renaissance and reformation
TRANSCRIPT
Renaissance and Reformation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjU
The RenaissanceThe period from the 1300’s to the
1500’s was a time of great creativity and change in Europe.
This period is called the Renaissance.The word Renaissance means “rebirth”.The Renaissance was a golden age in
the arts, literature, and sciences.The Renaissance began in Italy in the
mid- 1300’s and then spread northward.
The cities of Italy were thriving centers of trade and manufacturing.
New Ways of ThinkingDuring the Renaissance, Europeans developed
a new way of thinking called Humanism.During the Middle Ages, philosophers and
writers had worried about life after death.Renaissance humanists, on the other hand,
were more curious about life in the present.Another feature of this new way of thinking
was an emphasis on the achievements of the individual.
Instead of religious issues, humanist examined worldly subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans studied.
They hoped to use ancient learning to increase knowledge about their own times.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP0WWUyUCAQ
Artistic AchievementThe Renaissance produced some of the
greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture in the history of the world.
Renaissance architects rejected medieval forms of architecture.
They returned to Greek and Roman styles for columns, arches, and domes.
The art of the time reflected humanist ideas.
Renaissance art was very realistic and portrayed contemporary figures.
Artistic AchievementRenaissance artists learned the rules
of perspective- or the technique used to give art a three-dimensional effect.
These artists also studied human anatomy and often worked from live models, so that they could portray the body amazingly accurate detail.
Two of the most famous artists of the Renaissance were Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci.
MichelangeloSculptor, engineer,
poet, painter, and architect.
Best known for his enormous mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.
Also known for his sculpture of the biblical character David
Statue of David
Sistine Chapel Mural
http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/30/world/gallery/sistine-chapel/
Leonardo Da VinciPainter, sculptor,
inventor, architect, musician, and engineer
Most famous for his paintings of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Interested in human anatomy so he studied and dissected human corpses to learn about bones and muscles.
Made preliminary sketches of flying machines and underwater boats
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
Vitruvian Man
RaphaelPainterStudent of
Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci
Famous for paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzhuZmzoX5o
Literary AchievementsHumanism was not only expressed through
artwork, but through literature as well.During the Middle Ages, the few books that
were available to the public were written in Latin or Greek (few knew these languages).
In the late Middle Ages, authors began to write books in everyday languages of ordinary people.
Instead of scholarly Greek and Latin, they used Italian, French, English, and other languages.
More people were now able to read.
Famous Writers of the RenaissanceDante
◦ Wrote about a journey through hell and heaven entitled, The Divine Comedy, which was written in Italian.
Cervantes◦ Spanish writer who wrote Don Quixote, which poked
fun at knighthood and chivalry
Shakespeare◦ Wrote in England around 1600, primarily about human
beings and the joys and sorrows of human life.
Machiavelli◦ Wrote The Prince, which advised rulers on how to gain
and maintain power.◦ He tells rulers they should do whatever is necessary to
ensure their success.
Impact of the Printing PressBy 1300, papermaking and
printing technology had reached Europe from China.
The invention of movable type in the 1400’s led to Johan Gutenberg’s printing of the Bible in Germany in 1456.
The Printing Press was important for the Renaissance and later intellectual development- literacy was increased!
Impact of the Printing PressBooks became more available- cheaper and
easier to make.Literacy increased- because books were
more readily available, more people learned to read and write.
Ideas spread rapidly- people had access to new knowledge about such subjects as medicine and geography.
Printed Bibles increased the spread of religious ideas.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1vl2j24Mtk
ReformationDuring the Renaissance, the Church
increasingly became the center of controversy.
Christians of all levels of society accused church officials of being corrupt and greedy.
New calls for reform (change) unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity.
This movement is known as the Protestant Reformation.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTGJMnTWrrw
Causes of the Reformation1.) The Renaissance- Humanism led people to question Church authority, and
faith was put more into human reason.
2.) Strong Monarchs- Strong national monarchs were emerging, and they
sometimes would increase their own power by supporting those who were reformers.
3.) Problems in the Church- followers of the Church believed that its leaders were
acting more like kings, fighting over power and land, rather than representatives of God
Others objected to the Church charging increased fees for marriages and baptisms, and the selling of indulgences, or pardon of sins.
Protestant ReformersMartin Luther
◦ By the 1500’s, many Christians wanted to reform the Church.
◦ One such person was a German monk named Martin Luther.
◦ Martin Luther was disgusted over the sale of indulgences by the Church.
◦ Essentially, those who sinned could pay for their sins to be pardoned (forgiven).
◦ In 1517, Luther took action by posting his famous 95 Theses, or 95 arguments against the selling of indulgences on the door of a church in Wittenburg.
Martin LutherLuther believed in the following ideas, which he put into his 95 Thesis; that individuals would
reach heaven only through their faith in God
The Pope could not grant pardon for sins
The Bible was the only source of religious truth
Luther was later excommunicated for his beliefs, however his beliefs spread via the Printing Press.
Followers of Luther became known as Lutherans, and eventually Protestants.
Protestant ReformersJohn Calvin had the following beliefs;that individuals would
reach heaven only through their faith in God
Believed in the idea of predestination, the belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation
His ideas, similar to Luther, spread across Europe
Leaders of the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther John Calvin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSOnLt3YVl0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=252dqU8-7Zg
The Counter ReformationAs the Protestant Reformation
continued to spread, a reform movement was also taking place within the Roman Catholic Church.
That movement was called the Counter Reformation.
The purpose of the Counter Reformation was to strengthen the Catholic Church as well as to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism.
Council of TrentPope Paul III called the Council of
Trent in 1545 to guide the reform movement.
The council, which meant on and off for 20 years, reaffirmed traditional catholic beliefs and worked to end abuses in the Church.
It also set up schools to assure that the clergy would be well educated.
Kings Increase PowerAs feudalism decreased, Kings slowly
began to increase their power.Royal families began to impose laws and
taxes on the nobles living in their kingdom.In England, under King Henry II, common
law, or law that was the same for all people, was introduced.
Henry II also developed early jury system.A group of men swore to speak the whole
truth was gathered by the local officials to oversee a case.
Jury determined what cases would be brought to trial.
Effects of the ReformationMost notably, the Reformation led to the
formation of the Protestant churches.Religious and political divisions- the
Reformation created a loss of religious unity in Western Europe.
Religious Conflicts- religious wars sparked in Europe because of the different opinions of religion.
Witch Hunts- sometimes people accused others of being agents of the devil, and thousands of people were put to death for this reason, especially women.
Magna CartaEnglish rulers clashed with nobles and the
Church over efforts to extend royal power.In 1215, the nobility rebelled against King
John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta.
The Magna Carta was a charter that placed limits on the king’s power.
This was one of the first efforts to limit the power of kings.
Due to the Magna Carta, monarchs were not allowed to raise taxes without first consulting his Great Council of lords and clergy.