.

*HE BBOOKl^H £ 1 ^ ^ 25

* OUR WATER SUPPLY.

i

i

*im Relation jt Bear* to Public ' \ H e a l t h — S o m e o f t h e R e q u i s i t e s of

, t h e D r a i n a g e A r e a — D e v e l o p m e n t

,• >'..--;of W a t e r P l a n t S y s t o m s .

- Cant Iron pipe,, one of t h e mos t impor tan t eesent la la of t he m o d e m sys tem of wa te r sup? p ly , -wag first' uspd in thie count ry In 1819,

. . i a V i i g V b e e n Introduced In London a t apoUt

v*^Ut"S rBmafI ;niimt5oFof; Amer ican ciwer :Yrero l a t he possession of a public w a t e r supply,

j ahd - in the few cases which could be enumer -— , r a . ted t h e ^ o ^ S ' w ^ l T o I ^ t l f o ' c f u I o i i charac ter ,

cons is t ing pr incipal ly pf a tow mi le s of woOd-, on mains , and a smal l tank or pond serv ing

a s a reservoir . No t un t i l the first half of this, w n t u r y ^ w a s well advanced, when wi th the g r o w t h of cltleoy wi th {he upbui ld ing oi g rea t

, indus t r ies and wi th ever increas ing knowledge • , - , ... ,.-, . . d f the science of san i ta t ion , did the genferat, w l t | t h e , a r e * p r J o r J o p a s s i n g ^ u p o n # o qiialU v , d e m a n d for a ] s y s i e m of wate r supply in o u r f ^ ^ Joe . ^ a l W : _ A ^ o p u l a t e d ^ w d t e r ^hed

^ A m e r i c a n ci t ies Begin to ar ise , soon growing ""'"" to such l a rge propor t ions tha t to-day mos t Of the smal les t v i l lages have m a d e provision in

m u s t a lways be regarded with more or less suspicion, dependent upon t he facility .with which d r a inage from the inhabi ted sec t ions

in Montc la l r , !N. J . , -where the' origin w*s~ t raced to a da i ry w h e r e t h e r e were two cases of typhoid ' on t he premises, the .mi lk

-cans hav ing been washed in a well adjoin-Ittg tho outhouse . " W a t e r Is; howover, :\tft* douhjedly t h e pr incipal ca r r i e r of both these disease, and as It Is s ter i l ised to a less ex ten t t h a n e i ther of the o the r s and Is used m o r e abundan t ly , i t Is cus tomary to regard It wi th sUsplcion whenever they prevail . All of these s o called filth diseases have the i r u l t i m a t e remedy in far reach ing cleanliness, a n d w h i l e It i f in this direction that mus t be u l t ima te ly looked to for the i r ex t inguish­ment , o n e mU3t \no t underes t ima te t h e Im­por t ance of aeouHhg and main ta in ing a water supply of uhques t ldned pur i ty , . l u t h e selection of a, d ra inage area for wa te r supply purposes , t he \ a u a l l t y of the supply

s^p^^lyt&^ilTOaaelSPofsl!^ placed on " a n inspeotlor\. of the water shed, a n d - o m syetematl 'J chemical and biological a n a l y s e s , " t h e l a t t e r r equ i t i ng special t r a ln -i n g ^ B o t ' o n l y for m a k i n g t h e examinat ions , b u t .a lso for their in te rpre ta t ion . " T h e In­spection reveals the n a t u r e of the . te r r i tory In quest ion, enabl ing the ana lys t to properly In­t e rp re t the resu l t s which he obtains . I t has now become/cus tomary for t he chemlBt to In­s is t upon hav ing a t least some ' famil iar i ty

WAEWIOK CASTLE.

I

bJlity of fai lure In tho q u a n t i t y or of deter ior­a t ion in quali ty, o f ' t h e Water would be a n - u n -

• i ,doubted . ' ca lamity sufficient to. -check - t h e '&rOwth of- t he most prosperous.- . I t is assor ted tha t?pea r ly three t h o u s a n d . p l a n t s , a r e In use

-^TUO'w^inthe . 'Uhl tea S ta tes , and tha t , their in-. etalftttion h a s cost near ly "tf00,000,000,

• \ T h o foresight and ski l l of t h e hydraul ic en-v g l n e s r s of ear l ie r days, no twi ths t and ing tha t

. -*they depended a lmost en t i r e ly upon sound Judgmen t and r ipened personal exper ience,

• v , i W w a s also f requent ly called Into service In a lmost every o ther b r a n c h of eng inee r ing scl- ' enopj la In broad evidence in every direction, ' da t ing back even to tho cons t ruc t ion of the old Romaiv aqueducts , which a re to-day, a s ever,

•marvels^not only a s endu r ing s t ruc tu res , but f ^al-so in . the acl l l fulness of the i r design a n d ,s ,00'nstructlon. W i t h tho ever increasing, com-' .p l ex l ty of problems presented wi th t h e lapse

of t ime and the cor respondingly va ry ing coh-. Editions, t h e san i t a ry eng inee r ing and economic

•featuros conheoted With the cons t ruc t ion and managemen t of the works , t he prevent ion of pollut ion, methods of purification and ways

. and m e a n s of conserving the sources of sup­ply, a r e all becoming m o r e and more import ­an t factors In the proper des ign and manage ­m e n t of sUch( sys tems .

P rogress i n some ot these par t lqu la rs has been slow, and it has required repeated and enormous sacrifice of life to es tabl ish the Impor tan t re la t ionship which exis ts between the qua l i ty of the wa te r supply and the gen-,e ra l .hea l th of a Community and Us abi l i ty to Tes l s t many of t h e epidemics, wi th the record of which his tory of tho pas t abounds . As long a g o a s 1843 i t was asser ted t h a t ah out­b r e a k of typhoid Tever in E r i e county, N . T. ,

. w a s . caused by the use of a polluted well, and while a l lko opinion Concerning s imi lar epidemics was frequent ly roi tora ted by in-

— - v e 8 t f g a t o r * - o f - a - I a t e r — f i a t e r It—was -an tago-;j; nfeed by Dr . Pe t tenkofer of Ber l in , who ,In

. I860 announced t h a t d i ag rams which he. had .,-. p repared clearly showed an increase . i n . t h e

.. prevalence of cholera a n d typhoid following . an ' increased elevation of t h o . g r o u n d Water

ftftef -prolonged d rough t s ,6r severe s to rms , . the cause, in his opinion,' be ing due to the

expulsion of the e l e m e n t s of these diseases from tho soil at such t imes . W i t h t h e Intro­duction by Dr. Koch, In 1881, of h is method

- o f m a k i n g cu l tures for tho examina t ion of tho bacteria , there was begun a new era in the s tudy of disease, and the ge rm theory , hav ing successfully encountered al l t h e op­position tha t could be desired Tor i ts sub­s tant ia t ion , is to-day usual ly accepted. Us proofs being convincing and deduction's Togi-

. ca l ; it h a s . a l s o been pointed out t h a t t h e r e is a ha rmony between th is theory and t h a t of Dr. Pet tenkofer , since With low ground' water a t a given point, a f larger d ra inage a rea necessar i ly exists , increas ing t he opportuni t ies for tho collection of disease ge rms . Case ar tor ' case of both typhoid and cholera epi­demics h a v e been recorded, which have been conclusively t raced •> to a contamina ted water supply . An ou tb reak of typhoid a t P lymou th ,

' ; ' P a . , in the spr ing of 1885, w h e n ' o n e ^ e l g h t h . ' Of t he population' were vic t ims and 10 per

' ; cent. : of- the1 pa t ien ts died, h a s been frequent ly ' •'• and widely commented upon. T h e Invest i­

ga t ion was thorough and showed t h a t t he \j , ou tb reak was due to t h e contaminat ion of t he

- - ^ - s o u r c e - o f - w a t e r - s u p p l y by a*typhoid pa t i en t b r o u g h t from Phi lade lphia a n d l iving nea r

t he bank of the s t r e a m . T h o cases were only auTofig-tlfeTTamTIIer oTTho jconsumers of th is wa te r .

Concerning t he gorm theory, Messrs . Raf ter and Baker , in the i r vo lume on "Sewage Dis­posal in the Uni ted S t a t e s , " se t forth tha t "ce r t a in diseases of m e n and an ima l s a r e communicable from ope Individual , to a n ­o ther , and tho modern s tud ies in bacter iology show tha t some of them a r e not only communi ­cable between Individuals of t he same species, bu t a r e In terchangeable be tween an ima l s and men and between men and. an ima l s . T h e ge rm theory of disease, as announced In the las t few years , is the most ra t ional explana­tion of tho causat ion of communicab le dis­eases that has yet been advanced, and, wi th­ou t a s se r t i ng its absolu te cor rec tness . It may bo st i l l said that a t the p resen t t ime al l ad­vanced s an i t a r i ums as sume i ts correc tness , a n d tho best s an i t a ry work is executed on the supposi t ion tha t the said t h e o r y Is essent ia l ly correct . It is Impor tan t t ha t th is bo thor­ough ly unders tood, because the assumpt ion of essent ia l cor rec tness of the ge rm theory forces

' upon' san i ta ry au tho r i t i e s the responsibi l i ty of no t only tak ing .certain p recau t ions and pro-

' v ld ing prevent ive measures a lways , bu t leaves upon them the responsib i l i ty of possibly 1m-

'' pe r i l ing human life in caso of neglect . The g e r m theory a s sumes tha t the ac t ive causes of communicab le or contagious diseases a r e mi­nu te , l iv ing organ isms , for_the mos t par t capa­ble of Independent life both wi th in and with­out tho animal body. Many fotros of bacter ia a re ha rmles s and m u s t be looked upon as the beneficent fr iends of man , doing him many a' good turn which o therwise he would find It difficult to accomplish. Others a r e the raor-bldiflc causes, when they gain access to the human economy, of tho var ious Infectious or communicable diseases. At tent ion may be h e r e directed to the fact that the bacter ia , al­though microscopic In size, a r e st i l l , so far as t he evidence goes, divided Into dis t inct spe­cies, and by consequence each contagious dis­ease has Its own specific germ, which mus t b e p resen t in every caso before tha t par t icu la r disease can bo dcvelop&l. Once Introduced Into the an imal body, ho.wever, the specific ge rm, af ter a porlod of incubat ion, finally g rows and mul t ip l ies enormous ly ; BO that , whi le a s ingle germ, or tho Joast a tom of In­fectious mate r ia l , sorves to Inoculate a dis­ease In a suscept ible person, the contagious m a t t e r produced In tho course of tho disease may bo sufficient to Inoculate m a n y thousands . In each special d isease tho contagion mul t i ­pl ies chiefly In tho par t i cu la r t issues which aro especially subject to Its act ion, and the Infective ge rms a re cast off from the body with tho secre t ions of those t i s sues . "

Tho re la t ion of •fyater supply to disease m u s t to-day be considered in the l ight of this c lear exposit ion of accepted t h c o t / , which, •whllo It may oxclto afa-m In tho t imid mind, t ha t con templa tes t h o ' o p p o r t u n i t y for devas­ta t ion tha t m a y be cottinlned unseen In a glass of water , . should pKyluco a senso of satisfaction ' in tho thoughtful and lead to g rea to r knowlodgo of san i t a ry selenco and cor respondingly Increased c a r o - t o s t r eng th ­en the fortifications wo aro dai ly bui lding for the prevent ion of the haVoc crea ted by tho uso of fin Imp-ure wa te r . Diseases which

those cases tho possible p o n u t i o n ' l s avoided: by a n a t u r a l , filtration; l a others artificial d r a i n a g e Is relied upon; bu t a t all such points t he waiter Ahed mus t be thoroughly and fre­quen t ly patrol led, and offenders of the public hea l t h ~ p r o m p t l y ^ u n i s h f f i r r T h e — g e o l o g i c a l format ion may be such a s to diminish t h e impur i t ies , or It may favor " the . re tent ion .of\ e i the r the an ima l o r minera l m a t t e r ; suppl ies 1

frbm peaty countr ies a r e l iable to produce d ia r rhea , and a r e f requent ly alleged to cause, ma la r i a . Condit ions a r e often discovered by a n inspect ion which a r e In. themselves suffi­c ient cause for the condemnat ion lot t he sup-ply, a n d a l l cases of possible sdwage pollution should be thoroughly invest igated by t h e aid of chomlcal and biological ana lyses of samples t aken a t var ious places above and below the points ot suspicion."

T h e d i rec t sources of water, supply a re run­n i n g s t r e a m s or spr ings , lakes or surface s torage , a n d underground s t r a t a e i ther ai» open or t u b u l a r wells. Tho direct source in every case is the rainfal l . The a r ea of the-watershed collecting the ra in fa l l may be tha t defined by the su r round ing r idge , or it may be a l t e r ed a n d e i ther enlarged or cont rac ted by t h a geological formation. . A s imple com­pu ta t i on shows tha t a rainfal l of one inch per a n n u m on "one squa re mile of d ra inage area,.-wlll be e q u l v a l e n t . t o - a n - a ' v e r a g e " s u p p l y of 47,613 Uni ted S t a t e s gal lons del ivered dally t h r o u g h o u t tho yea r ; meteorological records show t h a t t he ave rage annua l rainfal l .In the var ious s t a t e s of the Union, var ies from, a m a x i m u m Of 64.9 Inches In F lo r ida to a min­i m u m of 7.6 inches in Nevada, whi le . in some por t ions o r t he l a t t e r s ta te , It seldom if ever r a i n s . I n New York s t a t e t h e a v e r a g e rainfal l is 86.6 Inches, while In t he vicini ty of New-York city It Is about forty-four inches, or an ave rage precipi ta t ion of 2,094,972 Uni ted S ta tes ga l lons per square mi le dally for each day In the year . Vegeta t ion, absorpt ion and evapora t ion a r e general ly t he bes t wate r con-sumers .p resen t lng pr ior and uny ie ld ing olalms, va ry ing In the United Sta tes from 30 to 90 per cent , ot t he rainfall , and exceeding 50 per cent , iu t he major i ty of ca ses ; a s s u m i n g tha t these demands a re represented by the last ment ioned figure, It Is evident t ha t an average dally s t r eam flows a t t h e r a l e of 1,000,000 Uni ted S ta tes gallons per square mi le of d ra inage a rea , a very l iberal es t imate . The es t imate Is fur ther complicated and mater ia l ly a l te red by the fact t ha t the re Is a cons tan t var ia t ion in the. annua l ra infal l , some yea r s fal l ing far below the average , whi le o thers cor respondingly exceed l t .and by the faot t ha t except In cer ta in well favored local i t ies It Is difficult or impossible to s tore t h e ' s u p p l y In such quan t i t y tha t i t s flow m a y be control led and regu la ted for uni form daily d is t r ibut ion t h r o u g h o u t the year . In a' rece&f repor t by Mr. C. C. Vermeule , C. E., on t he sources of wa te r supply for t he var ious pa r t s of New Je r sey , It 1* es t imated tha t with an average a n n u a l ra infa l l of 44 Inches t h e m i n i m u m pre-, c lpl ta t ion in tha t s t a t e would be 35 Inches , of Which only 14 inches can be made avai lable for Uniform use , and t h a t - t o s e c u r e this It is n e c e s s a r y . to. provide s torage : for .7.5 inches o r 130,000,000 gallons per squa re m i l e Of water shed. T h i s e s t ima te will b e seen ..to corre­spond: with, a n average, daily, yield: of- two-t h i r d s of.-fl-.milllon gallons.,p_er-.:s,qu.axB- mile of drainaga-area,-whlcJi._uh.deiLAha.glven,oon-dl t lons , is as h igh a figure aB 'can be safely relied upon.

—The-cost—per—million— g a l l o n s - c a p a c i t y of-t h e Croton reservoi rs , as es t imated by compe­t e n t engineers , var ies from $170 to $200. On the former basis It will b e seen tha t to se­cu re the proposed s to rage of 7.5 Inches, t he cost of t h o reservoi rs required would be ap­prox imate ly $22,000 per squa re mi le of wa t e r shed, o t h e r condi t ions be ing favorable . In u t i l i z ing a d ra inage area for wa t e r supply pur­poses, Us u l t i m a t e yield should be well be­yond the r e q u i r e m e n t s of ac tua l p r e s e n t needs, developing It fur ther by Increased s to rage up t o t he l imit , as occasion demands . I t Is t hus usua l ly possible, "when the wa te r shed Is l a rge and the required d r a u g h t smal l , to so-cu re a supply adequate for immedia te necessi­t ies a t a cost far below t h a t requi red for the comple te u t i l iza t ion of the area. In es t imat ­ing t he capaci ty of a wa t e r shed it m u s t bo r e m e m b e r e d that Us topographical features will have an Impor tant bear ing on the un i ­formi ty of Us yield, steep slopes producing flashy s t r eams , forests p reven t ing evapora t ion , r e t a r d i n g the flow and equal iz ing It dur ing the va r ious seasons, while va r ious k i n d s and a m o u n t s of vegeta t ion require g rea te r or less p ropor t ion of the to ta l yield. T h e denud ing of ou r fores ts Is awaken ing In teres t in i t s re­la t ion to rainfal l and s t r eam flow, and whllo the re Is no establ ished ce r t a in ty t h a t It af­fects the former, the la t te r is unques t ionably as above indlcatedfl mate la l y al tered, a l . h : u g h -this affect-may In a degree be neutra l ized by Increased s torage. The development of per­m a n e n t underground supplies, e i ther as open o r t u b u l a r wells, Is based on exact ly the same laws to which the surface s t r e a m s a r e sub­j ec t ; t he source of supply Is invar iably tho rainfal l on the con t r ibu t ing wate r shed, b u t t he unce r t a in ty usual ly a t t e n d a n t In defining the la t te r for sub-surfaco supplies , often r e ­su l t s In secur ing a yield far above or below t h a t e s t imated , render ing It par t icu la r ly oasy for t he popu la r fancy to consider these sources as vailed In complete mystery , frequently ac­cred i t ing them to the ocean, unde r t h e as­sumpt ion t h a t the water is subjected to a n a t u r a l Alteration. If one recal ls the fact t h a t Alteration simply removes m a t t e r s In suspension, whllo the contained sa l t of the ocean U held In solution, the fallacy of such a theory Is easy of comprehension.

In tho l ight of past exper ience and with the preser>t knowledge of tho i m p o r t a n c e of main-' talntng' a proper qual i ty of water , It has be­come general ly accepted tha t whenever possi­ble, tho ownership and control of the wator works should be vested Ih tho s t a t e or munlc-. Ipallty, so t h a t tho subject may bo t reated In tho l iberal and far sighted way which Its Im­por tance deserves. In tho words of Mr, J ames Mansergh, vice pres ident of tho Inst i tut ion of oiVil engineers , " tho supply of wate r to any olty should never bo Intrusted t6.A company, however serious and s table . It Is essential ly a municipal bus iness , and whenever A compe­ten t , Incorrupt ible and truly' represen ta t ive municipal Authority exis ts , tha t body should a d m i n i s t e r And control tho wator supply In t he Holo in te res t of tho rato payers , and Without Increas ing Us cost by providing dividends to slvareholders." It somet imes happens t h a t for financial reasons, It Is Imporat ivo or may ho deomed be t t e r policy to allow or oven oncour-ago p r iva t e ownership , but in such cases 'when

A Orand Old Place, Which, 1$ the Words of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Shapes Our Ideas of the Antique Tlnie.

The charac te r of anc ien t bui ld ings , the var i ­ous styles o f ; a rch i t ec tu re which they present to us, the i r beau t ies ' as well a s their blemishes , enable anyone whose darkness may be l lght-

of imaginat ion t o recall t h a persons a n d the e v e n t s wi th W h l c h t h e s e bui ld ings havo been a s seq la t ed . . T h e gloomy feudal for t ress c a r r i e r t he mind back to the middle ages ; tho abbey, wi th i ts c lois ters and windows and a l l the su r round ings of a dim. rel igious l ight , r eminds us of days when t he head of the church was Indeed ChriBt's v icar h e r e upon e a r t h ; whllo the palace sugges ts , s ide by Bide wi th i ts s tor ies of games played a t t h a t g r e a t g a m e In which men a r e bu t as pawns, p ic tu res of gal­lant gen t lemen and fair ladles who, though being dead, yet l ive before us . Eng land Is not™so--rich-"ln^hesB-varle^~rojnl3linri toinror palace, abbey and tower as Is F r a n c e , , f o r in­stance, and par t icu la r ly Toura lne . -Many of our m o s t famous .medieva l cast les h a v e been

tie. Born in 1664, h o en te red Sh rewsbury sohool. the same day. a s Ph i l i p Sidney, w i th Whom ho formed a c lose fr iendship, -which

legendary wa«r lor , was buUt by t h e second Thomas de B e a u c h a m p In t ho re ign of Richard II, being comple ted In 1394. I t is twelve

only e n d e d , w l t h ^ Z u t p h e n . H e . was one of : sidod^ th i r ty feet in d i a m e t e r a t the base, Queen E l izabe th ' s " y o u n g m e n , " a n d a t onco ! with wallB*"ten ' feet th ick , a n d r ises to a a t t r ac t ed h e r - f a v o r , a n d " h a d t h e longest j height of a h u n d r e d a n d twen ty-e igh t foot, l e a s o a n d the smoo thes t t ime wi thout r ub of ] This tower con ta ins five floors, each floor hav-cmy of her f a v o r i t e s ; " and such, was he r a t - | lug a groined roof and be ing subdivided Into (aohment to h i m tha t , a l t hough she al lowed i ono large and t w o smal l rooms, t h e sides of Sidney to go to t he war s h e refused GrevlKo j which a r e p ierced wi th n u m e r o u s loopholes, permission. H i s body was bur ied in St. I commanding i tf va r ious d i rec t ions the cur-Mary 's church,- Warwick , and tho epi taph ! tains w h i c h . t h e tower was Intended to pro-Whlch he h a d himself composed was engraved ! tect. A s t a i r ca se of a hundred and th l r ty-upon the monument , h o had erected dur ing I three s teps . l e a d s to tho summi t , which Is

' GUY'S TOWER.

suffered to fall into decay, or, worse s t i l l , have been Improved Into modern shape by the r a sh h a n d of Idle Innovators .

T h e r e Is one a m o n g our cast les , however , which n e i t h e r t ime 's defacing fingers nor m a n ' s innova t ing band has despoi led—War­wick castle.

Possibly t he re Is no place of th is sor t so well known to the whole Engl i sh world over, s i tua ted as It is within that Shakspea re coun­try from which proceedeo,„-ihose__melodloua sounds tha t yet fill the world. I t h a s a lways been the Mecca pi t he best afcd nobles t of l i t­e r a r y p i lg r ims from America. ^Nearly half a c e n t u r y _ a g o - K a t h a n l e l ' H a w t h o r n e wro le for

his l ifetime. I t r u n s thus1:

FUDKH QREVILLE, Servant to Queen Elizabeth

Counselor to King James

Warwick cas t l e a n d Us owner ; Robert , sec­ond Lord Drooke, were des t ined to play ,a p rominent p a r t in t he approach ing civil War. The first ten yea r s of h is possession of t h e t i t le pract ica l ly coincided wi th what has been called the S t u a r t dynas ty . By educat ion and connection—his only s i s te r was m a r r i e d to Sir A r t h u r Hasolr igge, ono of the five'members— and by disposit ion ho was s t rongly a t tached to tho popular pa r ty . Soon after h i s accession ho formed, with Lord Saye and Sele, the de­sign of emig ra t ing to New England , and the colony of Sayebcooke was founded under a commission, from them. But his fate lay not t h e r e ; he was impr i soned for refusing to sub­scribe to tho p ro tes ta t ion jof fidellty^tQ Char les

t m . n l s Bcd'tUBh ekpedl t lon of 1639, and in May, 1640, his houso was entered, h is papers seized and he hlmsolf aga in imprisoned. At t h e . c o m m e n c e m e n t of tho civil war , as lord l ieu tenant of ml l l t ta for t he count ies of War -

-wick-andr-Stnffoi-d, he—garrisoned—Wttrwlek-castle for the pa r l i amen t , and mus te red t ra in bands and vo lun teers . Iu one of the ear l ies t sk i rmishes ho defeated tho Earl of Nor th ­ampton a t Klne ton , nea r Banbury . The de­feated earl Immedia te ly proceedod to lay siege to Warwick cast le , bu t Sir Edward Peto , who was in command, held out till Lord Brooke rellcvod him, af ter a siege which had lasted thrco--weeks. Under Essex, Warwick cast le became the cen te r and depot of mi l i t a ry forces in the Wes t Midlands, and Brooke was made commander- in-chief of the associat­ed count ies . But he did not hold his office long; while a t t a ck ing the Close a t Lichfield he was s t ruck in tho eye by a bullet and killed on tho spot . T h e cur ious in such mat te r s observed tha t tho day of h i s death (March 2) was St. Chad's—St. Chad being tho sa in t to whom Lichfield ca­thedral is dedicated. Tho death of this lord of Warwick Cas t le b rough t out a crop of elegies: Milton, descr ibes him- as " a r i g h t n o b l e a n d pious lo rd" and Har ing ton praised h l n r i u f a sa in t and a m a r t y r in "An Elegy Upon the Mlrour ot • Magnan lmi t i e . " The two first—In m a n y respec t s the two foremost —peers of the Orevll le l ine thus died; though In a different way, each had a violent dea th . ' The second Lord Brooke died In the 36th year of his ago. hav ing had tho satisfaction of freeing his cas t le from the besieging royal­ists . Of tha t siege a quain t account is given In a contemporary p a m p h l e t ent i t led "A Let ­ter F r o m a Gent leman of Warwick to His F r i end in London. '" ' The following a re the most in te res t ing poin ts in It:

" T h i s day seavenn lgh t In tho morn ing , my Lbrd of N o r t h a m p t o n came to Banbury where the ordnance was del ivered, and from thence with rail speed they went to war to my Lord Brook 's cast le . They were confident the toun would be del ivered up present ly , but thero they found a m a n of courage, t ha t b rave man

crowned by a hiacblcolated pa rape t . T h e vaul t boneath has been cons t ruc ted of great s t rongth, appa ren t ly for t he purpose of sup­port ing en t h e roof .some ponderous and pow-. ^ M « j ^ I n j } ^ ^ m l a , t 4 ^ ^ ^ th iug whlch'"coura D:&*Drought ^ U i s T i t r ^ T h e detai ls of t he cas t l e can" b e best observed from this tower and- i t commands a fine v iew of

A TREASUKE ISLAND.

Hunt for Hidden Gold in Nova Scotia—Legends of Burled Pirate Booty—Thousands Spent In Dig­ging on Oak Island.

r v w ' V ' - " ^

S?=9-

"And you t ru ly th ink Captain K l d d ' s gold Is burled t h e r e ? "

"No doubt of It, s ir , provided the last company d idn ' t s t r ike it and car ry It oft. I n r ^ t t ^ f l V h t frTr"">hT",rn ,....„• • ;

7toT~-YoWsehf <k id - tWy^ and off noxt m o r n i n g leaving the i r shear ;x>les s tanding , and o the r tackle ly ing round

the s u r r o u n d i n g count ry , ex t end ing for many . ,, mllf .s 'Tha c*w\r\rw! flrw-,^ n S a m h n r n n w u«n(t l oose .

We had Just pushed- off from t h e Blue miles. T h e second floor chamber , now used as a m u n i m e n t room, was tho place of con­finement of t h e Ea r l of LIndsey, who, with his father, was taken p r i soner a t tho ba t t le of Edge Hi l l , ;

The grea t ha l l Is 62 feet long, 35 feet broad and nearly 40 feet h igh. I t is l ighted by three large recessod windows, and is paneled with oak to a height of near ly n ine feet. Tho floor is composed of red and whi te marble in loz­enge shaped squares , b r o u g h t from tho, neigh­borhood of Verona, and tho 'fine hoodedjmari-

-teipicce ofcarvoa stone came from Homo. The length of t h e - s u i t e of a p a r t m e n t s visible from the hal l Is 330 feet, and through the doorway leading to t he chapel a good view Is obtained of the fine eques t r ian por t ra i t of Charles I, by Van Dyck. In which the k ing Is

an American magaz ine a series of ske tches . In one Of which, ent i t led "About W a r w i c k , " he te l l s Us hoW " t h r o u g h the vista of WttffcfrsUh**-Sir- Edward Pe to -Pey ton , who upon the first droop on. e i the r side Into t he wa te r we behold the gray magnificence of Warwick cast le up­lifting Itself a m o n g stately t rees and r ea r ing its t u r r e t s h igh above the i r loftiest b ranches . W e can scarcely t h ink the scene rea l , so com­pletely do Its machlcolated towers , the long line of ba t t l emen t s , the massive bu t t r e s se s , the h igh windowed walls, shape out our indis­t inc t Ideas of tha an t i que t i m e . "

The legendary Guy' and a l l his feats may bo dismissed from a n y accoun t 'wh lch m a k e s any pre tense to be his tor ical . T h e r e Is a cur ious account of the garr ison of W a r w i c k cast le In the t ime of H e n r y II, when all h is leg i t imate sons were in a r m s aga ins t him, and the two i l legi t imate sons of F a i r Rosamond a lone r e ­mained faithful. I t was occupied for tho king, and the sheriff 's account rendered for the vic­tua l l ing of the place was th i s "x l . II. xlll. s. illl. d. for 20 q u a r t e r s of Bread Corn; xx. s. for 20 q u a r t e r s of Malt ; c. s. for 50 Blefs sal ted u p ; xxx. s. for 90 cheeses; and xx. s. for sa l t then laid In for v ic tual l ing thereof ."

Of t h e Impor tance of Warwick cas t l e In t he middle ages we can well form an idea from Dugda le ' s s t a t e m e n t : , . : - - .

"Of what g rea t regard It was in those t imes may be discerned by the k ing ' s precept to the Archbishop 'oMfork—for-requtr tng-g

messago sent tho lords an abso lu te a n s w e r h e would not del iver t he cast le . They gave h im two hou r s ' t ime and sent again. Sir Ed-

.ward sent an a n g r y answer tha t they migh t have taken his word a t first. The lords p lan t ­ed the i r ordnance aga ins t t he cas t le and dis­charged one. Sir Edward In requl ta l l dis­charged two and bid them as they liked tha t to snoot aga in ; then Sir Edward made proc­lamat ion tha t al l h i s fr iends should depar t the toun, and for t he r e s t bid them look to themselves . H e h u n g ou t of t he cas t le a bloody flag wi th a cross upon It, In defiance of the papis t s , and now shoots n igh t and day with double muske t s that kill twenty score. Ho Shot th rough t he house where Lord Comp-ton lay, which m a d e him remove his lodging. The'b Lord, Compton be ing p lan t ing ordnanco upon t he tower of the church , Sir Edward d is ­charged an o rdnance from the castlo which took off a pinnacle of the tower and made t he c a v a l i e r s . s t i r . Neve r the l e s s they d ischarged the ordnance , be ing one they took from Ban­bury, which b r o k e all in pieces, whereupon they suspect all t h e ordnanco tha t came from Banbury to be poisoned. A fel low.of .my Lord of Nor th ' s going over tho s t r ee t with a shoul­der of mu t ton in his h a n d held It up and said: .q joo l^ore r -you- roundh*^!*^-}^! would be glad

lty of Margery, s is ter and heir to Thomas , j of a bit , ' . p resen t ly fell down dead, being then Ear l of Warwick , tha t she should not ' shot from the cast le . The re a r e not many yet take to husband any person whatsoever in j slain, the castle, s t ands untouched and Sir whom the said k ing could not repose t rus t as I Edward now hangs ou t his winding sheet and

represented In armor, mounted on a gray horse and a t tended by his equerry , e i ther tho Chevalier d 'Epernon or M. de St. Antolne. In the recess of the cen te r window Is a re­markab ly fine cauldron of bell me ta l , popular­ly though erroneously styled "Guy ' s Por­r idge Pot . " I t holds about o n e . h u n d r e d and twenty gallons and is In reali ty a garrlBon cooking pot, used for see th ing flesh ra t ions . It was probably originally made for Sir John Talbot of Swanington, who died in 1365.

Tho s ta te bedroom opens off the gilt d raw-I n g r o o m . a n d from the windows of this room the views in each direct ion a re lovely In the ext reme. Above, tho cascade r ippl ing over tho w e i r ' amids t p ic turesque sur roundings serves to a n i m a t e tho sylvan beaut ies of the scone, while beneath , the vas t cedar t rees spread out the i r feathery foliage In unruffled and t ranqui l magnificence. In front the twin s t r eams of t h o Avon wind gracefully along, g l l t tor lng a m o n g old elms, In the boughs of which squi r re ls frisk about , while rooks caw In the i r topmost b ranches . Tho bed is of salmon colored damask , with coverlets and counterpanes of sa t in , r ichly embroidered with cr imson velvet . This , with the furni­t u r e in this room, wa3 presented to George, second Ear l of Warwick, by George III , and formerly belonged to Queen Anne. On the north wall Is some fine Brussels tapestry, manufac tured In 1604, and I l lus t ra t ing a gar-don a t tached to some medieval palace, prob­ably the park a t Brussels . The chimney-piece, executed by Wes tmaco t t , is-of whi te marb le and verd ant ique . The room also con­ta ins a splendid Buhl wardrobe, a marque t ry cabinet, a table Inlaid with copper, brass and steel, and In the window, a t ravel ing t r u n k covered with leather , formerly belonging to Queen Anno and bea r ing her i n i t i a l s , \ A . R., su rmounted by a crown.

T h e basement s tory of t he cast le, which re ­tains Its mass ive ear ly a rch i tec tu re , Is oc­cupied by the domest ic offices, of which, perhaps, the great s e n - a n t s ' hall is the most p ic turesque and in te res t ing .

Among the arfflstic t r easu res which tho p r iva te a p a r t m e n t s of t he cas t le contain Is a un ique collection of Shakspear lan memor­ials, the most Impor tan t of which a ro the only known manusc r ip t s of Shakspeare ' s plays, wr i t ten before t he close of the sev­en teen th cen tu ry and were collected by t he la te Ear l of Warwick . T h e first of these, unders tood to have been wr i t t en In t he year 1610, is the " H i s t o r y of K i n g H e n r y IV" (the two par t s condensed Into ono), cons i s t ing of fifty-nvo shee t s and a fly leaf. I t Is believed to be In t h e h a n d w r i t i n g of Sir Edward Ber­ing of Sur renden , in Ken t , and to have been t ranscr ibed from s o m e o t h e r manuscr ip t , a s no pr in ted copy Is known to contain i ts va­rious correct ions and a l t e ra t ions . Tho nex t Is a vo lume of m a n u s c r i p t poetical miscel­lanies . Including a manusc r ip t copy of tho t ragedy of J u l i u s Caesar , t ranscr ibed In t h e reign of Char les II . F r o m tho very numer ­ous var ia t ions in t h e manusc r ip t from all the pr in ted edi t ions, it Is c lear ly t ranscr ibed from some independent ve r s ion ; and. Judging from a technical d i r e c t l o n . r e g a r d i n g t h e - d e -scent of P lnda rus in Act V, most probably from-an ancien.t play house copy.

t ag lous diseases , whi le thoso which may bo t r ansmi t t ed th rough sul tablo ca r r i e r s for a dlRtanco, a r o tormod infect ious tiUeftsea; somo of tho Ills to which flesh _ls heir , belong to

""KoTTT of these oTisfoir T>uT~Tt~Ts only with*

Rocks, a crag-bounded fishing hamle t on tho Nova Scotia coast about forty miles south of Halllfax and were round ing Eas t e rn point p repara tory to en t e r ing Mahohe bay, one of the loveliest ot the hundreds of beaut i ful and romant ic bays wi th which the southern coast of Nova Scotia Is Indented.

The " W h a l e r , " as tha fishermen call their undecked, D\vo masted, five ton fishing craft, rose and fell on the mighty swells of the At lan t ic , tho skipper, gripped his helm and smoked and talked whilo an a i r of perfect comteutnieut gradual ly s tole over h i s oak tanned f ea tu res ; his comrade smoked and nodded hea r ty assent to every th ing the sklp-j )er said. „__^_,_ _ ' ~"BuT how do you k n o w ? " I pers is ted, t aa t Kldd bur ied t r easures on Oak i s l a n d ? "

" I t s come down from father to son. Years ago when the count ry was new and few set­t lers here wA rak ish- looking br igs dropped anchor one May day in the bay, sent men and s tores ashore , and took the I s l and ; they bui l t qua r t e r s , raised a fort, and tunneled passages under it, connect ing with the sea, for holding the i r t reasure .

"Thoy stayed there years and years , vessels coming and going, none but a guard in win­te r ; (hen they burn t everyth ing , sailed away and never came back, being taken and hung as pirates . But thoy left tho tunne l s filled with gold, mil l ions of dol lars , some say. The passage opened ou twards under water and was fitted with sluice gates to keep the sea out . W h e n the p i r a t e s left they opened

these sluices and flooded the t r e a s u r e / to pro­tect It.

"Nobody dug there , but years af te rward three farmers from the mainland, Smith , Vaugher and McOInnls, rowed out to the island to explore it. It was p re t ty much al l spruce forest, but on tho eas tern end stood a grove of large oaks, which were not indigenous to that- region and in the middle of the grove was a round clear ing with one sol i tary oak s tand ing In the center of it.

" T h e r o were queer m a r k s on the tree that nobody could unders tand , and one long limb thaJt ran ou t nea r the ear th had been lopped off. Bigh t unde r th i s they found a hollow in tho ground as_ though a shaft had been sunk there and then filled up, and lying in It an old block and tackle. Thoy had heard about the pi ra tes and their bury ing t r easu re there, so next day thoy raine back with a kit of tools and began d igging and clear ing out tho shaft. At ton feet they came to a layer of spruce p lanks , a n o t h e r ten feet and there was an­other layer, and then someth ing happened to them that they dug no f u n h e r , never stx foot on the island again—some say the devil appeared to them or tho ghost of a p i ra te .

" T h e people still talked about tho t reasure , and six years l a te r a stock company was. formed to get a t It. Most all of us took stock. The company burled a lot of good money In tha t hqle. They went down to 90 feet In tho same shaft the th ree men had discovered, coming every two feet to the same layer of p lanks . At n ine ty feet there was a big round flat stone wi th more marks upon it, aud they said to themselves that the t r easu re was now in the i r hands . Sure enough, when thoy had u p t u r n e d the stone and sounded with crow bars the tools s t ruck with a dull thud on the lid of a ches t of oak. My g rand fa the r was there , and he said it sounded like e a r t h fall ing on a coffin lid.

" B u t as the devil would havo It, n ight fell j u s t then and they had to qui t till morning.

" T h e y d idn ' t sleep much tha t n ight and a t dayb reak they were back a t the shaft, and thero It was, filled with wa te r to. within tiwenty-ftve feet of the b r im. Wel l , they got bucke ts and bal led and bailed, bu t It was no good, a t n ight the water was s t i l l twenty-five feet from tho top.

"Of course they were disappointed. To have your hand on ten mil l ions, and then have It sna tched off, Is t an ta l i z ing , to say-tho least ; bu t not losing hear t , they secured

for figure heaid a n d . h e r b u l w a r k s Was fllle^Tj in wi th cork u p to h e r ra i l s . Sho ca r r i ed #1 long torn forard, moun ted on a . s w i v e l , an<| ' a n o t h e r on he r a f te r deck. Accord ing t g wha t El l sha Gunlson, h e r capta in , deposed be* fore old Squire Crolghton of Lunenburgf when they b r o u g h t h h n In a pr isoner on J u u o 28, the Tease r on the 27th was off L u n e n b u r g when she spied a sail to windward. S h e gavqf chase t i l l abou t 2 o'clock, when tho sail tu rn* ed out to be a Br i t i sh seventy-four . Ther t she turned to run and behold ' t f ie rVwas H. M« fr igate La. Hogue dead to leeward. B o t i . vessels had tho wind, landlocked the Teasefi and compelled he r to run Into M a l b o n e ' b a y , La Hogue chased he r into the mou th of t h « bay, anchored thero, and sent her boa ts a'ftes the thieves . Then thero would h a v e ; b e * h a

£»

sor ter aboard , a cowardly cur , a n d fea r lng-h* t would be taken and s t r u n g up to La H o g u e / ^ ya rda rm, ho touched a ma tch to.her'_ma'ga%l.n4k At once the re was an awful r e p o r t that-.sjtiooK the houses all rouud the shores and by t h e t lmo the smoke cleared up twen ty-e igh t oC he r crew of th i r ty-s ix were In e te rn i ty . Mosti" of them would have got free, no doiibt, buli far t ha t m a n ' s paulcky ac t , a n d t h a t ' s w h y thei r uneasy souls man the ship a n d .glider over tho bay on s u m m e r n igh t s . Ask an j j fisherman about tho Tease r l ight a n d h e ' l j tell you th i s s to ry . "

" I can woll believe t he re ' s someth ing u n * canny abou t this p i r a t e J s j a n d j l 1 ..rejoined,, " F r o n i my own exper ience , had three,differ*! ent days sot out wi th a L u n e n b u r g shipper tot sail iu the.se. One day it rained, the second" the re was no wind, tho third , with a g o o # no r 'wes t breeze wo set sail a t 5 In the m o r n < lng, the capta in and I. a crow of three, a hot*" t ie of Scotch whisky, a n o t h e r of Jairiatca"rum%-: a th i rd of l ime juice, and sundry other,-.stored calculated to r ender tho voyage e r i d u f i b l e | but before we made tho Blue Rocks , thel breezo died out, tho sky, as the s k i p p e r i W ; marked , became as dead as a . • law/-jrear '4 | mackerel cruise, and captain and crew'-agrooq: thero was no ge t t ing to Oak is land that. .dayy! They proposed, however , going on to Eas te rn-point and make a day ot It. . . A . ' J - '

" I said porhaps I could d r ive o v e r . t o T d a w j t in ' s r iver aud get someone thero to p u t : m 4 across . Anyway, I'd stop off a t the - B.lviff Rocks and I d id ." ' • V

Both men shook the i r heads ominously. " B u t tha t Isn' t a l l , " I cont inued,

main sp r ing of my watch broke before. J lef^i the boat, and the L u n e n b u r g jewoler .chargodi. mo a dollar for put t ing ' in a new one.," %

Again tho men exchanged glances. ; •: " B u t more happened. I lost an English!

halfpenny tha t I bought a t tho auctloUfSaie-of an old Nan tucke t whal ing skipper ' s offecta and had carr ied as a mascot for fifteen years.**

"Wel l , novi^xthat beats all . Tell yQU,.whatj mis ter , you get^a r abb i t ' s toot quick as" you; can in place of it. If you d o u ' t - " mo3l express ive looks concluded the s e n t e n c e , "

In an h o u r more we were ab reas t of Oalj is land. I t is smal l , wooded, with fa rm c lear­ings a t in te rva l s , and no th ing in pa r t i cu l a r to d is t inguish It from tho th ree h u n d r e d ' a n d sixty-five is lands 'with which the bay Is s t u d ­ded except as we approached nearer , t he g rove of oaks of which tho men had s p o k e n . , / T h e s e were ragged, s inis ter , skeleton l ike, and ..sent-, a cold, creepy sensat ion through.tho_Jbehblderi the moment" his gaze rented upon t h e m . : . ' T h e landing is about half a mile from the shaf t s . The way th i ther loading up a long l ane , aorosa, a field alo::g a str ip of shore and then up t h e hill to the yawning pits . Those, w i t h the" debris taken from them, a re all t h a t indicate:; the existence of the burled hoard if such; e x ­ists. Tho works were deser ted, bu t the stock-. holders of the last company ' had held a mee t ­ing a few 'days before, we were told, and h a d voted to try and raise more money and proceed with the work. An old negro whom w e ' m e t nearby shook his bead at the whole proceed­ings. . ::.::gf

" W e lived hyerabouts fifty y e a r , " said &e« • rSf " a n we seen all the dlggin ' the ts bean done :yti In tha t t ime, an we seen a heap of good money, J^H go Into them holes, an none come out. T h e ! | J gold 's t he re sho ' enuff. b r igh t and ha rd and; 3£l shiny, but It a in ' t agoin ' to be got by m o r t a l ; | | fnan. I t ' s unde r a spell, sho ' enuff, an ' these ^ fool d iggers m^ight as well stop diggin ' fur I t ' * | j first as l a s t . " ?'Wi

This is tho t radi t ion ot T r e a s u r e is land, anSf . ^ the works 6( man upon It. Wo give it cur«J '-] rency without holding ourselves responsibly;VS; for money spent by future seekers af ter the} -f̂ ten mill ions said to bo buried on Treasurjft :;Si island. : • '.". ::s£

:4a3jtf^3i

«v

I

i . ^ - i l v i l ? m » ™ i " t en

r e 3 t l n ' ? pt

l M V V ^ U r a 6 e cond shaft a few feet away and when a Is the lowest s tage of Caosar s toweiv -A de

W A R W I C K C A S T L E .

In his own self; tho chief reason being given in these words : 'Because sho lias a castle of Immense s t r eng th and s i tua ted toward tho marches . ' "

No ment ion of Warwick cast le would be complote If It left out tho famous ea r l—"the king m a k e r " and the "Las t of tho Barons . " Never was t he - "Bea r and Bagged Staff" held In such high esteem as between 1455 and 1470. And when, a few years after tho k ing make r ' s death, the avaricious" Henry VII annexed his various manors to the crown, ho got posses­sion of over ono hundred of them, to say noth­ing of the whole of tho Channel Islands. A con­temporary tolls us that " a t tho ear l ' s houso In London six oxen wore usual ly OAten a t breakfas t , and evory tavern was full of his

Bible. Our Papis t s begin to st ir , they diarm private men and take their a r m s out of their houses. They have taken Sir Edward ' s horses out of tho stable , r ight for tile sad.lie; they kill iny Lord Brooke 's deer. Wo expect by I>ord S. (Say and Sele) or some of o u r par­l iament men to countenance us, for we aro almost borne down with great ones . "

Upon the dea th of this Lord Brooke the par l iament , by an ordinance , er-t tlr-.i the wardship of the young Ix>rd Brooke, his son, upon Cather ine . Lady Brooke, widow of the lord who was killed a t Lichfield. With the ba t t lo of Kdge Hill any clo?e connection be­tween the civil war and Warwick castlo seems to havo cea?ed. l„i,!y Brooke doubt less re­mained hero in r e t i r emen t , looking after her

meat for h e ' t h a t had any acqua in tance in his | Ave boys, th ree of whom ul t imate ly succeeded ' - • . , i (hoir father In the peerage . A few years nf-

Aro spread by direct contac t be tween pa t ien t and tho hoAlthy Individual a r e known as con—- g r a n t i n g tho franchise, it h a s become usual ly

thoso which a ro Infect ious wi th which -the WAtor supply can bo concerned, thl* medium offering a ready vehicle for the Intcrchango of dlsoaso, pa r t i cu la r ly between low<>r nnl-mAl* and m a n . Dr. Theobald Smith of the MAiachusc t t s s t a t e board of heal th , s t a tes thftt tho wa t e r supply "Is no t probably a t all

• concerned In tho d is t r ibu t ion of many Infect­ious d i seases ; ruch an tubereolosls , d iph the r i a and tho e r u p t i v e d!soA*o«. Evidence Is pre t -i y conclusive tha t J h o mic ro_organ l*h i s ,p ro -

'"duelnltTyphbTd", A i u m e eTioiera, dysentery and d ia r rhea l diseasc-a u r e often carr ied In dr ink­ing wa te r . " T e t a n u s (lockjaw) and tubor-c u i d l i l a r o included in tho list-of WAtor borne baci l l i «* a r r anged by Mr. and Mrs. Percy iFrAnkUnd. WAtor ta possibly a ca r r i e r of tho malar ia l germ. Whl lo thoro I* room for

• d o u b t In (ho mAtter, the best opinion »oeras to Incline toward tho nogaMvo belief. Wi th the p resen t knowledge It cannot bo surpr i s ing

- • . f.> I..-.I,-. it,.-. i>f»- nr.ooil.ll ill..a. for- IJuv frnvon ... Hon of tho drcAdod epidemic* ot cholera And typhoid, and onthnslAils frequently An­nounce thAt by insuring pure water we h*vo

•^T-~T^doTrr»o1te« of ih-pso'dlRsjnTM.- It nvttst, how­ever, ho be^ae Jn mind that wAter Is not the only vehicle fqr tholf,conveyance, moat and

- milk both acting as carriers. The latter case •fA* hilly illustrated a little over two years ago, when an epldomlo of typhoid occurred

cus tomary to secure cer ta in s t ipu la t ions pro­tec t ing tho public Against exorb i tan t t e rms Bhould tho purchase ot tho plnrnt bec6mo teas)* blft. With the pollution and, depletion, of sources of supply, And with tho growtn of synd ica tes organized to control t h e m , In teres t h a s boon awakened In some AUtea to Iho ex-tAnt of secur ing legislation for the protect ion In thoso respects of oltles And to a cer ta in ex­t en t a s s u m i n g Atatc control over the i r act ion In aocnr lng or us ing supplies of doubtful or Improper charac te r .

It is co i ia ln ly to bo hoped tha t In tho se­lection and development of A sourco of sup­ply, tho s t r i c t economy which 1A usual ly and tinferliKJatoly a n impor t an t faobor, may .be d is ­regarded to such an oxtent and such legl«la-tion and Inap^ctlon required, thAt wate r sup­pl ies mny bo of a charac te r Above *\iap1cion.

N O M I D D L E N A M K a Tho Boston Transcr ip t t h inks t h e election

of McKinloy a confirmation of tho old t rad i ­t ion t h a t t h o American people l lko the i r Pres i ­dent* t o h a v e only ono given name . Tho flrsl flvA.pr^1dM4*.h^U«>-ji>lddld»nAnvarAnd^when. McKl'nley Is Inaugurated h e will ho t h e sev­en t een th Pres iden t wi thout one. Tho l is t in­c ludes George Washington , J o h n Adam«, T h o n i a * Jefferson, J a m e s Madison, - -Jame* Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Mar t in Van Huron, J o h n Tyler , ZachAry TAylor, Mil lard F i l lmore , F r a n k l i n Fierce , J*me« Buchanan , A b rah am J^lncoln Andrew Johnson, d r o v e r Cleveland, Bon jamln Har r i son and Wi l l i am MoKlnley. .

i id i li 111 I»I il liiiiiliiMillllf^tMlltflTllllliMlttlllMIIMMIMiWiyii

family should have as much sodden—I. o , boiled—as ho could carry on a long dagger . "

Tho connection of tho present ca r l s "Of War­wick (tho Orevlllos) with Warwick cast le begins with the year 1605, when J a m e s g ran t ­ed Sir Fulko Orevlllo tho ruined cast le in fee, a t which tlmo, as Dugdalo wro te :

" I t was a very ruinous th ing, tho s t ronges t and securest par ts thereof being only made use of for tho common gaol of the county. bu t he, Sir Fulko, bes towing , more than £20 000 coat, as I have hoArd, made it a 'place no t only of great s t reng th , bu t of ex t raord in­ary del ight , with most p leasan t gardens , Vy-alks and thicket*, such as th i s part of England can hardly paral le l , so t h a t now It Is the most princely seat t h a t Is wi th in these midland par ts of tho r ea lm . "

Tho Orevlllos had been long set t led at

tor I-ord Brooke 's dea th , tho commons, on a message from tho lords , voted " 0 0 0 for the use of his younges t son—a not inconsiderable portion in thoso days .

The second son. Hot>ort, who became tho fourth ljord Brooke, was one of tho six lords sent by tho house of peers, together with twolvo of the m e m b e r s of the houso of com­mons, to present to Char les II nt tho Haguo " tho humble Invitat ion and suppli­cation of t he pa r l i amen t : T h a t his ma­jes ty would be pleased to re tu rn and tako the g o v e r n m e n t of tho k ingdom Into his own hands . ' " He was nt.ido recorder of Warwick, and bolhj; a great t raveler . Add­ed much to the embel l i shment of tho cast le . It was to him tha t the filling up of tho s ta le Apartments Is due, and h e worthily cont inued

Mi1^o tTn^AJr^ tc iSb l f4 ,* l iu t U'f"rf6t"enjoyed ' l o follow In th* footsteps of his predecessor •TOnTrt^eTntlon-thnn~pfly--ethcr--rrf--th«r+-- |n~'-h«~^W*- H-is—i>r<"leo~<»«r--from rmt'"

gcnorat lon to a n o t h e r took priilo above ' eve ry ­thing olso In the ado rnmen t »nd bcautiflCA-

.scent of eight steps from tho Inner cour t leads to the doorway, and from this s ixteen more conduct to t he floorof the dungeon, which is four or five feet below the general base­ment . It Is a s t rong s tone vaul ted chamber , 17 feet 4 inches long, 13 feet 3 Inches wide, and 14 feet G Inches high. Tho roof Is groined in two bays. On tho sou th aldo Is a plain semi-c i rcu la r headed opening, a d m i t t i n g l ight from a deeply splayed window, six Inches wide on tho ex ter ior . On the nor th is a small squa re a p e r t u r e to the inner cour t . On the s o u t h s i d e a l s o 1s a passage, separated from tho prison by iron bars , so as to prevent access. On the walls , near the window and door a r e rudniy scratched le t te rs , d rawings of bows, crucifixes, escutcheons , etc., now near ly oblit­e ra ted by damp, and the following Inscrip­t ions:

Master Jr.hn Smyth Ovner to ^is majostye hlg-h-nes was a prisner in this plac- and iay here from 1012 tell • • •

William Sidlate rote this p.ime. anil If my jM»n had bin better for hl» sake 1 would have mended every" letter.

Warwick cas t le s t i l l s t ands a lmos t by itself among Engl i sh castles. I t not only br ings before us the people whom it had witnessed Itself, from Wil l iam tho Conqueror down to Qtteen Victor ia , but It enables us to represen t -what the baronial cast les—Konllworth and a host of o thers , which havo fallen Into decay—once were; by It we can reconst ruct their hal ls and the i r bowers, their chapels and their dun­geons, and reproduce them to ourselves a s thpy were when great king.? and dukes and lords, who have long since crumbled Into dust , filled them with the i r sound and fury, which now signifies n o t h i n g ; we can see the Beauchamps and tho Xevil ls and the i ' lant -agene t s . and those who wen t before them and ihoso tha t came after them, pass through Its galleries In knight ly procession. Over and above ail this, we can see In Warwick castle tho cont inui ty of Rnglish life, over changing but yot ever tho s a m e : and as we view objects which I l lust ra te tho a r t s and fashlonR and tas tes and fancies of a bygone world, wo can feel conscious of the debt we owe to thoso who. mindful of tho responsibi l i ty bequeathed to them, have not brr-n fcTrckward In amassing t reasures to he an "eve r l a s t i ng possession, not a sight to be seen and then forgot ten." — Frances Evelyn Warwick in tho Pall Mall Magazine.

C A J O L E D T H E J U R Y .

B e a u t i f u l W o m o n n t a F a m o u s T r i a l of F o r t y Y e a r s Apro.

The Jury in the Mar tha Wash ing ton CASP. a famous tr ial of forty years a.go wherein tho capta in of tho s t eamboa t Martha Wash­ington and o thers woro charged with burn­ing the boat to secure Insurance, was chosen wt th difficulty. Dur ing their five weeks ' service the members of it woro tmsallod on every side by tho zealous feminine sympa-th I te r s of the accused. By every ar t possi­ble to youth, beauty and wit and the reck­less abandon of lives largely spent In tho companionsh ip of ndvonture rs , woro they ap­proached. "If you do no t go Into that Jury

A Y O U N G S O P R A N O . ^S G e o r g e W e s l e y D u s e n b n r y of St.- Aim*t$-

C h u r o h o n t h o H e i g h t s . — Amorrg' Hi o ma n y "Epi scopa n:trnT city which employ boy choirs St. Ann ' s on tht$ He.gifts has for a number of years occupied C. leading position, more especial ly slnco. t b e -prese iu organis t , W a l t e r H e n r y Hel l , assumed; tho musical direction of tho organiza ' t lon. ThQ t ra in ing of boys' voices requi res t ac t and pa>» tiencc, and when a cho i rmas t e r finds a n ©x* cept iocal voice a m o n g A c youngs te r s he l3,ap£ . to t a k e mere than o rd ina ry pains co develojj and Improve it, so that its owner may becomg an accetAabla solo s inger . Th i s -was pre*

cisdy wha t Mr. Hal l did in tlie case of MasteC George Wesley Dusenbury , the subject o t t h U sketch, and tho work performed by the lad haa. amply justified t'.ie Judgmen t of the choliy i

hundred and ten feet down, s ta r ted to tunnel in toward t he chests they had s t ruck before.

" T h e y were nea r ing It,and were e a t i n g the i r d inner nea r tho shaft 's mou th when they heard a crash below and, l o o k i n g down, thero was t he second shaft filled with water to within twenty-five feet of the top. This was too much . They concluded the devil was in it, ga the red up the i r tqols and went home to dig potatoes and shuck corn.

" F o r nigh fifty years tho t r easu re res ted; but In 1849 a second stock company was s ta r ted . Most of the shares was sold in the s ta tes . Fo lks a round hero d idn ' t t ake so much stock In It as formerly. There was too much wa t e r In these holes. The new-company dug a third shaft near by the o the r two and got down ninety feet, but before thoy were drowned out, they bought a pump and j pumped and pumped, wi thout tho least effect on the water . Then they got a machine for bor ing wells and told the man to go ahead j and boro down In tho first shaft. Well , at one h u n d r e d feot, tho a u g u r went through ! four inches of oak plank, then twenty- two i inches of meta l , then four Inches of oak, then th rough a n o t h e r twenty- two inches of metal , I and th rough four more Inches of oak. show- j ing tha t the re wore two chests of gold twen­ty- two Inches in d e p t h . "

•"How did they know they held go ld?" I asked.

" T h e ai icur brought up piece of a gold chain and b i t s of go ld . " was the reply. " T h i s hear t -onod them a good bit and they began d ig« ! "g a n o t h e r shaft hard by; but a t 109 feet in como tho water again .

" B u t this t ime ono of tho addle pates h<i 1 j the wit to notice that tho water foil a t time.- I several feet and then rose aga in and tho t ruth as to a secret passage connect ing with the se.\ | dawned upon him. You see, they had been j t ry ing to bail out the whole At lant ic ocean. | Then thoy bee.in hun t ing for tho ontranco to j this passage and ot last they found where the | siulco gates had been and woro ahlo to s : j ke out It? course.

"They t r i e ! to c l r so tho mouth ct :i. bu : the tldo carr ied the i r dam away. Then they trld digging down to thn tunnel with the idea of d a m m i n g It with piles. Tho flr.n shaft won: down 75 feet and m i s s a l ; a second 40 feet and s t ruck it. Then thoy lookM a round for a p i e dr iver and found thoy had none. (),' course, not. Pile d r ivers don ' t grow on bushes l.ke blue berr ies . Aftor this they went W- 'K where they began. But a l i t t le far ther away fr >m the ! first shaft, and dug another IIS feot deep, and I then tho water bu r s ; in on them aga in . After I nw- 'o r . Young Hlisonbury was horn in Broolt j this thoy qui t and tho t reasure had a rest for | iyn about fourteen years <ii:o. He lives n t 45 th i r teen years , or unti l about 1893, when Douglass s t reet , where his |*irents V\ivo l ived ano ther company was formed and a deal more j for many years, and he in a pupil in the Second good money raised, pr incipal ly in the states. | g m m m o r gmde of Public School 7s. Ho ha£ This company ' s agen t had a b r igh t Idoa. They been n member < f St. Ann's choir for abonfi though t with a s team pump they could koc.p | five years , and for the past- four year* has beoa

c i i o r / i r . W K S I . K Y n r s K N i n r f t Y ,

TmTTo-county gentry till a love match of a younger son of tho Orevlllos with tho g rea tes t heiress of the day raised them to the front rank. T h e r e Is at Warwick castlo an account of this mar r i age In manuscr ip t , wr i t ten In lfi44. In tho daya of King Henry V i l l . I road of—

"Sir Edmund Orevll of Mllcote, who had : "» l f i l s on iho. family of ltich. I the wardenshlp of El izabeth, ono of the daugh- . ! l I l f t . devolved upon Lord Brook

the first shaft clear long enough to get a t the gold. So they had A steam cngino and pump and ecal brought over to the Island at big ex­pense and begun. You may i e sure tho g h o s t ' of tho pi ra tes laughed then. (Thoy a r e ,\< thick there as boos round a clover patch In June) , for tho pump didn ' t lower tho water an inch; of course not ; it would take a pre t ty big eng ine to lo-.ver tho Atlant ic ocean, es­pecially with the water flowing back into it again,

room and vote 'not guilty,' i n M i J x o u i ^ a ^ l ^ J ^ J ^ l ^ ^ V ^ l L J - ^ l ^ t - p L I9JJ.nK .the wltt bo% dead m a n ? ' " a l e t he wife of Captain m*»*«*r» fiTS w t a n w . iiy and by. a few y M r * Cummlngs , itifrontlng an aged Juror on the

tlon of their ra*np>. In 17-t'l iho e ighth baron was croAted Ear l Brooke, and In tho last year of the reign of Ooorg-> II the ear l ­dom of Warwick , which had boon conferred

^coming ox-The son

iors of the Lord Brookes ' son. T h o knight of tho first Ear l of Warwick was ono of the m a d e A motion to his ward to bo marr ied to | most reckless of nit connoisseur A, and W a r John his eldest son. but she refused, saivtng * i < , k cast lo Is indebted to him for many va l -tha l she did llko be l te r o f . F u l k o y h t r - R r w n n f u a b l ^ g r m s - w h - i r h - h t s ,rrrclv."SlfWilTaHTf n a n i -son He told her that ho "had no e s t a t e of IHon. collected. Many of tho flnmt spool-tand to mainta in her, and that h o was In t h e ! mens of ar i i s t lc work a t Warwick boar tas­k ing '* service of warro beyond tho seas. And ! t imony to his t as te , but Iho en l a rgemen t 'and thoroforo hlA re turn WAS very doubtful . S h o ! improvement of iho g rounds about the cAstlo replied and 'said tha t sho had an e s t a t e nut- I are his special work, and ho expended over flelont both for him And for herself, and that ! flOO.OOO In beaut i fying the in te r ior of fils aho would pray for his safet ies and wait for ( home. his coming. Upon his r e tu rn h o m e for t h e Tho en t r ance to t hocas i i o cons is t s of a p l a l n worthy service* ho had performed he wa-s, omba t t lo l gatoway, loading lo a p i c tu re sque

~hiLltm*„JU&nry. honored , with kn igh thood , winding roadway, cut . for upward of A h u n -And then m.tnMcTTnT?aWh7^h-rr^*wh*«p-- t f -

hunff with sh rubs , croopers and tree*'; Th i s roadway conducts to tho outer cour t , ' whero a - g r a n d view of thn o u t e r : - walls JrMddoniy hnrstA upon tho vis i tor , the main features ' of wh ich a ro Ouy 's tower on the r igh t , tho gAttWAy In. tho puddle, and CftcsAr'a..tower on the left. •

Cwy> towor, eo named la honoi; ot the

tho I-rOrd Brookes ' son I t w*8 tho grAndson of this noble hear ted

E>lwtboth (8h* Fu lko Orovillo) w h o got from JAmos 1 Warwick cast le In 160B a n d a pocrago in W21. Th!« Fulko • Orevll le , from all w e "know of h U life, WAS J u s t , t h e m a n to expend £So,0O0 (A mtm equlVAlenf lo s o m e t h i n g l ike £1<30,000 ttow) t ipoa r e s to r ing Ma r u i n e d c a s -

s ta i rcaso. Sprung from an old and respected Massachuse t t s family, sho was a s ingular ly beaut i ful , br i l l iant , dash ing woman. As Olive Ohapln sho had gone In early gir lhood to t h o - W e s i and become enamoured of tho p ic turesque river cuptAln. Cummlngs did not see fit to mar ry hor and wont off to Mexico and opened his r a m b l i n g houso on tho It to ( I randc. Ono day as ho ^^^ d i a l i ng faro there , - 1\IR affianced- px«Bftrv»o<l her«Hf. !>!*---gulsod In man ' s a t t l ro And Armed, with a brace of pistols , sho had made hor w-ay with­out detect ion to tho Hlo Orando. 9ho WAS a skilled shot and could hit A dollar Across a room, hovel l ing a pistol at iho rec rean t lover '* bead, she said In A short, sha rp voice: "Capta in C u m m l n g s . marry me, or t a k e thla in your h e a d . " The Astounded CAptAin repl ied: " W h y . Olllc, ray dear , Is tha t y o u ? " Tho m a r r i a g e ceremony WAS per-formed thai. day.-HcClure'a Magazine.

! ago, a n o t h e r wns formed with tho ide.i c,f tapping thr jmssago unde rnea th And d r a s i n g tho water off long enough at least to allow them to dam It up. and thus get at tho gold Some of our men m i up there a few weeks ngo, and came back with the report that iho last company had got tho gold I'f thoy a.n ' : . It 's thero. plenty of It, bu t tho puzzle Is how to got i t ."

" H a v o you ever been there *" I asked

nilMWlM I 111 II *Mmmm\mi*immmMmmmmmommm MMMMtltMnMttnBU^

' A D E S C R I P T I O N .

"U'o'ntonby—What' soft o l " A man is J lbson , any way 7

Vahwar t (briefly)—Why, one of those por-s e n a . f t h o J m a K l n c s t h a t h e stfuArca himaelf •With A crowd t o r no t tfe&ttUVjft ff holel lA funny etorioa be tween drlnjta, , - . ,

OMMMMMl

i:v!or the tute lage of Mr. Hall , du r ing whletl :,ino bo ha * sung :lu> soprano solos In t h o sorvicoj. His voice Is smooth and sympAthct lo and he sings up to h.gh C wi thout upparcnC | off.-rt. In ;<io musical services given once a \ month by tho choir <f St. Ann's church , ant ora tor io , or Hir g rea te r portion o f ono, havo been tho features, and Master Dusenbury hoa boon called upon to sir.g <lio u d o s In the30 ' works, some of thorn il.ffic.il* and exact ing^ y,'t never t-.us bo !><.--. f,un.l want ing, tho'ro-s s-diLAL turd.study. asti.niAS.icnr-_c<i-ica.:ri2.tm..,. the mustoAl d.rector. P u r i n g Iho t ime ttrat ho has bf< \ <he «.ipr.irio s -i.-.*t , f the choir h e has sung in •*:<•««- • ci • :• ..* " T h e Crucifix-

" C r e a t i o n . " Rpohr*i i's "Mess . t ih ." ! i:i'.f.

"Oal l -a , " H a n d e " * • /-r's " P a u g h t o r of :

Ion." by S p . h r . Hay 1 i' "M-»t J u d g m e n t . " 11 J • I "Holy ( ' . ;> ." floiini d'« " Is rae l In Kftyps," ^ a . talr i is ," and number less an thems and .offer-:<-.rirs. cootolning .solos for :h<> soprano , ThjS s likely t" be the .us- vo i r of y . i i ng I ) u s e n » . ,

bury ' s service in St. Ann's choir, os ho iK'ncapt " W e l l . no.-X A-lnlU passed thftrn no end of t i n g (%>«>• «#*• -«fc»n -(>i«-v<4^»--4»i}t-.»lwvf*fttv-ftD9"r-^$

t imes ; but somehow whenever I turned In to land someth ing -whispered, ' Pon ' t , don ' ; . ' FV»c; It. there ' s somothi-.g uncanny abr.i t them oak*. Thoy dan ' t inrtk nst t i rol . and rhd ploco gives mo a creepy feeling Always whoa 1 nryir It." ;

" T h o ghost ship sails In them waters , too," his comrade chimesl In.

"Thf> gh.-st sh ip , " 1 rorPAted. "Yes , cer ta in . IlAvon't yon heard of the

'Teaser l ight . ' Not a fisherman on tho hay but .-hA-<^~«6«wtl—-Sho~JYA>s>_Lh,CK, i i i lvatccr-^Youna.

Toaser , war of 1S12. Depend upon It sho m a d e th lnga llvftly ..fat-our coas te rs and men orWAT. She could outsai l Any th ing ; afloat And then sho had eight long swops to a side, ao t h a t «h6 could m a k e five knota In a dead c*!m>_ I've heatd.. fethor. tell About her; he ace her go tip. She WAS (50 to Id feet keel, copfiered, painted black, carried AH Alligator

he days of his singing os a sopmno will hav# I vis sod away

W O K K I N O M K N O F T H E S O U T H .

T h e men who aro doing ttie b r u n t Of t h a work In tho South to-day may l>o said to rangei between 85 and SS years of age. T h e youngesf was born six years af ter tho war , And con re* member noth .ng of the period of TPoonStruc*

Jiioju^L'm-id^aUL*^ &?J:rMtMmMxz%a& sf.ured in life before t'10 SoAtth seceded. T h e moiv eangJtv#-.from f>2Aia_65 bad b«d m o r e of less schooling, and had bt-oomo Imbued *i t .h Southern toolings a n d Idea* ts*f,c>r<» t h e y - w e n t to the field; thoso fram ."2 to -40 r i v a l l e d l i t t l e . schooling and wore practicelly utwffeoted by, the civilisation ier ^m1fir^^®a]^4J^44SBp fought,—JaauAry. Atlantic

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Thomas M. Tryniski 309 South 4th Street Fulton New York 13069

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