INTRODUCTION

In many countries the Sanitary landfills have been the most popular method of solid waste disposal. The sanitary landfill will remain its dominant in the solid waste disposal methods from the next decade due to the rapid development and modernization.

Royal Commission for Jubail, Sanitation department is responsible for solid waste management and associated operation and development in Madinat Al-Jubail and Al-sinaiyah. The Royal Commission sanitary landfill has developed and adopted regulations, standards and guidelines to control the solid waste practice and recycling in Madinat Al-Jubail and Al-sinaiyah. This sanitary landfill is intended to clearly state the environmental protection regulations and to formally define the requirements for adherence to them. The existing facilities in the sanitary landfill shall operate in accordance with the Royal Commission Regulations.

The present report reviews the general status of recycling and waste management in Royal commission sanitary landfill Jubail, which including progress made in achieving the objectives and Development as well as impediments to sustainable waste management, and priority actions in the field of recycling and waste management.

OBJECTIVES

“CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION THROUGH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, ENSURING A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PRESENT AND FUTURE.”

JUBAIL INDUSTRIAL CITY

Jubail (Arabic: "الجبيل" Al Jubayl), is a city in the Eastern province on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia which is 100 kilometers north of the busy conglomerate of Dammam, Dhahran and Al-Khobar and is joined to them by an excellent highway. Its full name is Madīnat al Jubail aṣ Ṣinā`īyah (Jubail Industrial City) has a population of 222,544 (2004 census), up 58% from the 1992 figure of 140,828.

In 1975, along with Yanbu' al Bahr, Jubail was designated as a new industrial city by the Saudi government, and has seen rapid expansion and industrialization Now Jubail is a Saudi Arabia’s biggest industrial center, host to more than 160 industrial enterprises and home to almost 170,000 full-time residents. It was conceived as a model development projects to bring industrial diversification to an oil rich area. This city consists of a pleasant landscaped living environment

I

ROYAL COMMISSION SANITARY LANDFILL

The sanitary landfill in this city plays a vital role in the solid waste management. A wide range of development in the primary industries as well as support and service industries and urbanization of this area makes more stress and importance in solid waste management and recycling.

The Royal commission Sanitary Landfill is located in the Latitude of 27° 2' 49" N Longitude: 49° 39' 41" East in Abu Hadriya Road. The ample landfill occupies a wide spacious area of 3,221,846.5 M2. However 2662894.4 M2 space were used for waste placement. The self-contained site have, security house, scale house, diesel station, Leachate disposal facility, administrative block, Maintenance workshop, parking yard and all the required facilities required by EPA.

Royal commission sanitary landfill wastes are classified into two classes Class II and Class III. The different categories of waste which includes in class II and class III are municipal waste, non-hazardous waste and inert waste.Hazardous wastes are treated by National Environmental Protection agency (BEEA`H)

Class I wastes are Hazardous waste- waste that is dangerous or potentially harmful to our health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, gases, or sledges. Class I waste is treated in National Environmental Protection Agency (BEEA`H).

Class II waste is defines solid waste as any garbage or refuse, vegetation, putrescible, paper, rags, cardboards, fiber boards, general trash, eating place wastes, beverages cans, coffee cups, paper bags, plastic wrappers , animal manure, digested sludge, incinerator ashes, dead animals, condemned meat, met cleansing, stomach contents, entrails, sweeping from slaughter house and wastes from community activities.

Class III wastes which includes, concrete , brick, glass, clay tiles, building rubble, non-degradable plastics, sheet metals, structural metals, cables, nails, plumbing,. Piping, wiring, hardware, plywood, rubber, china ware, scrap or surplus building materials including scrap metals , glass pieces and masonry products, construction wastes including, mortar, timber, steel and metal scraps , electrical cuttings, non-hazardous equipment parts Styrofoam and other materials used to transport and package construction materials, uncontaminated vegetation free soil

Special category Class III wastes such as tire waste, and plant wastes, trees and shrubs removed during land clearing or demolition.

II

SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATIONS

Sanitary landfill is not a "dump" a dump implies simply leaving solid wastes but a landfill that is "sanitary" is one which protects the surrounding soil, air and water from pollution from the landfill. This is carried by a number of activities and techniques. The sanitary landfill operation starts from the activity of the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weigh-bridge on arrival and return. Their load is inspected for wastes that accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria and the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. Afterwards, the waste collection vehicles unload their load in the trench called cell in there most of the recyclable materials are removed by the recyclers and then the wastes are pressed into the smallest possible area by a steel wheeled compactor. Compacting the waste by pressing for any air pockets out of the disposed waste, thereby maximizing the area of the landfill. After compacting a crawling loader covers the waste with sand. Covering the wastes with sand is important in minimizing the spread of garbage by a wind and scavenging animals. It also keeps the landfill free from smell, flies and other pests. At the end of every day all the wastes are completely covered by a 2m of sand. Each subsequent day, new wastes are placed at the toe of the previous cell. These wastes are emptied further along the cell as the one end of the cell fills up. Eventually there will be a full layer of cells along the bottom of the cell, known as the "lift". The sand used for covering the cell should be loamy or silty and are free from large stones.

An adequate lining system is a necessary component for any sanitary landfill. The liner is designed as a barrier to intercept leachate and to direct it to a leachate collection system. The good synthetic polymer were used for liners. There would be virtually no leaking. Some landfill double liner layers are used to prevent contamination from leachate. Collection and treatment of this leachate must occur to prevent contamination of local ground waster. In royal commission sanitary landfill for ground water monitoring 12 ground water monitoring wells and six Leachate extraction chambers are existing now. Several ground water monitoring wells and Leachate chambers are demolished by the new developments and operations in sanitary landfill.

Leachate may be defined as the liquid that has percolated through waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended matters from it. it arises from the biochemical and physical breakdown of wastes. The leakage of Leachate which contains high organic and inorganic, suspended solids, heavy metals and other pollutants, which will contaminate ground water and surface water sources so regular removal of leachate is an ultimate important process in landfill operation. In royal commission sanitary landfill now six Leachate extraction chambers are under operational condition. Leachate disposal facility, neutralization facility and leachate disposal lagoon facilities are available in RC sanitary landfill.

III

ROYAL COMMISSION ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

1.1 Municipal Waste Collection

1.1.1 Containers, on-site collection systems, and storage areas for municipal waste shall be selected and designed to prevent the accumulation of refuse and the creation of health and fire hazards or nuisance.

1.1.2 Containers for municipal waste shall be of adequate size and provided in sufficient numbers to contain all food wastes, rubbish, ashes and municipal waste(s) that a residence or other establishment generates in the period of time between collections.

1.1.3 Containers shall be selected for the specific service intended, and shall be equipped with tightly fitting lids for all municipal wastes except for those used for inert, non-blowing wastes. The selected containers shall be reusable and be constructed of corrosion resistant metal or other material that shall not absorb water, grease, or oil. The containers shall be leakproof. Lightweight plastic or paper bags shall not be used as containers.

1.1.4 Occupiers of residential buildings shall provide suitable containers to hold their municipal waste awaiting collection, and shall be responsible for maintenance and cleanliness of these containers.

1.1.5 Owners of derelict vehicles shall remove such vehicles from streets, roads, and vacant properties fourteen (14) days from the time the owner of either the vehicle or the property where the vehicle is located, have received notification from the Royal Commission to remove the vehicle.

1.2 Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste & Municipal Waste Disposal Regulations

1.2.1 All non-hazardous industrial waste and municipal waste generated within the Industrial City and not intended for recycle or reuse shall be disposed of at Royal Commission approved waste disposal facilities located within the Industrial City.

1.2.2 Open burning of waste is prohibited in the Industrial City.

1.2.3 Operators of facilities that deliver municipal waste to the Royal Commission Sanitary Landfill shall follow the Royal Commission Sanitation Department procedures before disposal of such materials.

1.2.4 Municipal waste, non-hazardous industrial waste and inert waste shall be segregated at all times.

1.2.5 Disposal of non-hazardous industrial waste and municipal waste from industrial facilities shall be the responsibility of the generator. The minimum

IV

collection and delivery frequency for such wastes shall, unless otherwise approved by the Royal Commission, be as follows:

a) Non-hazardous industrial waste Within 180 daysb) Municipal waste - putrescible materials Dailyc) Municipal waste – other Twice per weekd) Sewage sludge, grit, screenings Daily

1.2.6 Any non-hazardous industrial waste or municipal waste found to be disposed of illegally shall be retrieved by the generator and disposed of at the generators cost in accordance with these Regulations.

1.2.7 Non-hazardous industrial waste and municipal waste shall be disposed of in a Class II (single lined) landfill site which have, as a minimum, the following characteristics:

a. The landfill cells are lined with an impervious material to prevent direct contact of the wastes with surface water and groundwater.

b. The disposal site is above the highest groundwater elevation.c. Separate landfill cells exist to segregate non-hazardous industrial waste from

municipal waste.d. Surface water is diverted from entering the landfill cell.e. A leachate and runoff collection system is installedf. Leachate and runoff water from the landfill cells are collected and treated

before being allowed to leave the boundary limits of the site. The treated leachate/runoff effluent shall meet the relevant water quality criteria Each landfill cell is equipped with landfill gas venting and monitoring system.

g. The disposal site has stable foundations and embankments.h. The site is fenced and designated as off limits to the public. i. Each landfill cell is equipped with landfill gas monitoring and venting system.j. The site is surrounded with a minimum of one upgradient and three down

gradient groundwater monitoring boreholes.

1.2.8 All Class 2 landfill sites shall be operated such that:

a. Wastes deposited in the landfill are compatible with the landfill liner.b. Municipal wastes are segregated from non-hazardous industrial

wastes.c. Only physically, chemically and biologically compatible wastes are

deposited in the same landfill cell.d. Waste is immediately spread and compacted and a daily cover of

inert materials is applied to the waste to minimize problems associated with litter, odor and vermin.

e. No unauthorized burning of waste takes place.f. No feeding of farm or domestic animals within the site boundaries

shall be permittedg. Sludge and other wet materials are pretreated to reduce moisture

before landfill disposal.

V

h. Adequate equipment is to be maintained on-site to control fire and dust problems.

i. Operating procedures including monitoring, safety and emergency procedures approved by the Royal Commission are followed.

1.2.9 Scavenging of municipal waste shall be only be permitted by parties authorized by the Royal Commission or their designee.

1.2.10Completed portions of the Class 2 landfill sites shall be finished with final cover to support vegetation, and vegetation shall be established. Post-closure control shall include maintenance of fill areas and vegetation to minimize erosion.

1.2.11Monitoring of landfill gas production, and groundwater around the landfill shall be undertaken for 30 years after site closure according to a schedule approved by the Royal Commission.

1.3 Inert Waste Disposal Regulations

1.3.1 All inert waste shall be disposed of at Royal Commission approved waste disposal facilities located in the Industrial City.

1.3.2 Operators of facilities that collect and deliver inert waste to the Royal Commission Sanitary Landfill shall follow the Royal Commission Sanitation Department procedures before disposal of such materials.

1.3.3 Construction debris and demolition waste shall be collected and removed to the designated solid waste disposal area on a regular basis. These wastes shall not be allowed to accumulate such that the material presents a safety hazard for workers or members of the public, or create a nuisance to the community.

1.3.4 Any inert waste found to be disposed of illegally shall be retrieved by the generator and disposed of at the generators cost in accordance with these Regulations.

1.3.5 Inert wastes shall be deposited in a Class 3 Disposal site with, as a minimum the following characteristics:

1.3.6 The disposal site is above the highest groundwater elevation.

1.3.7 The site is fenced and designated as off limits to the public.

1.3.8 The site is fenced to prevent small objects from being blown away from the site.

1.3.9 All Class 3 landfill sites shall be operated such that:

VI

1.3.10Only inert solid waste material is deposited in a Class 3 cell.

1.3.11Operating procedures including monitoring, safety and emergency procedures approved by the Royal Commission are followed.

1.3.12No unauthorized burning of waste takes place.

1.3.13Scavenging of inert waste shall be only be permitted by parties authorized by the Royal Commission or their designee.

1.3.14Completed portions of the Class 3 landfill sites shall be finished with final cover to support vegetation, and vegetation shall be established. Post-closure control shall include maintenance of fill areas and vegetation to minimize erosion.

1.4 Waste Transporter Registration Regulations

1.4.1 The transporter of hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste shall obtain an authorization certificate from the Royal Commission before transporting hazardous and non-hazardous industrial waste. The permit application procedure is specified in Volume II of these Regulations.

1.4.2 The waste transportation authorization shall be valid for a period of three (3) years, at which time it shall be renewed by the submission of revised or new information in accordance with Section 5.8.1 of these Regulations.

1.4.3 The operator of a waste transport facility shall be responsible for compliance with these Regulations. Demonstrated failure to comply with the Regulations relative to waste transport and disposal may lead to the Royal Commission revoking the waste transport authorization.

5.9 Waste Disposal Facility Closure/ Post Closure Care Regulations

5.9.1 When closing the disposal facility, the operator shall leave the wastes, the disposal units and equipment in such a manner that they will not pose a future threat to human health or the environment, soil and structures.

5.9.2 The operator shall have facility closure plan approved by the Royal Commission. The closure plan shall contain description of process for closing the facility units, closure start/ completion dates, description of closure methods and steps to comply with closure standards such as groundwater monitoring and leachate collection.

VII

5.9.3 The operator must give a timetable 60 days in advance of beginning of facility closer activities. Within 90 days of beginning closure, all waste on-site shall be removed or disposed of. Within 180 days of beginning the closure, all closure activities must be completed. Further, the owner shall certify that they have completed closure of the facility as per approved plan.

5.9.4 The disposal facility operator shall implement post closure care plan approved by the Royal Commission.

5.9.5 After closing the disposal facility, the operator shall be responsible for its maintenance and monitoring in the post closure care phase for about 30 years or until the waste is stabilized and poses no further hazard to the environment, whichever is longer. The activities that shall be performed include: a)Maintaining the final cover, the Leachate Detection System and groundwater

monitoring systemsb)Preventing migration of liquid in to the closed unit by providing drainage

and accommodating settling of waste in the unitc)Protecting final covers, liners, monitoring systems from any disturbance d)Monitoring groundwater to detect any release of hazardous constituents

5.9.6 The disposal facility operator shall demonstrate that they have the financial resources to pay for both bodily injury and property damage that may result from waste management and that they are able to properly conduct closure and post closure activities in a manner that protect human health and the environment.

5.9.7 The facility may demonstrate through trust fund, surety bond, letter of credit, insurance or corporate guarantee that fund are available to pay for closure, post closure and liability requirements.

5.9.8 The facility shall prepare a cost estimate through hiring a third party for closing the facility and conducting post closure activities for a period of about 30 years. Cost estimate shall reflect the maximum possible cost of the activities and shall be adjusted for yearly inflation.

These rules and regulations are usually used by Royal commission to implement their environmental policies in solid waste disposal. These rules are carefully formulated so that these rules satisfied all policies in solid waste disposal, management and related activities.

VIII

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

From the initiation of the kingdom's industrialization and economic development program there was a commitment for protection and enhancement of the natural environment. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has been increasing its efforts aimed at protecting the country from various environmental hazards. This was reflected in several direct and tangible ways: in the extensive environmental assessment studies related to construction as well as the operation in Jubail industrial city; in the development and enforcement of strict guidelines and regulation related to domestic and industrial waste treatment and dispose, recycling and reuse; in environmentally conscious zoning and building code regulations; and in the development of extensive environmental monitoring programs and maintenance of sanitary landfill and its facilities. The Saudi government has intensified its efforts to increase public awareness and encourage individual and group initiatives to protect the environment. In May 1999, Saudi Arabia established a national environment committee aiming to generate more public awareness about the environment. The announcement, by the Council of Saudi Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CSCCI), was the first initiative taken by CSCCI to define Saudi Arabia's environmental strategy for the 21st century. According to the World Bank, the country will have to invest substantial capital in the environmental sector in coming years in order to become more sustainable;

For environmental protection the following prestigious awards are received

United nations Sasakawa Award : Highest award for environmental Protection Regional organization for the protection of marine environment:

Environmental award

Arab town's organization: award for environmental protection.

Saudi Arabia is a signatory to several international treaties concerning the environment. These treaties include:

The 1967 Outer Space Treaty; The Kuwait Regional Convention for the Protection of the Marine

Environment from Pollution The 1992 Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and the

Gulf of Aden Environment; The 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of

Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal.

This is clearly shows that the involvement to maintain this environment in eco-friendly way

IX

HISTORY OF RECYCLING

RECYCLING IN ORIGIN

Reduce, Re-use, Recycle

Recycle the materials in origin is an environmentally friendly way for reducing the wastes and reduce the effect of sent to landfill. Moreover it is provide everyone participation with the service of Recycling. Royal commission started a programme of recycle the materials in origin.

Wastes are categorized into groups. All these wastes are put in the appropriate containers. In order to avoid confusions the containers are identified by different colors. General container which is for general purpose, Green for paper products, boxboard and cardboard, Brown for glass wastes, Orange Container for metals , Hadeed , Blue is for Plastic.

There have been good efforts and actions taken from Royal commission sanitation department to recycle the materials in origin but these efforts have been unsuccessful due to the lack of public awareness, training, and education. So this effort gave a meaning less results.

RECYCLING IN LANDFILL

Recycling is a wonderful example of a very successful collective action. But the success depends upon the real efforts. Recycling in Landfill effort was started in 27/2/1417 by SATCO company. They started this great venture of recycling with 48 peoples. Initially it's a contract for one year. After one year it may be renewable but SATCO did not renew this contract. They stopped the recycling process soon. The operation did not achieve the expected level. They conclude that, which is not benefit or profit from recycling. The main defective in this recycling is the ineffective supervision and incapable monitoring and management of recycling.

The constant effect of commitment, dedication, and encouragement and timeliness efforts in the RC Sanitation department now recycling process is the major operation in Royal commission sanitary landfill. Now there are five recycling companies are operating in Royal commission Sanitary landfill, they are Suwaily, shaikhan, ESSA bazroon, Saudi Recycling and Middle east recycling company. Every day they are collected 33 % from the total materials for recycling purpose. This contract is for one year but it should be renewable.

X

REFUSE AND RECYCLING IN ROYAL COMMISSION SANITARY LANDFILL

The Table Displays the Recycling and Disposal Information .

YEARS

CLASS-II CLASS-III CLASS –II+

CLASS III

RECYCLE MATERIALS Domestic

Waste Inert waste (Quantities are in ton)

  (TONS) (TONS) TOTAL   Iron Wood Plastic Carton Paper

1990 49,990.00 193,300.00 243,290          

1991 44,842.00 133,293.00 178,135          

1992 61,885.00 282,725.00 344,610          

1993 72,147.00 455,726.00 527,873 280.94 318.48 0.00 300.74 0.00

1994 97,299.00 676,865.00 774,164 732.61 709.74 229.76 575.22 0.00

1995 70,701.00 624,492.00 695,193 758.99 638.71 293.27 1,497.71 0.00

1996 62,861.00 400,676.00 463,537 925.24 903.11 324.66 1,243.70 0.00

1997 63,933.00 323,306.00 387,239 810.34 1,153.32 93.76 942.12 61.15

1998 65,886.00 387,374.00 453,260 803.60 1,040.40 39.78 698.58 128.67

1999 80,132.00 515,046.00 595,178 1,483.02 778.83 21.93 195.79 61.15

2000 85,594.00 415,394.00 500,988 1,660.01 1,106.53 28.12 730.74 96.41

2001 83,804.00 532,816.00 616,620 2,019.04 1,188.00 75.94 1,622.60 131.98

2002 92,837.92 724,379.15 817,217 1371.00 837.00 157.68 1,297.62 102.68

2003 99,904.82 639,061.67 738,966 1817.00 866.00 56.00 1,663.00 117.00

2004 102,648.95 639,446.10 742,095 1764.00 801.00 48.00 2,029.00 146.00

2005 98,155.50 499,255.63 597,411 854.00 391.00 92.00 1,645.00 104.00

2006 115,830.91 515,273.67 631,105 963.00 599.00 85.00 2,120.00 306.00

2007 127,312.63 521,014.58 648327.13 541.00 672.00 179.00 3,394.00 141.00

THE ANNUAL RECYCLING RATE IS 3.8% (exclude construction waste)

MORE THAN 60 % IS CONSTRUCTION WASTE WHICH IS NOT TO BE RECYCLED.

AN AVERAGE OF 81987 TONS OF DOMESTIC REFUSE AND THE 471080 TONS OF INERT WASTE IS TRANSPORTED INTO THE SANITARY LANDFILL EVERY CALENDAR YEAR WITH THE APPROXIMATE TOTAL QUANTITY OF 5.5 MILLION TONS FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

XI

RECYCLING IN ROYAL COMMISSION SANITARY LANDFILL

Protecting the environment is one of the main reasons for maximizing recycling. Recycling is a key component of modern waste management so the major recycling operation in sanitary landfill is started from 1993. The main collected materials for recycling are Iron, wood, plastic, carton, paper.

2. Paper

The demand for paper continues to increase because of the Paper is one of the most versatile and important materials used in homes, schools, offices and businesses throughout the world. In Royal commission sanitary landfill the paper recycling is started from 1997. Now paper recycling is a most important recycling activity in sanitary landfill. Separate building is used for this purpose before recycling the papers are cut into small pieces by a shredder and the papers are stored in a storehouse then it is transported to paper industry for further processing.

In royal commission sanitary landfill the recycling of paper is under the range of 0.01 to 0.5.

RECYCLING PERCENTAGE OF PAPER

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

YEAR

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

Series1

Iron

The Recycling of metals plays an important role. Generally a good percentage of Iron is recycled from RC sanitary landfill. Iron, steel, copper, zinc and aluminum are the world's most recycled materials, and among that Iron and aluminum is the easiest materials to reprocess, as they can be separated from the waste stream. Iron and steel and other metal scrap are more than just economically beneficial to steel makers. The recyclers are collected it from the landfill and sell it in bulk. The average recycling rate of iron and other metal is 1.4 %. This recycling table shows the annual recycling rate in every year from 1993 onwards

XII

RECYCLING PERCENTAGE OF IRON

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

YEAR

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

Series1

Wood

Wood recycling still has a positive environmental impact. Wood recycling ensures that the waste does not end up in landfill. Household waste wood is usually in the form of furniture. Business waste, etc., The reuse of wood should be the first option as this uses the least energy. If wood can’t be reused in some way, wood recycling can make the waste into a variety of products such as mulch, pet bedding, equestrian surfacing, chipboard or fuel. Wood recycling means that virgin wood is not required which uses more energy and water, less renewable resources than the wood itself.

The major recycling of wood is done during the year 1997,1998, 2000 and 2001. The total average of wood recycling is minimum 0.06 and max.0.3 %

recycling rate of wood

0

0.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.35

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

yearly

perc

en

tag

e

recycling rate of wood

PLASTIC

Plastic Recycling programs in Royal commission sanitary landfill were started a year before United States in 1994. Now it is common in elsewhere.

There are about 50 different groups of plastics, with hundreds of different varieties. All types of plastic are recyclable. To make sorting is not easier it is a very tough job so that the recyclers are not concentrating more in recycling of plastics. The average recycling in plastic is from 0.1 to 0.5 which is very less compare to the total plastic dumped in landfill but now they concentrate more plastic recycling so the collection for recycling plastic is considerably improved. But compare to total average it is very less.

XIII

RECYCLING PERCENTAGE OF PLASTIC

00.050.1

0.150.2

0.250.3

0.350.4

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

YEAR

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

Series1

CARTON

Carton is the name of certain types of containers typically made from paperboard which is also sometimes known as "cardboard". Many types of cartons are used in packaging.

The carton recycling rate is less compare to last seven years. Cartons account for about 2 per cent of packaging waste produced. But the recycling rates have been typically lower. But in 2007 a slight improvement was observed in carton recycling.

RECYCLING PERCENTAGE OF CARTON

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

YEAR

PE

RC

EN

TA

GE

Series1

XIV

TRENDS OBSERVED IN RECYCLING

In reviewing of the total recycling rate reports the following trends were observed.

AVERAGE PRM RECYCLING RATE: 1.5 %

PRM RECYCLED (From 2000-2007) : 22 % INCREASED

SRM RECYCLED (From 2000-2007) : 8% INCREASED

(PRM= Principle recyclable materials paper, metals, plastics)

(SRM= supplemental recyclable materials such as wood, construction and demolition waste debris materials)

CONCLUSION

RC sanitary landfill has proven their commitment to keeping disposal and protecting the environment by achieving a recycling rate in a good level for the past fifteen years, recycling percentage reports shows that considerable improvements in certain area. Emphasis will be given to several recycling fields. Truly it is an awesome achievement because of this limited facilities and more recycling was done in past years.

Compost technology is a good method which should be helpful to avoid a lot of waste to send to landfills when it could become useful and environmentally beneficial compost. Composting offers the obvious benefits of resource efficiency and creating a useful product from organic waste that would otherwise have been land filled. 

Mercury containing devices be kept from the waste stream and recycled.  These materials include but are not limited to; fluorescent lamps, thermostats, mercury thermometers, and temperature control devices found mainly in gas stoves.  Also cathode ray tubes, i.e. televisions and computer monitors, have been passed requiring the separation of these items for recycling.

Tires are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste, many new markets have been created for scrap tires. Growing markets exist for a majority of scrap tires produced every year, Tires are also often recycled for use on basketball courts and new shoe products. Steps may be taken to recycle the waste tires.

Generally improvements should be needed for effective recycling and solid waste management practices. More emphasis will be an advantage in recycling which will give positive results in Royal commission sanitary landfill.

XV