ROMANIAN EXPERIENCE REGARDING NUTRIENTS

MANAGEMENT IN DANUBE AND BLACK SEA BASIN

Prof.Dr. Mihail DUMITRUNational Research Institute for Soil Science, Agricultural Chemistry and

Environment ProtectionBucharest, Romania

Romania – Area, Population and GDP in 2000 compared with CC-12 and EU

The Role of the Agricultural Sector in Romania

Structure of farms depicted in terms of number of farms and of

area cultivated by farm size

Crop Area in Romania

Since the total cereals area has been relatively stable over the last ecade, output has varied more according to the yield level, which has fluctuated quite markedly. Average cereal yields increased up to 3.5 t/ha in 1997, but then fell to only 1.86 t/ha in 2000. In line with these yield variations, cereal production in Romania has been as high as 22 million t in 1997, and as low as 10 million t in 2000, a quite dramatic variation in output.

Cereal Yields in Romania relative to the EU-15

Cereal Yields in Romania relative to the EU-15

Year Maize Winterwheat

Barley Sunflower Sugarbeet

Potatoes

1980 3210 2781 2902 1577 22284 134121985 3846 2337 2591 1494 22301 203511986 3811 2497 3265 1872 20143 156031987 2699 2798 3605 1573 20065 129581988 2781 3275 4191 1513 19616 109731989 2472 3364 4475 1512 26465 113951990 2756 3213 3577 1409 20149 10964

Average 3082 2937 3515 1564 21574 136651991 4072 2507 2899 1281 23330 79231992 2046 2188 2670 1257 16098 118711993 2605 2321 2437 1180 18276 148181994 3131 2535 2718 1309 21264 117661995 3184 3082 3122 1304 19928 123171996 2926 1760 2149 1193 20960 139491997 4171 2964 3056 1095 21166 125311998 2756 2561 2394 1085 20045 126421999 3627 2776 2451 1063 21608 144342000 1603 2280 2105 821 13787 12249

Average 3011 2495 2595 1158 19646 11194+/-% -2,4 -15,0 -26,2 -26,0 -10,0 -18,1

Average yeeld per hectare with main crops

Utilization of mineral fertilizers in romanian agriculture

year Mineral fertilizers used(tones active substance)

N + P2O5 + K2O(kg/ha)

N P2O5 K2O Total Arabil Agricol1986 706934 387375 200990 1295299 129,9 86,41990 656094 313108 133873 1103075 117,0 74,81995 305800 149600 14700 470100 49,7 31,81996 268000 153000 14000 435000 46,6 29,41997 262000 129000 13000 404000 43,3 27,31998 254000 114000 15000 383000 41,0 25,91999 225000 93000 13000 331000 35,4 22,52000 239300 88300 14600 342200 36,5 23,02001 260000 100000 40000 400000 42,5 26,92002 222000 138000 50000 410000 43,6 27,6

1) recorded on Ministry of Agriculture, Forest, Water and Environment

The total natural fertilizers applied between 1996-2000 1

Year Total fertilizers Applied area Average / haAppliedarea

comparedwith the

totalcultivated

area

To appliedarea

To agriculturalarea

t % ha % % Kg/ha % Kg/ha %1996 17.870.978 100 701.395 100 7,09 25.479 100 1212 1001997 16.513.098 92 682.239 97 7,09 24.204 95 1120 941998 15.841.903 29 665.026 95 6,90 23.821 93 1074 891999 16.685.312 93 680.016 97 6,90 24.537 96 1129 932000 15.812.625 88 674.200 96 6,80 23.454 92 1068 88

1) Datas from National Institute for Statistics, 2001-

Consumption of chemical fertilizers (milion tons) inWest Europe and Eastern Europe and former Soviet Uniona

Region 1960/61 1987/88 1999/00N 3,35 11,37 10,21

P2O5 3,87 5,25 3,54K2O 3,74 5,75 3,94

West Europe

Total 10,96 22,37 17,69N 0,76 4,30 2,02

P2O5 0,64 2,59 0,54K2O 0,66 2,63 0,60

Central andEastern Europe

Total 2,06 9,52 3,16N 0,77 11,78 2,42

P2O5 1,09 8,56 0,47K2O 0,77 7,05 0,84

Former SovietUnion

Total 2,63 27,39 3,73N 1,53 16,08 4,44

P2O5 1,73 11,15 1,01K2O 1,43 9,68 1,44

Total (CEE +FSU)

Total 4,69 36,91 6,89

Evolution of soil characteristics between 1990-2000

Nutrient content 1990area (ha)

2000area (ha) %

Low and very lowcontent of Humus

4.876.000 7.485.000 35

3.448.000 5.110.000 35 Low content of

Nitrogen4.473.000 6.330.000 29

Low and very lowcontent of

mobile phosphorous

498.000 785.000 37

Soil reaction 1990area (ha)

2000area (ha) %

Moderate and stronglyacide soils

2.369.000 3.424.000 31

Yield (t/ha) of cereals, potatoes and sugar beet in West Europeand Central and Eastern Euripe, in 1993-1995; comparisons

between the first five countries with the highest agricultural landarea

Region Country Cereals Potatoes Sugar beetFrance 6.51 34.19 68.29Spain 2.26 19.15 46.92Germany 6.65 34.06 50.93Great Britain 6.65 40.12 49.50Italy 4.70 23.12 43.36

Countries inWest Europe

Average 5.20 30.13 51.80Poland 2.75 16.85 34.31Romania 2.83 12.94 21.74Hungary 3.72 14.12 29.56Bulgaria 2.79 9.77 13.74Yugoslavia 3.32 7.17 29.83

Countries inCentral andEastern Europe

Average 3.08 12.17 25.84

Evolution of agricultural contribution in the gross domestic product,total investments in agriculture from national economy, and total

expenditure from budget

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Agriculturalcontribution to grossdomestic product %

18.56 20.58 19.40 19.33 18.78 17.63 14.23

Investments inagriculture fromNational Economy %

10.19 6.60 18.74 10.73 11.23 6.25 6.47

Total expediture fromstate budget %

19.39 12.51 12.14 12.69 13.03 8.22 8.66

Limitative factors of agricultural land productive capacity(December 31)

Limitative factors Affected area (thousandhectares)

1. Frequent draught, of which:- equipped with irrigation schemes

7,1003,211

2. Frequent water excess, of which:- equipped with drainage sysems

3,7813,196

3. Water soil erosion, of which:- soil erosion control

6,3002,274

4. Landslides 7025. Wind soil erosion 3786. Excesive coarse fragments in topsoil 3007. Soil salinization 6148. Soil compaction due to inadequate tillage,“plowpan”

6,500

9. Natural soil compaction 2,06010. Crusting and sealing 2,30011. Strong and moderate acidity 3,43712. High alkalinity 22213. Low and very low humus content 8,62014. Low and very low available phosphoruscontent

6,258

15. Low available potassium content 78116. Low nitrogen supply 5,08817. Micro-nutrient (Zn) deficiency 1,50018. Soil chemical pollution 90019. Soil pollution with oil and brine 5020. Pollution with air-born substances 147

Self-sufficiency in Crop Production (%)

LIVESTOCK

5380700 2122500 2535498 1564165 12003400 951400 3974885 282205 14061900 9050100 7070893 5268162

efective din care matca

efective din care matca

efective din care matca

efective din care matca

efective din care matca

efective din care matca

TAURINE PORCINE OVINE1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001

5380700

2122500

2535498

1564165

12003400

951400

3974885

282205

14061900

9050100

7070893

5268162

0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001

SITUATIA COMPARATIVA A EFECTIVELOR DE TAURINE, PORCINE SI OVINE1990-2001

matca

efective

TAURINE PORCINE OVINE

Self-sufficiency in Animal Production in %

Average Price Gaps between Romania and the EU-15 for Livestock Products

Development of Agricultural Production (1995=100 %) and Share of Crop and

Livestock Production (1988 -2001)

In 2002 under current policy conditions an average 20 hectare farm provides income at the level of an annual gross average wage in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and also more or less so in Slovakia. Low income in the rest of the economy in Bulgaria and Romania means that a 20 hectare farm would produce 2 to 3 times more income than an average employment outside agriculture, despite comparably low income levels per hectare of land.

Relative income* of a 20 ha farm in 2002 and 2007(Gross Value Added / Gross average annual wage)

Average consumptions (exports) of soil nutrients to produce yields (kg of nutritive elements/ton of main yield and the quantity

corresponding to the secondary yield)

- Daily and annual production of nutritive elements in dejecta of animal raised in an intensive system

Land area (ha) needed for an animal raised in an intensive system or proprietor's system

Potential vulnerable zones to nitrate pollution

List of sites having a nitrate import – export value over the threshold

Potential vulnerable zones to nitrate pollution + Sources exceeding threshold