Challenge Program on Water and Food Project No 17

(CPWF PN17) Project Final Workshop, 15 – 18 June

2009, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

“Integrated Water Resource Management for Improved Rural

Livelihoods: Managing risk, mitigating drought and improving water

productivity in the water scarce Limpopo Basin”

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WaterNet is a regional network of university departments and research and training institutes specialising in water. The Mission of WaterNet is to enhance regional capacity in Integrated Water Resources Management through training, education, research and outreach by sharing the complementary expertise of its members. WaterNet member institutions have expertise in various aspects of water resources management, including water supply, sanitation, groundwater, wetlands, irrigation, water law, water economics, community based resource management, flood forecasting, drought mitigation, water conservation and information technology. These institutions are based in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPW&F) is a research initiative of the Consultative Group on

International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). It is a partnership between national and international research institutes, NGOs and river basin communities. Its goal is to identify and encourage practices and institutional strategies that improve water productivity, and is committed to the overall goals of addressing improvements in levels of food security, poverty, health, and environmental security. WaterNet is leading Project 17 under the Challenge Program on Water and Food, entitled “Integrated Water Resource

Management for Improved Rural Livelihoods”. The project is financed by the CGIAR through the CPW&F and by the partners in the project. The partners in the project are: Project leader: WaterNet

International Research Institutes:

• International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)

• International Water Management Institute (IWMI)

Universities:

• UNESCO-IHE

• Universidade Eduardo Mondlane: Faculdade de Agronomia e Engenharia Florestal

• University of the Witwatersrand: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

• University of Zimbabwe: Centre for Applied Social Sciences; Department of Civil Engineering; Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering; Mineral Resources Centre

National Water and Agricultural Authorities:

• Administracao Regional de Aguas do Sul, Mozambique

• Instituto de Investigacao Agronomica deMozambique

• Mzingwane Catchment Council, Zimbabwe

• Water Research Commission, South Africa

Non-governmental Organisations:

• World Vision Zimbabwe Cover photos, clockwise from top left

PN17 student presents at the Water and Land poster session at the 2008 WaterNet/WARFSA-GWP-SA Symposium (D Love, public domain); Massangir Dam February 2008 (B Ncube), Olifants River (C Eason, some rights reserved), Limpopo River crossing (CLsa, some rights reserved).

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Contents

PROGRAMME .................................................................................................................................................. 5

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 6

OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

LIMPOPO BASIN ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

PN1: CROP WATER TECHNOLOGY AND MARKETS ......................................................................................................... 7

PN17: INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVED RURAL LIVELIHOODS ................................................ 8

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 8

INSTITUTIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 9

THE POLITICAL NATURE OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INSIGHTS FROM BULAWAYO AND THE MZINGWANE CATCHMENT

AREA, ZIMBABWE ................................................................................................................................................... 9

THE MAKING OF A CATCHMENT PLAN: EXPERIENCES OF THE MZINGWANE CATCHMENT, ZIMBABWE ...................................... 10

UNDERSTANDING HYDRAULIC PROPERTY RIGHTS CREATION, RE-CREATION AND DE-CREATION: A CASE STUDY OF LORRAINE AND

FUMUKWE VILLAGES, LIMPOPO BASIN ....................................................................................................................... 10

REDRESSING INEQUITIES OF THE PAST FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE CASE OF THE OLIFANTS BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA....... 11

MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN WATER MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA .......................................................................... 11

THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT OF CHANGING WATER POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA POST-1994 ........................ 12

LARGE-SCALE AND SMALL-SCALE INFRASTRUCTURE WATER FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................. 12

APPLYING THE GINI COEFFICIENT TO MEASURE THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER USE AND BENEFITS OF WATER USE IN SOUTH AFRICA’S

PROVINCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 13

CONTEXTUALIZING PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES POTENTIAL IN MZINGWANE, ZIMBABWE .................................. 14

WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 14

UPSCALING RURAL LIVELIHOOD INTERVENTIONS: TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE SPREADSHEET-BASED WATER RESOURCES MODEL 14

THE LOWER MZINGWANE ALLUVIAL AQUIFER: A WATER BALANCE MODELLING APPROACH TO STORING AND SHARING WATER IN

EPHEMERAL SAND RIVERS ........................................................................................................................................ 15

LIMPOPO BASELINE REPORT: WATER CHEMISTRY ........................................................................................................ 15

SIMULATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS IN THE OLIFANTS RIVER BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA ......................................... 16

FARMER-FIELD BASED ACTION RESEARCH ..................................................................................................... 17

MAIZE YIELDS UNDER SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION IN THE OLIFANTS RIVER BASIN, SOUTH AFRICA ........................................ 17

IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF CONTOUR RIDGES FOR WATER CONSERVATION ....................................................................... 17

WATER AVAILABILITY DEFICIT IN RAINFED FARMING FOR SEMIARID MZINGWANE CATCHMENT, ZIMBABWE ............................. 17

MANAGING SALINITY: AN ADAPTIVE APPROACH TO BALANCE SALTS AND NITROGEN LEACHING ............................................ 18

IN SITU RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR IMPROVED MAIZE PRODUCTION UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS: CASE STUDY OF CHÓKWÈ,

MOZAMBIQUE ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

INTEGRATION OF GERMPLASM AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT IN RAINFED CROPPING:

QUANTIFYING WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN RAINFED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA ......................... 19

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT IN CROP PRODUCTIVITY IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS OF ZIMBABWE IN THE 21ST

CENTURY ................ 19

RAINFALL VARIABILITY IMPACTS ON FARMERS’ CROP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ................................................................ 20

WATER AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT FOR RISK MITIGATION IN SEMI-ARID CROPPING SYSTEMS ....................................... 20

COLLABORATIVE AND SYNTHESIS WORK ....................................................................................................... 22

THE BEST SO FAR... IWRM RESEARCH FOR IMPROVED LIVELIHOODS ................................................................................ 22

UNDERSTANDING WATER RESOURCES AT BASIN SCALE – A CONCEPT NOTE ........................................................................ 22

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DECISION-MAKING TOOLS FOR CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT: CONTRASTING DATA-RICH AND DATA-SCARCE APPROACHES – A

CONCEPT NOTE ..................................................................................................................................................... 23

METHODOLOGIES AND CASE STUDIES FOR INVESTIGATING UPSTREAM-DOWNSTREAM INTERACTIONS OF RAINWATER WATER

HARVESTING IN THE LIMPOPO BASIN ......................................................................................................................... 23

LAYING THE FOUNDATION STONE: FACILITATING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EFFECTIVE WATER USERS INSTITUTIONS IN THE LIMPOPO

RIVER BASIN, ZIMBABWE ......................................................................................................................................... 23

WAY FORWARD ............................................................................................................................................. 24

OUTPUT PLAN ...................................................................................................................................................... 24

PHASE 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 30

ANNEXE 1 – PROJECT PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................. 31

ANNEXE 2 – REPORT ON 2008 WORKSHOP .................................................................................................... 45

Institutions ................................................................................................................................................... 45

Agricultural Research ................................................................................................................................... 47

Surveys ......................................................................................................................................................... 48

Water Resources Research ........................................................................................................................... 49

Synthesis ...................................................................................................................................................... 50

Closing .......................................................................................................................................................... 51

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Programme

0800 0815 0830 0845 0900 0915 0930 0945

Monday 15 Jun 2009

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1200 CP Prqoct 1 1215 C Mabiza , PhD fe llow 1230 1245 1300 Lunch 1315 1330 1345 1400 1415 1430 1445 1500 1515 1530

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W rn 1;-;~==::C;;-;~:;:::CC1 Z § V Dzingira i, R Mashava , o ~ ~ ~ UZCASS

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P Ncube, Mzingwane Catchment Council

1545 P Sithole, PhD felloN 1600 1615 1630 B van Koppen , IWMI 1645

1900 Executive Committee

Tuesday 16 Jun 2009

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B Nyamukure, CIAT TSBF D Love, PhD leIow

M Meck, UZ MRC

M Magombeyi, PhD ,-A Taigbenu , Wits SCEE

A Vilanculos AraSul A Mhizha, PhD fellow

P Munguambe, PhD fellow

Lunch

M Chilundo, E Magaia, C Julaia , UEM FAEF

J Dimes, ICRISAT

I Nyagumbo, M Munamati, UZ SSAE

E Masvaya , ICRISAT

Wednesday 17 Jun 2009 W Mupangwa , PhD fellow

(f) 01 Chokwe workshop feedback w :g Mzingwane workshop feedback IN ~ . ~ u W c ~ ~ ~(L

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The best so far IWRM research for improved livelihoods. B Ncube Understanding wa~er resources at basin scale D Love & M Maaombe i

Upstream-downstream interactions of rainwater harvestinQ B Ncube Effective stakeholder participation V Dzin irai E ManzunQu & P Ncube FFBAR Water Institutions P Muroguambe resources C Mabiza I I W Mupangwa research P SilOOk>

Lunch

FFBAR

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o Love I M Magombeyi

Water resources research

Water resources research

Dinner

Institutions

Institutions

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Thursday 18 Jun 2009 FFBAR

Water Resources Research

Institutions

Completing the prqoct

Lunch

Phase 2

Closing

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Introduction

Objectives The objectives of the workshop are to:

• Share and discuss research results and problems from the final year of the project

• Share and discuss synthesis research results

• Collaborate on synthesis research

• Plan for the completion of synthesis research

• Map out completing the project and the way forward

• Consider the possibilities of Phase 2 of the Challenge Program

Limpopo Basin The Limpopo basin, located in South-eastern Africa, covers 1.3% of the continent and spreads over four countries. The Limpopo river (1,770 km), flows from Limpopo Province, South Africa in a great arc: first north (forming part of the South Africa–Botswana border), then east (forming the South Africa–Zimbabwe border), and finally southeast through Mozambique to the Indian Ocean (Nakayama, 2003). When the rains hit the Limpopo basin, they are intense, but the rainfall is highly variable (Unganai and Mason, 2002). In this mainly semi-arid environment, the effects of rain are short-lived. By the end of the dry season, i.e. just before planting, the top 0.3 m of the soil horizon frequently holds negligible water content (Twomlow and Bruneau, 2000). People living by the major reaches of the Limpopo and its tributaries may see water flowing for only 40 days or less in a year. Food security is a constant problem, and around a million people currently were relying on food aid in 2003 (Love et al., 2006). The Limpopo River supports impressive mangrove vegetation and freshwater ecosystems that provide an important source of food and income for local communities. However, rapid urbanization and tourism development are causing widespread environmental degradation (Percival and Homer-Dixon, 1998; Wessels et al., 2004). In addition, at the narrow coastal zone at the mouth of the river there is salt water intrusion at high tide which is affecting the quality of irrigation water, and raising soil salinity (Bidlack et al., 2004). The level of damage to the environment means that any attempt to rehabilitate irrigation infrastructure must work in parallel with the preservation and restoration of the riverine environment. As the potential for irrigated agriculture is limited, for the most part (Basson and Rossouw, 2003), an increase in agricultural production needs to be achieved through rainfed cropping systems as well as improvements to irrigation efficiency (Van der Zaag, 2005).

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The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) is working with many local partners to improve food security and maximize the use of available water. The program is focusing on the areas of greatest poverty and encouraging equitable allocation of increasingly scarce water resources. If people can overcome their food security problems, they will be better able to manage their water resources, make decisions regarding land use and help plan for a sustainable future for the basin as a whole (Wooley et al., 2009). Basin priorities for the first phase of the CPWF include:

• Promoting sustainable agricultural development for poverty alleviation

• Facilitating greater cross-border cooperation and ensuring equitable inter-country and intersectoral water allocation

• Protecting and restoring areas of environmental degradation

• Introducing technologies to optimize water use efficiency

• Improving natural hazard forecasting, particularly drought and floods The basin development challenge for the second phase of the CPWF is to improve rural livelihoods and their resilience through better management of rainwater (CPWF, 2009).

PN1: Crop Water Technology and Markets Extracted from the online project description (ICRISAT and CIMMYT, 2004): The biggest challenges facing smallholder farming communities in the Limpopo basin of southern Africa are food insecurity, poverty and ill-health. Many parts of the basin are routinely food-deficient and rely on food aid. Confirmed reports state that, in the past two seasons, people have died of starvation in basin areas of both Zimbabwe and Mozambique. The Limpopo basin’s local economies depend on rain-fed agricultural systems characterized by low productivity, vulnerability to frequent drought (and sometimes devastating floods), poor adoption of improved technologies and diminishing farm labour due to out-migration and HIV/AIDS, exacerbated by poorly developed input and output markets. This project recognizes that subsistence agriculture alone will neither meet future food needs nor address the growing poverty problem in these drought-stricken environments. There is need to strengthen linkages through a systems approach that integrates improved water and soil management with varietal improvement, markets and other institutional arrangements which facilitate farmer investment in improved production practices. The project goal is to improve food security, incomes and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the Limpopo basin. To achieve this goal, the project built on past and current collaborative research by national programs and the CGIAR on crop-water productivity in drought-prone areas, innovative approaches to participatory technology development and extension, and new institutional arrangements that link the public and private sectors with the smallholder farmer in appropriate market chains. The potential results, products and services to farming communities of the Limpopo basin from this project will include:

• Farmer access to improved cereal seeds and legume varieties that mature early and thus escape terminal drought.

• The judicious use of mineral fertilizers, in combinations with organic sources of plant nutrients, appropriate soil/water-conservation measures and improved crop varieties.

• New institutional arrangements that link the public and private sectors with farmers’ uptake of technologies; this will also improve the sustainability of project outputs, and prevent agricultural resource degradation from nutrient mining and the exploitation of fragile lands.

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• Assessment of coping strategies of poor and HIV/AIDS-affected households, and the distributive impacts of agricultural commercialization on the livelihoods of these households, in order to better target technologies that mitigate pandemic effects.

PN17: Integrated Water Resource Management for Improved Rural

Livelihoods Extracted from Love et al. (2004): In the poverty stricken rural areas of water scarce semi-arid tropics, translating IWRM from concept to action remains largely undone. New policies and structures, developed through water reforms since 1990, do not generally penetrate to the smallholder farmer. Smallholder farmers are generally part of structurally and/or politically marginalised districts, such as distant rural areas (Mozambique), former homelands (South Africa) and communal lands (Zimbabwe), with little voice in natural resource management. Water policy and institutions in the basin are mainly concerned with water for irrigation, cities, mines and industry. However, blue water resources for irrigation are over-committed in the basin, while the bulk of agricultural produce sustaining lives of resource-poor farmers originates from green water flows in rainfed agriculture. Rainfed agriculture is risky, with recurrent droughts and dryspells. However, there is a large untapped yield potential even in the semi-arid rainfed areas. Water productivity, yields and thereby livelihoods can be improved, through integrated soil and water management for dryspell and drought mitigation. The challenge is to facilitate an adaptive process of participatory farm development, supported by institutions and an IWRM framework that incorporates all facets of managing green and blue water resources. WaterNet is leading a transinstitutional transdisciplinary project under the CGIAR Challenge Program, taking on the challenge of developing a framework for a new IWRM based water governance from village to basin scale in the Limpopo Basin, which integrates green and blue water management for improved rural livelihoods. Participatory on-farm research will focus on productive use of alluvial aquifers, shallow water tables, and surface runoff, using water harvesting systems. The focus is on adaptive management for risk reduction, water productivity and yield improvements. Trade-offs between upstream-downstream water uses and options for improved irrigation efficiencies downstream will be studied. The project will focus in pilot catchments in Zimbabwe (Mzingwane), Mozambique (Chòkwé) and South Africa (Olifants). The project will generate a new knowledge base on appropriate agricultural water management, and catchment management to support this. Guidelines for catchment management will be developed and upscaled to a needs-based IWRM framework for sustainable water for food development at basin scale. Results shall be presented at WaterNet-WARFSA symposia over the next four years.

References Basson, M.S. and Rossouw, J.D. 2003. Olifants Water Management Area: overview of water

resources availability and utilization. Report P WMA 04/000/00/0203, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria. 55p

Bidlack, W.R., Wang, W. and Clemens, R. 2004. Water: The World's Most Precious Resource. Journal of Food Science, 59, 65-60.

CPWF, 2009. Basin Development Challenges ready to go. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo. http://www.waterandfood.org/news-and-events/news-detail.html?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=220&tx_ttnews[backPid]=25&cHash=c6b5ce876c [retrieved 8 June 2009].

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ICRISAT and CIMMYT. 2004. Increased food security and income in the Limpopo Basin through

integrated crop, water and soil fertility options and public-private partnerships. Project proposal submitted to the The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo, 22p. Online summary: http://www.waterandfood.org/research/competitive-call-projects/project-detail/1-crop-water-technology-and-markets.html [retrieved 8 June 2009].

Love, D., Jonker, L., Rockström J., van der Zaag, P. and Twomlow, S. 2004. The challenge of integrated water resource management for improved rural livelihoods in the Limpopo basin – an introduction to WaterNet’s first network research program. In: Abstract Volume, Fifth

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Windhoek, Namibia, pp. 106–107. Love, D., Twomlow, S., Mupangwa, W., van der Zaag, P. and Gumbo, B. 2006. Implementing the

millennium development food security goals - challenges of the southern African context. Physics

and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 731-737. Nayakama, M. 2003. International Waters in Southern Africa. United Nations University Press,

Toyko, 306p. Pericval, V. and Homer-Dixon, T. 1998. Environmental scarcity and violent conflict: the case of

South Africa. Journal of Peace Research, 35, 279-298. Twomlow, S. and Bruneau, P. 2000. Semi-arid soil water regimes in Zimbabwe. Geoderma, 95, 33–

51 Unganai, L.S. and Mason, S.J. 2002. Long-range predictability of Zimbabwe summer rainfall.

International Journal of Climatology, 22, 1091-1103. Van der Zaag, P. 2005. Integrated Water Resources Management: Relevant concept or irrelevant

buzzword? A capacity building and research agenda for Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of

the Earth, 30, Pages 867-871. Wessels, K.J., Prince, S.D., Frost, P.E. and van Zyl, D. 2004. Assessing the effects of human-induced

land degradation in the former homelands of northern South Africa with a 1 km AVHRR NDVI time-series. Remote Sensing of Environment, 91, 47-67.

Woolley, J., Cook, S. E., Molden, D. and Harrington, L. 2009. Water, food and development: the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food. Water International, 34, 4-12.

Institutions

The political nature of water resources management: insights from Bulawayo

and the Mzingwane Catchment Area, Zimbabwe Collin Mabiza a, Pieter van der Zaag a, Emmaneul Manzungu b and Rhodante Ahlers a a Department of Management and Institutions, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, PO Box

3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands b Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Water resources management is inherently a political process. Politics determines who gets what, and to an extent, how. While many studies have decried the pace at which the reforms in the water sector have been translated into action, most researches have not factored in the role of politics in pushing or dragging the reform agenda. Years into the reforms, it is becoming evident that these reforms have not been accompanied by the selective application of political power and as a result have had mixed results. Overall, the reforms have not had the same political support and muscle as reforms in other sectors have. In Zimbabwe, for instance, in just about 5 years the ‘fast track’ land reform process which began at the turn of the millennium, backed by a strong political muscle, changed the whole landscape, literally. In close to a decade water reforms have not benefited from the same vigour, and consequently the sector does not have much to show for the passage of time. To date ‘water redistribution programme’ is still to take off the ground in most rural areas, and the majority of the rural households still lack access to water for basic needs. However, of late the Zimbabwean government has exerted its political power in trying to wrestle the management of water from urban authorities, and has had mixed results. The objective of this paper is to make use of the insights from the land reform process in Zimbabwe to develop better understanding of the political nature of water

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resources management. The paper makes use of the recent government directive that ZINWA take over the management of urban water supply as a case. The paper concludes that the progress, or lack thereof, in the implementation of the reforms in the water sector reflects the lack of political will by both the government and the society to push forward the agenda of the reforms.

The making of a catchment plan: experiences of the Mzingwane Catchment,

Zimbabwe Collin Mabiza a, Pieter van der Zaag a, Emmaneul Manzungu b and Rhodante Ahlers a a Department of Management and Institutions, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, PO Box

3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands b Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

It is almost a decade since the water sector in Zimbabwe was reformed. The 1998 Water Act which replaced the 1976 Act set a legal obligation for the Zimbabwe National Water Authority, ZINWA, and the catchment councils to make outline plans for their river systems. However, to date none of the 7 catchments councils in the country has managed to have an outline plan approved, and this is rather worrisome given the importance of the plans. The Mzingwane Catchment has so far managed to produce a draft outline plan. This research sought to investigate how the Mzingwane Catchment approached catchment planning, particularly how stakeholder participation was undertaken. The catchment has a wide array of stakeholders with different needs and engaging them is critical for making a plan which addresses the needs of the stakeholders. Data collection for this research was based on qualitative research methods, mainly interviews with key informants in ZINWA, the Mzingwane Catchment Council, Mwenezi Subcatchment Council and in the rural district councils within the catchment. Documents such as minutes of meetings were also analysed. Results indicate that while some semblance of stakeholder participation took place, more could have been done to critical engage stakeholders in the process. The methods which were used to collect data, such as questionnaires failed to elicit information from some critical stakeholder groups. The paper also highlights how participation is also a factor of the individual actors, particularly their background and circumstances. The paper concludes that the catchment planning needs to be more involving and also to encompass a wider range of issues.

Understanding hydraulic property rights creation, re-creation and de-

creation: A case study of Lorraine and Fumukwe villages, Limpopo basin Pinimidzai Sithole a,b

and Barbara van Koppen b a Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville

7535, South Africa b International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

The paper seeks to examine and understand hydraulic property rights creation in two villages, Lorraine village in Sekororo (Olifants), South Africa, and Fumukwe village in Gwanda (Mzingwane) Zimbabwe. Unpacking and understanding hydraulic property rights creation in the two villages entail a rigorous analysis of how such property rights creation and the changes involved affect men and women; the nature and type(s) of water sources involved (access and use); and the choice of technologies available for use. This paper focuses on how villagers create, re-create and de-create informal and formal hydraulic property rights in water access and use for multiple uses in their everyday lives. The researchers gathered data through in- depth interviews, group discussions, group interviews and literature search in order to understand the evolution of hydraulic property rights creation in the two villages of the Limpopo basin. Results from the study indicate that hydraulic property rights creation in the two villages is characterized and defined by the nature of investment that an individual or group of people put together in order to claim access and/or use stakes in water and (in some instances) land. Investment in infrastructure and technologies such as water pumps and boreholes at individual (or household) level tended to consolidate the creation and re-creation of ‘formal’ hydraulic property rights in both villages. On the other hand, investment in social capital

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through labour contributions by members on allotted times for digging and cleaning the water diversion ( or informal) canal, and shallow wells also guaranteed participation and a claim by resource poor individuals and households. Hydraulic property rights re-creation also entailed the ‘conversion’ and ‘adoption’ of derelict government and donor funded infrastructure by the villagers, where only individuals who contributed either in cash or kind in its maintenance can claim a stake. From the foregoing discussion, it is important to note that the nature and type of investment required in creating and re-creating hydraulic property rights (primarily water access and use) is largely influenced by the type of water sources available, available technologies, and support from external agencies that include government, private and non-governmental (NGO) stakeholders. The creation and re-creation of hydraulic property rights serves to empower actors, but does not affect men and women in the same way as illustrated in this paper.

Redressing inequities of the past from a historical perspective: The case of the

Olifants basin, South Africa Barbara van Koppen International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

This paper analyses the continuities and changes in water management in the Olifants basin after the first decade of implementation of the National Water Act (1998). By taking a historical perspective of the basin development trajectory, the paper shows how the White minority rulers, who exerted power until 1994, systematically denied historically disadvantaged individuals (HDIs) the right to become significant water users, let alone ‘economically viable’ water users. In contrast, White water users undertook major water resource development, which, by the 1970s resulted in the emergence of a ‘White water economy’. Under the new dispensation (post-1994), the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) took a two-pronged approach in the Olifants basin and elsewhere for redressing the inequities of the past. On the one hand, from the central top down, it opened up the ‘White water economy’ into a water economy serving especially ‘economically viable water users’, who rapidly ceased to be White only. As reflected in a range of new measures taken in the Olifants basin, in this new water economy DWAF better targets bulk domestic supplies to HDIs, has more public participation, and is strengthening its regulatory role in terms of cost-recovery, environmental issues, and pollution prevention. On the other hand DWAF seeks to fill the enormous backlog in water services delivery to HDIs, not only for domestic water uses, but increasingly also for productive uses. The major challenge of bottom-up coordinated service delivery for multiple uses through the newly established Provincial and Local Governments and the transforming line agencies is addressed under the recently launched Water for Growth and Development Initiative.

Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management in South Africa Barbara van Koppen a and Eiman Karar b a International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

b Water Research Commission, Private Bag X03, Gezina 0031, South Africa

Within less than one decade, water resources management in South Africa has been transformed from a male-dominated domain serving the interests of a white minority to a dynamic and creative process of change which encompassed forms of gender mainstreaming that gained wide recognition in global platforms. The present chapter analyzes this process of gender mainstreaming in water resources management since 1994. ‘Gender’ has many dimensions. It refers to the political, socio-economic, cultural and psychological attributes that societies ascribe to humans of different biological sexes. Gender intersects with many other axes of social stratification including caste, class, race, age, marital status, physical and mental ability’. Gender mainstreaming brings gender relations to the center stage of societal change. This chapter takes a political economic perspective of gender and its interconnectedness with race, and understands gender mainstreaming against the background of broader societal changes. In South Africa, gender mainstreaming in water management was intrinsic part of gender mainstreaming in society as a whole before and after the first democratic elections.

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Before 1994, women from all classes had played key roles in the anti-apartheid movement. In the early 1990s when a new Constitution, other laws, policies, and state structures were designed, the same gender activists, supported by progressive men, seized the opportunity to mainstream gender, like race, wealth status, sexual preference, and disability, into the new institutional landscape. The Constitution is one of the most progressive in the world for enshrining gender equality. It also recognizes that nondiscriminatory policy and legislation alone is not sufficient, but that affirmative action is required to end past discrimination. All other laws and programs comply with the Constitution, for example, labor laws and land tenure and land reform policies, but also a myriad of nation-wide campaigns against women’s and children’s abuse, or girls’ encouragement to take up professional careers. Gender also figures high in the new unitary provincial and local government institutions that replaced territorial and institutional segregation, and the new policies and laws of the line departments, including the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, focus of this chapter.

The political, social and economic context of changing water policy in South

Africa post-1994 Barbara van Koppen a , Barbara Schreiner b and S Fakir a International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, South Africa

b Department of Water and Environmental Affairs, Private Bag X313, Pretoria 001, South Africa

The water sector in South Africa is witnessing radical changes following the new National Water Act (NWA) introduced in 1998 and the various related policy directives and measures emerging towards its implementation. Deep changes were necessitated by the new principles of the NWA to correct for the biases and injustices of the past (pre 1994) and to move toward more socially just, economically efficient and environmentally sound water management and allocation regimes and policies in the country. The required reforms, many of which are underway, are comprehensive and span almost all aspects of water management and allocation including revolutionary changes in defining and granting authorization to use water, reorienting investment and allocation priorities and strategies to strongly pro-poor and environmentally friendly approaches, radical adjustments in water management and supply institutions, and major shifts in managing demand and charging for water use. While the intended changes are strategic and longterm in their aims and nature, valuable lessons have already been learned and useful experiences gained in designing and implementing such radical reform programs. The purpose of this volume is to analyze and document these experiences for the benefit of water managers and policy makers in the international community. The analysis is intended to be critical, referring to both successes and failures in the various areas and where possible, drawing lessons from the South African experience.

Large-scale and small-scale infrastructure Water for Growth and

Development Barbara van Koppen International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

Water infrastructure is the backbone of societies’ transformation of naturally available water resources into water as a key asset for economic growth and development. Accordingly, current water policy in sub-Saharan Africa, where only a low 3.8 percent of internal renewable water resources have been developed, emphasizes accelerated investments in infrastructure development. In South Africa, the Water for Growth and Development Strategy also places infrastructure at the centre stage of this national, sector-wide strategic initiative to ensure that the water sector optimally contributes to the national economic growth agenda. A specific challenge is to find a mode of infrastructure development that effectively redresses inequities from the past. For over a century intensive surface water infrastructure development has taken place. The development of this increasingly large-scale and formalized asset base, worth over USD 5 billion, was driven by a colonial racist political economy that served the white minority in an artificially capital-intensive and urbanizing economy. Blacks, Coloreds and Indians, or ‘Historically Disadvantaged Individuals’ hardly gained any access to

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water. Hence, for the democratically elected government since 1994, in particular its Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), the overarching concern became two-fold: first, the continued operation, maintenance and expansion of the existing bulk infrastructure to meet the needs of the expanding urban economy in a more inclusive way, and, second, the even greater challenge of serving the unserved in particular in rural areas where urban-biased bulk services are not the most appropriate mode of infrastructure development. After a sketch of the legacy of the past in section two, this paper explores the challenges of infrastructure development in further depth in sections three and four. In section five, lessons are drawn from comparison with equitable infrastructure development in South Asia. African countries which, unlike South Africa, have not developed their water resources as yet can incorporate these equity considerations in their infrastructure development agendas from the outset.

Applying the Gini coefficient to measure the distribution of water use and

benefits of water use in South Africa’s provinces Barbara van Koppen a and James Cullis b a International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

b University of Colorado in Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, USA

South Africa is faced with twin challenges of limited natural resources and the need to ensure that the benefits of these resources are distributed equally. Key to this challenge is developing tools to measure the distribution of the use and benefits of natural resources such as water. A recent study by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) was to consider the application of the Gini coefficient, which has hitherto only been used for measuring income distribution, to measure the distribution of water use and the benefits of use. The objective of the present study is to apply theses same concepts at the provincial and national level in support of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry’s Water for Growth and Development initiative. The Gini coefficient of two different water use variables was determined. The first measured the inequities in water use as such, while the second measured the distribution of the benefits of water use through employment. Two different data sets were used as proxies to water use. The first were registered uses, as collected in the Water Authorization and Registration System (‘registered use’); the second data set were estimated uses according to the National Water Resource Strategy (‘estimated use’). Various data sets were used to estimate employment. Four calculations of the Gini coefficient were made. The first considered the distribution of registered water uses only across registered users. The second considered these in terms of the whole population. A third estimate of the water use Gini coefficient considered the estimated water use across all sectors. A fourth and final calculation considered water use in the rural areas only by combining the registered water use for agriculture which benefited all those employed in agriculture and the estimated rural use benefiting unemployed rural households. In all cases a number of assumptions had to be made and these must be borne in mind when considering the results. The results show that both water use and the benefits of water use are not equally distributed, in particular for water uses that create limited employment. All provinces have a very high water use Gini coefficient for the distribution of registered uses across the whole population. The province with the highest level of equality in the distribution of employment created through registered water use across the whole population is kwaZulu-Natal (0.78) and the lowest is Eastern Cape (0.90). The Gini coefficient for South Africa in terms of the distribution of employment created through registered water uses is 0.86. The Gini coefficient for South Africa for estimated use and the distribution of benefits through employment across the whole population is 0.67. The most efficient use of water in terms of employment is for water used in the urban areas which support light urban and service industries. This, however, ignores the significant economic multiplier effects of water use in the primary industries like agriculture and mining In terms of the distribution of the benefits of water use in the rural areas, the Gini coefficient for the distribution of registered water use for commercial agriculture and for rural use is 0.93 while the Gini coefficient for the distribution of employment created was 0.83. The provinces with the lowest average rank (i.e. the most equal across both

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indicators) are Free State, Northern Cape and Western Cape. North West, Mpumulanga and Eastern Cape have the highest average ranks (i.e. most unequal across both indicators).

Contextualizing payment for environmental services potential in Mzingwane,

Zimbabwe Bella Nyamukure Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

Households in the semiarid Mzingwane Catchment of southwest Zimbabwe live in chronic poverty characterized by severe food insecurity. Rainfed agriculture is unproductive. Even in good rainfall years, there is usually an acute shortage of agricultural inputs and lack of extension support. Some households now engage in gold panning. Poor farming methods, gold panning, and overgrazing by upstream resource users have resulted in siltation of dams and rivers and pollution of water with mercury downstream. This study was carried out to assess the potential for implementing a PES-type scheme, and designing locally suited incentives for sustainable utilization of soil and water, while providing environmental services for the catchment and improving livelihoods. The study sought to understand the interactions amongst the different resource users within the catchment. Smallholder farmers downstream of the catchment are willing to pay upstream land users to adopt land uses or management practices that yield less sediment. Despite their willingness to pay, downstream smallholder farmers do not have the ability to pay. Plot level options that increase productivity seem to be the option.

Water Resources Research

Upscaling rural livelihood interventions: towards a comprehensive

spreadsheet-based water resources model David Love a,b, Stefan Uhlenbrook c,d and Pieter van der Zaag c,d a WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

b ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

c UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

d Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The

Netherlands

A number of hydroclimatic and institutional factors converge to emphasise the need for investment in water management and water resources modelling in southern Africa. In average years, water demand (principally from agriculture and urban areas) is in a precarious balance with available water resources, with major deficits recorded during droughts. Furthermore, a number of climate change models predict that southern Africa shall experience significantly reduced precipitation and runoff over the next fifty years. At the same time, water demand continues to rise, as urban areas expand and as agricultural water demand must rise to meet the millennium development food security goals. Changes in rural livelihood strategies, especially as regards water management in rainfed agriculture and land use changes, whilst not necessarily exhibiting high blue water demand, can exert a strong influence on runoff generation. In this context, there is a clear requirement for water resources modelling to support integrated water resources management planning in order to balance food security, other economic needs and the needs of the environment in the allocation and development of blue water flows. In this study, a coupled, spreadsheet-based model is used to assess the hydrological and climatic limitations to the possible upscaling of a variety of livelihood interventions, such as drip kits, small reservoirs, irrigation from alluvial aquifers, conservation agriculture, rainwater harvesting, changes to crop choice and cropping patterns and integrated crop-livestock management. The upscaling scenarios are considered within the context of observed climate variability and predicted climate change. The study covers the Mzingwane Catchment of the Limpopo Basin. The model used integrates the HBV light rainfall-runoff model with WAFLEX, as a catchment level water-resources

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model. WAFLEX is adapted with a new, simple groundwater balance module and HBV with a new interception storage and flux pre-processor. The coupled models are run via visual basic macros in a spreadsheet. Spreadsheet-based models are simple and user-friendly, and run without the purchase of additional modelling software. This makes them appropriate technology: suitable for water management institutions faced with financial and human resource constraints and inadequate data.

The Lower Mzingwane alluvial aquifer: a water balance modelling approach

to storing and sharing water in ephemeral sand rivers David Love a,b, Pieter van der Zaag c,d, Stefan Uhlenbrook c,d and Richard Owen e a WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

b ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

c UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

d Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The

Netherlands e Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, PO MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

Alluvial aquifers present an additional option to reservoirs for the storage of water in ephemeral sand rivers, such as the Mzingwane River in the Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. The Lower Mzingwane valley is a semi-arid region with high water stress, where livelihoods have revolved around the large rivers for thousands of years. However, current water allocation favours the commercial user: Of the 2,597 ha irrigated in the 5,955 km2 region, only 414 ha are for smallholder farmers. A water balance approach was used to model the surface flows and alluvial aquifers to determine the potential for expanding irrigation and to explore water allocation options. Using a combination of field and laboratory investigations, remote sensing and existing data, the Lower Mzingwane valley was modelled using the spreadsheet-based model WAFLEX, with a new module incorporated to compute the water balance of alluvial aquifer blocks. This proved to be a flexible model that can provide useful information for planning purposes from limited data – and has also produced a comparable trend in findings on alluvial aquifer behaviour to published field studies. The poor data availability and the assumptions limited the study and the development opportunities identified should be validated through detailed field investigation. Results showed that the lower Mzingwane alluvial aquifers can store 38x106 m3 of water, most of that storage beyond the reach of evaporation. Modelling this in WAFLEX showed that current water usage can be more than tripled: the catchment could supply water for currently-planned irrigation schemes (an additional 1,250 ha), and the further irrigation of two strips of land along each bank of the Mzingwane river (an extra 3,633 ha) – without construction of any new reservoirs. Demand is more easily met through the use of Silalabuhwa and Doddieburn Dams to resupply the alluvial aquifers, whilst still supplying their existing users. The system of irrigating strips of land along each bank of the Mzingwane river would be decentralised, farmer or family owned and operated and the benefits would have the potential to reach a much larger proportion of the population than is currently served. However, there could be substantial downstream impact, with around nearly one third of inflows not being released to the Limpopo River. Utilisation of flood plain aquifers was not considered in this study, but represents further potential for the expansion of irrigation water supply.

Limpopo Baseline Report: Water Chemistry Maideyi Meck a, David Love b,c, Richard Owen d, Seedwel Ravengai e and William Moyce e a Department of Geology, University of Zimbabwe, PO MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

b WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

c ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

d Mineral Resources Centre, University of Zimbabwe, PO MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

e Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe Box 1283, Harare, Zimbabwe

A comprehensive effort was undertaken to characterize baseline water chemistry in the Zimbabwean side of the Limpopo basin. As part of this effort samples from rivers, aquifers and dams were

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collected to characterize basic water chemistry. Thirty-six sample sites were used to review the compositions of waters in two catchments (Thuli and Mzingwane) of the Limpopo basin. The water quality parameters examined were cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, arsenic, zinc, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity, total dissolved solids and pH. Most of the data that comprise the baseline values are normally distributed. The frequency distributions of copper, nickel, arsenic, sulphates and nitrite are characterised by a large proportion of values at or near analytical detection limits. Arsenic, calcium, chloride, Copper, potassium, magnesium, sodium, nitrite, nitatre, nickel and sulphate in basin (characterised by the composition of waters sampled) do not appear to pose a risk as contaminants based upon comparison with WHO drinking water guidelines, Proposed Zimbabwean water quality guidelines, South African domestic use and South African livestock guidelines. Results show that water quality of the catchments is strongly determined by the geology of the area. Arsenic, calcium, chloride, Copper, potassium, magnesium, sodium, nitrite, nitrate, nickel and sulphate in the sub catchments do not appear to pose a risk to humans crops and livestock. Water quality risks to human health are associated with cadmium, nitrates and manganese; risks to livestock and crops are associated with chloride and iron whilst impairment of aesthetic values and taste are associated with manganese, iron, total hardness and total dissolved solids. The nitrates, chloride, iron, total hardness and total dissolved solids potential risks are localised in the catchment but the manganese and cadmium risks are expected throughout the basin. Nitrates, chloride, total hardness and total dissolved solids risks are associated with borehole (ground water) whilst cadmium risks are associated with both surface and groundwater. Manganese risks to human health are associated with surface water whereas manganese aesthetic problems are associated with both surface and ground water. Iron risks to plants are associated with underground water and iron aesthetic problems are associated with surface water or boreholes on the river banks. The results from the current study points Mazunga range aea and the area around Bengu as the most vulnerable communities This report is accompanied with a database prepared to describe the baseline information. The contents are provided digitally on the CD-ROM. The database contains a more comprehensive review of the baseline information than what is provided in this summary document. The data includes the geologic framework of the area, physical settings of the sampled streams, dams and rivers and the water chemistry as revealed by the analysis carried out. Descriptive statistics of each parameter analysed is also given in the database so is comparisons of the concentration observed to known guidelines which includes the WHO guideline for drinking water, proposed Zimbabwean guidelines for river water, South African Livestock guidelines, South African domestic water use guidelines and South African irrigation guidelines. A comparison to concentration of these parameters to average values in similar lithologies is also given This report offers well elaborated information, particularly with regard to the general chemistry of the parameters analysed in comparison with known guidelines.

Simulation of smallholder farming systems in the Olifants river basin, South

Africa Manuel Magombeyi a, Akpofure Taigbenu a, Christian Cheron b and Sylvie Morardet c a School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

b International Water Management Institute, Private Bag X813, Silverton 0127, Pretoria, South Africa

c UMR G-EAU Cemagref 34196 Montpellier Cedex 05 France

Smallholder farming systems are characterized by low yields and high risks of crop failure, thereby threatening family food security. A farming systems simulation model, OLYMPE, is used to understand and improve the existing farming practices in semi-arid Olifants river basin, South Africa over a time of 10 years. The socio-economic analysis component of OLYMPE is used to explore farmer income subject to constraints of capital, land, water availability, labour, and market price dynamics. Five farming systems types were identified from surveys and these were refined and validated with farmers and extension officers. It was found that farm type with high livestock units was the most resilient to climatic variability and market shocks,, followed by farm type with crop diversification. However, extreme events such as cyclone affected all the farm types to different

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degrees. Returns on labour ranged from 0 to ZAR 7,646 person-1, with the highest under Type E followed by Type C with ZAR 1,822 person-1. OLYMPE model was able to simulate the farming systems productions in the catchment with good performance. The results indicate that livestock and crop diversification are most adept strategies to ensure stable income and food security for smallholder farmers. Hence, technology innovations and policies should articulate solutions to poor yields based on these two farm types in the Olifants basin.

Farmer-Field Based Action Research

Maize yields under supplementary irrigation in the Olifants river basin, South

Africa Manuel Magombeyi, Akpofure Taigbenu and Thabo Rasiuba School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

A daily field water balance experiment was conducted for three consecutive years to study the effects of supplementary irrigation on grain yield and water productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) crop in semiarid Olifants river basin, South Africa. Maize average yield under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions were 0.78 t ha-1 (standard deviation of 0.43 t ha-1) and 1.90 t ha-1 (standard deviation of 0.39 t ha-1), respectively. Supplementary irrigation with added fertilisation of 14 kg-N ha-

1 during dry spells increased average yields by 185 %. Maize yield was affected by seasonal rainfall and its poor distribution. The average evapotranspiration under rainfed and supplementary irrigation for the three seasons was 574 mm and 640 mm respectively. Nevertheless water use efficiency was significantly greater for supplementary irrigation plots (3.0 kg mm-1 ha-1) than for rainfed plots (1.3 kg mm-1 ha-1). Furthermore, with mean incremental water use efficiency of supplemental irrigation of 13.7 kg mm-1 ha-1, implies that 1 m3 of irrigation water applied timely can produce ZAR 27.4 (US$ 3.4) worth of maize. The values demonstrate the monetary gains from timely and adequate supplementary irrigation to bridge dry spells. The results show significant yield increases irrespective of the season under supplementary irrigation. Based on these results, the potential of supplementary irrigation exist to improve and stabilise smallholder farmer maize yields, thereby enhancing livelihoods.

Improving the design of contour ridges for water conservation Alexander Mhizha and John Ndiritu School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

Contour ridges, sometimes referred to as contour bunds, have been used in many parts of the world for soil conservation. Recently interest has shifted to their use as water conservation structures in low rainfall areas. The use of contour ridges for water conservation requires design approaches that offer appropriate structures for the adopted environment so that the effectiveness of the ridges is reliable. This paper looks at the past and current design approaches for contour ridges and discusses the suitability of these methods on designing contour ridges for water conservation purposes. The information analyzed has been obtained from literature and design manuals. The scientific principles behind the design guidelines are discussed together with the constraints of data availability and the resulting assumptions made in the various design models.

Water availability deficit in rainfed farming for semiarid Mzingwane

Catchment, Zimbabwe Alexander Mhizha a,b and Brenda Chibulu b a School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

b Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

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Rainfed farming in semiarid regions is often affected by water shortage caused by mid season dry spells rather than low annual rainfall. Analyzing the water shortage experienced during a growing season helps in the design of appropriate interventions for mitigating against the negative impacts of the dry spells. Water availability deficit for rainfed farming in Zhulube catchment in the Limpopo River Basin was studied to provide a basis for research in interventions such as rainwater harvesting. The results show considerable potential for rainwater harvesting to improve crop production.

Managing Salinity: an Adaptive Approach to Balance Salts and Nitrogen

Leaching Paiva Munguambe and Mario Chilundo Department of Rural Engineering, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 257, Mozambique

In arid and semi-arid areas of Africa where about 70% of the rural population depend on agriculture for their livelihood, the human impact on land degradation processes through integrated irrigation and fertilization practices aggravate the declining crop production. In the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme (CIS) in Southern Mozambique, the soil degradation is mainly due to a combined effect of primary salinization, rudimentary irrigation programmes, mismanagement of crop rotation and fertilizers. This paper aimed to assess the impact of different nitrogen and water management practices on maize yield (cultivar PAN 67) under different soil salinity conditions in the CIS. An adaptive approach was followed to monitor nitrogen and salinity leaching under field conditions, and the experiment was conducted during the dry and wet seasons in 2007. The nitrogen treatments comprised of 100 & 200 kg ha-1 and were wisely applied (topdressing) throughout the growing season. The two irrigation water treatments consisted of a calendar basis and another on measured soil water deficit using a Time Domain Reflectometer and WinProbe. A set of Wetting Front Detectors (WFD) was installed at three different depths (20, 30 & 45 cm) in each plot to monitor salinity and nitrate in the drained soil solution. The adaptive approach was applied when the measured salt content in the shallower WFD (20 cm) under the water deficit treatment plots was found to be greater than 400 mS m-1. Then a backward calculation to find the respective leaching fraction was followed. The experimental plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design (2x2 factorial) with three replications under none, moderate and saline soil conditions. The preliminary results indicated that the final grain yield of the none-saline plots (∼10 t ha-1) was twice the yield under saline conditions (∼4.8 t ha-1) in both seasons. The impact of nitrogen application rates and the water treatments on the final yield was not significant. Both nitrate and salt contents tend to decrease along the growing season as a result of the leaching process. Therefore, the use of an integrated and adaptive approach for both salt and nutrient management was found to be relevant in mitigating the nutrient leaching under salinity conditions.

In situ rainwater harvesting for improved maize production under semi-arid

conditions: Case study of Chókwè, Mozambique Paiva Munguambe, Mario Chilundo, C Tamele and Rui Brito Department of Rural Engineering, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 257, Mozambique

In Mozambique rainfall is irregular leading to occurrence of low yields in rainfed agriculture, bringing all negative effects for food security to rural communities. Particularly in the Southern part of the country where the scarce rainfall is oddly distributed, the situation is aggravated by the lack of knowledge and strategies of water management that will allow the maximization of yields. In Chókwè district located at this area, the average maize yield is roughly 500 kg ha-1. The present paper reports the field trial results of in situ rainwater harvesting practices tested in the Chókwè district, Gaza province of Mozambique. The aim of the trial was to evaluate the maize yield as affected by different plastic cover and spacing. The trial was installed in Chókwè Agricultural Research Station on loam-clay soils during the rain season of 2007. The experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. The treatments comprised of three different levels of plastic covering: (i) the normal furrows without covering (control); (ii) the covering of the two consecutive furrows (1.6 m spacing); and (iii) the covering of the three consecutive furrows (2.4 m spacing). Daily soil water

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deficit was monitored using WinProbe, rainfall data and the final grain yield was then measured at the end. The preliminary observation of the raw data results shows a higher yield for the plastic covered treatments but still need a statistical analysis for validation. Although the promising results of this technique, the plastic is expensive and it is not common practice in the region. Therefore, there is a need to test other materials that can be used with the same level of efficiency as the plastic for water harvesting and moisture conservation.

Integration of germplasm and management for sustainable water productivity

improvement in rainfed cropping: Quantifying water productivity in rainfed

cropping systems in Limpopo Province, South Africa John Dimes a and Phonnie du Toit b a

ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe b Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa

This paper reports results of on-farm experimentation to quantify water productivity of maize, groundnut, and cowpea crops in the 2007-08 cropping season in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The observed crop yield and soil water and nutrient data are used to evaluate the APSIM model’s performance in simulating WP and soil water balance for maize and legume crops. There was very close agreement between observed and predicted biomass, grain yield, and changes in soil water content. The model provided outputs to fill measurement gaps in water balance components of the field experimentation, thereby allowing more detailed and appropriate calculations for comparing the WP of the different crops.

Climate Change Impact in Crop Productivity in the Semi-Arid Tropics of

Zimbabwe in the 21st Century

John Dimes a , Peter Cooper b and K.P.C. Rao b a

ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe b ICRISAT Nairobi, PO Box39063, Nairobi, Kenya

The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change projections for Southern Africa (based on output of 21 GCM, using the A1B greenhouse gas emission scenario) suggests average annual temperature increases of 3.1 °C and changes in annual rainfall of between -12 and +6 %. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for this scenario are expected to increase to around 700 ppm from the current 370 ppm. How might these changes impact crop productivity in the drier semi-arid cropping systems of the region? This paper reports an analysis of the combined positive (CO2 fertilisation) and negative (higher temperature, lower rainfall) impacts of these projected climate changes on crop productivity using the crop systems simulation model APSIM, its climate change module, together with the long-term daily climate data from Bulawayo (1951–2001). In undertaking these simulations, the effect of the climate change scenarios on the potential crop yield of maize, sorghum, pigeonpea and groundnut was examined. APSIM output shows that increasing CO2 concentrations will increase crop yields in the order of 6–8 %. Similarly, reduction in rainfall amount had the expected negative impact on grain yield. However, it is increasing temperature (and not reduced rainfall) that has the most dramatic impact on crop grain yields; a reduction of 16 % for the two cereals, 31 % for groundnut, but only 3 % for pigeonpea. Hence, for the combined effects of climate change, it appears that pigeonpea will be the least affected crop, incurring an 8 % reduction in potential grain yield. In contrast, groundnut can be expected to incur a 30 % reduction compared to current potential, sorghum a 22 % reduction and maize a 2 5% reduction. Model output on crop duration, water use and stover yield is further analyzed to explain the differences between crop species in response to climate change and implication for animal feed. An important implication of this analysis is that adoption of longer duration rather than shorter duration germplasm would seem the more appropriate response in dealing with the main effects of climate change. Another is preliminary indication that opportunities for increased cropping intensity and increased use of legumes in the farming system could emerge under climate change.

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However, the largest scope for dealing with reduced crop yields and food insecurity under future climate change is to raise the productivity of smallholder rainfed cropping systems.

Rainfall variability impacts on farmers’ crop management strategies Esther Masvaya, Walter Mupangwa and Steve Twomlow ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Throughout the semi-arid tropics, rainfall during the cropping season is extremely erratic, varying in both space and time. This high degree of rainfall variability, when combined with relatively low asset base of most rural households, restricts household crop management strategies and overall crop water productivity. A pilot study was undertaken across 40 households in the semi-arid Zhulube-Gangkabezi meso-catchment of Insiza District, Zimbabwe to determine daily rainfall patterns each household experienced and how this influenced crop management strategies relative to farmer-resource status during the 2007/08 cropping season. Households selected were either on the leeward or windward side of the meso-catchment and were at least 100 m apart. Each participating household was provided with a standard rainfall catch gauge and time was spent with a designated household representative to assess the resource status of the household and construct a whole farm resource allocation map that specified the dates of various crop management operations. This was followed up with detailed interviews to identify what the key drivers were for each management decision. Observed results showed that daily rainfall amounts varied considerably across the catchment. Households’ resource status particularly their access to draft animal power, followed by access to seed and fertilizer played dominant roles to when a crop was planted and these relative to the rainfall received within the season.

Water and Nitrogen Management for Risk Mitigation in Semi-Arid Cropping

Systems Walter Mupangwa PhD Agrometeorology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

This study was conducted with three main objectives which were firstly to characterize the smallholder farming system of semi-arid southern Zimbabwe and its rainfall pattern. The second objective was to quantify the crop yield and soil water benefits derived from in situ (single and double ploughing, ripping and planting basins) and inter-field (dead level contours and infiltration pits) soil water management techniques in southern Zimbabwe using field trials established on the farmers’ fields. The on-farm study also explored the effect of combining in situ soil water management technologies (single and double ploughing, ripping and planting basins) and nitrogen fertilizer (0, 10 and 20 kg-N ha-1) application on crop yield under semi-arid conditions. An on-station experiment was established to assess the effect of combining in situ soil water management techniques (single ploughing, ripping and planting basins) and mulching (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 t ha-1) on maize, cowpea and sorghum yields, and soil water dynamics. The third objective was the evaluation of tillage systems on the farmers’ fields over three growing seasons (2005/06, 2006/07 and 2007/08). The smallholder farmers appraised the tillage systems at the end of the last growing season of the study. Simulation modeling was then used to assess the long term effect of using the basin tillage system over a 69 year period. The daily rainfall data was collected from five meteorological stations located in the Mzingwane catchment of the Limpopo basin. The analysis revealed that neither the total annual rainfall, based on the July-June calendar, nor the start nor end of growing season has changed significantly over the past 50-74 year period in southern Zimbabwe. The analysis indicated that the length of the growing season decreases along the Bulawayo to Beitbridge transect. The growing season starts during the first eight days of December at all stations except at Filabusi where the season starts during the last week of November. The number of wet days per growing season has also not changed along the Bulawayo to Beitbridge transect. There are better chances of getting rainfall during the January-March period compared to the first half of the growing season.

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Our study revealed that there were no in situ soil water management techniques practiced by smallholder farmers in either Gwanda or Insiza districts during 2006. In Insiza district, the graded contours were the only structures constructed between fields while in Gwanda the dead level contours and infiltration pits were found on most farms particularly in wards 17 and 18. The dead level contours were being promoted by a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) called Practical Action. Smallholder farmers in Insiza district used both manure and inorganic fertilizer as soil fertility amendments. However, in Gwanda district the majority of smallholder farmers used neither manure nor inorganic fertilizer for fear of crop burn. Farmers who used manure and fertilizer in Gwanda district had been exposed to how much manure and fertilizer is applied in semi-arid areas through interaction with agriculture extension officers and researchers. However, there is need for wider promotion of training and demonstrations on soil water and fertility management in the semi-arid smallholder farming areas. The on-farm experimentation assessed the effect of integrating soil water and nitrogen management under smallholder farming conditions. The study assessed the effect of single and double conventional ploughing, ripping and planting basins combined with nitrogen fertilizer on maize yields, surface runoff and soil water dynamics. Results of the on-farm experimentation showed that the double conventional ploughing combined with nitrogen fertilizer outperformed the other three tillage systems regardless of the rainfall pattern in Insiza and Gwanda districts. Nitrogen fertilizer increased maize yields and water use efficiency in each season regardless of the tillage system used under smallholder farming conditions. The planting basin system had higher maize crop establishment at most farms during the period of experimentation. The on-station experiment showed that mulching had a significant influence on maize grain production across the three tillage systems in a season with below average rainfall. There were no significant maize yield differences across the three tillage systems tested at the on-station experimental site. Delayed planting in the conventional system resulted in reduced cowpea yields in a season with below average rainfall. Planting basin system gave lower sorghum yield as a result of reduced plant stand which was caused by rodent attack that was experienced at crop establishment stage. The on-station experiment indicated that sorghum and cowpea can be grown at the 0.9 m x 0.6 m spacing of the basin system without significantly reducing yield compared to the conventional system. The soil water dynamics were similar under single and double ploughing, ripper and basin tillage systems. The on-station experiment also showed similar soil water dynamics in the conventional, ripper and basin systems under mulched conditions at Matopos (clay soil) and Lucydale (sandy soil). The basin system had more soil water during the November-December period when the growing seasons started. Surface runoff measurements indicated that planting basins significantly reduce surface runoff water losses from cropped or uncropped field. However, the reduced surface runoff and higher initial soil water content was not translated into higher yields under the basin tillage system compared to the other tillage systems. The study on the soil water contribution of dead level contours and infiltration pits indicated that these inter-field structures have no significant effect on soil profile water content in seasons with below average rainfall. During seasons that receive daily rainfall events of more than 40 mm, the dead level contours and infiltration pits collect more rainwater than the dead level contour only. Lateral soil water movement occurred after rainfall events of 60-70 mm particularly downslope of the contour with significant changes in soil water being observed at 3 m from the contour. The dead level contours and infiltration pits supplied soil water to the 0.25-0.45 m layers of the 0.6 m profile measured in this study. The evaluation of the in situ tillage systems by smallholder farmers revealed that labour demand and crop yields are major factors considered by smallholder farmers in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe when selecting a technology for adoption. The majority of the farmers achieved the highest yields under the double ploughing system, hence they ranked it as the most appropriate tillage system to use

22

under their conditions. Availability of cereal and legume seed is one of the major challenges being faced by all households sampled in Gwanda and Insiza districts during the period of our study. The long term assessment of the basin system through simulation modeling revealed that basins give only marginal maize yield benefits over the conventional system regardless of the nitrogen level used. The long term simulation also indicated that crop failures can be experienced in both conventional and basin systems due largely to uneven distribution of rain events through the growing season.

Collaborative and Synthesis Work

The best so far... IWRM research for improved livelihoods Bongani Ncube, David Love and Bekithemba Gumbo WaterNet, PO Box MP 600, Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

The Challenge Program on Water and Food Project Number 17 has been running within the Limpopo Basin for three years. The main goal of the project is to contribute to improved rural livelihoods of poor smallholder farmers through the development of an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) framework for increased productive use of water flows and risk management for drought and dry-spell mitigation at all scales in the Limpopo Basin. The project also has a strong bias towards human capacity building which is fully integrated into all research activities. The research is carried out in three pilot catchments using three approaches: Farmer Field Based Action Research (FFBAR) using technologies such as conservation farming and nutrient management to increase crop yields; Water Resources Research where rain, surface water and groundwater flow partitioning is characterized; and Institutional Research which aims to develop appropriate institutional models for water governance and strengthen institutions and policies for water productivity and risk mitigation. The outputs of the research will be used to develop guidelines for catchment management across political boundaries. The research has so far generated results that are showing that there is potential to manage water resources and improve productivity within the dry Limpopo Basin using IWRM principles. Under FFBAR conservation farming has shown that crop water management and the use of nitrogen fertilizer can improve crop yields by margins of more than 200 kg/ha. Water resources research has helped in the characterization of rainfall-runoff relationships and a better understanding of the potential yield and use of alluvial aquifers within the basin. Under institutional research responses to water scarcity have been characterized and further studies are underway to understand differences and try to create linkages across institutions within the Limpopo basin. The IWRM approach is promising to be a beneficial research approach for improving livelihoods within the Limpopo Basin.

Understanding water resources at basin scale – a concept note David Love a,b, Manuel Magombeyi c, Ilyas Masih d,e, Shreedhar Maskey d, Akpofure Taigbenu c, Stefan Uhlenbrook d,f and Pieter van der Zaag d,f a WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

b ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

c School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

d UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

e International Water Management Institute, Global Research Division, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka

f Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The

Netherlands

1. Introduction 2. Catchment classification a. Flow duration curves b. Catchment characteristics 3. SWAT a. Calibration: Olifants

23

b. Validation: Mzingwane and Karkeh 4. HBV a. Calibration: Karkeh b. Validation: Mzingwane and Olifants 5. HBVx a. Calibration: Mzingwane b. Validation: Karkeh and Olifants 6. Discussion

Decision-making tools for catchment management: contrasting data-rich and

data-scarce approaches – a concept note David Love a,b, Manuel Magombeyi c, Akpofure Taigbenu c, Stefan Uhlenbrook d,e and Pieter van der Zaag d,e a WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

b ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

c School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

d UNESCO-IHE, Westvest 7, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands

e Department of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The

Netherlands

1. Introduction 2. ICHSEA : Innovative Coupling of Hydrological and Socio-Economic Aspects a. Data requirements b. Results: Olifants 3. HBVx-WAFLEX a. Data requirements b. Results: Mzingwane 4. Discussion

Methodologies and case studies for investigating upstream-downstream

interactions of rainwater water harvesting in the Limpopo Basin Bongani Ncube a, Manuel Magombeyi b, Paiva Munguambe c, Walter Mupangwa d and David Love a,d a WaterNet, PO Box MP600, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

b School of Civil & Environmental Engineering Witwatersrand University, Private Bag X3 Wits, 2050. RSA

c Department of Rural Engineering, University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 257, Mozambique

d ICRISAT Bulawayo, Matopos Research Station, PO Box 776 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Rainwater harvesting is a promising technology for increasing water availability for crop production of smallholder farmers in the semi-arid regions of the Limpopo Basin. A few studies on rainwater harvesting have been conducted in the basin at small plot and farmer field scales. Results from Mozambique, Zimbabwe and South Africa indicate substantial benefits to crops grown using a range of rainwater harvesting techniques. However, there have been no catchment and basin level studies to investigate the impacts of wide scale adoption at these levels. A methodology flow chart is proposed for systematically investigating the impacts of up-scaling of these infield and ex-field rainwater harvesting techniques. The method proposes an analysis of levels of adoption to help identify optimum levels that will maximize land and water productivity while minimizing negative hydrological and ecological impacts at catchment or basin scales.

Laying the Foundation Stone: Facilitating the establishment of effective

water users institutions in the Limpopo river basin, Zimbabwe Emmanuel Manzungu a and Vupenyu Dzingirai b a Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

b Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

24

Outline:

• Challenges of facilitating innovation vis-à-vis evolving and revolving water institutions in Zimbabwe

• Overview of water resources and management in the Mzingwane catchment

• A socio-economic and institutional profile of rural life in the Limpopo: the case of Gwanda district

• Ten hellish years: challenges of setting up water users institutions in the Mzingwane Catchment

• Setting the vision for stakeholder participation

• Setting the wheels in motion: the budgeting and rebudgeting process

• Defining a supportive research agenda for stakeholder participation

• Identifying local water issues and priorities

• Taking local water concerns up the ladder

• Putting the jigsaw pieces together: institutional model

• Conclusions

Way Forward

Output Plan Baseline and Survey Work (Activities 1.2, 1.5, 1.6)

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Geology Baseline CPWF Working Paper

UZ MRC Passed internal review (AR05)

Convert to WP

Soil Baseline CPWF Working Paper

UZ SSAE Passed internal review (AR07)

Peer review? Convert to WP

Population Baseline CPWF Working Paper

UZ CASS Under internal review (AR13)

Internal review

Limpopo (Mozambique) basin profile

CPWF Working Paper

UEM FAEF Under internal review (AR16)

Internal review

Olifants (South Africa) basin profile

CPWF Working Paper

IWMI Under internal review (AR15)

Internal review

Climate study, Zimbabwe

Policy brief ICRISAT Expected April 2009

Land use study, Zimbabwe

CPWF Working Paper / report

ICRISAT Expected April 2009

Water resources baseline

CPWF Working Paper

UZ DCE Under internal review (IR29)

Mhizha doing corrections

Hydrogeology baseline

CPWF Working Paper

UZ MRC Expected April 2009

Water chemistry baseline

CPWF Working Paper

UZ MRC Expected April 2009

Socio-economic survey, Zimbabwe

Journal article UZ CASS Under internal review (AR12)

Internal review

Land/water management study, Zimbabwe

Journal articles / report

ICRISAT One published (A05), One expected (A24)

Socio-economic and land/water management survey,

CPWF Working Paper

UEM FAEF Under internal review (AR10&AR11)

Internal review

25

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Mozambique

Socio-economic and land/water management survey, S. Africa

CPWF Working Paper

IWMI Under internal review (AR14)

Internal review

Socio-economic and land/water management surveys, basin

Possible input to PN1 basin survey

ICRISAT, IWMI, UEM FAEF, UZ CASS

Will this be done?

Improved Understanding of Water Resources (Activities 1.3, 2.1, 2.8)

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Understanding

water resources at

basin scale by

regionalisation1

Journal article Love, Magombeyi (lead), Taigbenu, Uhlenbrook, IWMI

Concept note by Sept 2008. Article June 2009

Catchment modelling, South Africa

Research report IWMI Published (RR1) Completed

Journal article Wits Drafted (A12)

Catchment modelling, Zimbabwe

Journal articles Love and MSc students One published (A07), one submitted (A25,P50), one expected by May 2009.

Mzingwane basin modelling †

Journal articles Love Two articles expected by June 2009 (P50, P72). Two proceedings chapters published (C04, C05) and one article under review (A20).

Policy brief when papers available DL

Historic analyses, Zimbabwe 2 3

Journal article Love Submitted (A10) Completed

Journal article Mupangwa Submitted (A23) Completed

Alluvial hydrogeology †

Journal articles Policy briefs

Love, MRC, MSc students

Two published (A03, A11), two expected by June 2009.

Crystalline hydrogeology †

Journal article UZ MRC E Policy brief DL

Water chemistry, Mozambique †

Journal article UEM FAEF Published (A14) Policy brief when report available DL

Water chemistry, Zimbabwe †

Journal article UZ MRC Expected June 2009 Policy brief when report available DL

Flood forecasting, Mozambique †

Journal article ARA-Sul Drafted (P70) Policy brief & article DL

1 This incorporates the Wits-IWMI collaborative work on Activity 2.8, with $5,500 allocation from IWMI. 2 Not incorporated into main water resources synthesis paper; separate policy briefs to be produced by WaterNet 3 Incorporated into the baseline climate study

26

Farmer-Field Based Action Research (Activity 2.2)

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Risk management

synthesis:

conservation

agriculture and

rainwater

harvesting

Journal article Walker Mupangwa, Twomlow, Dimes, Ibraimo, Munguambe, Ncube

Article expected June 2009

Initiate work BN

Conservation

agriculture

synthesis

Journal article Twomlow, Walker and Mupangwa (lead); Dimes, Munguambe, Ncube, Nyagumbo

Article expected June 2009

Initiate work BN

Conservation agriculture

Journal articles and thesis

ICRISAT, Dimes Mupangwa

Thesis, three articles (A08, A15, A24) and one proceedings chapter (C03) published.

Completed

Handbooks for extension staff

ICRISAT Completed (copy awaited)

Completed

Rainwater

harvesting

synthesis

Journal article Brito (lead); Chilundo, Ibraimo, Magaia, Magombeyi, Mhizha, Mupangwa, Munguambe, Ncube, Nyagumbo

Outline drafted. Article in May 2009.

Initiate work BN

Upstream-downstream interactions of rainwater harvesting

Proceedings chapter

Ncube (lead), Magombeyi, Munguambe, Mupangwa, Love

Drafted (C10) Finalise

Rainwater harvesting, Mozambique

Journal article UEM FAEF Preliminary draft completed

Rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation, South Africa

Journal article Magombeyi Two published (A18, C01), two drafted (P21, C11)

Rainwater harvesting, Zimbabwe

Journal article UZ SSAE Expected June 2009

Journal article Mwenge Kahinda Published (A09) Completed

Journal articles Mhizha & MSc students

One proceedings chapter published (C02), two articles drafted

Irrigated agriculture and challenges of salinity

Journal article / thesis

Munguambe Preliminary drafts and thesis chapters’ outline completed

Drip irrigation Journal articles ICRISAT Two published (A01, A02)

Completed

27

Institutional Models (Activity 3)

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Planning workshop, Beitbridge

Workshop report; leads to next output

Gandure, Manzungu, Rosen (lead), Mabiza, Nyamukure, Sithole

Report completed Completed

Development of

intermediate level

institutional

models,

Zimbabwe

Synthesis report, including documentation of the new model

Gandure, Mabiza, Manzungu, Rosen

Expected June 2009

Olifants basin

trajectory, South

Africa

Water Research Commission report

Van Koppen Expected May 2009

Study of the

development of

institutional

models in the

Limpopo Basin

Journal articles IWMI One article published (A17). One proceedings chapter submitted (C08). One article expected June 2009.

Study of gender and equity issues in water management, South Africa

Journal articles IWMI One proceedings chapter submitted (C09). One conference paper and report completed (P71)

Completed

Study of gender and equity issues in water management, Zimbabwe

Report CASS Preliminary report drafted

Performance of formal institutions and catchment planning in water resources management (South Africa)

Report to national government

IWMI Conference paper and report completed (P52)

Completed

Performance of formal institutions and catchment planning in water resources management (Zimbabwe)

Thesis chapter Mabiza Expected July 2009 Papers P42 and P54 drafted, revised as input

Journal article CASS Drafted paper on decentralised water management

Institutional mapping and stakeholder participation (Zimbabwe)

Thesis chapter Mabiza Expected July 2009 Paper P28 revised as input

Reports CASS Preliminary reports drafted

Journal article MSc fellows Nare & Svubure

One published (A06)

Completed

Institutional Book IWMI Completed (BK01) Completed

28

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

mapping and stakeholder (Zimbabwe and South Africa)

Journal article / thesis chapter

Sithole and MSc students

Thesis chapter expected March 2009. One proceedings chapter published (C06)

Water allocation MSc dissertations

UZ DCE, IWMI No further work anticipated

Synthesis (Activity 4)

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Project synthesis Final report WaterNet Preliminary syntheses presented (P46, P63, A22). Final report expected September 2009

Synthesis modelling Journal article / thesis

Magombeyi One proceedings chapter published (C01)

Intervention Matrix Submission to Basin Focal Project

WaterNet Drafted needs ongoing updating

General synthesis papers

Journal articles Various Three published (A04, A13, A16)

Completed

Training and Capacity Building (Activities 2.5 and 5)

4

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Capacity building

synthesis

Proceedings chapter

WaterNet Published (C07) Completed

Conservation agriculture

Training manuals5

ICRISAT Completed Completed

Rainwater harvesting

Training manuals

UEM FAEF Drafted

River basin game Journal article Magombeyi, Wits, IWMI

Published (A19) Completed

Training reports

IWMI Expected March 2009

Extension officer training

Training reports

ICRISAT Preliminary report received; final report expected May 2009

Farmer training Training reports

UEM FAEF Drafted

PhD student Thesis Mabiza Expected December 2009

PhD student Thesis Mupangwa Completed Completed

4 Note: The research activities carried out by Mr Mhizha and Mr Sithole are outputs of the project. However, the PhD theses of Mr Mhizha and Mr Sithole provide synergies to the project but are not as outputs of the project per se. 5 These are the same manuals as mentioned under Activity 2.2 above

29

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

PhD student Thesis Munguambe Expected December 2009

PhD student Thesis Magombeyi Expected December 2009

PhD student Thesis Love Expected April 2009

MSc students (target of 36)

Theses Various Target achieved Completed

Project Managment (Activity 6)

Task Output Person / Partner Status Sec. Action

Project inception workshop

Activity Report WaterNet Completed (AR01) Completed

Catchment inception workshop (Mozambique)

Activity Report UEM FAEF Completed (AR04) Completed

Catchment inception workshop (South Africa)

Activity Report IWMI Completed (AR03) Completed

Catchment inception workshop (Zimbabwe)

Activity Report ICRISAT Completed (AR02) Completed

Catchment scientific workshop (Mozambique)

Activity Report UEM FAEF Completed (AR09) Completed

Catchment scientific workshop (South Africa)

Activity Report IWMI Completed (AR08) Completed

Catchment scientific workshop (Zimbabwe)

Activity Report ICRISAT Completed (AR06) Completed

Project workshop 2006

Activity Report WaterNet Completed (AR17) Completed

Project workshop 2007

Activity Report WaterNet Completed (AR18) Completed

Project workshop 2008

Activity Report WaterNet Completed (AR19) Completed

Catchment final workshop (Mozambique)

Activity Report UEM FAEF

Catchment final workshop (South Africa)

Activity Report IWMI

Catchment final workshop (Zimbabwe)

Activity Report ICRISAT Workshop held Report awaited

Final project workshop

Activity Report WaterNet

30

Phase 2 Larry Harrington Challenge Program on Water and Food

The CPWF maintains a keen interest in Limpopo, one of the six basins that we would like to continue into Phase 2. We have it in mind that in the Limpopo the second Phase will focus on rainwater management, small reservoirs, and whole basin issues associated with rainwater management. It will consciously build on achievements from Phase 1 projects, including PN17 and, where possible, the Basin Focal Project. The detailed shape of Phase 2 research will be determined in the second half of 2009 with the help of key local stakeholders participating in a stakeholder workshop. An interim version of the Limpopo research agenda may be seen in the CPWF medium-term plan (see CPWF web site). This is similar to what was discussed in IFWF2 in Addis, but is likely to evolve quickly in the near future. A CPWF team will visit the basin within the next few months to initiate workshop preparations. The workshop itself will probably be held at a month or two after this visit. After this a call for proposals will be issued. We hope to contract research teams later this year or –more likely – early next year. We anticipate 3-5 projects in the Limpopo, each of them somewhat larger (and extending over more years) than Phase 1 projects. These projects will be designed to form a coherent whole and probably will be coordinated directly by a CPWF Basin Leader. One part of the research agenda is likely to involve exploring the consequences of global and regional drivers (population growth, climate change, economic growth and changes in the structure of demand for food, among others) on water use, food production, and poverty – and also the likely cross-scale consequences of innovation in rainwater management. There may be a standalone project on this in Phase 2 – or it may simply become part of our work on a “global drivers” topic.

31

Annexe 1 – Project Publications

Title 6

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

A01. An on-farm evaluation of the effects of low cost drip irrigation on water and crop productivity, compared to conventional surface irrigation system

2.2 September 2005

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 30, 783-791 doi:/10.1016/j.pce.2005.08.021

N Maisiri, J Rockström, A Senzanje, S Twomlow

A02. Impact and sustainability of low-head drip irrigation kits, in the semi-arid Gwanda and Beitbridge Districts, Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.6 November 2006

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 31, 885-892 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.020

R Moyo, D Love, S Twomlow, W Mupangwa, M Mul

A03. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion

1.3 November 2006

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 31, 988-994 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.013

W Moyce, P Mangeya, RJ Owen, D Love

A04. Implementing the millennium development food security goals – Challenges of the southern African context

1.6 November 2006

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 31, 731-737 doi:/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.002

D Love, S Twomlow, W Mupangwa, P van der Zaag, B Gumbo

A05. Soil-water conservation and rainwater harvesting strategies in the semi-arid Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.6 November 2006

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 31, 83-90 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.042

W Mupangwa, D Love, S Twomlow

A06. Involvement of stakeholders in the water quality monitoring and surveillance system: the case of Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

1.3 3.1

November 2006

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 31, 707-712 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.037

L Nare, D Love, Z Hoko

A07. Effects of dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe.

1.3 November 2006

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 31, 870-875 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.022

JM Kileshye Onema, D Mazvimavi, D Love, M Mul

A08. Effect of mulching and minimum tillage on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and water content of clayey and sandy soils

2.2 November 2007

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 32, 1127-1134 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.030

W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, L Hove, S Walker

A09. Rainwater harvesting to enhance water productivity of rainfed agriculture in the semi-arid Zimbabwe

1.6 November 2007

Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 32, 1068-1073 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2007.07.011

J Mwenge Kahinda, J Rockström, AE Taigbenu, J Dimes

A10. DRAFT Changing rainfall and discharge patterns in the northern Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2.1 May 2008 Article submitted to Water SA D Love, S Uhlenbrook, S Twomlow, P van der Zaag

A11. Potential water supply of a small reservoir and alluvial aquifer system in southern Zimbabwe

1.3.2 July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 633-639, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.056

W. de Hamer, D. Love, R. Owen, M.J. Booij, A.Y.Hoekstra

A12. DRAFT Application of the SWAT model to assess the impact of land cover and land use on the hydrologic response in the Olifants Catchment

2.1 July 2009 Article submitted to Water SA M Ncube, AE Taigbenu

A13. The nexus between Integrated Natural Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management in Southern Africa

Synthesis July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 889-898, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.044

S Twomlow, D Love, S Walker

A14. Design of a water quality monitoring network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique

1.3.4 July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 655-665, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.055

M Chilundo, P Kelderman, JHO O’Keeffe

A15. The influence of conservation tillage methods on soil water regimes in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe

2.2 July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 762-767, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.049

W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, S Walker

A16. Building adaptive capacity to cope with increasing vulnerability due to climatic change in Africa– a new approach

Synthesis July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 780-787, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.048

S Twomlow, FT Mugabe, M Mwale, R Delve, D Nanja, P Carberry, M Howden

A17. Redressing inequities from the past from a historical perspective: the case of the Olifants Basin, South Africa

3.1 April 2008 Water SA, 34, 432-438 http://www.wrc.org.za

B van Koppen

A18. Crop yield risk analysis and mitigation of smallholder farmers at quaternary catchment level: Case study of B72A in Olifants river basin, South Africa

2.2 July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 744-756, doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.050

MS Magombeyi, AE Taigbenu

A19. The River Basin Game as a tool for collective water management at community level in South Africa

5 July 2008 Physics and Chemistry of the

Earth, 33, 873-880 doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.045

MS Magombeyi, D Rollin, B Lankford

6 The code given (e.g. “A02”) refers to the designation of a document as an official output of the project, and is also included in the document’s file name.

32

Title 6

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

A20. DRAFT Evaluation of the effects of different water demand scenarios on downstream water availability: The case of Thuli river basin

2.1 July 2009 Article submitted to Physics

and Chemistry of the Earth S Khosa, D Love, ML Mul

A21. DRAFT simulation of farming systems in the Olifants river basin, South Africa

2.2 July 2009 Article submitted to Physics

and Chemistry of the Earth

M Magombeyi, A Taigbenu, S Moradet, C Cheron

A22. DRAFT Integrated water resource management (IWRM) research for mitigating drought and improving livelihoods within the Limpopo Basin

Synthesis July 2009 Article submitted to Physics

and Chemistry of the Earth B Ncube, D Love, B Gumbo

A23. DRAFT Characterisation of rainfall pattern for improved rainfed crop production in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe

2.1 July 2009 Article submitted to Physics

and Chemistry of the Earth W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, S Walker

A24. DRAFT Rainfall variability impacts on farmers’ management strategies

2.2 July 2009 Article submitted to Physics

and Chemistry of the Earth EN Masvaya, W Mupangwa, SJ Twomlow

A25. DRAFT Rainfall-interception-evaporation-runoff relationships in a semi-arid meso-catchment, northern Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2.1 July 2009 Article submitted to Hydrological Sciences Journal

D Love, S Uhlenbrook, G Corzo-Perez, S Twomlow

A26. DRAFT A water balance modelling approach to optimising the use of water resources in ephemeral sand rivers – the example of the Lower Mzingwane alluvial aquifer

1.3.1 2.8

November 2009

Article submitted to River

Research & Applications D Love, P van der Zaag, S Uhlenbrook, R Owen

Title

BOOKS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

BK01. Community-Based Water Law and Water Resource Management Reform in Developing Countries

3 2008 CABI publisher, ISBN: 1 84593 326 5

Editors: B van Koppen, M Giordano, and J Butterworth

Title

BOOK/PROCEEDINGS CHAPTERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

C01. Simulation of farming systems in the Olifants river basin, South Africa

2.2 November 2008

In: Humphreys et al. (eds.). Fighting Poverty Through

Sustainable Water Use:

Proceedings of the CGIAR

Challenge Program on Water

and Food 2nd International

Forum on Water and Food,

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,

November 10 – 14 2008, I. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo

M Magombeyi, A Taigbenu

C02. Water availability deficit in rainfed farming for semiarid Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

2.1 November 2008

In: Humphreys et al. (eds.). Fighting Poverty Through

Sustainable Water Use:

Proceedings of the CGIAR

Challenge Program on Water

and Food 2nd International

Forum on Water and Food,

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,

November 10 – 14 2008, II. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo

A Mhizha, B Chibulu

C03. Integration of germplasm and management for sustainable water productivity improvement in rainfed cropping

2.2 November 2008

J Dimes, P du Toit

C04. Modelling upstream-downstream interactions using a spreadsheet-based water balance model: two case studies from the Limpopo basin

2.8 November 2008

In: Humphreys et al. (eds.). Fighting Poverty Through

Sustainable Water Use:

Proceedings of the CGIAR

Challenge Program on Water

and Food 2nd International

Forum on Water and Food,

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,

November 10 – 14 2008, III. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo.

D Love, S Khosa, M Mul, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag

C05. Impact of the Zhovhe Dam on the lower Mzingwane River channel

2.1 November 2008

D Love, F Love, P van der Zaag, S Uhlenbrook, R Owen

C06. Understanding hydraulic property rights creation, re-creation and de-creation: A case study of Lorraine and Fumukwe villages, Limpopo basin

3.1 November 2008

P Sithole, B van Koppen

C07. Mainstreaming capacity building in food and water research in the Limpopo Basin:

5 November 2008

D Love, B Ncube, B Gumbo

33

Title

BOOK/PROCEEDINGS CHAPTERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

linking across scales and across disciplines

C08. DRAFT. The political, social and economic context of changing water policy in South Africa post-1994

3 Early 2009 In: Schreiner and Hassan (eds). Integrated Water Resource

Management in South Africa. Resources For the Future publications.

B van Koppen, B Schreiner, S Fakir

C09. DRAFT. Mainstreaming gender in water management in South Africa

3 Early 2009 B van Koppen and E Karr

C10. DRAFT. Methodologies and case studies for investigating upstream-downstream interactions of rainwater water harvesting in the Limpopo Basin

2.2 Mid 2009 In: Humphreys, L (ed). Proceedings of the Workshop

on Increasing the Productivity

and Sustainability of Rainfed

Cropping Systems of Poor,

Smallholder Farmers, Tamale,

Ghana, 22‐25 September 2008. The CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, Colombo.

B Ncube, M Magombeyi, P Munguambe, W Mupangwa, D Love

C11. DRAFT. Maize yields under supplementary irrigation in the Olifants river basin, South Africa

2.2 Mid 2009 MS Magombeyi, T Rasiuba, AE Taigbenu

C12. DRAFT. Precision conservation agriculture for vulnerable farmers in low‐potential zones

2.2 Mid 2009 S Twomlow, L Hove, W Mupangwa, P Masikati, N Mashingaidze

Title

INSTITUTIONAL WORKING PAPERS

AND RESEARCH REPORTS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

RR01. Application of the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model to Assess Future Water Demands and Resources in the Olifants Catchment, South Africa

1.6 May 2008 IWMI Research Report R Arranz and M McCartney

WP01. An overview of the Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

1.2 February 2005

WaterNet Working Paper 1 D Love and AE Taigbenu and L Jonker

WP02. Short report on five masters projects from the Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

5.4 February 2005

WaterNet Working Paper 2 D Love and L Jonker

WP03. Spreading the word on fertilizer 2.2 February 2006

ICRISAT GTAE Report 24

S Twomlow and D Rohrbach and J Rusike and W Mupangwa and J Dimes and B Ncube

WP04. Short Report on Masters research in the Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe, 2004/5 – 2005/6

5.4 September 2006

WaterNet Working Paper 3 D Love

WP05. Short Report on Masters research cofunded by RELMA-in-ICRAF in the Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe, 2004/5

5.4 November 2006

WaterNet Working Paper 4 D Love

WP06. Short Report on Doctoral research within WaterNet Challenge Program Project PN17

5.5 November 2006

WaterNet Working Paper 5 D Love and W Nyabeze

WP07. Short Report on Masters research in progress in the Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe, 2006/7

5.5 May 2007 WaterNet Working Paper 6 D Love

WP08. Application of the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) Model to Assess Future Water Demands and Resources in the Olifants Catchment, South Africa

1.6 August 2007

IWMI Working Paper 116 R Arranz and M McCartney

WP09. An assessment of the sustainable uptake of conservation farming in Zimbabwe

2.2 March 2008

ICRISAT GTAE Report 39 Mazvimavi K, Twomlow S, Belder P, and Hove L

WP010. Papers presented at the Challenge Program on Water and Food Project No 17 (CPWF PN17) Project Final Workshop, 15 – 18 June 2009, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, a contribution to the WaterNet Challenge Program Project 17 “Integrated Water Resource Management for Improved Rural Livelihoods: Managing risk, mitigating drought and improving water productivity in the water scarce Limpopo Basin”.

6.3 June 2009 WaterNet Working Paper 7 D Love

Title

PAPERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

NP1. The Impact Of Land Cover And Land Use On Hydrological Response In The Olifants Catchment

2.1 August 2005

Special Colloquium, Water Research Showcase, Univ. of Johannesburg, Pretoria & The Witwatersrand

M Ncube, AE Taigbenu

34

Title

PAPERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

NP2. Resources Management In Agriculture: Convergence Of Needs And Opportunities

1.6 September 2005

12th SANCHIAS symposium AE Taigbenu, M Ncube, RJ Boroto

P01. The Challenge of Integrated Water Resource Management for Improved Rural Livelihoods in the Limpopo Basin – an introduction to WaterNet’s first network research program

Synthesis November 2004

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Namibia

D Love, L Jonker, J Rockström, P van der Zaag, S Twomlow

P02. An integrated evaluation of a small reservoir and its contribution to improved rural livelihoods: Sibasa Dam, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3 3.1 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

L Basima Busane, T Sawunyama, G Chinoda, D Twikirize, A Senzanje, D Love, Z Hoko E Manzungu, P Mangeya, N Matura, A Mhizha, P Sithole

P03. Influence of human activities on the hydrology of the Insiza River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe - implications for catchment planning

2.1 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

JM Kileshye Onema, J Rockström, D Mazvimavi D Love, M Mul A van Rooyen, S Twomlow

P04. Implementing the millennium development food security goals - challenges of the southern African context

1.6 2.2 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

D Love, S Twomlow, W Mupangwa, P van der Zaag, B Gumbo

P05. Analysis of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

D Love, S Uhlenbrook, W Nyabeze, RJS Owen, S Twomlow, H Savenije L Woltering, P van der Zaag

P06. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion and risk

1.3 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

W Moyce, P Mangeya, RJ Owen, D Love

P07. A model for reservoir yield under climate change scenarios for the water-stressed City of Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

1.3 2.1 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

B Moyo, E Madamombe D Love

P08. Impact and sustainability of drip irrigation kits in the semi-arid Lower Mzingwane Subcatchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2.2 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

R Moyo, D Love, S Twomlow, W Mupangwa, M Mul

P09. Cultivating livelihoods: an assessment of water allocation and management practices in small-scale irrigation schemes -case studies in Mzingwane Catchment

1.6 3.1 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

M Munamati, A Mhizha, P Sithole

P10. Soil-water conservation and other rainwater harvesting strategies in the semi-arid Mzingwane Catchments, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.6 2.2 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

W Mupangwa, D Love, S Twomlow

P11. Involvement of stakeholders in the water quality monitoring and surveillance system: the case of Mzingwane Catchment

3.1 November 2005

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Swaziland

L Nare, D Love, Z Hoko

P12. Managing risk, mitigating drought and improving water productivity in the water scarce Limpopo Basin: highlights of some integrated water resources management solutions

Synthesis December 2005

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food International Workshop on “Enhancing human and ecological well-being in Africa through sustainable increases in water productivity”, Uganda

D Love, B Gumbo, W Nyabeze

P13. Managing risk, mitigating drought and improving water productivity in the water scarce Limpopo Basin: highlights of some integrated water resources management approaches

Synthesis February 2006

SADC Land and Water Management Applied Research Programme Scientific Symposium “Land and Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture”, Malawi

D Love, B Gumbo, W Nyabeze

P14. An evaluation of climate and runoff variability and associated livelihood risks in the Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3 2.1 May 2006

Water Institute of Southern Africa Biennial Conference and Exhibition, Durban, South Africa

D Love, S Uhlenbrook, E Madamombe S Twomlow, P van der Zaag

P15. Conservation farming by basins breaths new life into smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe

2.2 February 2006

SADC Land and Water Management Applied Research Programme Scientific Symposium “Land and Water Management for Sustainable Agriculture”, Malawi

S Twomlow, D Rohrbach, L Hove, W Mupangwa, N Mashingaidze, M Moyo, C Chiroro

35

Title

PAPERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

P16. Alluvial aquifers as potential safe water storage in semi arid areas: case study of Lower Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3 August 2006

Stockholm Water Week, Sweden

W Moyce, P Mangeya, RJ Owen, D Love

P17. Livelihood challenges posed by water quality in the Mzingwane and Thuli River Catchments, Zimbabwe

1.3 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

D Love, W Moyce, S Ravengai

P18. An on farm comparison of conservation agriculture practices and conventional farmer practices on soil hydrology and maize yield

2.2 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

C Dhliwayo, H Makurira, W Mupangwa, D Love, S Twomlow

P19. Effects of grazing management on rangeland soil hydrology, Insiza, Zimbabwe

2.2 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

PT Ngwenya, D Love, A Mhizha, S Twomlow

P20. Effects of dams on river flows of Insiza River, Limpopo Basin Zimbabwe

1.3 August 2006

Stockholm Water Week, Sweden

JM Kileshye Onema, D Mazvimavi, D Love, M Mul

P21. Olifants river basin: the process of basin closure

1.3 August 2006

Stockholm Water Week, Sweden

W Nyabeze, B Gumbo, D Love

P22. Effect of mulching and minimum tillage on maize (Zea mays L.) yield and water content of clayey and sandy soils

2.2 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, L Hove, S Walker

P23. Rainwater harvesting to enhance water productivity of rainfed agriculture in the semi-arid Zimbabwe

1.6 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

J Mwenge Kahinda, J Rockström, AE Taigbenu, J Dimes

P25. Integrating hydrological and socio-economic aspects for sustainable catchment management: needs and opportunities

2.8 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

M Magombeyi, AE Taigbenu, D Rollin

P26. The use of the river basin game as a tool for the implementation of the Waternet CP project in South Africa

2.5 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

M Magombeyi, D Rollin, B Lankford

P27. Towards improving flood forecasting and early warning systems through integrated technology in the Limpopo Basin

2.1 2.8 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

A Vilanculos, A Mhizha, E Kaseke

P28. Linkages between the water resources and institutional sustainability: experiences from the Mzingwane catchment

3.1 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

C Mabiza, P van der Zaag, E Manzungu, R Ahlers

P29. Institutional Mapping, Water Sources and the Politics of Access in Ward 17, Gwanda – Mzingwane Catchment

3.1 November 2006

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Malawi

P Sithole

P30. Potential water supply of a small reservoir and alluvial aquifer system in southern Zimbabwe

1.3.2 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

W de Hamer, D Love, R Owen, M Booij, A Hoekstra

P31. A rainfall runoff model for two small ungauged catchment using the water balance of a reservoir for calibration.

2.1 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

W de Hamer, D Love, R Owen, M Booij, A Hoekstra

P32. Application of the SWAT model to assess the impact of land cover and land use on the hydrologic response in the Olifants Catchment

2.1 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

M Ncube, A Taigbenu

P33. Environmental Impact Assessment of Small Scale Resource Exploitation: the case of gold panning in Zhulube Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3.4 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

N Tunhuma, P Kelderman, D Love, S Uhlenbrook

P34. Stream quality in a small rural catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3.4 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

N Tunhuma, P Kelderman, D Love, S Uhlenbrook

P35. Response of semi-arid meso-catchments to rainfall at daily and monthly time steps

2.1 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

D Love, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag, S Twomlow

P36. The lower Mzingwane alluvial aquifer: managed releases, groundwater - surface water interactions and the challenge of salinity

1.3.2 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

D Love, R Owen, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag, W Moyce

P37. Limitations on the utility of small sand rivers: case studies of groundwater – surface water interactions and scale relationships in small alluvial aquifers

1.3.2 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

D Love, W de Hamer, R Owen, M Booij, S Uhlenbrook, A Hoekstra, P van der Zaag

P38. The nexus between INRM and IWRM Synthesis November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

S Twomlow, D Love, S Walker

P39. A crop yield risk analysis and mitigation of small-holder farmers at quaternary catchment level- Case study of B72A in

2.2 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

M Magombeyi, A Taigbenu

36

Title

PAPERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

Olifants river basin.

P40. Conservation Tillage for Soil Water Management in the Semi Arid Southern Zimbabwe

2.2 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, S Walker

P41. The art of irrigation on salt-affected soils in the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme, Mozambique

2.2 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

P Munguambe

P42. The making of a catchment plan: experiences of the Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

3.3 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

C Mabiza, E Manzungu, P van der Zaag, R Ahlers

P43. Design of a water quality monitoring network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique

1.3 2.1 November 2007

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Zambia

MNG Chilundo, P Kelderman, JHO O’Keeffe

P44. Landuse dynamics in a small watershed of the semi-arid Zimbabwe

1.3 December 2007

American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract #B41B-0460

J-M Kileshye-Onema, A van Rooyen

P45. Changing rainfall and discharge patterns in the northern Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2.1 April 2008 EGU General Assembly 2008 D Love, S Uhlenbrook, S Twomlow, P van der Zaag

P46. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) research for mitigating drought and improving livelihoods within the Limpopo Basin

Synthesis April 2008

SADC Land and Water Management Applied Research Programme Scientific Symposium “Institutional Structures and Best Practices in Land and Water Management in Southern Africa – Towards Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change”, Zambia

B Ncube, D Love, B Gumbo

P47. Quantifying water productivity in rain-fed cropping systems in Limpopo Province, RSA

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

J Dimes, P du Toit

P48. Applications of GIS and Remote sensing techniques in gully identification and assessment in the Zhulube Meso-catchment, Zimbabwe: Implications to Water Resources Management

2.1 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

F Dondofema

P49. Evaluation of the effects of different water demand scenarios on downstream water availability: The case of Thuli river basin

2.8 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

S Khosa, D Love, M Mul

P50. Storing and sharing water in sand rivers: a water balance modelling approach

2.1 May 2009 EGU General Assembly 2009 D Love, P van der Zaag, S Uhlenbrook

P51. The Mushawe meso-alluvial aquifer, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

1.3.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

D Love, R Owen, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag

P52. Large-scale and small-scale infrastructure Water for Growth and Development

3 October 2008

Water for Growth and Development Session Sunday 17 August 2008 Stockholm Water Week

B van Koppen

P53. Impact of the Zhovhe Dam on the lower Mzingwane River channel

2.1 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

D Love, F Love, R Owen, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag

P54. Politics and water: insights from Bulawayo

3.3 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

C Mabiza, E Manzungu, P van der Zaag, R Ahlers

P55. Simulation of farming systems in the Olifants river basin, South Africa

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

M Magombeyi, A Taigbenu, S Moradet, C Cheron

P56. Rainfall variability impacts on farmers’ management strategies and crop yields

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

E Masvaya, W Mupangwa, S Twomlow

P57. Evaluation of the groundwater0020potential of the Malala Alluvial Aquifer, Lower Mzingwane River, Zimbabwe

1.3.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

T Masvopo, D Love, H Makurira

P58. Improving the design of contour ridges for water conservation

1.6 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

A Mhizha, J Ndiritu

P59. Managing Salinity: an Adaptive Approach to Balance Salts and Nitrogen Leaching

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

P Munguambe, M Chilundo

37

Title

PAPERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

P60. In situ rainwater harvesting for improved maize production under semi-arid conditions: Case study of Chókwè, Mozambique

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

P Munguambe, M Chilundo, C Tamele, R Brito

P61. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) yield and soil water responses to minimum tillage and mulching

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, S Walker

P62. Characterisation of rainfall pattern for improved rainfed crop production in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe

2.1 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

W Mupangwa, S Twomlow, S Walker

P63. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) research for mitigating drought and improving livelihoods within the Limpopo Basin

Synthesis October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

B Ncube, D Love, B Gumbo

P64. Precision Conservation Agriculture for Vulnerable Farmers in Low-potential Zones

2.2 October 2008

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, South Africa

S Twomlow, L Hove, W Mupangwa, P Masikati, N Mashingaidze

P65. Quantifying water productivity in rainfed cropping systems in Limpopo Province, RSA

2.2 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

J Dimes, P du Toit

P66. Modelling upstream-downstream interactions using a spreadsheet-based water balance model: two case studies from the Limpopo basin

2.8 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

D Love, S Khosa, M Mul, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag

P67. Impact of the Zhovhe Dam on the lower Mzingwane River channel

2.1 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

D Love, F Love, R Owen, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag

P68. Methodologies and case studies for investigating upstream-downstream interactions of water harvesting

2.1 2.2 September 2008

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Workshop on Increasing the Productivity and Sustainability of Rainfed Cropping Systems of Poor, Smallholder Farmers, Tamale, Ghana

Ncube, B., Magombeyi, M., Love, D., Mupangwa, W., Munguambe, P.

P69. Mainstreaming capacity building in food and water research in the Limpopo Basin: linking across scales and across disciplines

5 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

D Love, B Ncube, B Gumbo

P70. Management of Olifants Basins floods: application of geospatial stream flow model

2.1 2.8 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

A Vilanculos

P71. Applying the Gini coefficient to measure the distribution of water use and benefits of water use in South Africa’s provinces

3

October 2008

Water for Growth and Development Session Sunday 17 August 2008 Stockholm Water Week

B van Koppen, J Cullis

P72. Upscaling rural livelihood interventions: towards a comprehensive spreadsheet-based water resources model

2.8 November 2009

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Uganda

D Love, S Uhlenbrook, P Van der Zaag

P73. Understanding hydraulic property rights creation, re-creation and de-creation: A case study of Lorraine and Fumukwe villages, Limpopo basin

3.1 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

P Sithole, B van Koppen

P74. Precision conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe

2.2 September 2008

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Workshop on Increasing the Productivity and Sustainability of Rainfed Cropping Systems of Poor, Smallholder Farmers, Tamale, Ghana

S Twomlow, L Hove, W Mupangwa, P Masikati, N Mashingaidze

P75. Modelling crop productivity and soil water balance components of field crops in Limpopo

2.2 September 2008

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Workshop on Increasing the Productivity and Sustainability of Rainfed Cropping Systems of Poor, Smallholder Farmers, Tamale, Ghana

J Dimes, P du Toit

P76. Early evidence of improved soil quality with conservation farming under smallholder farming conditions in Zimbabwe

2.2 November 2007

ICID Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa

P Belder, S Twomlow, L Hove

P77. Storing and sharing water in sand rivers: a water balance modelling approach

2.1 August 2009

Stockholm Water Symposium, World Water Week, Stockholm, Sweden

D Love, P van der Zaag, S Uhlenbrook

P78. Climate change impact on crop productivity in the semi-arid tropics of Zimbabwe in the 21st century

2.2 September 2008

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Workshop on Increasing the Productivity and

J Dimes, P Cooper, KPC Rao

38

Title

PAPERS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

Sustainability of Rainfed Cropping Systems of Poor

P79. Maize yields under supplementary irrigation in the Olifants river basin, South Africa

2.2 September 2008

CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food Workshop on Increasing the Productivity and Sustainability of Rainfed Cropping Systems of Poor

MS Magombeyi, T Rasiuba, AE Taigbenu

P80. Water availability deficit in rain fed farming for semi arid Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

2.1 November 2008

2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Ethiopia

A Mhizha, B Chibulu

P81. Upscaling rural livelihood interventions: towards a comprehensive spreadsheet-based water resources model

2.8 November 2009

WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Annual Symposium, Uganda

D Love, S Uhlenbrook, P van der Zaag

Title

PhD PROPOSALS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Author

PP01. Land/water/livelihood strategies and water resources availability

2.1 2.8

September 2006

UNESCO-IHE Love, D

PP02. Water and nitrogen management for risk mitigation in semi-arid cropping systems

2.2 2005 University of the Free State Mupangwa, W

PP03. Nitrogen and salt leaching management on irrigated salt-affected soils in Chókwè irrigation scheme, Mozambique

2.2 March 2007

University of Pretoria Munguambe, P

PP04. Innovative coupling of Hydrological modelling for IWRM: Linking catchment functioning with socio-economic conditions in the Olifants

2.8 2006 University of the Witwatersrand

Magombeyi, M

PP05. Linkages between the environment, innovations and institutions and their impacts on livelihoods: Cases from the Mzingwane Catchment

3 June 2007 UNESCO-IHE Mabiza, C

PP06. Property rights, gender and livelihoods in the shadow of reforms: an institutional analysis of women’s and men’s access and use of land and water in Sekororo (Olifants, South Africa) and Gwanda (Mzingwane, Zimbabwe) - a comparative study

3 2007 University of the Western Cape Sithole, P

Title

PhD THESES

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Author

PhD02. Water and nitrogen management for risk mitigation in semi-arid cropping systems

2.2 2009 University of the Free State Mupangwa, W

Title

MSc DISSERTATIONS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Author

D01. A hydrological assessment of land use changes and human's effects on water resources in semi-arid Zimbabwe: the case of the Insiza sub-catchment.

2.1 September 2004

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Kileshye Onema, J.-M.

D02. An on-farm evaluation of the effects of low cost drip irrigation on water and crop productivity, compared to conventional surface irrigation system

2.2 September 2004

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Maisiri, N.

D03. Water productivity and yield gap analysis of water harvesting systems in the semi-arid Mzingwane catchment, Zimbabwe

1.6 2.2

September 2004

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Mwenge Kahinda, J.-M.

D04. Access to water for Improved Rural Livelihoods: An investigation of the perspectives, experiences and strategies of orphans and other vulnerable children: a case study of Insiza District Mzingwane Catchment

1.5 June 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Murata, R.

D05. Impact And Adaptation Of Climate Variability On Water Supply Reservoir yields For The City Of Bulawayo. (Mzingwane Catchment)

1.3 2.1

August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Moyo, B.

D06. Impact and sustainability of low cost 2.2 August University of Zimbabwe, Moyo, R.

39

Title

MSc DISSERTATIONS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Author

drip kits, in the semi-arid lower Mzingwane subcatchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2005 Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

D07. Cultivating livelihoods: an assessment of water allocation and management practices in small-scale irrigation schemes -case studies in Mzingwane Catchment

1.6 3.1

August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Munamati, M.

D08. A survey of current on-farm agricultural water management practices in Olifants Catchment – a diagnostic of quaternary catchment B72A

2.2 August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Ntsheme, O.

D09. Estimating the influence of on-farm Conservation Practices on the Water Balance, Case of the Mzinyathini Catchment in Zimbabwe

2.2 September 2005

Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, M.Sc.

Woltering, L.

D10. Involvement of stakeholders in the water quality monitoring and surveillance system: the case of Mzingwane Catchment

3 February 2006

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, MSc dissertation

Nare, L.

D11. The nexus between formal organizations and informal networks from a gender perspective: a case study from South Africa

3 February 2006

University of Guelph Faculty of Graduate Studies, MSc dissertation

Panesah, J.

D12. On farm evaluation of the influence of different conservation agriculture practices on infiltration in rainfed agriculture, compared to conventional farming

2.1 2.2

June 2006

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Dhliwayo, C.

D13. Assessment of the soil water management practices for increased seasonal rain water productivity to mitigate against climatic risks

2.2 June 2006

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Water Resources Engineering and Management

Moyo, L.

D14. Effect of soil degradation from grazing pressure on rangeland soil hydrology

2.1 June 2006

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Ngwenya, P.T.

D15. Towards improving flood forecasting and early warning systems through integrated technology in the Limpopo basin

1.3 2.8

June 2006

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Vilanculos, A.

D16. Environmental impacts of small-scale natural resource exploitation, implications on water resources and rural livelihoods

1.3 May 2007 UNESCO IHE, Department of Environmental Resources

Tunhuma, N.

D17. A seat at the table: which table and at what costs? participation and institutional reform in the water sector in Zimbabwe: case of the Mzingwane Catchment

3 May 2007 UNESCO IHE, Department of Management and Institutions

Svubure, O.

D18. Potential Water Supply of the Mnyabezi Catchment A case study of a small reservoir and alluvial aquifer system in the arid region of southern Zimbabwe

1.3 July 2007 University of Twente, Department of Water Engineering and Management

De Hamer, W

D19. Evaluating the effect of different water demand scenarios on downstream water availability in Thuli river basin, Zimbabwe

2.8 July 2007

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Khosa, S

D20. Effect of rainfall variability on crop yield under semi-arid conditions at sub-catchment level

2.2 July 2007

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Chibulu, B

D21. Mapping vegetation, soil and gully erosion changes in Insiza sub-catchment using remote sensing and GIS

2.2 July 2007

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Dondofema, F

D22. The impact of land cover and land use on the hydrologic response of the Olifants

1.3 August 2007

University of the Witwatersrand School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Ncube, M

D23. Water budget allocation, water use efficiency in agriculture in Olifants

2.1 August 2007

University of the Witwatersrand School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Rasiuba, T

40

Title

MSc DISSERTATIONS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Author

D24. Application of the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model to assess future water demands and resources in the Olifants Catchment, South Africa

1.3 May 2007 IWMI Arranz, R

D25. Securing Water through Land; field findings on water reform and water re-allocation in South Africa: Trichardtsdal, Ofcolaco and Leydsdorp

3.1 May 2007 Wageningen University Liebrandt, J.

D26. Design of a water quality monitoring network for the Limpopo River Basin in Mozambique

1.3 2.1

April 2007 UNESCO-IHE Chilundo, M.N.G.

D27. Smallholder participation in water resources management after the land and water sector reforms in zimbabwe: a case study of the umzingwane catchment

3.1 University of the Western Cape, Programme on Land and Agrarian Studies

Mandivengerei, S.

D28. Evaluation of the groundwater potential of the Malala alluvial aquifer, lower Mzingwane river, Zimbabwe

2.2 July 2008

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Masvopo, T.H.

Title

MSc DISSERTATIONS (funded through

linked CPW&F projects)

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Author

LD01. An assessment of plankton diversity as a water quality indicator in small man-made reservoirs in the Mzingwane Catchment, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe.

1.3 August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Busane Basima, L.

LD02. Analytic Description of Indigenous water resources management practice and its impact on rural livelihoods in the Limpopo Basin in Botswana.

3.1 August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Mpho, T.

LD03. Estimation of small reservoir storage capacities in Limpopo Basin using geographical information systems (GIS) and remotely sensed surface areas: a case of Mzingwane Catchment.

1.3 August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Saunyama, T.

LD04. An assessment of traditional water management practices and their implications for improved water governance in the Limpopo Basin: c case of the Sibasa Dam in Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

3.1 August 2005

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Twikirize, D.

LD05. Quantifying total water productivity for multiple-use small reservoirs in Mzingwane Catchment, Zimbabwe

1.6.3 July 2007

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Sc. Integrated Water Resources Management

Mamba, G

LD06. Institutional framework, water pricing structures and costs of domestic water services in rural poor areas of the Olifants River Basin, South Africa

3.1 May 2007 Agrocampus Rennes LeFebrve, M.

Title

BSc DISSERTATIONS

Activity

Number Date Publisher Author

B01. Supplementary Irrigation Water Volume Determination for Rainfed Agriculture in the Chókwè Region

2.2 August 2005

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Mudaca, J.D.

B02. Water management strategies under sufficiency and insufficiency water conditions for tomato and round cabbage production in the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme

1.6 2.2

August 2005

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Ibraimo, N.A.

B03. Analysis of the soil water storage capacity on maize production in rainfed agriculture in the Chókwè District

2.2 October 2005

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Almeida, E.

B04. Assessment of the furrow irrigation efficiency in an area of 16 ha in the Distribuidor 9 of the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme

2.2 August 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Gonçalves, L.

41

B05. An Inventory of the rainwater harvesting techniques for agricultural production in the Chókwè District

2.2 August 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Mamade, A.

B06. Assessment of the furrow irrigation efficiency in an area of 16 ha area under tomato production in the Distribuidor 9 of the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme

2.2 August 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Massolonga, A.

B07. Multiplicative effect of rainwater for maize production in rainfed regime in the Chókwè District

2.2 August 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Niquice, C.

B08. Assessment of furrow irrigation efficiency in 32 ha of tomato in the Distributor 9 of the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme

2.2 August 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Pinho, M.

B09. Study of sowing dates to reduce the risk of maize crop failure in rainfed agriculture in the Chókwè District

2.2 August 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Cambaza, C.

B10. Design of a drip irrigation system for an area of 50 Ha in the Chókwè District

2.2 August 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Tamele, C.

B11. Quantification of income from groundnut production, Chókwè District

2.2 October 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Jamine, E.H.

B12. Soil water conservation strategies for maize production

2.2 October 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University, Department of Rural Engineering, BSc Thesis

Camba, M.O.M.

Title

PROJECT ACTIVITY REPORTS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

AR01. Report on the project inception Workshop, Bilene, Moçambique, 14-18.03.2004

6.2 September 2004

WaterNet Love, D.

AR02. Report on the Mzingwane Pilot Stakeholder and Inception Workshop, 6-7.10.2004

6.2 December 2004

ICRISAT ICRISAT

AR03. Report on the First Stakeholders Workshop for the Challenge Program Water and Food in Sekororo area (B72A), Olifants basin, South Africa, 21-22.10.2004

6.2 December 2004

IWMI Rollin, D.

AR04. Limpopo Basin (Projects CP17 and CP1): Record of the First Mozambique Meeting Chókwè, 18 - 19 August 2005

6.2 September 2005

Eduardo Mondlane University Eduardo Mondlane University

AR05. DRAFT Geology of the Limpopo River Basin

1.2 August 2007

UZ MRC N Matura, W Moyce, G Chinoda

AR06. Report on the Mzingwane Catchment Scientific Workshop

6.2 August 2006

ICRISAT ICRISAT

AR07. DRAFT Soils of the Limpopo Basin 1.2 August 2007

UZ SSAE C Bangira, A Manyevere

AR08. Report on the Olifants Catchment Scientific Workshop

6.2 August 2006

IWMI IWMI

AR09. Record of the First CP17 Scientific Meeting Chókwè

6.2 June 2007 Eduardo Mondlane University Eduardo Mondlane University

AR10. DRAFT Report on Socio-Economic Surveys, Lower Limpopo, Mozambique

1.5 March 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University R. Brito, P. Munguambe, C. Julaia, A. Nhamatate

AR11. DRAFT Report on Socio-Economic Surveys, Upper Limpopo, Mozambique

1.5 March 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University R. Brito, P. Munguambe, N. Ibraimo, C. Julaia, A. Nhamatate

AR12. DRAFT Report on the Socio-Economic Survey, carried out in the Mzingwane Catchment

1.5 February 2008

CASS CASS

AR13. DRAFT Report on the Limpopo Basin Population Database

1.2 April 2008 CASS CASS

AR14. DRAFT Socio-economic conditions and agricultural water management practices of smallholders in Quaternary Catchment B72A, Olifants River Basin, South Africa

1.5 May 2008 IWMI E Mapedza, S Moradet, C Cheron, M Magombeyi

AR15. DRAFT Baseline Report Olifants River Basin in South Africa

1.2 September 2008

IWMI IWMI

AR16. DRAFT Limpopo Basin (Mozambique) Profile

1.2 August 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University R Brito, S Famba, P Munguambe, N Ibraimo, C Julaia

42

Title

PROJECT ACTIVITY REPORTS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

AR17. Report on the 2006 Project Workshop 6.2.5 September 2006

WaterNet Love, D.

AR18. Report on the 2007 Project Workshop 6.2.5 October 2007

WaterNet Love, D.

AR19. Report on the 2008 Project Workshop 6.2.5 September 2008

WaterNet Love, D.

Title

PROJECT INTERIM REPORTS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

IR01. Field visit to Mzingwane Catchment, 12-16 December 2004.

6.1 December 2004

WaterNet Love, D.

IR02. Minutes of the Project Executive Committee Meeting, 09.10.2005

6.1 September 2005

WaterNet WaterNet

IR03. Record of the Zimbabwe Research Progress and Integration Meeting, 20.02.2006

6.1 February 2006

WaterNet WaterNet

IR04. Record of the South Africa Research Progress and Integration Meeting, 05.12.2005

6.1 December 2005

IWMI IWMI

IR05. Study of drip irrigation, Sekororo, South Africa

2.2 January 2006

IWMI L. Benohoud & M. Jolivet

IR06. Agrarian System in Sekororo, Limpopo Province

1.6 August 2005

IWMI D. Ramay & M. Beullier

IR07. Water chemistry field visits 1.3 April 2006 UZ MRC D Love, W Moyce, S Ravengai

IR08. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment A preliminary report

1.3 August 2006

UNESCO-IHE PhD D Love

IR09. Field Photographic Report: Small dams in the Mzingwane Catchment

1.3 May 2006 UNESCO-IHE PhD D Love

IR10. Preliminary report on hydrological gauging stations in the Mzingwane Catchment

1.3 July 2006 UNESCO-IHE PhD D Love

IR11. Schematisation of the Thuli Basin 2.8 July 2006 UNESCO-IHE PhD D Love

IR12. Schematisation of the Mwenezi Basin 2.8 August 2006

UNESCO-IHE PhD D Love

IR13. Metadata & Database Development: Roles and Responsibilities of Scientists

1.6.4 August 2006

ICRISAT A van Rooyen, X Ncube

IR14. INTERIM Population database report on Mzingwane Catchment (SUPERCEDED BY AR13)

1.2 May 2007 UZ CASS UZ CASS

IR15. INTERIM Gwanda survey report (SUPERCEDED BY AR12)

1.5 May 2007 UZ CASS UZ CASS

IR16. Institutional and legal lessons for redressing inequities from the past; the case of the Olifants Water Management Area, South Africa

3 August 2007

IWMI B van Koppen

IR17. Study of agrarian system and rainwater harvesting tanks to improve small scale farming, Sekororo Area, Limpopo Province - South Africa

2.2 April 2007 IWMI D Ramay

IR18. Geophysical Investigations of Small Alluvial Aquifers in the Manama Area, northern Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2.1 August 2007

UNESCO-IHE D Love

IR19. Geophysical Investigations in the Mtetengwe Area, Lower Mzingwane Alluvial Aquifer, northern Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe

2.1 August 2007

UNESCO-IHE D Love

IR20. Report on Trials in Chókwè, 2006-7 Season: Evaluation of maize and cowpea's yield when produced on cultivation pits in pure/mixed cultivation

2.2 August 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University C Julaia

IR21. Drought characterization at Limpopo Basin, Mozambique

1.3 August 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University R Brito, C Julaia

IR22. Limpopo Basin Profile (SUPERCEDED BY AR16)

1.2 August 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University R Brito, S Famba, P Munguambe, N Ibraimo, C Julaia

IR23. Potential of Agricultural Wetlands 1.6 December 2006

IIAM M.R. Marques, M. Vilanculos, J. Mafalacusser

IR24. Production Systems in Wetlands 2.2 December 2006

IIAM M.R. Marques, M. Vilanculos, J.

43

Title

PROJECT INTERIM REPORTS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

Mafalacusser

IR25. Rainwater harvesting technologies for small scale rainfed agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas

1.6 February 2007

Eduardo Mondlane University N Ibraimo, P Munguambe

IR26. Soil physics characterization of agricultural wetlands

2.2 December 2006

IIAM M.R. Marques, M. Vilanculos, J. Mafalacusser

IR27. Review of Water Harvesting Techniques

1.6 October 2006

Eduardo Mondlane University C Niquice

IR28. Institutional arrangements in the promotion of conservational agriculture: a case study of the Mzingwane Catchment Area

3.1 May 2008 UNESCO-IHE C Mabiza, P van der Zaag, E Manzungu, R Ahlers

IR29. Preliminary Water Resources Assessment for the Limpopo River Basin [surface water]

1.3 August 2008

UZ DCE A Mhizha, M Musariri, E Madamombe, Tererai

IR30. A report of the Mzingwane Catchment Council Stakeholder Participation Planning Workshop

3 September 2008

UZ CASS UZ CASS

IR31. Workshop report on local participation in water resource management in the Limpopo Basin: towards a new institutional model – Ward 14 Guyu, Gwanda

3 March 2009

UZ CASS E Manzungu, V Dzingirai, R Mashava, J Fatch, B Chakabuda, C Mabiza

IR32. Workshop report on local participation in water resource management in the Limpopo Basin: towards a new institutional model – Ward 6 Hwabayi, Gwanda

3 March 2009

UZ CASS E Manzungu, V Dzingirai, R Mashava, J Fatch, B Chakabuda, C Mabiza

IR33. Workshop report on local participation in water resource management in the Limpopo Basin: towards a new institutional model – Ward 8 Makwe, Gwanda

3 March 2009

UZ CASS E Manzungu, V Dzingirai, R Mashava, J Fatch, B Chakabuda, C Mabiza

Title

TRAINING MATERIALS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

TM01. Integrated Groundwater and Surface Water Modelling A hands-on introduction to MIKE SHE

5.3 December 2004

Project partners Jacobsen, T.

TM02. Micro-dosing manual for extension 5.1 July 2008 ICRISAT Hove, L et al.

TM03. Supporting Conservation Agriculture Implementation by Smallholder Farmers In Semi-Arid Areas of Zimbabwe: A manual for field officers

5.1 July 2008 ICRISAT Twomlow, Hove, Maphosa, Mashingaidze, Moyo, Mupangwa

Title

SURVEY MATERIALS

Activity

Number

Date Publisher Authors

SV01. CPWF Limpopo Basin Baseline Survey: Socio-economic and water management survey instrument

1.2 1.5

July 2005 Project partners

Title

PROJECT INFORMATION MATERIALS

Activity

Number Date Publisher Authors

Project Progress Reports:

PR01. 3 monthly report Synthesis December 2004

WaterNet WaterNet

PR02. 6 monthly report Synthesis March 2005

WaterNet WaterNet

PR03. 3 monthly report Synthesis June 2005 WaterNet WaterNet

PR04. Annual report No 1 Synthesis September 2005

WaterNet WaterNet

PR05. 3 monthly report Synthesis December 2005

WaterNet WaterNet

PR06. 6 monthly report Synthesis March 2006

WaterNet WaterNet

PR07. 3 monthly report Synthesis June 2006 WaterNet WaterNet

PR08. Annual report No 2 Synthesis September 2006

WaterNet WaterNet

PR09. 6 monthly report Synthesis March 2007

WaterNet WaterNet

PR10. Annual report No 3 Synthesis September 2007

WaterNet WaterNet

44

Title

PROJECT INFORMATION MATERIALS

Activity

Number Date Publisher Authors

PR11. 6 month report Synthesis March 2008

WaterNet WaterNet

Brochures:

BR01. The challenge of integrated water resource management for improved rural livelihoods in the Limpopo Basin – WaterNet’s first network research program

All September 2004

WaterNet Love, D. & Jonker, L.

BR02. WaterNet and the Challenge Program on Water and Food

All July 2008 WaterNet WaterNet

Powerpoint Presentations are included in the

activity reports of workshops

45

Annexe 2 – Report on 2008 Workshop Note: excludes the now superseded draft output plan.

Welcome and Introductions Dr Ncube opened the meeting and welcomed all present. Participants introduced themselves. Apologies were presented for Dr Sally (IWMI) and Dr Twomlow (ICRISAT).

Project Objectives Dr Ncube presented the objectives

• Discuss project progress

• Share knowledge results and problems

• Start synthesis

• Map out completing the project

Institutions

Chaired by Dr Manzungu. Mr P Sithole, PhD Fellow Highlights of his presentation:

• Working in Gwanda South (Mnyabezi/Bengu) and Sekororo

• Community transects, household interviews, local authorities

• Two-thirds of data collection completed

• Water supply source mapping: communal stand pipes (main source in South Africa), boreholes (main source in Zimbabwe), shallow wells, small dams, streams, springs

• Irrigation: more horticultural gardens in Gwanda South, more larger irrigation schemes in Sekororo. Drip kits in use in both areas.

• 12 rainwater harvesting tanks in Sekororo in 2 villages. These are not popular with the farmers. They are now more used for supplementary livestock watering, which was not the original plan.

• Ownership of horticultural gardens in gendered: female in Sekororo and male in Gwanda South, although the labour is female in both sites. However, women have far more control over gardens than over dryland farming or livestock.

• At provincial level, the main narratives are about water scarcity, whereas at village level in Sekororo the main narratives are about water access.

• Many farmers in Sekororo have moved from irrigation to rainfed farming on the escarpment, where there is higher rainfall.

• In Gwanda South types of local management: (i) those from donor-funded infrastructure, (ii) private infrastructure, run by a family, (iii) those infrastructure under local authorities (iv) traditional leadership, (v) politically-controlled institutions, (vi) institutions run by AGRITEX, the government extension service.

• Too many committees at village level, consumes time, forum-shopping

46

• Access rights directly related to infrastructure

• Aim to submit draft thesis December 2009. Mr C Mabiza, PhD Fellow Highlights of his presentation:

• Mapping water sources and practices

• Influence of scarcity on water resources management: absolute scarcity, also influenced by infrastructure availability. Scarcity seems to encourage cooperation and conservation. User interactions show seasonal variation.

• Scale is important – users define their boundaries according to issues (eg rain-making is managed at (sub) provincial scale vs livestock water use at small catchment scale), scale influences behaviour regulation and rule-keeping

• Multiple sources of power.

• Non-state actors becoming prominent in IWRM. It has a donor-driven agenda.

• Huge variation in institutional status and priorities between countries.

• Generally, the pace of change advocated by IWRM proponents is too rapid.

• Catchment planning very different between South Africa and Zimbabwe in theory, but in practice in both countries a limited number of government experts do the planning.

• Planning in Zimbabwe is completely technical, due to the actors leading the process.

• Livelihoods are still missing from water resource planning.

• Scale issues are still unresolved.

• Aim to submit thesis October 2009.

• Comment: need to capture more information on Mozambique and Botswana

• Comment: importance of hydrological poverty

• Suggestion: Mr Mabiza and Mr Sithole to prepare terms of reference for a Mozambiquen MSc student.

Dr S Gandure, University of Zimbabwe Centre for Applied Social Sciences Highlights of her presentation:

• Builds on previous surveys carried out in the Mzingwane Catchment

• Will work in Beitbridge, Insiza, Mangwe and Mwenezi.

• Have struggle to define niche

• Two questionnaires developed, 1 administered in Insiza and Mangwe

• Village level: NGO-based, AGRITEX-based

• Case studies of NGOs and parastatals

• Aim to see which institutional models work best. Which land and water management processes?

• Livestock is the main economic activity but is neglected by most institutions

• Emerging issues: weak linkages across scales especially in implementation

• Collaborative research as agreed last year has not taken place generally. Dr B van Koppen, IWMI Highlights of her presentation:

• Questionnaire prepared in hydraulic property rights

47

• Dichotomy: formal water economy: irrigation and urban/mining/industrial supply vs informal, small scale

• Local water management through local authorities

• Debate on whether catchment management agencies should be created, relationship to provincial offices

• Multiple water use planning

• Focus in SA on infrastructure Mr P Ncube, Mzingwane Catchment Council Highlights of his presentation:

• Activities constrained due to loss of key staff members and core funds and political instability in operational areas; also delayed availability of project funds

• Intention: creation, empowerment, training of water user associations, especially for smallholder irrigators

Ms B Nyamukure, University of Zimbabwe Centre for Applied Social Sciences

Agricultural Research

Chaired by Prof Walker. Dr I Nyagumbo, University of Zimbabwe Department of Soil Science and Agricultural

Engineering Highlights of his presentation:

• Summary of theoretical underpinnings of conservation agriculture

• No fieldwork due to the NGO ban in Zimbabwe

• Mapping farmers’ perceptions of the success of different conservation agriculture techniques

• Complete work November 2008

• There was an extensive discussion on the extent to which dead level contours have been researched and their benefits

Ms N Ibraimo, Eduardo Mondlane University Department of Rural Engineering Highlights of her presentation:

• Low cost rainwater harvesting technologies

• Soil Water Balance model

• Fieldwork on-station in Pretoria: runoff plots, tied ridges, in-field rainwater harvesting, conventional tillage

• Leaf area index: in-field rainwater harvesting < tied ridges < conventional tillage

• Grain yield: in-field rainwater harvesting < tied ridges < conventional tillage

• Still working on transferring model to Mozambique sites

• Comment: it would be good to know relative labour costs

48

• Q: How will you extrapolate from on-station to on-farm? A: Consider issues of similarity in climate, soil characteristics.

• Q: How did you quantify interception? A: it’s an assumption in the crop model. Mr W Mupangwa, PhD Fellow Highlights of his presentation:

• Dead level contours in Gwanda: poor lateral movement of soil water from them and therefore of limited use for cropping. They could benefit forage or crops grown very close to the contour

• Mulching beneficial in dry rainy seasons

• Nitrogen improves yield and water use efficiency

• Microdosing manual has now been officially adopted by AGRITEX

• Aim to submit thesis November 2008.

• Comment: plough plan is often below ripping depth. A: Not zimplow ripper.

• Q: What of runoff farming? A: Did not study. Mr P Munguambe, PhD Fellow Highlights of his presentation:

• Focus is on how to leach salts but conserve nitrogen in the salt-affected soils of the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme.

Mr M Chilundo, Eduardo Mondlane University Department of Rural Engineering Highlights of his presentation:

• In-field rainwater harvesting in Mozambique using biodegradable PVC covers.

• No significant difference in yield, although abnornmal rainfall was experienced. Discussion

• Zig-zag grid for basin tillage may be a better design than square grid. Currently the main benefit of basins is that it allows for earlier planting.

• Ripping has not been successful as expected, possibly the depth of ripping is an issue.

• Is the hype of conservation agriculture justified? Both dead level contours and basin tillage are being expanded hugely without sufficient scientific and economic backing.

• Guidelines / protocols for conservation agriculture will be developed as the final output of the project. For this purpose, we need to be able to regionalise the findings. It is also needed for upscaling and water resources research.

• Proposal: use successive satellite images to map energy differences after dryspells and find out on the ground why some farms appear more successful (i.e. transpiring).

• Proposal: literature compilation of pre-1980 work on soil water management.

Surveys

Chaired by Prof Walker.

49

Dr S Gandure, University of Zimbabwe Centre for Applied Social Sciences Highlights of her presentation:

• Uptake of interventions is often unrelated to farmers’ perceptions of the intervention’s success

• Poor exit strategies and capacity building in many interventions

• Livestock is normally the major livelihood strategy Ms E Masvaya, ICRISAT Highlights of her presentation:

• Studying how farmers cope with and respond to rainfall variability

• 40 households with raingauges

• Some farmers select fields to plant based on their own knowledge of spatial variability in rainfall

• Most farmers dry-planted in November Dr C Cheron, IWMI Highlights of his presentation:

• Presented general social characteristics of study catchment

• Access to piped water is a major concern Mr P Munguambe, Eduardo Mondlane University Department of Rural Engineering

Water Resources Research

Chaired by Prof van der Zaag. Mr M Magombeyi, PhD Fellow Mr A Mhizha, PhD Fellow Highlights of his presentation:

• Focussing on contour ridges at Zhulube: understanding processes, improving design for water conservation purposes

• Modelling water deficit of rainfed systems

• Plot scale rainfall-runoff relationships

• Completion in 2010.

• Q: Why not map the status of the contour ridges, rather than questionnaire

• Comment: scale of contour ridges and their spacing is also interesting

• Comment: should spend time with Makurira

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Mr D Love, PhD Fellow Highlights of his presentation:

• Interest in the small aquifers and regionalisation of the study

• Modelling large (Zhovhe) dam vs sand dams – benefits, wastage (E), impact

• What is the impact of small dams? How much water is evaporated which would otherwise not have been? Can this be studied?

Prof A Taigbenu, University of the Witwatersrand School of Civil and Environmental

Engineering Highlights of his presentation:

• Work of Ncube, Rasiuba, Magombeyi

• Upscaling – SWAT modelling of the Olifants Basin – follows Magombeyi’s work, April – July 2009.

• Mr Magombeyi had to the socio-economic modelling with support from Dr Moradet, although it was originally expected that IWMI would this in house.

• Supplementary irrigation, especially during dryspells, is highly valuable: compared to rainfed, maize yield up from 0.78 to 1.90 t ha-1, WUE from 3.0 to 1.3 kg mm-1 ha-1

• Concern on whether SWAT works well enough for this site. Work is needed to determine the uncertainty in the model. Models like SWAT and ACRU work at a larger scale than the hydrological processes in plot scale processes (rainwater harvesting etc). These issues we need to discuss further with others working with such models.

Mr A Mhizha, University of Zimbabwe Department of Civil Engineering

Synthesis

Chaired by Dr Ncube. Improved Understanding of Water Resources On output plan. Farmer-field Based Action Research On output plan. On dead level contours, UZ SSAE will be working in Gwanda to monitor productivity, also use remote sensing. PhD fellow Mhizha will use some of these outputs and those of PhD fellow Mupangwa. PhD fellow Mhizha will study the water balance including runoff, sediment movement. At this stage there is not sufficient work done on the downstream impact of rainwater harvesting to link to water resource modelling.

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Institutional Models On output plan. The work is being separated between Zimbabwe and South Africa. Expand to Mozambique for Phase 2. In the mean time, it is proposed to document the state of the art of water management in the Limpopo River in Mozambique. Prof van der Zaag shall arrange this, in consultation with Dr van Koppen. Publication of Syntheses The aim is to package one synthesis per topic and the overall synthesis paper, ie four papers, and submit them to a journal such as Water SA, as a group. Dr Ncube shall monitor the progress of all synthesis papers.

Closing

The Project Final Workshop is scheduled for the end of June 2009. National workshops must also be scheduled. Dr Humphreys stated that as CPWF Theme Leader, she was very impressed with the project progress. Dr Ncube expressed thanks to all participants for their time and commitment, to the University of the Witwatersrand for hosting the workshop and to Dr Humphreys for travelling all the way to participate in the workshop.