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CHAPTER - 1 (PART: A)

GEOMORPHIC PROCESS: EXOGENOUS PROCESS

INTRODUCTION - Various forces from interior of the earth originate

mountains, plateaus by earthquake and volcanism. Then landforms are

changed by erosion, transportation, and deposition by various exogenous

process. It is called as Sculpture of landforms. The process of physical and

chemical by which landforms are changed, called as Geomorphic process.

CLASSIFICATION OF GEOMORPHIC PROESS -

There are two types of geomorphic process-Exogenous process ,Endogenous

process. [according to syllabus only Exogenous process is discussed in this

chapter through Question-Answer]

What is Exogenous Process?

Exogenous processes are geomorphic process that operate on the surface of

the earth to produce different landforms. These processes are carried out by

agents such as rivers, glaciers, wind, temperature, rainfall, frost, ocean

currents.

Exogenous process is divided into three parts-Degradation, Aggradations and

Biological process.

*Classification of exogenous process is shown by a flow chart in next page*

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EXOGENOUS PROCESS

DEGRADATION AGGRADATION

BIOLOGICAL PROCESS

WEATHERIN

G EROSION MASS WASTING

EROSION BY

ANIMAL,MAN,PLAN

T

DEPOSITION

EROSION BY RIVER

EROSION BY WIND

EROSION BY GLACIER

EROSION BY GROUND WATER

EROSION BY OCEAN WAVE

DEPOSITION BY RIVER

DEPOSITION BY WIND

DEPOSITION BY GLACIER

DEPOSITION BY GROUND WATER

DEPOSITION BY OCEAN WAVE

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What is Degradation?

It is the process by which the surface of land is reduced in height by

weathering, erosion .When weathering, erosion and mass wasting occur

together then it is called as Denudation.

• WEATHERING - Weathering is the process of disintegration and

decomposition of rocks by agents of weather such as sun, wind, rain,

frost, living and dead animals, plants, and chemical reactions. there are

three type of weathering i.e. Mechanical weathering, Chemical

weathering, Biological weathering

• EROSION - Erosion is the process of wearing away the land surface by

erosive agents such as rivers, glaciers, wind, waves, and ground water.

• MASS WASTING - Mass wasting is the transport of eroded rock debris

downslope under the influence of gravity.

It is divided into some parts - Slow Flow (transformation of eroded

materials very slowly), Rapid Flow (eroded part of rocks transformed

very fast), Landslide (when rock materials separated from mountain wall

and flow very fast towards the slope), Depression (when from the

mountain or cave wall rock materials fall vertically towards the

downslope).

Write the role of weathering for originate different

landforms:-

Weathering is the part of an important role for originate landforms. In

desert region surface of granitic rock exposed to heat it comes out just

like a peel of onions by mechanical weathering and it looks like a dome.

It is known as exfoliation dome. This type of domes are also known as

inselberg. Round shape landform which is formed by deep weathering

process and which has many cracks is known as torr or castle coppies. By

weathering when rocks are disintegrated and make a layer of soil then it

is called as regolith. A slope formed by accumulation of broken rock

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debris at the base of a cliff also called as scree or talus. Landforms which

are made by scree also known as block spade or felsenmeer.

Write the definition of aggradation:-

The process by which land surface is raised by the deposition of rocks

fragments, soil, debris is known as aggradation.

What is biological process?

The agents of biological weathering are living and dead plants, animals

and also humans. They disintegrate the rock materials and also eroded

these materials for this height of the land increased by living plants,

animals and humans changes of landforms are known as biological

process.

Difference between Aggradation & Degradation :-

AGGRADATION DEGRADATION

1. It is the process by which eroded materials are deposited on the low lands to increase their height.

1. It is the process by which the surface of landform is reduced in height by weathering erosion and denudation.

2. Running water, wind, glacier, ground water, sea wave are the agents of aggradation.

2. Running water, wind, glacier, ground water, sea wave work in a destructive way.

3. This process occurred at the slope of river and flood plain.

3. It occurred in high slope of rock wall.

4. In this process slope of the land decrease. 4. In this process slope of the land increase.

5. Conical river valley, island and flood plain originate by aggradation.

5. Different type of erosional landform are originated by degradation.

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What is gradation?

From the English word Grade, gradation is derived. G.K. GILBERT was first used

the word Grade. Gradation is the process of removing the irregularities on the

Earth's surface and making the surface level. It is achieved by the joint work of

aggradation and degradation. It is also said that gradation is the mixed result of

aggradation and degradation. An exact balance helps to achieve gradation. By

gradation which plain surface landform is formed known as graded land.

Difference between Endogenous Process & Exogenous Process :-

ENDOGENOUS PROCESS EXOGENOUS PROCESS 1. Earth surface is changed by interior forces of the Earth. This is called endogenous process.

1. Forces that act on the surface of the Earth & change the Earth surface is known as exogenous process.

2. It works slowly or suddenly. 2. It works slowly during long time.

3. It works at interior of the Earth. 3. It works at surface of the Earth.

4. It is controlled by conviction current. 4. It is controlled by weathering, mass wasting & denudation.

5. Earth movement isostasy, volcanism & earthquake are the example of this process.

5. Weathering erosion & mass wasting are the example of this process.

6. Continent ocean, fold mountain, block mountain are formed by this process.

6. Different type of landforms with different characteristics are originated by this process.

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CHAPTER – 1 (PART: B)

THE WORK OF GROUND WATER:

INTRODUCTION – Before 17TH century there was no concept about ground

water. After that American Scientist Oscar Edward Meinzer told about the

ground water scientifically. So Meinzer is known as FATHER OF GROUND

WATER.

DEFINATION OF GROUND WATER – Water that remains beneath the

ground surface and flows as rain water, river water etc. on the surface layer of

Earth is known as GROUND WATER. Some part of this water store into rock and

it enters into the rock by gravitational force.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRUOND WATER ACCORDING TO SOURCE –

➢ METEORIC WATER – Rain water, melting frost water enters into rock

and deposit under the ground surface. It is called as METEORIC WATER.

➢ CONNATE WATER – When sedimentary rocks are formed, some

water from sea and lake are trapped in it. This is called CONNATE

WATER.

➢ JUVENILE WATER – When hot magma comes out from interior of the

Earth then hot and mineral rich water trapped in magma. This type of

water is known as JUVENILE WATER.

➢ OCEANIC WATER – At coastal region salt water of sea enters into

crack of rock and store into under the ground surface. This type of water

is known as OCEANIC WATER.

CONTROLLING FACTORS OF GROUND WATER –

The water present in the rocks and saturated the Earth’s crust, is called as

ground water. Water which is deposited in the pores of the ground, having

entered then as rain water and percolate. The amount of ground water

depends upon the following factors –

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➢ AMOUNT AND DURATION OF PRECIPITATION – Rainfall causes

fast speed of water and grated run off. There are lesser chances of

percolation of water into the ground. If it is in form of showers for long

time, the percolation is high.

➢ NATURE OF ROCKS – Minerals are stored in rocks but there are many

gaps also found. From this holes air & water can move. Porous &

Permeable rocks help in the accumulation of water.

➢ THE SLOPE OF LAND – Amount, accumulation & availability of ground

water depends upon the slope of land surface. If it is steep, grater part

of water runs off but where it is flat with gentle slow sufficient part of

rain and snow water may sink into the Earth.

➢ UNDERLYING IMPERMEABLE ROCK – It plays main role in storing of

water in the overlying impermeable rock. For this we can get ground

water from permeable rock.

➢ EVAPORATION RATE – In desert region evaporation rate is high so

deposition of ground water is extremely low. On the other hand where

the temperature is low there evaporation rate is also low, so deposition

of ground water become high.

THE DEFINATION OF GROUND WATER TABLE & EACH

DESCRIPTION –

Ground water is surface water by which pores of the rock are saturated.

The upper surface layer which is saturated by ground water is called as

ground water table. It is located at 700 to 1000 meter below from the Earth

surface.

CLASSIFICATION –

According to saturation ground water table is divided into 2 parts –

➢ UNSATURATED OR VADOSE LAYER – The water of the ground

enters into below the Earth surface by gravitational force. Rock can

not hold this water so this layer can not be saturated. This layer is

known as vadose layer. The water which flows into this layer is

called vadose water. According to nature of this layer there are 3

sub-layers are seen – 1) SOIL WATER ZONE – The open spaces of

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the bed rock are filled with air. When water falls on the ground it is

stopped in this zone by the presence of clay layer on it’s upper

part. The particles of the clay prevents the percolation of water.

This layer is called soil water zone. 2) CAPILLARY ZONE – This

layer is located below the unsaturated layer. The characteristic of

this zone is fine grained sediments having cracks in which the

water may rise much above the main water level of the zone.

Cause of rise of water in the rock capillaries is the main force of

surface tension.

3) INTERMEDIATE ZONE – This layer is located between the soil

water zone and capillary zone.

➢ SATURATED OR PHREATIC ZONE – It is the lower zone existing

at variable depths below the surface in which all the open spaces

force, cracks are permanently filled with ground water and

saturated. This is called saturated layer. From this water zone well,

tube well water can move. So this layer also called as phreatic

zone. This layer has 2 sub-layers – 1) PERMANENT SATURATED

LAYER – Above the impermeable rock in which layer permanent

saturation is seen by ground water is called as permanent

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saturated layer. 2) NON-PERMANENT SATURATED LAYER –

Above the permanent saturated layer & below the vadose layer

where ground water is collected from only monsoon season, this is

known as non-permanent saturated layer.

WHAT IS AQUIFER?

In Latin language aquifer means “AQUA” which means water & fero means

carry away. A part of sediment through which the ground water flows is called

aquifer. An aquifer is a layer through which ground water can move. The

impermeable rock layer is opened due to crack and joints which allow the

water to pass through. Sand accumulation is good aquifer, but clay is not a

good aquifer.

CLASSIFICATION –

According to source characteristic aquifer is divided into 5 parts –

➢ UNCONFINED AQUIFER – Rain water, melting frost water pass

through very slowly into the permeable rock below the surface. This

type of ground water layer storage is called as unconfined aquifer.

➢ CONFINED AQUIFER – In folded region when a permeable rock locate

between 2 impermeable rocks and 2 edges of rocks are bared then rain

water enters into permeable rock easily. It is called as confined aquifer.

➢ SEMI-CONFINED AQUIFER – Above the aquifer when impermeable

rock is found then water can pass through very slowly into the aquifer

and impermeable rock is also located below this rock. This type of

aquifer is called as semi-confined aquifer.

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➢ LOCAL OR PERCHED AQUIFER – It is defined as upper surface

aquifer which is held in an isolated area and above the main water table.

This isolated patch of impermeable layer may cause local accumulation

of water.

➢ BOUNDED AUQIFER – When an aquifer is bounded with aquitard,

aquifuge and aquiclude with fully saturated by water is know as

bounded aquifer.

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS –

▪ AQUITARD – Below the ground surface when permeability of rock is

low then it’s transportation capacity become decreased. This type of

layer is called as aquitard. i.e. – Clay-Sand mixed layer.

▪ AQUIFUGE – It is completely impermeable rock through which there is

no possibility of movement of the water even at slowest velocity. This

layer is called as aquifuge. i.e. – Granite and Basalt rock.

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▪ AQUICLUDE – A rock body which may be porous enough to hold some

quantity of water, but doesn’t allow good flow of water through it, is

called aquiclude. i.e. – Mudstone, Shell.

SPRING –

DEFINATION – Springs are natural outflows of ground water. It is formed at

the point where the junction of an impermeable layer of rock and an

impermeable layer of rock are exposed on the surface.

SPRING LINE –

DEFINATION – When a series of springs remains in a linear patter along the

line of fault. It is called a spring line.

EXAMPLE OF SPRING LINE IN INDIA –

Hill of Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand, Sahastradhara in Uttarakhand etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF SPRING –

According to nature and structure of the rock spring is divided into some part –

CLASSIFICATION OF SPRING BASED ON NATURE –

A spring maybe defined as a flow of water coming out naturally from the

ground surface. Sometimes this water flows out slowly or sometimes it rapidly.

Springs are divided into 5 types on the basis of nature of water. These are – 1)

PERMANENT SPRING – When the flow of water remain same during the

whole year, this spring is called as permanent spring. Between the permeable

& impermeable rock joints permanent saturated layer is found and there this

type of springs are formed. i.e. – Sonamuda spring of Son river of Chattisgarh.

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2) INTERMITTENT SPRING – When the supply of water in the spring seize

for sometimes, the spring is called intermittent spring. Some springs remain

dry during hot season. i.e. – Lupungutu spring at Chaibasa in Jharkhand.

3) HOT SPRING – When hot water comes out of a spring it is known as hot

water spring. The ground water become hot in interior of the Earth. The water

is heated as it percolated down to hot rock in volcanic regions. i.e. –

Backreshwar in West Bengal.

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4) COLD WATER SPRING – The spring from which cold water emit is called

cold water spring. It has full of rain water. i.e. - Sahastradhara in Uttarakhand.

5) GEYSER – Geysers are spring of hot water which expel water vigorously at

intervals. These are formed in areas where a deep channel of water reaches

from the surface far below into the Earth. Cold water seeps down this channel

until it reaches to the rocks which are extremely hot. The water is heated.

Gradually the heat at the bottom of the channel rises far above the boiling

point for water. Steam is formed which rises and pushes out the water towards

the surface. As water in the geyser changes to steam suddenly expand and

pushes out remaining water with force. i.e. – The old faithful geyser at yellow

stone national park in USA.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SPRING ACCORDING TO THEIR STRUCTURE –

Geomorphologist Brayan divided the springs into 2 types –

▪ GRAVITATIONAL SPRING

▪ NON-GRAVITATIONAL SPRING

GRAVITATIONAL SPRING – When ground water comes out towards

gravitational pull, it is called gravitational spring.

There are many types of gravitational spring –

1) DIP SLOPE SPRING – As the impermeable bed prevent release of

water, water moves along the slope of the rock and appears as a spring.

It is known as dip slope spring.

2) DYKE SPRING – Presence of an intrusive dyke in a pervious rock

formation water collect above the dyke in the pervious layer and comes

out in the form of a spring just above the dyke. It is called dyke spring.

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3) FISSURE AND JOINT SPRING – Sometimes rain water enters into the

fisher and joints. When these joints open out on the surface the ground

water comes out to form of a fissure and joint spring.

4) FAULT SPRING – When a permeable rock is blocked by some

impermeable rock due to a fault, it holds up the ground water of the

permeable rock. The ground water comes on the surface as like a spring.

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5) VAUCLUSION SPRING – It is seen in limestone region. It develops due to action of rain water.

Rain water contents CO2 and act upon limestone. Rain water dissolves

limestone and makes hole on the surface. Water enters into the hole

and disappear in the underground, where it flows some distance and

then comes out as a spring, it is called vauclusion spring.

NON-GRAVITATIONAL SPRING – When ground water flows against the

gravitational pull it is called non- gravitational spring. It is divided into 2

types. These are ….

1) ARTESIAN WELL – It is a type of well in which water automatically

flows to the surface due to hydrostatic pressure. It is seen in folded

structure. This well has a layer of permeable rock between 2 layers of

impermeable rock. Rain water enters into the permeable layer at it’s

exposed ends and the layer become saturated with water when this well is

drilled the water comes out with force.

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2) GEYSER – Geysers are spring of hot water which expel water at regular

or irregular interval. It is seen in volcanic region due to increase of

temperature in interior of the Earth, which comes out the interior hot water

as a spring.

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EROSIONAL WORK OF GROUND WATER –

In the whole world ground water deposit, but only the work of ground water is

seen in limestone region. The erosional process of ground water is –

▪ MECHANICAL EROSION – Ground water flows very slowly so it has

no power to erode the landforms. Only some hot underground water

can erode.

▪ CHEMICAL EROSION – Ground water takes important role to erode

landform by chemical process. In limestone region ground water erodes

by solution process and form many types of karst landforms.

WORK OF GROUND WATER –

➢ KARST REGION – Karst region is a landscape formed on a limestone

region. It is a German word which is derived from Indo-European word

‘KAR’ MEANS ROCK and ‘CARSO’, MEANS BARED ROCK FIELD. In

limestone and dolomite-based region by solution process which

landforms are seen known as karst landform. At Adriatic Sea coast of

Yugoslavia landforms which are formed by work of ground water known

as karst landform. i.e. - Dalmatian Coast of Yugoslavia, New Mexico,

Texas hilly region of USA and Dehradun, Pachmarhi of India.

➢ IMPORTANT CONDITIONS FOR MAKING KARST LANDFORM –

▪ The region should be big in volume. ▪ The region is situated above the sea level. ▪ Rock layer should be very deep. ▪ It should have high density with many cracks. ▪ Favourable condition to make Karst region is so much rainfall. ▪ Nominal permeability of rock can help to form Karst landform by

solution process.

➢ DESCRIBE THE KARST LANDFORM -

Limestone is soluble in rain water which absorbs Carbon Dioxide from

atmosphere when rain water falls through the atmosphere, carbon dioxide

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mix with it and turns into carbonic acid. This acid water sinks into the

limestone and dissolves limestone. This process gives rise to highly

distinctive landforms and below the surface which are collectively known as

karst landform. The system of solution of carbonic acid in limestone region

happens through following process –

H2O + CO2 = H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid)

CACO3 (Limestone) + H2CO3 = CA (HCO3)2 (Calcium bi Carbonate)

▪ EROSIONAL LANDFORM AT THE SURFACE –

1. Terra Rossa – In the karst region there is a typical type of

residual soil seen. It is a clay soil, reddish in colour, these

materials may not be present on the steep slopes but can be

seen on a moderate gentle slope. Sometimes it may be several

feet thick and entirely covered the rocky surface. i.e. – It is

seen in Mediterranean region.

2. Lapies & Karren – When underground water is carrying CO2

enters into the cracks and joints, it dissolves the surrounding

rocks and widens the cracks thus long furrows with almost

vertical walls are formed which known as lapies in French and

Karren in Germany. There are 5 types of lapies – Rellen Karren,

which is small trench formed by small water flow. Rinnen

Karren, which is a trench formed by big water flow. Tritt

Karren, which is a flat base trench. Rund Karren, which is made

by round shape rock. Kluft Karren, which is made by cracks and

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joints and it is vertical trench. i.e. – Bora cave in Andhra

Pradesh.

3. GRIKE & CLINT – In karst region where steep slope is found

rain water runs down the slope. Limestone rock get dissolved

along the path of it’s movement to form narrow gropes, when

gropes get widen it is known as grikes. Undissolved limestone

remain as a narrow rectangular block between the 2 grikes. It is

called clint. i.e. – Nandini Mine in Madhya Pradesh.

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4. LIMESTONE PAVEMENT – In limestone region when many

lapies grikes & clints are formed by erosional work then total

area look like an undulating landform. It is known as limestone

pavement.

▪ DEPRESSED LANDFORMS –

5. SINK HOLE – In limestone region when funnel shaped many

small holes are formed by solution process, then it is known as

sink hole. Rain water may enter into the hole and pass along

the underground. i.e. – In Chhattisgarh at Raipur road,

Dhamtari sink hole is seen.

6. SWALLOW HOLE – If on the sink hole there is no layer of soil,

water enters into below the ground water level through the

sink hole, it is called as swallow hole. i.e. – Gappingill of

England is the example of swallow hole which is 146 meters

long.

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7. DOLINES – In limestone region sink hole and swallow hole

combined together and formed a larger round shape whole,

this is called dolines. i.e. - In Yugoslavia dolines are found.

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8. UVALA – Adjacent dolines when merged together and form

bigger holes then it is called as uvala. It has vertical walls and

oval in shape.

9. POLJE – In limestone region when several uvalas are mixed

together and form a large depression is called polje. i.e. –

Yugoslavia.

10. PONOR – Ponor are underground channel join the shallow

hole on the surface and flow through underground channel.

11. SOLUTION PAN – In limestone region when dolines are much

shallower and may occupied much larger area then it is called

as solution pan. i.e. – Lost River in USA

12. KARST WINDOW – In limestone region river flows and it

enters into tunnel through it river flows but outside the river

anyone cannot see the river. One can observe river with flows

out of a cavern at one time. It is called karst window. i.e. –

Bora cave in Andhra Pradesh.

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13. HUMS – In limestone region above the polje some broken

resistance rock lie on it. These are known as hums.

▪ FLUVIAL LANDFORM –

14. GORGE – In karst region parallel to land surface ground water

flow and form ‘V’ shape steep valley. It is called as gorge. i.e. –

Tern gorge of South West France.

15. BLIND VALLEY – In karst region river flows and sink into the

sink hole then the river suddenly disappear to the hole and

river valley become dry. It seems to the valley is ended. It is

called blind valley.

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▪ EROSIONAL LANDFORM –

16. CAVE – It is a natural underground chamber that open to the

surface. As rain water seeps underground, each dissolve and

wash away rock in solution. The flowing water enters into the

tunnel and the tunnel fills up with air and become a cave.

▪ DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORM –

17. STALACTITE – Inside the cave water containing limestone in

solution drip through join in the ceiling of the cave. As the

interior of the cave hot water evaporate rapidly, leaving a

deposit of dissolved limestone hanging from the ceiling. This

deposit is called as stalactite.

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18. STALAGMITE – When in limestone cave water drops

gradually grows upwards from the floor. Such deposit grow

upward from the floor like a horn, it is called as stalagmite.

19. PILLAR – When stalactite & stalagmite grow together and mix

like a stick then it is called pillar.

20. HELICTITE – In limestone cave when soluble calcium

carbonate deposits vertically or diagonally then it is called as

helictite.

21. DRIPSTONE – In karst region stalactite, stalagmite & helictite

are together known as dripstone.

DIFFERENCE

STALACTITE STALAGMITE 1. In karst region from the cave wall hanging limestone basket is known as stalactite.

1. In karst region from the cave floor upwards limestone pillar is known as stalagmite.

2. It is hanging landform. 2. It is upward landform.

3. It has short length. 3. It has long length.

4. It is soft type. 4. It is hard type.

5. Possibility of landslide is very high. 5. Possibility of landslide is very low.

6. The part of the roof is very wide, hanging part is thin.

6. The lower part is very wide, and the upper part is thin.

REGOLITH TERRAROSSA 1. Regolith means blanket. 1.Terra means clay and Rossa means red.

2. It is a layer of loose heterogeneous materials covering solid rock.

2. It is a type of red clay soil produce by the weathering of limestone.

3. It is result of mechanical weathering. 3. It is formed because of pollution, solution & deposition.

4. It is seen in hot, arid desert region. 4. It is seen in tropical climate region.

5. Regolith is made by loose rock materials. 5. Terrarossa is made by rock and iron.

6. It is erosional landform. 6. It is depositional landform.

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SR. NO M.C.Q (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS)

1 Rainfall, melting frost water enrich ground water is known as - (A) CONNATE WATER

(B) JUVENILE WATER (C) VADOSE WATER (D) METEORIC WATER

2 Vadose layer is - (A) SATURATED LAYER (B) PERMANENT SATURATED LAYER (C)

UNSATURATED LAYER (D) NONE OF THESE

3 Geyser is - (A) DYKE SPRING (B) COLD SPRING (C) HOT SPRING (D) PARALLEL SPRING

4 Where artesian well is mostly found - (A) BRITAIN (B) PAKISTAN (C) INDIA (D)

AUSTRALLIA

5 India's cold spring is - (A) TATAPANI (B) SONAMUDA (C) SAHATSRADHARA (D)

LUPUNGUTU

6 In ground surface when clay layer is found, amount of ground water - (A) IS MORE (B)

IS VERY HIGH (C) VERY LOW (D) IS LOW

7 Perched aquifer is seen in - (A) UNCONFINED LAYER (B) AQUICLUDE (C) CONFINED

LAYER (D) AQUIFUGE

8 World's longest karst cave is - (A) MAMMOTH (B) HOLOKE (C) CRUBERA (D) BORA

9 Porous but impermeable rock is - (A) SHELL (B) GABRO (C) QUARZITE (D) SLATE

10 Small uvala is called as - (A) COCKPIT (B) CAVE (C) JAMA (D) CLINT

11 India's important karst region is - (A) BORA CAVE (B) AJANTA CAVE (C) KASHMIR

VALLEY (D) NONE OF THESE

12 Karst window is found in - (A) PACHMARIH IN MADHYA PRADESH (B) RANCHI (C)

JALPAIGURI (D) NONE OF THESE

13 In desert region amount of ground water is - (A) HIGH (B) LOW (C) MEDIUM (D) NONE

OF THESE

14 Fontaine - De - Vaucluse is - (A) MINERAL SPRING (B) SOLUTIONS SPRING (C) DIP

SPRING (D) FAULT SPRING

15 Funnel shape hole is known as - (A) SINK HOLE (B) UVALA (C) DOLINE (D) POLJE

16

In which layer ground water store only rainy season is known as - (A) NON-

PERMANENT SATURATED LAYER (B) CAPILLARY LAYER (C) VADOSE LAYER (D) NONE

OF THESE

17 In karst region small hill is known as - (A) MONADNOCK (B) INSELBERG (C) HUMS (D)

PONOR

18 Terrarossa is seen in - (A) TROPICAL CLIMATE REGION (B) TUNDRA REGION (C)

MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE REGION (D) EQUATORIAL CLIMATE REGION

19 In limestone cave pillar which is formed diagonally is called - (A) PONOR (B)

STALACTITE (C) HELICTITE (D) DRIPSTONE

20 Water which comes out with magma is known as - (A) CONNATE WATER (B) JUVENILE

WATER (C) METEORIC WATER (D) OCEANIC WATER

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SR. NO S.A.Q (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS) 1 Write the example of impermeable rock? - Slate and Gabro

2 Write the main source of ground water? - Meteoric Water

3 Write the name of gallery cave in India? - Bora Cave

4 In India where spring line is found? - Dehradun

5 Write the name of world's deepest cave? - Gouffre Berger in France

6 Write the name of the rock by which karst region is made? - By Limestone Rock

7 Write the definition of Terrarossa? - Terrarossa is a reddish clay soil found in karst

region which is very fertile and rich in iron.

8 In Vadose layer which water does flow? - Vadose Water

9 What is Globulite? - Small round shape helictite is known as Globulite

10 In which rock layer artesian well is formed? - In Syncline of folded structure

11 By which height of ground water layer is measured? - Piezometer

12 How much deep ground water layer from ground surface? - From 700 to 1000 meter