographical mapping of spatial hazards as needed for OPM. Can provide a more integrated data management role, but is not supported, and linkages/reporting

structure not clear.15:00 - 16:00

Meeting with MWE Department of Meteorology (Michael Nkalubo, Meteorology Commissioner) and DDPMR (Vicent Woboya, Principal Disaster Management Officer)

Identified gaps that could be addressed by the project:o Telemetry for real-time datao Forecasters station (computer, software + training)o Seasonal support systems for providing agricultural warningso Downscaling systems (computers, software and training)

Some of the data from automatic weather stations (AWS) is not yet incorporated into information systems, and it is not properly calibrated because the calibration unit is broken.

Currently supply information to the energy and agricultural sector, but not at sufficient resolution No fast-action information generated at all from DoM. DDPMR: Central Disaster Management Platform Committee needs capacity building.

o Sub-committees are formed to deal with crises when necessary, and dissolved afterwardo Contacts retained in the data centre

The EWS system needs a permanent entity to undertake the broad analysis of data Stakeholder mapping of interested parties need to be undertaken to ensure that data reaches them

all USTDA has undertaken a needs analysis for the Department of Meteorology, in order to facilitate

its transfer to an independent authority. This will only be available in December.Thu 6 Sep 2012

10:00 - 11:00

World Bank (Stuart Solomon, Climate Change Consultant)

WB is providing support for the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) through capacity building:

o develop CDM and PoA capacityo support for national CC policy (both policy & implementation)

No direct EWS support, but WB has a large amount of funding for ENR activities Recommendations:

o Climate portal website for accessibility to EWSo Grameen Technology for mobile transfer of information

Unable to provide details for the “Agricultural Technology and Agribusiness Advisory Services” project – will require follow-up from NCs, since this is a potential baseline project.

14:00 - 15:30

Meeting with MWE Directorate of Water Resource Management (Eng. Mugisha-Shillingi, Director; Jackson Twinomujuni, Assistant Commissioner, Water Regulation)

There is a lack of suitable data for modeling, and therefore modeling of flood/hydrological responses is not possible

Additional support for data sources (automated hydrological stations) is needed. Some infrastructure has been provided of late, but automated stations are only in the east of the

country. Water quality information also lacking, and it can be essential for health and livelihood EWS

o Need both training and tools for monitoring water quality Likely target groups for final products:

o Organisations with infrastructure (including energy)o Vulnerable communitieso Government planning departments

16:00 -

Meeting with Uganda Red Cross Society (Kevin

In conjunction with partners, Red Cross is undertaking DRR activities in 14 districts (expanding to 26 this year)

17:00

Nabutuwa Busima, Assistant Director of Disaster Management)

Undertaking a community-based EWS in Karamoja:o Community volunteers are trained to identify early signs (derived from local knowledge

and workshops)o This is reported to district experts using the URCS volunteer structures.o The experts then provide the communities with monthly information and a seasonal

calendar, which helps with planning for planting.o Train school children during the holidays

Would like to facilitate an SMS information system that will also allow replies at no cost if possible

Will set up a district task force, to allow linkages with a national EWS centre. Gaps:

o Need to be able to recommend early actions to enhance responses to alertso Need to extend to other areas and districtso Need additional means to reach people than the current structures and radio.

MoU has been signed between URCS and the DoM to facilitate the transfer of information (DDPMR is not part of this structure)

The Dutch Red Cross project identified in the PIF operates through this URCS process. Other funder/implementers include the Swedish, British and German Red Cross Societies, as well as JICA (Eur. 500,000) and the EU (Eur. 1 million).

Fri 7 Sep 2012

08:30 - 10:00

Meeting with MAAIF (Stephen Muwaya, UNCCD Focal Point; Zake Muyaka)

Information is obtained from the Meteorological Department, and is used in the Sustainable Land Management project. However:

o Data coverage is pooro Satellite data needs ground-truthing, which requires more monitoring stationso Information is generally only provided at a regional level, and downscaled products are

needed for decision-making and passing onto end users. Need temperature projections as well as rainfall, in order to provide appropriate advice to

communities. Need mapping of potential shifts in AERs to plan for a shift in cultivation. Indigenous knowledge should be incorporated into monitoring systems if possible. There is a system for seasonal warning dissemination (3 month seasonal advice is emailed to the

ministry and each district, and then extension officers provide the information to interested parties). RANET is trying to facilitate the provision of computers at a sub-county level to ensure wider

distribution of information. Norwegian government is providing funding for MAIFF to undertake weather monitoring in 6

subcounties each of 6 districts in drought-prone areas (36 rain gauges + training for operators) MAIFF is trying to improve institutional arrangements by allocating funding for cross-cutting

projects and disbursing funds to other ministries/agencies if they implement (e.g. MWE for this weather monitoring)

12:00 - 14:00

Meeting with MWE Hydrology (Wilson Fred Kyosingira, Chief Hydrologist)

Significant gaps in data collection capacityo 68 manual water level stations, but due to the low salary rates, the reliability of the data

(mailed monthly) is low – some data is clearly fabricatedo 10 automatic stations that log data every 15 mins. Manual collection of datao 1 station in Mbale uploading data daily (two more being tested at Entebbe offices)o The cost of loggers that upload daily is very high, and the maintenance costs are generally

not feasible, so ideal technology would be automatic stations with manual downloads.o This does not allow for realtime river flow analysis.

Other gaps:o Regular loss of trained staffo Need a GIS interface for the analysis (currently using a Hydata system with no spatial

component.o No capacity (skills or infrastructure) to run runoff models at present

Proposal for a floodwater EWS has been drafted – will be provided to UNDP. Directorate is in the process of decentralising (four offices, one in each catchment zone) GIZ is providing support for the Choga region, as is the Nile Basin initiative. Additional support is

required for other areas (particularly the Oja/Teso region, and the Aswa system)

Inception Workshop Agenda and MinutesInception workshop agenda

Inception workshop minutesMINUTES FOR THE INCEPTION MEETING ON THE UNDP-GEF EARLY WARNING

AND CLIMATE INFORMATION SYSTEM PROJECT HELD ON 4TH SEPTEMBER 2012 AT MOSA COURTS APARTMENTS

Objective of the Workshop1. To have a common understanding of the project2. To identify ongoing programs in the early warning system area and the impact the project will have3. To identify key players for the project operation

Opening Remarks by UNDP Country Director- Mr. Lebogang Motlana

Mr Motlana thanked all stakeholders for attending the workshop. He mentioned the focus of the project namely; Will be managed across several countries to promote the sharing information and lessons learnt.The project will support the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF) to develop a project which will facilitate the provision of early warnings, and hence enable adaptation to climate change. It will also provide added benefits in terms of equipment, preparation and technical assistanceAreas of concern to be addressed during the project preparation:1. Develop strategies for sustainability of the technical capacity and infrastructure developed by the project to enable

to long-term success of the outcomes.2. Address a broad area of stakeholders, especially private sector. Details of private sector engagement, which are

briefly mentioned in the PIF, need to be fleshed out.3. Ensure the information generated is shared amongst the broader non-scientific community, especially to women

and vulnerable groups. Integration of information and capacity developed for the interpretation of such information

4. Assurance that the support for the government is cognizant of other initiatives in order to avoid duplication of effort with development partners.

The deadline for submission is drawing fast, we request for the support to the teams to enable them deliver on the task.

Opening Remarks by the Commissioner of Meteorology Department in the Ministry of Water and Environment

Appreciates UNDP support to GOU for developing the Strengthening of early warning and climate resilience project. Meteorological services are very capital intensive, and needs assistance.The Department of Meteorology (DoM) is in the process of becoming an independent agency, but collective effort of partners is required to ensure this is successful.Several development partners have already provided assistance to the DoMMWE have had a close relationship with OPM.

Presentation by Mark Tadross: EWS in Africa, project goals and the inception workshop A review of the role of early warning systems was given, highlighting the differences between short, medium and

long-term prediction. A second presentation covering the proposed structure for the overall project (including regional components) and

the desired outcomes from the Inception workshop was presented. The goals of the Inception Workshop include:o Obtaining a clearer understanding of the EWS needs in Uganda;o Identifying 1-2 priority project areas in which the EWS should focus.

Q&A Session 1:Are there legal issues associated with the Met Department becoming an agency: shifting from the MWE in terms of its national mandate?

Michael Nkalubo [MN]: The department has not previously been legally backed, and does not have the authority to be the providers of meteorological services. This has meant that there is no regulation of meteorological information.

[Collins Oloya] The project encompasses 10 countries. Why is Kenya not included in the list, even though it is equally vulnerable?

Mark Tadross [MT]: Kenya is not a least developed country therefore it is not eligible for the LDCF funding

How will we divide the priority impacts between the 3 agencies?

[MT]: It depends on the priorities attached to the impacts: the activities would be detailed and the roles of the different institutions would be clarified along these lines.

Lebogang Matlana [LM]: there used to be over 1000 weather stations. Now there are only about 150. The information is gathered locally, compiled regionally, and then transferred to Entebbe. The fences protecting the small stations are weak. Could we move them to police stations and make these the relevant data collection authorities?

Kennedy Igbokwe [KI]: There are different approaches. Internationally, schools and churches are commonly used, but it needs to be decided within the communities.Daniel Opwonya [DO]: We have identified government-owned property (hospitals, research organisations, colleges) and installed them there. They can only really be protected with wire/fences beyond this.[MN]: Part of the reason for the loss in resources is because of the lack of funding available for paying people to undertake measuring and provide upkeep for the stations. Equipment needs constant maintenance. Should have 350 employees, but there are actually only 140 working. Enclosures also can affect the microclimate, and

therefore they breach WMO standards compliance.

[MT]: Who is responsible for maintaining the donated infrastructure?

[DO]: the instruments are given to the agencies, and are therefore their responsibility. There is a maintenance/ protection agreement signed with Meteorological Department.

[LM]: Sustainability and capacity development. If the Department is to become an agency, it will have to be self-sustaining, and this could be problematic. Where do we posit the private sector in terms of weather/climate information, and how do we engage them?

[MT]: EWS systems make money in first world countries where private sector is prepared to spend a small amount for products. There is a possibility for providing products for agribusiness if they express interest. Also could approach the cellphone companies to see if they are interested in providing data to clients either free or for a small premium.

Denis Mugaga [DM]: At the point of signing this document, the implementing partners are unsure what they are doing. Please can we ensure that any issues are cleared early.

Need to bring the IPs on board early enough such that there are no issues at the time of implementation.

[KI]: Are the GIZ/other donor infrastructure improvements actually contributing to the measures of the EWS, or are they not relevant to the project.

[MT]: These will be evaluated during this PPG phase, to determine where best the project should invest its funds to produce a functioning EWS

Presentation by Mr. Vicent Woboya, Principal Disaster Management Officer in OPM A National Early Warning Sub-Committee has been established.

o Chaired by OPM and MAAIF.o Meteorological Department is a key member, and provides weather forecasts and agricultural outlooks.o Organises reports to the Disaster Platform. Met Department. o Lots of outreaches to farmers.o Some of the active agencies: MET, WFP, WHO, Min Ag, Makerere University (school of public health),

MWE.o Responsible for EWS activities with respect to:

food security assessment; weather information; health information.

o Also charged with coordinating responses, and checking information before it is published.o They are also looking at publishing weekly/monthly early warning bulletin to provide centralised EWS

information.o All EWS information needs to be disseminated through this committee, other than essential time-sensitive

information. Work with Cell companies: MTN, Airtel, UTL.

o They assisted in providing information to Bududa during recent events. o Now looking at the possibility of tying in with them to establish hotlines for such information.

OPM recently identified vulnerable communities in Bududa, and are producing maps of vulnerability in the area. District Disaster Management committees exist in some of the vulnerable communities, particularly drought-prone

areas). They need capacity to reach down to communities. They are currently being trained in the gathering and dissemination of information to communities.

The Northern Uganda Data Centre coordinates information gathered by DPM, and can assist in the production of maps of stricken areas.

The National Disaster Policy is in place. There are a number of committees and agencies articulated in the policy that need to be established:

o National Emergency Coordination Centreo Emergency command response systems.

Presentation by Michael Nkalubo, Commissioner of Meteorology

The department has received a number of different information-gathering systems, but having challenges coordinating the information.

o Synoptic stations (class 1, 24hrs, global communications system): 12o Hydromet (normally observe evaporation)o Agromet (used to carry out phenomenological observations of crops for warning purposes - now short

staffed).o Automatic stations: solar panels for power, and they are always stolen (even from the synoptic stations).

Cages were constructed to protect these. Funding: DoM is currently funded by government. Already using SMS for information distribution.

o Both forecasts, and a tailored system detailing severe weather for fishermen on Lake Victoria.o Categories: Green, Yellow, Amber.

There are 200 manual rainfall stations which report (sometimes intermittently -60 reported at last count, but it varies).

There are also some automatic stations:o 25 stations from GIZo 24 WFP (all in Karamoja)o None of these are installed and providing data. They also come from different manufacturers, and the

equipment needs to be calibrated Other upgrades are underway:

o Global Telecommunication System (GTS). Currently migrating from Traditional Alphanumeric Codes (TAC), to Table-Driven Code Forms (TDCF) in line with WMO standards.

o EUMETSAT satellite data receiving station upgraded from PUMA to AMESD station.o Satellite Aviation Distribution System is fully operational with backup o GIZ has also provided a Numerical Weather Prediction lab. 15 AWSs

Key Problems:o Understaffing (only 40% of required staff complement).

Government policy is not to increase employment, so no new staff can be acquired. Once DoM is an independent agency, this can be addressed through internal funding

o Underfunding. Most of the important equipment is grounded or non-existent, but are still capital intensive (Radar,

Upper air system, wind profiler, forecasters system). Data is nevertheless too much for current systems to process into products.

o Slow procurement process.

Q&A Session 2:

[KI]: The current delay between early warning and early action is problematic. What can be done to link EWS to response?

[MN]: Need to build trust. Forecasts that are more accurate will assist in this process - people do not currently believe the responses.

[DO]: How does Uganda protect itself from data pilferage from automatic stations that are distributing through cell networks?

[MN]: Generally sharing is a good thing. The data needs to be shared in line with WMO & GFCS (Global Framework for Climate Services)standards. Only bits of the data or specific products are shared, although specific data requests are usually honoured if it is within the capacity of the Met Dept. Some of the data products are actually generated outside the country.

Daniel Omodo [DOM]: Looking at the map, the [MN]: No need to do so – climate measurement should

distribution of resources is in line with the original districts of Uganda. Given that there are now 112 districts (and more than 25 more to be added), does this need updating, since data needs to be reflected in district planning?

be along climatological areas rather than the districts. UNDP sponsored a study showing the optimal distribution and numbers of stations, and this is the guideline for future distribution.

Transformation of Department to separate authority. Many have already done this, but there needs to be more than just a legal mandate: typically there are governance challenges and funding hurdles to be overcome.

[MN]: The process is well-thought out, and it has been signed off by Min. of Finance. Has received approval and mandated by the government, and promoted by regional. Government has committed to provide money for the initial period, and there is a business plan to ensure sustainability. The transfer will also allow a renegotiation of terms with some partners that have historically benefitted without providing reasonable recompense.

Timing of the project [MT]: First draft by January. Second draft by March, submission to GEF by April.

Lawrence Aribo [LA]: Calibration of automatic stations: if there are no hand-gathered data, how will we truth the automatic stations?

[MN]: Manual stations can and will be maintained, because this is a good source for long-term climate records, and relative cost is low. AWS are good for areas that are uninhabitable.

[Onesimus Muhwezi]: Which of the 1,000 stations are still functioning, and is there a correlation with a specific sort of station?

This stock-taking is not complete, but there is no direct correlation with station type.

Guided DiscussionA group discussion was managed by Mark Tadross to determine the key areas in which the project should focus. Key focal areas identified are: Drought: Floods

Gaps were identified for both of these areas in terms of: Risk knowledge Monitoring & forecasting Communication Response

Risk Knowledge:FORMAL: Vulnerability and hazard mapping has been done

by many institutions Needs consolidation Poorly informs responsesINFORMAL Community experiences risks the most. Do they have the knowledge to cope? (Yes & no,

some indigenous coping systems, often forgotten).

Monitoring/Forecasting Responsibility of Department of Meteorology Poor modelling capacity More data needed Appropriate products not provided to partners Accuracy of forecasting is doubtful at national

and regional levels, which means that the information is often disregarded.

Lessons to be learned from health sector: need experts to be able to integrate the data into

Can this be capitalised? appropriate models.

Communication Communities not informed Information remains at the district level (capacity

and infrastructural shortcomings) - failure in distribution.

Consistency in the message is required. Need to communicate probabilities! Data to one centre responsible for dissemination

(need capacity building here) Education on understanding messages at district

level NGOs are already members of the district disaster

committee - embedded NGOs and CBOs should be able to assist in the process.

Response Response is poor because of lack of trust in

reports. Response timing can be improved to reduce the disaster effects (procedural issues)

Useful to provide recommended responses. Education on risk perception: people often do

not interprete the risks appropriately. Uganda has some social safety nets at a local

level. Is it possible to set up local level response facilities (shared savings, grain stores, credit facilities)?

Coordination is essential between all partners, and these communication channels need to be developed.

1. FLOOD

Risk Knowledge Risk knowledge is fairly high - priority

vulnerability areas have been identified. Knowledge of appropriate responses within

communities is varied.

Monitoring and forecasting Responsibility of WRM GIZ has provided 14 hydrological monitoring

systems that send an alert when river flow exceeds a certain point.

Still insufficient data coming in, particularly real-time data.

No models to process real-time data at present

Communication Several different EWS under trial No complete systems Information transfer chain and SOPs not yet

elucidated for management organisations Good potential for cellular/radio information

transfer Disaster management currently can mandate that

all cellular providers and broadcasters send out a single emergency warning, but it is not currently very fine-grained (targeted to specific areas)

Response Generally response is very poor Disaster management capacity at the district

level is low. Uganda Red Cross EWS has some community

indicators and responses in one area – could possibly be upscaled in other areas

2.

It was pointed out that several other organisations (particularly GIZ, WFP and WMO) are addressing some of these needs, and the development team proposed to try and meet with these entities through bilateral meetings

AdjournmentThe UNDP Country Office thanked all attendees for their time, and the workshop was adjourned at 1.45 pm.

Annex 3: List of stakeholders and contact detailsAttendees at inception workshopNAME INSTITUTION POST EMAIL PHONE

1 Carlotta Rudolfi FAO Int. Consultant [email protected] 07870137422 Ester Kalibbala RELIEF/SVS Research


3 Collin Oloya MOWE Ac/Pe [email protected] 07728896224 Jalia Kobusinge EU Operations


5 Kennedy Igbokwe FAO Project Manager


6 Daniel Opwonya GIZ Senior TA [email protected] 07724580677 Joachim Lelima GIZ Technical

[email protected] 0/./

8 Solomon Elungat OPM/DDPMR Senior Disaster Prep. Officer


9 Denis Mugagga MFPED Economist [email protected] 070244068510 Michael Mbogga MUK School

of ForestryConsultant [email protected] 0772483723

11 Lawrence Aribo CCU Principal CC Officer

[email protected] 07018329260712832926

12 Michael Nkalubo MWE Meteorology Commissioner


13 Vicent Woboya OPM/DDPMR Principal Disaster MGT


14 Lebogang Motlana UNDP Country Director


15 Mark Tadross UNDP Technical Advisor


16 James Reeler Advisor [email protected] +2776144367817 Onesimus Muhwezi UNDP Team Leader

E&[email protected] 0716005139

18 Daniel Omodo UNDP Programme Analyst


19 Irene Agudu UNDP Programme Associate


20 Racheal Muleke Consultant Advisor [email protected] 0712800445

Additional stakeholders consultedNAME INSTITUTION POST EMAIL PHONE

1 Paul Mafabi Ministry of Water and Environment

Commissioner, Wetlands Management Department


2 Bob Natifu CCU Deputy Director [email protected] 0414-2376903 Barbara

SiegmundCCU Principal

Programme [email protected] 0414-237690

Officer4 Douglas Otim Northern

Uganda Data Centre

Assistant Manager


5 Stuart Solomon World Bank Climate Change Consultant

[email protected] 0787 415 337

6 Eng. Mugisha-Shillingi DWRM

Director of Water Resource Management


7 Lillian Idrakua DWRM Director of Water Quality

[email protected]

8 Jackson Twinomujuni DWRM Assistant


9 Kevin Nabutuwa Busima Uganda Red

Cross Society

Assistant Director (Disaster Management)


10 Stephen MuwayaMAAIF

UNCCD National Focal Point


11 Wilson Fred Kyosingira DWRM

Assistant Commissioner Water Resources


12 Aliou M. Dia UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Regional Program Specialist/DRR


13 Clarence S. Haynes USTDA Project

[email protected] +1-202-544-

370514 James Kafeero UCC Manager [email protected] 041-339016


11.2 Summary of stakeholder retreat first day and second day expectations and feedback

UNDP-LDCF Climate Information and Early Warning System Project Stakeholder Retreat 21-22 March 2013Summary of first day and second day expectations

1. Summary per department/ministry

Thank you for the time and effort that each of the departments put into answering the technical and budgetary questions. We are extremely grateful for this. All the information and budgetary figures obtained will be used to finalise the project document over the next three weeks. Please see a brief summary of what additional information will be useful per department as well as points for discussion and/or action during the second day (22 March) of the retreat.

DoM The location (name of district) of the existing 32 automatic and 32 manual weather stations that are in need of

rehabilitation. Information was provided with lat-long coordinates for each station With regards to “Rehabilitate/construct office buildings for Weather Stations (10 stations each at US$ 20,000)-

US$200,000. What type of rehabilitation/construction of the buildings is required? The “evaluation of the economic value of climate information and seasonal forecasts to ascertain costs and benefits of

using enhanced climate information to farmers and Government” will be included into the LDCF project and costed accordingly. The DoM indicated that a concept note would be developed and sent later. When should the NC and IC be expecting to receive this information and concept note. One of the officer from DoM promised to finalize the concept and share it with us.

How will the modernisation of the DoM affect the LDCF project – include both positive and negative effects? For the moment, we assume that DoM will operate as is, until Government commits to the establishment of the Met Agency, in the Budget. DoM is optimistic that this will happen in the 2013/2014 budget coming out in three months. But signs are

DWRM Thank you for clarifying that additional stations are needed in the Kyoga WMZ. This has been noted and will be

included in the project document. With regards to questions 1b - “A COMPLETE SET see attached” – Michael and Racheal do you have this attachment,

it was not included in the email you sent. Was provided Please do provide sheet with an indication of where the stations that need rehabilitation are located and the subsequent

costs to cover the rehabilitation of these stations. A map would be much appreciated. Information about these stations was provided. No map information though but rather the districts

OPM/DDPM Will it be possible to receive annual budgets for DDPM’s activities? This does not have to include total budgets or

contingency funds if this cannot be shared. The focus should be on annual activities that are relevant to the LDCF project and that the LDCF project will build upon.

CCU Are the draft climate change mainstreaming guidelines available for review? Is it possible to provide the NC and IC a

copy of the document?

2. Inter-departmental discussions for second day of retreat

Points for discussion: The following needs to be discussed and fleshed out by stakeholders.

Updating the MoU between the DWRM and DoM focused on data collection and analysis. A copy of the MoU between DWRM and DoM was provided. But the UNDP CO specified that MoU that is specific for this project will have to be developed. As is the case for all projects. Additional MoUs will have to be prepated between DoM and other stakeholders such as OPM.

Setting up monitoring systems for DoM and DWRM in close proximity i.e. certain districts have been identified both by the DoM and DWRM for installation of AWSs. This is not a problem, but mere coicindence. Location of water flow, level stations for the DWRM are limited to water resources, yet those of DoM for weather are normally in close proximity to dwellings.

Methods for enhancing weather and climate data/information interpretation, sharing and packaging e.g. comprehensive MoUs between relevant departments and ministries; integrated digital information systems such as a joint websites/online platforms between the relevant departments. The idea of a joint website to address climate early warning in Uganda could be explored.

Ways to address the government delay in releasing funds as well as the continuous budgetary cuts that prevent end-users receiving seasonal rainfall information in a timely and understandable manner. This is beyond the capability of the stakeholders to discuss

Conducting regional workshops including technical personnel for interpreting forecasts for local communities.

Guidelines for integrating climate risk management into development plans, policies and programmes for MDAs and local governments.

Linking early warning and climate information provided regionally and at national levels to community needs/existing community-based early warning system and/or traditional early warning and forecasting systems. Please discuss the specifics of this focussed on priority regions/districts that were identified by departments (see a summary of these results below). Include discussions on determining information needs and interpreting, translating and packaging climate and weather information and early warnings into meaningful products for communities. Please also discuss using local radios and sms-based systems for broadcasting warnings in local languages for priority areas.

Building capacity of DDMCs to assist the above process i.e. linking national and regional systems to local communities. This was agreed. It had earlier on been suggested by the OPM

Revising outputs and activities and related costs in the logframe that are relevant to the above as well as adding outputs and activities accordingly. Task completed.

3. Priority region and district scores – please see excel spread sheet for other district scores.

Based on a preliminary analysis of stakeholder feedback, Karamoja region scored the highest for the implementation of community-based climate information and early warning system outputs and activities. This is followed by the Kyoga WMZ including the Teso and Mt Elgon Regions. Please see priority districts and scores below. This has been based on the feedback provided from the departmental summaries from day 1 of the retreat.

Stakeholders need to agree and finalise priority regions and districts. If a consensus cannot be reached, a simple Multi-criteria Analysis can be used to obtain new scores for the proposed regions. This will entail stakeholders voting per region. The NCs will then add up the votes and score each region a 1 or 0 depending on the number of votes it received.Stakeholders will then discuss the number of regions the LDCF project can cover. For example, it may only be possible to cover 1 regionfor community based climate information and early warning system activities as a result of limited funds available.Alternatively two regions can be covered with a fewer districts etc. Once the priority region/s have been finalised the same MCA methods, i.e. stakeholder voting, can be used to prioritise districts within the region.

Racheal and Michael you will have to adjust this methodology depending on the stakeholders response. Furthermore, please can you use this session to discuss

What type of community based early warning activities will be implemented in the prioritise region/s and districts (see third last point raised above).

Additional Comments:Climate Early warning should be participatory and two way.Provide farmers the forecasts, then the farmers provide feedback on performance (how they followed the advisories)Communities can also participate in weather data collection

We need to promote the interface between DoM service and the communities. This gave rise to the suggestion of involving one technical officer at the district as the project focal person and working with the already existing District Disaster Management Committees.

At present this is focused on linking national systems to existing local early warning systems and/or traditional early warning/forecasting systems in place.

What are the end-users needs for flood, drought and severe storm warnings within the priority region/s and districts.

Immediate:-Water levels in streams, rivers-Warning about looming floods-advisory for farmers-2-3 day forecasts

Midterm:

Likely hazards….likely diseases and pests outbreak, soil water management,Storm warning

Long term:

Seasonal forecasts (for the technical people in MAAIF) Timely monthly updates of the seasonal forecasts Long term projections for planning. Stakeholder mentioned working to downscale GCM projections to the district

level.

Climate user needs assessment required to know what kind of information, DoM, DWRD etc should be putting out. This could also be combined with the development of a Manual for preparing end user information for meteorologists and hydrologists

Criteria for prioritization

1. The priority region should lie in the cattle corridor (excluding karamoja)2. A holistic view of the entire catchment/sub catchment is required. 3. District level priorities will be dictates

Agreed that whereas Karamoja is prone to hazards as indicated, participants agreed to remove it from this list based on the interventions that have been implemented in the Karamoja region.

The Kyoga WMZ refers to the same area as the TESO region, in other words, the TEso region is part of the Kyoga MMZ.

It was felt that even though Mt. Elgon be included in the top priority region.

additional comments:

a) Transport equipment:Transport equipment has not been included in the logframe. However, this is required to facilitate the rehabilitation and routine maintenance of weather stations across the country.

b) Weather forecasting system:From the two stakeholder interactions (September 2012 and February 2013) and from other interactions with stakeholders from the met department, a forecast station is import. The purpose will be to help the met department use weather data collected to be able to use more scientific means of producing hourly weather forecasts. MAAIF also mentioned that one the challenges they had was the fact that monthly updates following seasonal forecasts usually come in too late to be used in decision making. Thus a forecast system was added to the logframe at a total costs of US$ 300,000.

c) Types of information to farmers:A discussion on the type of information agreed that farmers need information the requires immediate response like in the case of a looming flood, mid-term a few days to months such as the likelihood of a drought as well as for long term planning.

d) Methods of information dissemination to farmersRadio and SMS are the most preferred methods of disseminating early warning information to farmers.MAAIF wants farmers to participate in collection of data.

e) Focal person for the project at the district:This project needs to identify a technical officer who will be the focal person for the project. Presently, the district environment officer is the one in charge of meteorological information, and that will be the person to focus on.

f) Capacity DevelopmentThe project also needs to focus on capacity development (this falls under component two).Stakeholders emphasized the need to create awareness among the public, as a means of helping to reduce cases of vandalizing weather station equipment.

OPM: Emphasized capacity development for the District Disaster Management Committees, DDMC. DDMC are headed by the Chief Administrative Officer in each District.

Stressed that for quick response to climate and weather hazards, the department of DPM requires real time early warning information from DoM and DWRD.

The project has a number of training activities. There is a need to harmonize the different training and capacity development activities of the project

The national disaster platform is a good starting point to influence policy and planning at the national, regional and district levels.

REGION SCORESSCORES

Karamoja Region 4

Drought, food insecurity, livestock, crop/human diseases, flash floods.

Change to lower priority due to the number of interventions the region has had or are still ongoing

Kyoga WMZ/Eastern Region 3 Floods, drought,

Teso Region (part of Kyoga MWZ) 3

Floods, drought,

Mt Elgon 3Landslides, silting, flash floods,

3

Upper Nile WMZ/Northern Region 2

Albert WMZ 1

Aswa catchment 1

Buganda Region 1

Bukedi Region 1

Bunyoro/Albertrine Region 1

Busoga Region 1

Lake Victoria WMZ 1

TOP SCORING DISTRICTS FOR TOP THREE PRIORITY REGIONS

Karamoja Region

Kaboong 3

Kotido 3

Moroto 3

Abim 2

Nakapiripirit 2

Napak 1

Amudat 1

Kween 1

Kyoga WMZ/Eastern Region

Teso Region

Amuria 4

Katakwi 4

Soroti 2

Bukedea 2

Kumi 2

Serere 1

Kaberamaido 1

Ngora 1

Mt Elgon

Manafwa 3

Sironko 2

Bududa 2

Bulambuli 1

Mbale 1

Kween 1

Kapchorwa 1

Bukwa 1

Annex 12. Terms of Reference

12.1. Terms of Reference for Project Manager

A full-time Project Manager (PM) will be contracted for day-to-day management of the EWS project. The management role of the PM will be to ensure that the project is managed in a transparent and effective manner, and that it is in line with all budget and work plans in accordance with guidelines from both GEF and UNDP. The PM will liaise with the IP (MWE) and baseline national project focal points and will provide technical and implementation support participating stakeholders including inter alia Department of Meteorology (DoM), Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM), Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Management (DRDPM), Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industries and Fisheries (MAAIF), Climate Change Unit (CCU), District Local Governments (DLGs), National Planning Authority (NPA), Uganda Communications Commission (UCC), Uganda Wildlife Agency (UWA), Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and private sector.

ResponsibilitiesThe PM will be evaluated in accordance with the successful implementation of project activities.The responsibilities of the PM will include: Oversee and manage project implementation, monitor work progress, and ensure timely delivery

of outputs. Report to members of the Project Board (PB), including UNDP, MWE, OPM and MAAIF

regarding project progress. Develop and facilitate implementation of a comprehensive monitoring and reporting system. Ensure timely preparation of detailed annual work plans and budgets for by PB. Assist in the identification, selection and recruitment of staff, consultants and other experts as

required. Supervise, coordinate and facilitate the work of the Administrative and Financial Officer (AFO)

and contracted consultants. Control expenditures and assure adequate management of resources. Establish linkages and networks with on-going activities by other government and non-

government agencies. Establish and maintain linkages with regional initiatives and institutions such as ICPAC, SADC,

ACMAD, GFDRR etc. in order to realise cost-effective and efficient opportunities for training, information sharing and procurement.

Provide input to management and technical reports and other documents as described in the M&E plan for the overall project. Reports should contain assessments of progress in implementing activities, including reasons for delays, if any, and recommendations on necessary improvements.

Inform the PB, immediately, of any issue or risk which might jeopardise the success of the project.

Liaise and coordinate with the UNDP on a regular basis and inform UNDP of any delays or difficulties faced during implementation.

Qualifications Master’s degree in a relevant field such as natural resource management, agricultural

development, climatology, meteorology, hydrology, water resources management, environmental sciences and disaster management.

A minimum of 10 years relevant work experience in climate change adaptation and natural resource management; disaster management and/or operational early warning systems, including implementation at national and decentralized levels.

Demonstrated knowledge and experience in climate change adaptation, early warning systems, and the monitoring and forecasting of climate and weather.

Experience in the public participation development process associated with the hydro-meteorology, climate change, disaster risk management and natural resources sectors is an asset.

Experience in working and collaborating with governments is an asset. Excellent knowledge of English, including writing and communication skills,with analytic

capacity and ability to synthesise project outputs and relevant findings for the preparation of quality project reports.

Skill in negotiating effectively in sensitive situations

ReportingThe PM will report to the PB. The PM will work closely with the PB as well as provide implementation support to project personnel such as the AFO and TAs. The PM is responsible for ensuring regular reporting of information on progress and performance in the implementation of the project, including at quarterly and annual intervals as described in the Monitoring Framework and Evaluation.

12.2. Terms of reference for Administrative and Financial Officer

Administrative and financial support for the project will be provided by an Administrative and Financial Officer (AFO). The AFO will report to the PM who will subsequently report to the PB.

Responsibilities Standardise the finance and accounting systems of the project while maintaining compatibility

with government, GEF and UNDP financial accounting procedures. Prepare revisions of the budgets and assist in the preparation of the annual work plans. Comply and verify budget and accounting data by researching files, calculating costs, and

estimating anticipated expenditures from readily available information sources. Prepare status reports, progress reports and other financial reports. Process all types of payments requests for settlement purposes including quarterly advances to the

partners upon joint review. Prepare periodic accounting records by recording receipts, disbursements (ledgers, cash books,

vouchers, etc.) and reconciling data for recurring or financial special reports and assist in preparation of annual procurement plans.

Undertake project financial closure formalities including submission of terminal reports, transfer and disposal of equipment, processing of semi-final revisions, and support professional staff in preparing the terminal assessment reports.

Assist in the timely issuance of contracts and assurance of other eligible entitlements of the project personnel, experts, and consultants by preparing annual recruitment plans.

Qualifications and competencies An appropriate qualification in accounting, book-keeping, administration, office management. Demonstrable experience in management and administration of multilateral funding. Demonstrable experience and familiarity with administration of funds using UNDP,GEF and

government accounting procedures. Excellent spoken and written English, including report-writing and communication skills.

12.3. Terms of Reference for Project Steering Committee

The Project Board (also called the Project Steering Committee) will be responsible for making the management decisions of the LDCF project, and will guide the Project Manager (PM). The PB plays a critical role in monitoring progress of implementation and ensuring that recommendations from annual and mid-term evaluations are adopted for performance improvement, ensuring accountability and adoption of lessons learnt. It ensures that required resources are committed and arbitrates on any conflicts within the project or negotiates a solution to any problems with external bodies. In addition, it approves the appointment and responsibilities of the PM. Based on the approved Annual Work Plan, the PB can also consider and approve the quarterly plans (if applicable) and also approve any essential deviations from the original plans.

1. In order to ensure UNDP’s ultimate accountability for the project results, PB decisions will be made in accordance to standards that shall ensure management for development results, best value for money, fairness, integrity, transparency and effective international competition. In cases where consensus cannot be reached within the PB, the final decision shall rest with UNDP in its role as the Senior Supplier.

2. Potential members of the PB are reviewed and recommended for approval during the PAC meeting. Representatives of other stakeholders can be included in the PB as appropriate. The PB contains three distinct roles, including:

An Executive representing the project ownership to chair the group. The Executive for the LDCF project will be an individual from the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE).

Senior Supplier representing the interests of the parties concerned which provide funding for specific cost sharing projects and/or technical expertise to the project. The Senior Supplier’s primary function within the Board is to provide guidance regarding the technical feasibility of the project. The Senior Supplier of the LDCF project is UNDP.

Senior Beneficiary/ies representing the interests of those who will ultimately benefit from the project, i.e. sector and communities vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The Senior Beneficiary’s primary function within the Board is to ensure the realization of project results from the perspective of project beneficiaries. The Senior Beneficiary/ies for the LDCF project will be MWE, OPM and MAAIF.

The PB be supported by the following roles: The Project Assurance role supports the PB Executive by carrying out objective and independent

project oversight and monitoring functions. UNDP-GEF and the UNDP Uganda CO will provide Project Assurance to the PB for the LDCF project.

The Project Manager (PM) has the authority to run the project on a day-to-day basis within the constraints laid down by the Project Board. The PM’s prime responsibility is to ensure that the project produces the results specified in the Project Document, to the required standard of quality and within the specified constraints of time and cost. The PM will be selected by MWE, the Implementing Partner, in consultation with UNDP CO.

The Project Support role provides project administration, management and technical support to the Project Manager. Project Support will be provided by an Administrative/Financial Assistant (AFO) recruited through the LDCF project.

12.4. Terms of Reference for other international and national consultants

Technical support for specialised tasks that cannot be undertaken by government staff, PM, AFO or TAs will be provided by consultants. International technical assistance will be sourced for specialised tasks where insufficient capacity is available among government staff or national consultants. Descriptions of consultant responsibilities are included in the budget notes. The selection of international consultants will be guided by UNDP in conjunction with the PM and PB. Consultants will be hired to collect data, provide advice and monitor interventions.

The international consultants required by the LDCF project will include an international expert in Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) and an international economic consultant. Local expertise will be sourced where possible in place of international expertise to strengthen in-country capacity. National consultants will be hired by the LDCF project to collect data, provide advice and monitor interventions. The national consultants required by the project will include experts in hydrology; meteorology; training and workshop facilitation; communications and ICT; policy and strategy; climate change risk modelling; adaptation, early warning systems and disaster management; and, economics. In addition, two local community consultants will be appointed to serve as focal points for pilot sites at Teso and Mt. Elgon, respectively.

The international and national consultants must be experts in their field with an appropriate M.Sc. degree and a minimum of 5 years’ experience or an appropriate bachelor’s degree and 10 years’ experience in their field of expertise. They should also have experience in technical capacity building and information development. The international consultants should have good knowledge and understanding of climate change threats in Uganda and the need for an improved hydro-meteorological monitoring and forecasting system and EWSs. Fluency in spoken and written English and excellent report-writing skills are important criteria for all consultants.

The hiring procedures to be followed for both international and national consultants must include a transparent and competitive process based on standard UNDP procedures.

Annex 13. Capacity Assessment

13.1. United Nations Harmonised Approach to Cash Transfers (HACT) Assessment for Ministry of Water and Environment

see attachment

Annex 14. Response report on Council comments

Response report to United States Government (USG), World Bank (WB) and Germany (G) Council comments on the LDCF Project Strengthening climate information and early warning systems in Uganda for climate resilient development and adaptation to climate change

Council Comment (USG) UNDP Response1. Include detailed

activities related to production of climate/hydrological information, communications and sustaining this work and retaining expertise, particularly under component 2.

Detailed activities related to production of climate/hydrology information have been included under Output 2.2 and 2.4. For example developingtailored weather and climate alerts including colour-coded advisories, watches and warnings for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses by integrating and customising standard forecasts, e.g. daily, ten-day and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins, seasonal forecasts, based on sector specific and end-user needs and in collaboration with DWRMA, MAAIF and DRDPM. This will include field visits and stakeholder consultations to understand how users of early warning advisories and warnings use the information for managing climate and weather related risks and how their decision frameworks affect the interpretation of advisories and warnings. SOPs (including protocols and agreements between relevant MDAs) for disseminating weather, climate and hydrological information including alerts across all levels will be developed. This will be complemented by an early warning system dissemination toolbox, which will include a trainer manual on the use of a range of national and local gender sensitive media for disseminating alerts to end-users. The DRDPM and local DDMCs will be facilitated and equipped in the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions to apply SOPs and disseminate warnings.

During the implementation phase, efforts will be made to ensure that expertise is retained by signing contracts with trainees binding them to remain in the institution for a specified period after the training program.Public personnel who benefit from training activities will be required to sign an agreement specifying a minimum term of service in order to retain skilled staff and ensure sustained benefits of capacity-building and training investments.A ‘train the trainers’ approach will be used to maximize the impact of LDCF funds.Lessons learned as the equipment is installed will be used to inform future installations, and capacity developed in government staff will be used to build in-house capacity of fellow staff members through a ‘train the trainers’ approach. Additionally agreements will be established with individuals trained to ensure that they remain in the relevant government departments for the minimum period after receiving the training. All capacity that is developed will also be linked to a deliverable, such as the production of maps or assessments, which will contribute to the implementation of the LDCF project.

2. Maintain close relationships and establish partnerships with relevant

Efforts to ensure that close relationships are established/maintained has been at the center of the PPG process. Lessons learned by other partners involved in similar activities have been reviewed and incorporated in the project proposal. The project aims to ensure partnerships are developed

organizations working on climate and hydrometeorological services in the project region and make use of lessons learned from related efforts. This will strengthen capacity and connectivity within the broader region.

or strengthened with ACMAD, Africa Climate Policy Center, Eumetsat, ICPAC and others. Partnerships will be formed through MoUs and formalized agreements.

3. Describe how the project will ensure that the production of information is driven by the needs of the users and delivered through appropriate user-friendly channels

Both providers (DoM and DWRM) and users (DRDPM, MAAIF) of climate and environmental information have been consulted to ensure that the project is driven by the needs of the users. See annex 11 Key Assessment Report in the project document for detail of inputs from stakeholders. During project implementation, a comprehensive assessment of existing centralised and decentralised early warning systems – including existing weather and climate information exchange mechanisms, communication channels and dissemination mechanisms between DoM, user agencies and end-users – will be conducted to establish best practices and gaps suitable for implementation for the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions in Uganda. This will include household surveys of targeted users of climate information to understand the social and economic costs and benefits of using advisories and warnings for ex-ante risk management in agriculture and water management. User-friendly channels for delivery of information such as SMS and Radio have been identified and will be used during project implementation. Outputs 1.1 to 1.5 have all been designed in consultation with stakeholders to identify the procurement and rehabilitation needs for the climate and hydrology observation infrastructure. Also Outputs 2.2 and 2.4 have taken specific inputs from stakeholders to ensure they are compliant with local needs.

4. Include clear explanations of how local communities and women will be involved in shaping the project and describe how the project will benefit vulnerable populations and individuals.

The preparation phase has focused on gender-sensitive approaches and has ensured and clearly explained in the project document how women and vulnerable populations will be involved in shaping the type of information needed. Women representatives participated in the national consultations, and processes to include local communities in the design of early warning products have been included in the project document (Output 2.2 and 2.4). Different groups in Uganda have different vulnerabilities based on their culture, gender, caste, ethnicity or other characteristics that influence their capacities to prepare, prevent and respond effectively to disasters. Women and men often play different roles in society and have different access to information in disaster situations. To ensure an effective early warning system is developed that includes all vulnerable persons in a community, project demonstration sites will be selected based on gender-sensitive assessments.This will be used to develop an early warning system dissemination toolbox, which will include a trainer manual on the use of a range of national and local gender sensitive media for disseminating weather and climate information alerts to end-users.

5. Activities related to Data sharing is a key feature of this project and efforts during

data stewardship should be expanded to include a plan for data sharing throughout the region and globally.

implementation to activate and maintain data sharing channels with regional and global climate institutions will be ensured. This LDCF project is being implemented as a component of a larger regional project which will include the appointment of regional technical advisors, which will strengthen the links between the UgandaLDCF project and related initiatives in other LDCF project countries as well as regional initiatives such as i) African Center of Meteorological Application Development (ACMAD) – including those involving ICPAC and the GHACOF process (see Annex 3); ii) Group on Earth Observations’ (GEO) AfriGEOSS initiative – and in particular African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) and Monitoring of Environment and Security in Africa (MESA); and iii)WMO’s Global Framework Climate Services (GFCS) initiative.

6. Clearly articulate the sectors that will benefit from the project, and include considerations of the adaptation priorities and needs of local communities.

Sectors in Uganda that will benefit from the project include the water, environment, agriculture, disaster risk management and civil aviation sector. Section 2.3.2 details the local and national benefits that this project will provide. At a local level, the Kyoga Water Management Zone (WMZ) – which includes the Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions – will benefit from the LDCF project. The Kyoga WMZ covers approximately 58,000 km2, which mostly comprises relatively flat terrain between 900 and 1,150 m above sea level and includes the Teso and Elgon sub-regions. Mean annual precipitation exceeds 1,200 mm. There is considerable potential for the large-scale development of hydro-electricity production in the region82. The population of the Kyoga WMZ is estimated to be 9.3 million and the primary livelihood activity is agriculture83. Flood risk is very high throughout the WMZ while drought risk ranges from moderate to very high84. This zone includes the following catchments: Karamoja (Kapiri), Sironko, Lake Kyoga sub-catchment, Mpologoma and Kwania. The Teso and Mt. Elgon sub-regions will benefit from tailored weather and climate information, specifically for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps. The Teso sub-region – containing eight districts – is negatively impacted by cyclical floods, droughts, famine, conflicts and cattle-raiding and is consequently vulnerable to periodic food insecurity. Local governments and humanitarian parties endeavour to address issues of food security while disaster risk reduction activities are currently insufficient85. The Elgon sub-region – also containing eight districts – is susceptible to floods and landslides and is characterised by high levels of poverty as well as poor infrastructure and service delivery access86.These sub-regions will also benefit from the development of mobile-based alert platforms. One of the aims of this initiative is to ensure that at least 50% of mobile phone users are women. It is essential that this goal is reached, as women in these regions are often the worst affected by the

82The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.83The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.84The Republic of Uganda.2010. Operationalisation of Catchment-based Water Resources Management. Ministry of Water and Environment, Directorate of Water Resources Management: 1-135.85The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.86The Republic of Uganda.2011. Uganda Humanitarian Profile. Northern Uganda Data Centre: 1-30.

impacts of climate change, due to their predominantly agriculture-based livelihoods87. Women need to be able to access climate information as easily as men – even if it is through differing mediums – otherwise there is the risk of the information either not being used at all or not being fully understood by women88. 79. Priority sub-regions of Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango will also benefit from the mainstreaming of weather and climate information into inter alia the National Policy for Disaster Preparedness and Management, as well as district and sub-county development plans.

7. Given the similarity between all the PIFs, it is recommended to develop one regional PIF OR conduct more in-depth analysis of gaps and needs for each country.

The outputs for this LDCF project have been tailored to address the gaps and needs for the DoM, DDMPR and DWRM as well as user-agencies namely CCU and MAAIFS and local communities in Uganda. The gaps and needs of these key early warning institutions and end-users of early warning system information have been identified through multi-stakeholder consultations conducted including i) an initial inception workshop on 4 September 2012; ii) a stakeholder follow-up workshop to obtain feedback on proposed project framework on 1 February 2013; iii) a stakeholder retreat on 21 March 2013; and iv) a validation workshop on 9 April 2013. Consultations were attended by national operational focal points, government departments responsible for generating and using climate information and early warning systems as well as a number of development partners (FAO, World Bank, USTDA), NGOs and civil society organisations (e.g. ACTED, Uganda Red Cross Society). Please see details of stakeholder involvement during the PPG phase in Annex 1 of the project document.

8. Long term data records require sustainability and therefore need more detail for output 2.5 (sustainable financing) and how it will overcome barriers.

The DoM is entirely funded by the Government. Like many other Government institutions, the Department suffers from a shortage of funds for its operations. A key factor that has inhibited the Uganda Department of Meteorology from improving its weather system was a lack of adequate funding, which in turn led to less than desirable strategic implementation practices. In the absence of other sources of substantial funding, most of its requirements are catered for by Government within the context of the performance of the economy, and are, therefore subject to national budgetary priorities and limitations. The Uganda National Meteorological Bill was passed by Parliament in April 2012. The anticipated impact of the Bill will be the transformation of the Department of Meteorology into an Authority (an autonomous body). Quality Policy, Quality Objectives, Quality Procedures and other Quality Manuals for Quality Management System (QMS) Certification have already been developed and approved. The process of attaining ISO 9001:2008 certification, however, has not been finalised. The major revenue sources for DoM/UNMA are government direct billing, the private sector and government reimbursements. To capitalise on these

87Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision toWomen Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.88Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision toWomen Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.

earnings comprehensive studies will be needed to establish the viability of the different sources of revenues and demonstrating the value of improved meteorological services and products in particular to the Civil Aviation Authority, which is a primary user of the data. Since the DoM is one of the government departments that are chronically under-funded, ways of generating its own income from the services it provides needs to be explored.

The GoU requested that the LDCF project document be developed for the status quo i.e. the DoM and not the Uganda National Meteorological Authority. It has however been based on the Modernisation Plan, capital investment plan and business plan that was prepared to assist DoM move towards an independent agency. Output 2.5 is in particular streamlined with the modernisation plan. This includes the following activities: 2.5.1 Conduct a comprehensive study to establish the viability of different sources of revenues – rated as mixed good/commercial as well as public good – identified in the existing DoM/UNMA MWE Business and Modernisation Plan (see Table 1 and Table 2). This will include a market analysis of the need for improved forecasting and other services and products by the Uganda Civil Aviation Authority (CCA), private sector and government institutions – and the fees/reimbursements these entities are willing to pay.

Table 1. Services rated as mixed good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE.

Source of income Total annuallyCivil Aviation (International Flights) 367,394Civil Aviation (Local Flights) 367,39National Environment Management Authority

2,296

Contribution to the State of the Environment 383National Forest Authority (data and service) 2,296Uganda Bureau of Statistics 4,592Construction Industry 68,886Oil Exploration and Extraction 13,777Energy Sector 2,296Marine Industry 22,962Media 13,777Tourism Industry 13,777Hydro Power Sector 13,777Commercial Farmers 22,962Consultancies 45,924Legal and Insurance 2,296Climate Proofing 13,777Beverages 4,592Bank of Uganda and other Banks 13,777NGOs and CBOs 9,185Levy on Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

309,989

Total potential revenue annual from mixed good services

985,457

Table 2. Services that are rated as public good and potential revenue identified in DoM/UNMA Business Plan prepared by MWE.

Source of income Total annuallyUPDF Air Force 68,886Mercy Flights (e.g. UN) 22,962Health Sector 22,962Water Resources 22,962Agriculture Sector 413,318Disaster Preparedness and Management 45,924Public Weather Forecasts 91,848Planning and Finance 45,924Police Airwing 13,777Capital Development Needs (from Treasury) 1,148,106Total potential revenue annual from public good services 1,896,670

2.5.2 Develop and implement sector-specific marketing strategy and programme for improved meteorological services and products to the Civil Aviation Authority as well as for other key economic sectors, namely banking, insurance, agriculture and tourism.2.5.3 Review and propose revisions to the current cost recovery arrangement between the DoM and Civil Aviation Authorityto adequately reflect enhanced services and fee structures based on the results of Activity 2.5.1 and 2.5.2. The cost recovery for DoM/UNMA should be achieved in a manner that is in accordance with Article15 of the Chicago Convention on “Meteorological Services for International Air Navigation.2.5.4 Review and propose revisions to the current government reimbursement levels for meteorological servicesto reflect higher levels of operating expenses and capital costs needed to maintain and operated automated and modernised equipment and retain forecasting skills.2.5.5 Based on the results of 2.5.1 and 2.5.2 develop service level agreements forgovernment organizations and private companies requiring specific customised meteorological services from DoM/UNMA. This will have a focus on “climate proofing” services for integrating weather and climate information into development and programmes.

9. Ensure that integration of hydro-met system, satellite, gauges and radars is considered. Radars are expensive to install and maintain and can exceed national budgets.

Output 1.1 and 1.2 include activities focused on integrating the new automated stations as well as rehabilitated manual and automatic stations into the existing DoM network, including reviewing and installing appropriate telecommunication infrastructure, and creating linkages with the DWRM observation network and forecasting systems.

Output 1.3 focuses on updating weather and climate forecasting facilities. LDCF resources will be used to procure and install the hardware and software needed to integrate, display, analyze and provide

output of observed and model data as well as other graphical information. These workstations will provide the means to generate calibrated weather forecasts based on inter alia numerical weather prediction model, graphical imagery, surface observations and station-based forecasts. The national DoM database and information system will be upgraded from CLIMCOM/ASC11 to an appropriate modern system and this will be linked to the current DWRM’s water management and information system that is being developed with joint funding from GoU and World Bank.

The DoM has no radar, lightning detection equipment, upper air and pilot balloon stations. The C-band radar located at the Entebbe Airport is non-functional. Rehabilitation of the radar is not possible because spare parts are not available, as the manufacturer no longer operates. Because of this limited observational infrastructure, atmospheric parameters (beyond the surface) are only being observed through satellite observations. Despite this limitation, the DoM has indicated that they would prefer the LDCF project as it is only running over a four year period to focus on aligning with the departments short-term goals – next 5 years – and thus the LDCF project implementation phase. This includes undertaking the necessary upgrades to existing automatic and manual equipment as well as increasing coverage of the country with new automatic weather stations. Radar is part of the DoM’s medium to long-term goals and therefore will not be covered by LDCF resources.

10. Projects will be challenged by a lack of IT infrastructure (bandwidth, etc.) to collect, analyse, exchange and archive data.

The relevant IT infrastructure including servers, modems and telecommunications infrastructure including computers, computer servers and software, radiotelephones, portable telephones, GSM/GPRSGSM/GPRS modems and other equipment to for internet access have been budgeted for under Output 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3. Internet bandwidth is extremely costly in Uganda and therefore Output 2.5 focuses on establishing a public-private partnership and service level agreement between the DoM and an internet service provider with regards to start-up costs for servers and modems as well as running bandwidth costs for internet connection to collect, analyse, exchange and archive data.

11. There is a lack of workstations to make forecasts, access global products for downscaling etc.

Output 1.3 focusing on upgrading forecasting facilities (computers, storage and networking) this includes procuring and installing meteorological workstations to support synoptic stations and the NMC at Entebbe. These forecasting facilities aim to provide the platform for meteorologists to : i) visualize meteorological, environmental and oceanographic data from various sources and in various formats89; ii) produce standard and customised <1 day severe weather nowcasts, 1-10 weather forecasts, 1-6 month seasonal forecasts and >6 month climate forecasts; and iii) edit and package weather and climate data and

89 E.g. surface observations and station based forecasts, NWP (Numerical Weather Prediction) fields, satellite data and derived synthetic products, radar data and derived products, aviation reports and forecasts, sounding data, sat-sounding data, satwind data, automatic satellite image interpretation data, SCIT (Storm Cell Identification and Tracking) data, lightning data, road weather observations and forecasts, MOS (Model Output Statistics) data, ocean profile data, warnings based on the monitoring of incoming data, trajectories, webcams and geographical information (based on vector and raster data).

information into a suitable format for user-agencies and end-users.

12. There is a lack of private capital to support the large costs of modernisation.

Domestic and international air traffic activities – along with other key sectors – in Uganda are expected to increase appreciably because of continued economic growth90,91. The improvement of forecasting and other services and products provided by DoM in conjunction with the growth of banks, insurance companies, oil and gas sector, tourism and other elements of the private sector, could position DoM to accrue higher private sector revenue streams.

13. Specific details on which hazards are important and where should be included.

Uganda is particularly vulnerable to the increasing frequency and severity of droughts, floods and severe storms (hail, thunder, lightning and violent winds), and their impacts on sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, as well as infrastructure. Sub-regions identified in the literature as being particular at risk to these hazards include: i) Karamoja; ii) Teso; and iii) Mt Elgon by stakeholders in the country. This was reiterated based on analysis of stakeholder feedback when the Karamoja sub-region scored the highest for the implementation of community-based climate information and early warning system outputs and activities followed by the Teso and then Mt Elgon sub-regions.

The LDCF project although having a national focus with regards to strengthening the existing hydro-meteorological networks in the country will also be focusing local efforts in all three of these regions. This will in particular include integrating weather and climate information into district development plans which focuses on all three of these regions. Output 2.4 focuses on developing a sms-based alert system for floods, droughts, severe weather and other agricultural advisories for local farmers and vulnerable communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions. Stakeshholders in country agreed that for implementing local level actions such as the latter, Karamoja should not be used as, while Karamoja is prone to hazards as indicated, many EWS interventions have already been implemented and are planned for this sub-region. The next highest scores were in the Kyoga WMZ, which includes the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions.

14. More analyses of climate needs to be included in determining where hydromet stations should be located.

Station location was determined together with the DoM and DWRM. Various parameters were used in these discussions and analyses. The DWRM indicated the importance of covering all four Water Management Zones. The DoM indicated the necessity to focus on areas outside the Kyoga Water Catchment area as many stations are being installed in the zone under other development projects. Another key criteria in determining placement of weather stations was to particularly address gaps in the observation network in the Western and Northern Regions of the country.

15. To ensure that the Existing observation stations in the country only partially functioning or

90Ministry of Water and Environment. 2012 Business Plan for Uganda National Meteorological Authority.91Heitkemper, L. Kirk-Davidoff, D and Haynes, C.S. MDA Information Systems LLC. (Draft-2013). A Modernization Plan for Uganda’s Meteorological Services. Gaitherburg, US.

appropriate climate observations are recorded and applied, the following considerations should be included: i) clear descriptions of the types of observations that are required and how they will feed into an EWS appropriately; ii) provide data to world climatic data centres; iii) clearly distinguish between weather and climate observations and how they are used; and iv) details should be provided on whether additional funding for procurement of technology can be accessed.

are non-operational because of vandalism, limited spare parts and inefficient maintenance and calibration. Furthermore, the DoM has no radar, lightning detection equipment, upper air and pilot balloon stations. The DoM’s National Meteorological Center (NMC), based at Entebbe, has a direct link to the MSG Low Rate Information Transfer (LRIT) Direct Dissemination Service. This link provides access to satellite and model data (UKMO and ECMWF numerical models) as well as observations, analyses and forecasts from Regional and Global meteorological centres. In the design of the LDCF project – to ensure that the appropriate climate observations are recorded and applied – the following considerations were discussed with the relevant stakeholders and included into the design.i) The DoM and DWRM have indicated that there is a need for automated synoptic, agro-meteorological and hydrological observations that are transmitted on an hourly (synoptic) to ten-day basis (agro/hydro-met) in the country for developing accurate and timely standard and customised <1 day severe weather nowcasts, 1-10 weather forecasts, 1-6 month seasonal forecasts and >6 month climate forecasts. ii) At present only 30% of the required information and data from Uganda is transmitted international through the Global Telecommunications Network. This is as a result of the obsolete and inadequate status of meteorological infrastructure in the country. Weather and climate observations from Uganda are therefore not being effectively incorporated into regional and global circulation models, which decreases the accuracy of downscaling models to the Ugandan context.iii) Weather and climate forecasts have been used based on their definitions and application in the climate change, meteorological and hydrological fields. In particular, the term weather is used for forecasts of 1-10 day, the term seasonal forecast is used for forecasts of 1-6 months and the term climate forecast is used for forecasts/predictions of greater than 6 months. iv) The LDCF project builds upon the following baseline projects which are also providing additional funding for the procurement of technology: i) Joint Partnership Fund (GoU Ministry of Water and Environment budget lines) - $ 5,400,000; ii) Uganda Red Cross Society – $ 5,200,000; iii) GoU, Department of Water Resource Management (DWRM) budget line $ 2,800,000; iv) Government of Uganda (GoU), Department of Meteorology (DoM) budget line - $ 6,000,000; v) World Bank Water Management and Development Project - $ 1,000,000; vi) GIZ Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) programme - $ 1,000,000; vii) ITU/UCC - $ 300,000; viii) World Bank, ATAAS $ 1,000,000; ix) ACTED ECHO $ 400,000. The exact technology that these projects will be funding is described in the baseline situation under Section 2.4 of the project document.

16. Project goals include mitigation of flood/drought losses but have insufficient

The project will build on work under the World Bank Water Management and Development Project. The total financing for the project is US$ 135 million, of which US$ 1.1 million has been allocated for flood and drought risk assessment, management and preparedness.

hydrological modelling described in the PIF.

The WMDP has planned two activities on flood and drought risk management and preparedness: i) strengthening, expanding and automating the existing hydro-meteorological monitoring network in the Kyoga and Upper Nile Water Management Zones; and ii) developing a comprehensive water resource information system for Uganda. The LDCF project will build upon the flood and drought risk-related WMDP project activities at a national level as well as at the regional and local level in Kyoga WMZ. This will include strengthening the hydrological observation network in the Albert and Victoria WMZs as well as filling gaps in the network in the Kyoga and Upper Nile WMZs not being filled by the WMDP. LDCF funds will be used to integrate the AWLSs installed into the water information system being developed under the WMDP. This will also include linking the DWRM system to the DoM data and information system developed.

17. Include considerations of how capacity of hydrological services (and agriculture) can be improved e.g. issue flood and drought monitoring and early warnings.

Protocols and agreements under Outcome 1 will be developed and implemented between the DWRM and DoM for data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and flood, drought and severe weather risk assessment and warnings as well as for the management and operations of automatic and manual stations, particularly where stations are in close proximity. This will build on existing MoUs that exist between these two departments and assist in identifying clear mandates and procedures for issuing flood and drought early warnings as well as related monitoring activities.

18. Address links and gaps between representatives of hydromet and agriculture e.g. will the meteorological data work with hydrological/agricultural models, or will it require manipulating?

Tailored weather and climate alerts including colour-coded advisories, watches and warnings for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses will be developed by integrating and customising standard forecasts, e.g. daily forecasts, ten-day and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins, seasonal forecasts, drought and flood forecasts and risk and vulnerability maps, based on sector specific and end-user needs and in collaboration with DWRMA, MAAIF and DRDPM. For example, maps of surface water availability and ground water levels are needed to guide farmers’ planting practise, in order to avoid waterlogging and flooding.

Protocols and agreements under Outcome 1 will be developed and implemented between the DWRM and DoM for data collection, data exchange, data processing, data analysis and flood, drought and severe weather risk assessment and warnings as well as for the management and operations of automatic and manual stations, particularly where stations are in close proximity.

Protocols and agreements will be developed and implemented under Outcome 2 for efficiently and effectively exchanging, processing and analysing data and information among DoM, DWRM, MAAIF, DRDPM, CCU and related institutions for making early warnings and long-term development plans. This will include developing risk and vulnerability assessments for inter alia floods, droughts and severe weather as well as integrated assessments of the costs and benefits of adaptation – including strengthening hydro-meteorological services and early warnings – to support policy and domestic budget adjustments.

These above protocols and agreements will build upon existing structures in place, whereby the above institutions collaborate to develop sector-specific forecasts. These existing structures need strengthening as they are often only conducted on an ad hoc basis. For example, MAAIF and DWRM receive ten-day and monthly weather and seasonal forecasts from DoM on an ad hoc basis through email and, in certain cases, through national workshops. Agronomists and agro-meteorologists at MAAIF use weather and seasonal forecasts to prepare advice for farmers regarding appropriate crops for the expected conditions as well as on the occurrence of seasonal dry-to-wet and wet-to-dry transitions for informing planting and harvesting times. Hydrologists at DWRM use the weather and seasonal forecasts for the implementation of catchment-based IWRM including flood risk assessment and warnings. Weather and seasonal forecasts are also made available to regional agricultural and hydrological research institutions and stations for further dissemination to local farmers.

Although this system on paper seems adequate, at present the accuracy and timeliness of forecasts provided by DoM are limited. At present most seasonal forecasts produced are released with 0 days lead time or alternatively are two weeks late. Furthermore, monthly weather reviews and forecasts and agro-met advisories are generally not issued at all or are too late for the farmers to use the information. For example when information is released it usually reaches farmers when the rains have started and therefore it is too late for them to plan their farming practises accordingly. Furthermore, farmers need the information on the onset of rains, distribution and cessation. This needs to be further broken down into recommended actions for a relevant region and/or district and/or crop type. The LDCF project aims to address these challenges in the current systems. See Section 2.4 Outcome 2 – in particular Output 2.2.

19. In Component 2 there is a need to articulate the types of forecasts that will be produced.

At present, the DoM aims to provide a range of standard and customised forecasts (see Table 11 under Section 2.4 of the PD). These however are hampered by a range of technical and infrastructural challenges including obsolete and partially functioning observation network as well as limited forecasting facilities and limited forecasting and prediction capabilities. The following existing forecasts will be strengthened with regards to accuracy and timeliness: i) daily forecasts; ii) aviation forecasts; iii) monthly weather bulletins; iv) ten-day (dekad) and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins; v) seasonal 1-6 month forecasts; and vi) warnings for extreme weather. With regards to alerts for extreme weather, these will be tailored to include a colour coded system for watches, advisories and warnings with related descriptions and recommended actions with the target audience being local farmers as well as vulnerable communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon regions. With regards to ten-day and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins, these will be tailored to include information from DoM, DWRM, MAAIF and DDMPR. This will be achieved by integrating and customising standard forecasts e.g. daily, ten-day and monthly agro-meteorological bulletins, seasonal forecasts, drought and flood forecasts and risk and vulnerability

maps, based on sector specific and end-user needs and in collaboration with DWRMA, MAAIF and DRDPM. For example, maps of surface water availability and ground water levels are needed to guide farmers’ planting practise, in order to avoid waterlogging and flooding.

20. The focus of the PIF tends to be on early warnings and does not include long term changes to extreme weather events. Ensure that climate information can be integrated into development plans.

The focus of the LDCF project has been adapted to both enhancing early warning systems using monitoring data, weather forecasts and seasonal forecasts as well as enhancing adaptation planning using monitoring data and decadal/climate forecasts/projections. Output 2.3 focusing on mainstreaming and integrating weather and climate information into national policies, annual budgets and local development plans in the Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions. Improving monitoring data i.e the improving the ability to detect (monitor) long-term trends/changes in climate will enhance both the development of early warning systems and the integration of climate information in development plans. Furthermore, enhancing weather forecasts and seasonal forecast components of early warning systems will also prepare Uganda for an increase in extreme weather events under future climate conditions. This is also considered an aspect of adaptation planning and will also be integrated into national policies, annual budgets and development plans i.e. for an increase in intensity and frequency of extreme weather events.

21. Hydromet products which are sold for a fee will limit uptake by vulnerable populations.

See response to USG comment 2. The project will consider public good and mixed good services as defined by the GoU (see Table 1 and 2 above and in the PD under Output 2.5). In general, the question of which hydro-met services and products should be freely available and which should be charged for is a contentious ‘political issue’ in both developing and developed countries. Most countries still rely on government budget lines as well as government reimbursements to cover the costs of hydro-met services, particular if the hydro-met department is a government institutions and not an autonomous agency.

Therefore, the formation of the Uganda National Meteorological Authority is intended to help overcome this limitation as it may now carry out its operations with a certain level of autonomy, including a higher level of involvement with the Ministry of Finance. The reorganization of the DoM into the Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) will serve to enhance the ability to modernize its meteorological observing, forecasting and warning technology and expand its services, including access to higher levels of funding for capital investment, maintenance and staff training.

Output 2.4 focuses on providing sms-based alerts for floods, droughts and severe weather to local farmers and vulnerable communities in Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions. This will be established through building on existing Mobile Alert Pilot projects for fishermen in Lake Victoria and farmers in the Kasese district. The importance of cooperative responsibility of relevant service providers will be promoted. These products will be initially freely available to local communities until a market analyses is conducted to gauge the viability of charging a fee to communities. A marketing programme will then be developed and

implemented based on the findings of the analyses – see Output 2.5 – whereby a service level agreement can be developed with a relevant service provider.

22. Include consideration of how the project will benefit women, noting that evidence suggests that women do not receive EW messages via radio.

Under Output 2.2, tailored information products – including alerts, risk and vulnerability maps and results from integrated assessments – will be developed through gender-sensitive consultations with end-users in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions, and appropriate research organizations. Furthermore, this will be informed by a comprehensive assessment of best practices and gaps with regards to centralized and decentralized early warning systems – including gender disaggregated vulnerability and coping as well as appropriate dissemination mechanisms – in Uganda and internationally. Different groups in Uganda have different vulnerabilities based on their culture, gender, caste, ethnicity or other characteristics that influence their capacities to prepare, prevent and respond effectively to disasters. Women and men often play different roles in society and have different access to information in disaster situations. To ensure an effective early warning system is developed that includes all vulnerable persons in a community, detailed information will be collected for men and women including elderly, disabled, children, youth and socio-economically disadvantaged. This will be used to develop an early warning system dissemination toolbox, which will include a trainer manual on the use of a range of national and local gender sensitive media for disseminating weather and climate information alerts to end-users.

The Teso and Mt Elgon sub-regions will benefit from tailored weather and climate information – specifically for flood, drought, severe weather and agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps. The Teso sub-region – containing eight districts – suffers from cyclical floods, droughts, famine, conflicts and cattle raiding causing food security to remain fragile. While local governments and humanitarian parties endeavour to handle food security issues, disaster risk reduction activities are currently insufficient. The Elgon sub-region – also containing eight districts – is susceptible to floods and landslides and is hampered by high levels of poverty as well as poor infrastructure and service delivery access. These sub-regions will benefit from the development of mobile-based alert platforms. One of the aims of this initiative will be to ensure that at least 50% of mobile phone users are women. It is essential that this goal is reached, as women in these regions are often the worst affected by the impacts of climate change, due to their predominantly agriculture-based livelihoods92. Women need to be able to access climate information as easily as men – even if it is through differing mediums – otherwise there is the risk of the information not reaching women93.

92Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision toWomen Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.93Tall, A. and Chouwdhury, M. 2012. Who gets the information? Gender, Power and Equity considerations in Climate Services Provision - Lessons from Climate Service Provision toWomen Farmers in Kaffrine (Senegal), 2011-12. Working Paper. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS): 1-60.

23. ACMAD, GEO and AfriGEOSS are not mentioned despite coordinating earth observations and climate observations.

The LDCF project will link and coordinate with activities under the African Center of Meteorological Application Development (ACMAD) – namely ICPAC GHACOF, Group on Earth Observations’ (GEO) AfriGEOSS initiative – and in particular African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD) and Monitoring of Environment and Security in Africa (MESA), and WMO ’s Global Framework Climate Services (GFCS) initiative.

These initiatives are mentioned in Section 2.3 and 2.4 in the LDCF project document as necessary. Seasonal forecasts in Uganda are issued twice a year, based on seasonal precipitation forecasts generated for East Africa at the Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF) regional meeting conducted twice a year by representatives of several East African states. Uganda sends 10-day precipitation and temperature data to Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Application Centre ICPAC94 in Djibouti – WMO nominated Eastern Africa95 regional centre for ACMAD96. Furthermore, the DoM participates in the IGAD ICPAC’s Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF), which brings together national, regional and international climate experts, on an operational basis, to produce regional climate outlooks based on input from NMHSs, regional institutions, Regional Climate Centres (RCCs) and global producers of climate predictions. This is further elaborated in the PD.

24. There is a need to include WMO and the GFCS initiative.

The WMO focal point in Uganda is based in the DoM under the MWE and therefore this LDCF project will be closely linked and aligned to WMO initiatives in the country. This will include the GFCS initiative. WMO is also included for technical support to the project under Section 5 of the PD.

Council Comment (World Bank)

UNDP Response

1. There is concern that approving these projects based on a template is at the expense of more robust proposals (perhaps more targeted) and could pose a reputational risk to the GEF.

This Government of Uganda led initiative has been designed by stakeholders in Uganda to complement existing business-as-usual initiatives on EWS. It is aligned with Uganda’s: i) NAPA priorities - 3) Strengthening Meteorological services including expanding weather observation infrastructure (networks) and promoting a multimedia approach to weather and climate information dissemination and 9) Climate change development and planning project including reviewing existing relevant policies and laws/regulations in relation to climate change and sensitizing and training decision makers, planners and implementers on impacts of climate change; ii) NDP priorities - “total overhaul and automation of the meteorological instrumentation”

94 IGAD continues assisting its member states and the regional and international for a with coordination of regional and national workshops (IGAD – website: www.igad.net). With regard to climate issues, the IGAD Secretariat in Djibouti covers policy issues while ICPAC covers technical aspects. ICPAC evolved in 2007 from the Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC) under the auspices of the WMO and UNDP to the IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC). It is also nominated by the WMO to be a regional centre for ACMAD (WHO, 2010).The ICPAC – website is: www.icpac.net.95 Djibouti, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda96 ACMAD. 2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigiliance products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, Niger

including enabling sectors climate change, meteorology and disaster management; and iii) DRRM Policy and Draft CC policy. Multi-stakeholder consultations were conducted to inform the design of the LDCF project including: i) an initial inception workshop on 4 September 2012; ii) a stakeholder follow-up workshop to obtain feedback on proposed project framework on 1 February 2013; iii) a stakeholder retreat on 21 March 2013; and iv) a validation workshop on 9 April 2013. Consultations were attended by national operational focal points, government departments responsible for generating and using climate information and early warning systems as well as a number of development partners, NGOs and civil society organisations. The stakeholder retreat was attended by government departments that were identified as key responsible parties for the LDCF project. Bi-lateral stakeholder consultations included a range of additional meetings that were held between September 2012 and April 2013 with bi- and multi-lateral organisations, government departments, NGOs as well as private sector partners. See Section 2.2 for further details on country ownership and drivenness as well as Annex 1 with regards to stakeholder involvement in the project preparatory phase. The current project document is thus adapted to the Ugandan context, with elements of the original PIF only taken forward if the Ugandan government and stakeholders considered it useful and needed in the context of building a robust and effective early warning system, or if it would promote the use of climate information.

2. There is insufficient assessment of current state of hydro-met sector, past failures and their causes.

The gaps and needs of key early warning institutions and end-users of early warning system information have been identified through multi-stakeholder consultations – see response to previous comment. Consultations were attended by national operational focal points, government departments responsible for generating and using climate information and early warning systems as well as a number of development partners (FAO, World Bank, USTDA), NGOs and civil society organisations (e.g. ACTED, Uganda Red Cross Society). Please see details of stakeholder involvement during the PPG phase in Annex 1 of the project document. Bi-lateral stakeholder consultations included a range of additional meetings that were held between September 2012 and April 2013 with bi- and multi-lateral organisations, government departments, NGOs as well as private sector partners. To improve assessments on climate and environmental observational infrastructure needs and capacity building requirements, a self-reporting questionnaire and summary of technical and budgetary questions were sent out to information dissemination agencies as well as the IP and RPs of the project. National Consultants then further met stakeholders and guided them through the questionnaire and highlighted where additional information and critical comments were needed. In this process detailed cost estimates for each activity and project activities focusing on establishing coordinated mechanisms for climate information and early warning system interpreting, packaging and disseminating were discussed and agreed on by all the stakeholders. This was further discussed during a stakeholder retreat and validation workshop as mentioned above.

3. There is insufficient Output 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 of this GoU LDCF project focuses on

consideration of the limitations of current capacity, which currently prevents many of the proposed activities in some countries.

capacity building to support the improved and automated climate monitoring observation network. These outputs have been designed based on an assessment of climate and environmental observational infrastructure needs and capacity building requirements conducted through a range of in-country consultations as well as literature reviews undertaken by an international consultant and two national consultants based in the country. This builds on work already undertaken by USTDA and others to assess current capacities and develop plans for the future growth of the DoM.

4. Cost estimates are unrealistic and do not include variation between countries and O&M (operations & management) costs.

Costs have been revised and based on existing O & M budgets under the DoM and DWRM as well as cost estimates of preferred models of equipment that are currently being used in the country. See response to comment 1 and 2 above. Activities related to the procurement of spare parts have been included and budgeted for.

Council Comment (Germany)

UNDP Response

1. It does not become evident that a robust strategy or plan is already developed and accepted by different partners. Instead, this is stated as a project output (2.1.4. “Plan for sustainable financing for the operation and maintenance of the installed EWS developed and implemented.”) Germany requests that evidence of partner commitment on sustainability as well as an assessment of risks related to the sustainability of investments are provided in the final project document.

Assessments on climate and environmental observational infrastructure needs and capacity building requirements were undertaken by an international consultant and two national consultants based in country. Risks related to the sustainability of the investments were considered in the design of the LDCF project outputs, in particular Output 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.5. and were included into the Risk Log in Annex #.

The DoM is entirely funded by the Government. Like many other Government institutions, the Department suffers from a shortage of funds for its operations. A key factor that has inhibited the Uganda Department of Meteorology from improving its weather system was a lack of adequate funding, which in turn led to less than desirable strategic implementation practices. Baseline government budget lines for operation and maintenance have been committed to the LDCF project as co-financing see Section 2.3 and 2.4 and co-financing letters in Annex #.

The formation of the Uganda National Meteorological Authority is intended to help overcome this limitation as it may now carry out its operations with a certain level of autonomy, including a higher level of involvement with the Ministry of Finance. The reorganization of the DoM into the Uganda National Meteorological Authority (UNMA) will serve to enhance the ability to modernize its meteorological observing, forecasting and warning technology and expand its services, including access to higher levels of funding for capital investment, maintenance and staff training. Domestic and international air traffic activities – along with other key sectors – in Uganda are expected to increase appreciably because of continued economic growth. The improvement of forecasting and other services and products provided by DoM in conjunction with the growth of banks, insurance companies, oil and gas sector, tourism and other elements of the private sector, could position DoM to accrue higher private sector revenue streams.

Output 2.2 will focus on tailoring weather and climate information (including colour-coded alerts for flood, drought, severe weather and

agricultural stresses, integrated cost-benefit analyses and sector-specific risk and vulnerability maps to make it more accessible to decision makers in government (MWE, OPM, MAAIF, MoH) private sector, civil society, development partners and local communities in the Teso and Mt Elgon sub-region. Under Output 2.3 LDCF resource will be used to mainstream weather and climate information and early warning systems into national sector-specific policies, annual budgets and local development plans in priority districts in Bukedi, Busoga, Elgon, Teso, Acholi, Karamoja and Lango sub-regions. Output 2.5 focuses on conducting a comprehensive study to establish the viability of different sources of revenues – rated as mixed good/commercial as well as public good – identified in the existing DoM/UNMA MWE Business and Modernisation Plan. A sector-specific marketing strategy and programme will be developed and implemented to capitalise on potential income streams. The marketing programme will aim to enhance revenue by demonstrating the value of improved meteorological services and products to the Civil Aviation Authority – which is the primary use of DoM data – as well as for other key economic sectors, namely banking, insurance, oil and gas exploration and recovery, agriculture and tourism (for further details see response to USG comment 2 and Output 2.5 activities in the PD).

By making weather and climate information more useful to various stakeholders, will influence the amount of domestic, private as well as donor finance committed to the Department of Meteorology and Department of Water Resource Monitoring and Assessments to monitor extreme weather and climate change.

2. As the proposed project requires very specialized technical expertise on meteorology (hardware and software), provide detailed information on how expertise and comparative advantages of partners is incorporated in the project

A pool of specialists with specific expertise in meteorology and EWS will be supporting the project implementation as well as local experts, drawing on external technical specialists where necessary. Locally partnerships with other agencies working in this field have been developed and the project will build on this baseline and work in close partnerships with other actors. These initiatives are mentioned in Section 2.3 and 2.4 in the LDCF project document as necessary. Seasonal forecasts in Uganda are issued twice a year, based on seasonal precipitation forecasts generated for East Africa at the Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF) regional meeting conducted twice a year by representatives of several East African states. Uganda sends 10-day precipitation and temperature data to Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Application Centre ICPAC97 in Djibouti – WMO nominated Eastern Africa98 regional centre for ACMAD99. Furthermore, the DoM participates in the IGAD ICPAC’s Greater Horn of Africa Climate Outlook Forum (GHACOF),

97 IGAD continues assisting its member states and the regional and international for a with coordination of regional and national workshops (IGAD – website: www.igad.net). With regard to climate issues, the IGAD Secretariat in Djibouti covers policy issues while ICPAC covers technical aspects. ICPAC evolved in 2007 from the Drought Monitoring Centre (DMC) under the auspices of the WMO and UNDP to the IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (ICPAC). It is also nominated by the WMO to be a regional centre for ACMAD (WHO, 2010).The ICPAC – website is: www.icpac.net.98 Djibouti, DR Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda99 ACMAD. 2012. Assessment and Analysis of the state of the art of Warning Systems and vigiliance products in Eastern Africa Region. Niamey, Niger

which brings together national, regional and international climate experts, on an operational basis, to produce regional climate outlooks based on input from NMHSs, regional institutions, Regional Climate Centres (RCCs) and global producers of climate predictions. This is further elaborated in the PD.The WMO focal point in Uganda is based in the DoM under the MWE and therefore this LDCF project will be closely linked and aligned to WMO initiatives in the country. This will include the GFCS initiative. WMO is also included for technical support to the project under Section 5 of the PD.

3. The additional cost reasoning should be outlined more clearly. Much of the investment is for the weather related observational network and brings considerable co-benefits for economic activities, logistics and transport. However, a baseline development of maintaining and upgrading of infrastructure is not described. Please elaborate on the climate and climate change related benefits in comparison to the business as usual investment.

The additional cost reasoning is detailed under the adaptation alternative for each Outcome. In Summary: the current climate information (including monitoring) and early warning systems in Uganda are not functioning as optimally as they could for effectively supporting adaptive capacity of local communities and key sectors. This restricts long-term planning, management and early warning activities, as well as climate change impacts, in particular an increase in frequency and intensity of droughts, floods and severe storms. The current status of climate information and early warning systems in Uganda will significantly undermine social and economic development under a changing climate.

The baseline development of maintaining and upgrading infrastructure under the DoM, DWRM as well as the baseline development situation for disaster management under the DDMPR is described in Section 2.4. A range of baseline donor support projects are also described which are providing additional support to the business-as-usual situation at the DoM, DWRm and DDMPR. The climate change related benefits in comparison to the business-as-usual investment is described in the adaptation alternative under Outcome 1 and 2. This includes activities that aim to i) enhance the capacity of hydro-meteorological services and networks to monitor and predict weather and climate events and associate risk; ii) develop effective and efficient ways of packaging weather and climate information including contextualising with other environmental and socio-economic data to produce early warnings/alerts and advisories as well as to integrate into national policies, annual budgets and local development plans; and iii) support improved and timely preparedness and response to weather and climate information and early warnings, including efficient delivery mechanisms using radio and telecommunications networks.

Monitoring climate change, forecasting impacts and using early warning systems to disseminate data to a range of stakeholders, from national to local levels, are important components of successful long-term adaptation measures. Meteorological services provide real-time, short-, long-term and seasonal forecasts as well as other meteorological parameters for planning and management of agricultural production, water resource management, solar energy use, research, disaster and rescue operations, transport, trade and tourism, and environmental-related diseases. Meteorological parameters are particularly important for the design, construction and management of physical infrastructure.

Furthermore, they are necessary for understanding weather variability and climate change, as well as climate change impacts on socio-economic development. The more extensive the available information, the better the climate can be understood and future conditions can be assessed at the local, regional, national and global level100. Accurate weather and climate information and forecasting are essential for planning and managing economic production and the provision of social services, under a changing climate.

4. An up to five percent fee for “National implementation” is mentioned. Strong partner involvement and ownership in the implementation of this project is important but should not be at the expense of overall project management fees. Please outline how the five percent fee relates to the agency fees.

The national implementation fee (also called Project Management Costs) are those costs of running the project within the National Implementing Partner. These costs are distinct from Agency fees which are to provide oversight and quality assurance of the project, which in this case is by UNDP (through its country office, region based staff and HQ-based staff).

100Zhu, X. 2011.Technologies for Climate Change Adaptation – Agriculture Sector – TNA Guidebook Series. UNEP Risø Centre on Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Denmark.

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