1

ISU – FHWA – ACPASurface Characteristics

Relating Pavement Texture toTire-Pavement Noise using RoboTex

Robert Rasmussen, Ph.D., P.E.Eric Mun Steven M. KaramihasTed Ferragut, P.E.

July 2006

Robotic Texture (RoboTex) built around LMI-Selcom RoLine line laser

3-D texture profiling at 0.9 mm × 0.45 mm sample interval

Height sensor resolution is 0.01 mm (accuracy ~ 0.05 mm)

Same line laser unit currently being evaluated by profiler vendors to help solve “footprint” issues

RoboTex

2

RoboTex Texture Device

RoboTex Texture Device

3

RoboTex Texture Device

LMI-SelcomLine Laser

RoboTexControl Panel

RoboTex Texture Device

GPS

Time / Date

DMI

4

RoboTex Data Processing

RoboTex Data Processing

5

RoboTex Data Processing

RoboTex Data Processing

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 20 41 61 81 102 122 142 163 183

Distance (ft)

Mea

n Pr

ofile

Dep

th (m

m)

LongitudinalTransverse

6

RoboTex Data Processing

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

0 20 41 61 81 102 122 142 163 183

Distance (ft)

Long

itudi

nal T

extu

re S

pect

rum

, 63

mm

Oct

ave

Ban

d - L

63 (d

B)

Iowa DOTType 1 Testing

US Highway 30Near Marshalltown, IA

7

Type 1 Iowa DOT

Data Collection • Noise

Tire-Pavement (OBSI)In-VehicleWayside (Roadside)

• Texture• Smoothness• Friction

Collection Periods• Pre-Broom / Pre-Traffic

(September 2005)

• Post-Broom / Pre-Traffic

(October 2005)

• Post-Broom / Opening

(December 2005)

• 3-5 months After Traffic

(April 2006)

• 1 year After Traffic

(Fall 2006)

Type 1 Iowa DOTTexture Spacing (in.) Depth (in.) Pre-texturing Longitudinal Tining 1 ⅛ Burlap DragLongitudinal Tining ¾ ¼ Burlap Drag Longitudinal Tining ¾ ⅛ Burlap DragLongitudinal Tining ¾ ⅛ noneLongitudinal Tining ¾ ⅛ Burlap DragLongitudinal Tining ¾ ⅛ Artificial Turf Longitudinal Tining ¾ 1/16 Artificial Turf Longitudinal Tining ¾ 1/16 Burlap Drag Longitudinal Tining ½ ⅛ Burlap DragBurlap Drag n/a (Heavy Weight) noneBurlap Drag n/a (Standard Weight) noneArtificial Turf Drag n/a (Standard Weight) noneArtificial Turf Drag n/a (Heavy Weight) noneTransverse Tining ½ ⅛ Burlap DragTransverse Tining ½ 1/16 Burlap DragTransverse Tining 1 ⅛ Burlap DragTransverse Tining Random** ⅛ Burlap DragDiamond Grinding

8

Type 1 Iowa DOT

Type 1 Iowa DOT

9

Type 1 Iowa DOT

Type 1 Iowa DOT

10

Type 1 Iowa DOT

Iowa Type 1 (US 30) - Site Visit 4 - 5 mos. Post-Traffic

95

97

99

101

103

105

107

109

111

113

115

Nominal Texture Type

Ave

rage

OB

SI L

evel

(dBA

)

8 133 1512 142 106 16 179 111 5 74

3/4”

S +

1/1

6”D

+ T

urf

Ran

dom

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

1”S

+ 1

/8”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

No

Pre

text

ure

3/4”

S +

1/4

”D +

Bur

lap

1/2”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

(Sho

rt)

Dia

mon

d G

rindi

ng

1/2”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

Sta

ndar

d Tu

rf

Hea

vy T

urf

Hea

vy B

urla

p

Sta

ndar

d Bu

rlap

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

Tur

f

1/2”

S +

1/1

6”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/1

6”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

(Lon

g)

Longitudinal Tining Transverse Tining Drag Diamond Grinding

DOT Standard

18

1”S

+ 1

/8”D

+ B

urla

p

11

Iowa Type 1 (US 30) - Site Visit 4 - 5 mos. Post-Traffic

95

97

99

101

103

105

107

109

111

113

115

Nominal Texture Type

Ave

rage

OB

SI L

evel

AN

D V

aria

bilit

y (4

4 ft.

) (dB

A)

8 133 1512 142 106 16 179 111 5 74

3/4”

S +

1/16

”D +

Tur

f

Rnd

m. S

+ 1

/8”D

+ B

urla

p

1”S

+ 1/

8”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/8”

D +

No

Pret

extu

re

3/4”

S +

1/4”

D +

Bur

lap

1/2”

S +

1/8”

D +

Bur

lap

3/4”

S +

1/8”

D +

Bur

lap

(Sho

rt)

Dia

mon

d G

rindi

ng

1/2”

S +

1/8”

D +

Bur

lap

Stan

dard

Tur

f

Hea

vy T

urf

Hea

vy B

urla

p

Stan

dard

Bur

lap

3/4”

S +

1/8”

D +

Tur

f

1/2”

S +

1/16

”D +

Bur

lap

3/4”

S +

1/16

”D +

Bur

lap

3/4”

S +

1/8”

D +

Bur

lap

(Lon

g)

Longitudinal Tining Transverse Tining Drag Diamond Grinding

DOT Standard

18

1”S

+ 1/

8”D

+ B

urla

p

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap (Long Section) 8102.4 dBA

12

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap (Long Section)

Long

itudin

al Tex

ture P

rofile

Transverse Texture Profile

8102.4 dBA

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113O

BSI

Lev

el, 0

.5se

c M

ovin

g A

vg. (

dBA

)

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap (Long Section) 8102.4 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

13

Burlap Drag 3100.7 dBA

Burlap Drag 3100.7 dBA

14

Burlap Drag

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113

OB

SI L

evel

, 0.5

sec

Mov

ing

Avg

. (dB

A)

3100.7 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture

Heavy Artificial Turf Drag 4100.8 dBA

15

Heavy Artificial Turf Drag 4100.8 dBA

Heavy Artificial Turf Drag

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113O

BSI

Lev

el, 0

.5se

c M

ovin

g A

vg. (

dBA

)

4100.8 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture

16

1/16" Deep Transverse 1/2" Spacing + Burlap 6101.4 dBA

1/16" Deep Transverse 1/2" Spacing + Burlap 6101.4 dBA

17

1/16" Deep Transverse 1/2" Spacing + Burlap

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113

OB

SI L

evel

, 0.5

sec

Mov

ing

Avg

. (dB

A)

6101.4 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

FHWA ProVAL Software

6101.4 dBA1/16" Deep Transverse 1/2" Spacing + Burlap

18

Diamond Grinding 11102.9 dBA

Diamond Grinding 11102.9 dBA

19

Diamond Grinding

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113

OB

SI L

evel

, 0.5

sec

Mov

ing

Avg

. (dB

A)

11102.9 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 1/2" Spacing + Burlap 13103.8 dBA

20

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 1/2" Spacing + Burlap 13103.8 dBA

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 1/2" Spacing + Burlap

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113O

BSI

Lev

el, 0

.5se

c M

ovin

g A

vg. (

dBA

)

13103.8 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

21

1/4" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap 14103.9 dBA

1/4" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap 14103.9 dBA

22

1/4" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113

OB

SI L

evel

, 0.5

sec

Mov

ing

Avg

. (dB

A)

14103.9 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

23

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113O

BSI

Lev

el, 0

.5se

c M

ovin

g A

vg. (

dBA

)

17108.4 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

24

Texture vs. Noise

98

101

104

107

110

113

0 1 2 3 4 5

Maximum Texture Height (mm)

OB

SI L

evel

, 0.5

sec

sam

ple

(dB

A)

L.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"DL.Tine-1/2"S-1/8"DBurlap-StandardL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"D-NoPreTexL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"DL.Tine-3/4"S-1/4"DBurlap-HeavyT.Tine-1/2"S-1/8"DT.Tine-1/2"S-1/16"DT.Tine-1"S-1/8"DT.Tine-RandomS-1/8"DTurf-StandardDiamond GrindingTurf-HeavyL.Tine-3/4"S-1/16"D-TurfL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"D-TurfL.Tine-3/4"S-1/16"D

Random T. Tine

1” T. Tine No pretexture

Drag

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113O

BSI

Lev

el, 0

.5se

c M

ovin

g A

vg. (

dBA

)

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap (Long Section) 8102.3 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

25

1/8" Deep Longitudinal 3/4" Spacing + Burlap (Long Section) 8102.3 dBA

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

Distance (ft)

Long

itudi

nal T

extu

re S

pect

rum

, 31.

5 m

m

Oct

ave

Ban

d (d

B)

99

101

103

105

107

Tota

l OB

SI L

evel

(dB

A)

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Distance (ft.)

Max

imum

Tex

ture

Hei

ght (

mm

)

98

101

104

107

110

113O

BSI

Lev

el, 0

.5se

c M

ovin

g A

vg. (

dBA

)

17108.4 dBA

OBSI Level Transverse Texture Longitudinal Texture Nominal Depth

26

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

45

50

55

60

65

70

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Distance (ft)

Long

itudi

nal T

extu

re S

pect

rum

, 31.

5 m

m

Oct

ave

Ban

d (d

B)

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

Tota

l OB

SI L

evel

(dB

A)

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

27

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

110 dBA

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

FHWA ProVAL Software

28

102 dBA

1/8" Deep Transverse Random Spacing + Burlap 17108.4 dBA

FHWA ProVAL Software

Again...

What about Friction?

29

Iowa Type 1 (US 30) - Site Visit 4 - 5 mos. Post-Traffic

95

97

99

101

103

105

107

109

111

113

115

Nominal Texture Type

Ave

rage

OB

SI L

evel

(dB

A)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

AST

M E

274

Ski

d N

umbe

r, Sm

ooth

Tire

(SN

40S)

8 133 1512 142 106 16 179 111 5 74

3/4”

S +

1/1

6”D

+ T

urf

Ran

dom

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

1”S

+ 1

/8”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

No

Pre

text

ure

3/4”

S +

1/4

”D +

Bur

lap

1/2”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

(Sho

rt)

Dia

mon

d G

rindi

ng

1/2”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

Sta

ndar

d Tu

rf

Hea

vy T

urf

Hea

vy B

urla

p

Sta

ndar

d B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

Tur

f

1/2”

S +

1/1

6”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/1

6”D

+ B

urla

p

3/4”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

(Lon

g)

Longitudinal Tining Transverse Tining Drag Diamond Grinding

181”

S +

1/8

”D +

Bur

lap

DFT/CTMEstimated Friction

ASTM E 274 Skid TrailerMeasured Friction

• While a relationship can be observed between texture depth and noise as measured by OBSI, this is really caused more by the “bumps and dips” that occur every 1 to 2 inches

Texture vs. Noise

30

• Constructability– Depth does not match nominal– Nominal is not ‘nominal’– Variability appears high

Work underway with equipment manufacturers to improve process.

Texture vs. Noise

• To predict noise, we need to understand much more about the texture than what we know now.

• To link to noise mitigation and wall construction, we have many miles to go– Average, variability, and time history

Texture vs. Noise

31

• Categorize / rank over 200 unique nominal texture

configurations (actual texture)

• Interrelate texture-noise-friction-smoothness

• Identify ways to reduce texture and noise variability

• Develop texture specification

• Build / evaluate trial sections to “new” specification

• Analyze in-vehicle and wayside noise• Consider splash & spray experiment

Critical Steps

Data Analysis Projects

1. 3D Tire Envelopment Filter Development

2. Spectral and Temporal Decomposition of Noise and

Psychoacoustic Evaluation

3. Identification of Relevant Texture Metrics for Noise

4. Relating OBSI and Wayside Noise

5. Texture and Noise Artifacts due to Pavement Design and

Construction

32

Data Analysis Projects

6. Pavement Joint Effects on Noise

7. Impact of Changing the OBSI Test Tire

8. Acoustical Durability

9. Relating OBSI and In-Vehicle Noise

10.Validating the Texture – Friction Relationship

Thank You