sanskrit verbs for letters

•v*' JOHNSTON'S

> -'.^ ., Sanskrit

N'ouNS and Verbs,

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BOUGHT WITH THE INCOMEEROM THE

SAGE ENDOWMENT FUNDTHE GIFT OE

Heni^ m. SageX891

.h-.H.-S'.n.ir.. - %.£.IlIi.i.

Cornell University Library

3 1924 023 201 126

USEFUL

SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

IN ENGLISH LETTERS.

COMPILED BT

CHAELES JOHNSTON,BENOAL CIVIL SBRVIOE ; DnBlIN UNITEESITY SANSKRIT PRIZEMAN

;

INDIA OIVIl SERVICE SANSKRIT PRIZEMAN.

'NocturnA versate manu, versate diurn&,"

LONDON: LUZAG & 0.

1892.

Cornell University

Library

The original of tiiis book is in

tine Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in

the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023201126

PKEFACE.

Need I say that this little book does not claim to be more

than an introduction to Sanskrit grammar ? It owes its

existence to the practical difiSculty which I have felt in

putting before students the simple declensions and con-

jugations in a form in which they might most easily be

learnt by heart. •

The grammars of Professors Max-Mtiller, Whitney, and

Sir M, Monier-Williams are open to the objection that

beginners are compelled to pick out the transliterated

forms from amongst the Devanagarl, while advanced

students are under the opposite diflBculty: their atten-

tion, following the line of least resistance, is led away

from the Devan§,garl forms to the English letters, and

thus important differences are overlooked.

The ideal grammar would contain these two elements

separated : first, a section containing the rules, and all

forms transliterated, and then the Devanagari forms

printed separately, so that the eye might follow them,

unimpeded by English transliterations.

Pending the appearance of such an ideal grammar, I

have printed here a few of the most useful nouns and

verbs, limiting myself as fay as possible to the indispen-

sable elements, which every student must learn by heart

;

and the student who commits to memory the following

thirty pages will probably have little difficulty in under-

standing all the forms he is likely to come across in the

IV PEEFACE.

first two years of his Sanskrit studies, after wMcli he will

probaWy turn to one of the larger grammars for fuller

information.

I have omitted the rules of phonetic assimilation,

behind which, as by a formidable outwork, the larger

grammars are entrenched. They are best learned by

practice—in the actual course of reading—and not by rule

beforehand. I have further omitted the accent, and also

the rules for variations of declension and conjugation,

which can only be properly understood after the actual

forms have been learnt by heart ; in fact, I have excluded

everything which might impede a beginner in the ele-

mentary study of a beautiful language, the difficulties of

which have been greatly exaggerated.

My thanks are due to Dr. Fitzedward Hall for valuable

suggestions.

0. J.

NOUNS.

USEFUL SANSKEIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

VOWEL STEMS.Masculine and Neuter Stems in 'a.'

Examples : deva (masculine), god ; jala (neuter), water.

Singular.

Masculine.

Nominative, devas

Accusative, devamInstrumental, devena.

Dative. dev§.ya,

Ablative. dev§.t,

Genitive, devasya.

Locative, deve,

Vocative, deva.

(subject)

(direct object)

with, by

to, forfrom, than

in, at

Dual,

two (subject)

two (object)

Nominative. dev§.u,

Accusative. dev§,u.

Instrumental. devS,bhy§,m, with, by, twoDative. dev§,bhy£lni, to, for, two

Ablative. dev§,bhyam, /rom, than, twoGenitive, devayos, of twoLocative, devayos,

Vocative, dev^u.

in, at, two

two

Plural.

Nominative, devis (subject)

Accusative. devS-n (direct object)

Instrumental. devEiis, with, by

Dative, devebhyas, to, forAblative, devebhyas, from, thanGenitive. dev§.n§,m, ofLocative, deveshu, in, at

Vocative. dev4s,

IfBUTER.

jalam

alamalena

jal§,ya

"aiat

jale

jala

jale

jale

jal§,bliy§,m

jal§,bliyi,m

jal^bhy§,m

jalayos

jalayos

jale

jalini

jalini

jalais

jalebhyas

jalebhyas

jaIi,nS,m

jaleshu

jalani

Note Masculine D. Dual and D. Plural; Neuter, V. Sin-gular and N. Dual. DecUne thus

—

Masculines. Neuters.Nom. Xdmas, Cupid vanam, wood

hastas, hand kulam, familyMkas, crow dhanam, wealth

mSnavas, man annam, foodanalas, fire pushpam, flower

iias, leing satyam, truth

USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

Masculine and Feminine Stems in 'i.'

Examples: agni (masculine), /re ; mati (feminine),

thought.

Singular.

USEFUL SANSIvRIT NOUNS AND YEKBS.

Masculine and Feminine Stems in 'u.'

Examples: ketu (masculine), /a^'; dhenu (feminine), cow.

Singular.

lO USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

Masculine and Feminine Stems in 'r.'

Examples: datr (masculine), giver; svasr (feminine),

sister.

Singular.

USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS. II

Feminine Stems in 'i,, i, u.'

Examples : bala, girl ; devi, goddess ; vadhu, woman.

12 USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

CONSONANT STEMS.

Normal Consonant Stem.

Example : harit, green.

.USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VEEBS. 13

H USEFUL SANSKEIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

Stems in 'an.'

Examples: rajan (masculine), Idng ; dtman (masculine),

self ; naman (neuter), name.

Masculine.

N. raja

Ac. rajanamI. r§,jn§,

D. r§,jne

Ah. rSjnas

G. rajnas

L. rajni, rajani

V. rajan

N. Ac. V. r§,janau

/. D. Ah. rljabhyam

G. L. r^jnos

N. r§.janas

Ac. rajnas

/. rajabhis

D. r§,jabliyas

Ah. r^jabliyas

G. rajnS,m

L. rajasn

V. rEij^nas

Note that the stem loses the n before consonant termi-

nations.

Note the strong stem (raj an, atman) in the N. Ac. Singular

[raja(ns), atma(ns)], N. Ac. V. Dual, and N. V. Plural of theMasculine.

Note the strong stem (n^m&n) in the Neuter N. Ac. V. Plural.

Note the contracted stems (rajn, n&mn).

No Feminines follow this declension.

lingular.

USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS. IS

Stems in 'as.'

Examples : sumanas (masculine and feminine), well-

minded; manas (neuter), mind.

i6 USEFUIj SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VEEBS.

Stems in 'ant' (at).

Examples : mahat, great; agnimat, fiery; bhavat, leing.

N. mali§,ii

Ac. iiialiS,ntam

/. maiiatS,

D. mahateAt. mahatasG. mahatasL. mahatiV. mahan

Masctjline.

Singular.

agnim^nagnimantamagnimatS,

agnimateagnimatasagnimatasagnimati

agniman

bhavanbhavantambhavattl

bhavatebhavatas

bhavatas

bhavati

bhavan

Dual.

N. Ac. V. mahantau agnimant^u b]iavant§,u

/. D. A. mahadbhy^m agnimadb]iy§,m bhavadbhyamG. L. mahatos agnimatos bhavatos

N. niali3,ntas

Ac. maliatas

/. mahadbhisI), mahadbliyasAh. mahadbhyasG. nialiat§,m

L. mahatsuV. vcLshkatSkB

N. Ac. V. mahat

N. Ac. V. mahati

N. Ac. V. mah^nti

Plural.

agnimantasagnimatasagnimadbHsagnimadbliyas

agnimadbhyasagnimatamagnimatsuagnimantas

Neuter.

Singular.

agnimat

Dual.agnimati

Plural.

agnimanti

bhavantas

bhavatas

bhavadbhisbhavadbhyasbhavadbhyasbhavat§,m

bhavatsn

bhavantas

bhayat

bhavanti

bhavanti

The oblique cases, Neuter, are the same as the Masculine.Note N., v., .4c. all through, especially Neuter Dual of bhavat.The Peminines mahati, agnimati, bhavantl (which are thesame in form as the Neuter Dual) are declined like devi.

USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS. 17

Stems in 'yans' (yas) and 'vans' (ush).

Examples : shreyans, letter, and vidvans, knowing.

Masoulinb.

Singular.

N.

i8 USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUKS AND VERBS.

PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINALS.

First and Second Person.

Base (in composition),

USEFUL SANSKEIT NOUNS AND VERBS. 19

DEMONSTRATIVES, INTERROGATIVES, ANDRELATIVES.


Demonstratives, Interrogatives, and Relatives,

^—continued.

VERBS.


Bhu.

Gerund,


Su.

Gerund.

26 USEFUL SANSKEIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

trSEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS. 27


As.Infinitive.

30 USEFUL SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VEEBS.

A HUNDRED USEFUL ROOTS.

§,p, obtain

^s, sit

i, go

ish, wishtksh, see

Ish, rule

kam, love

k§,sh, shiTie

kr, rfo

krt, CM^

kram, pace

ksham, iear

kshi, wanekhad, ea^

khy^, proclaimgam, g'o

gup, protect

guh, Aicê

gS.i, SIM^'

grak, 5'rasj?

chit, think

jan, produce

ji, conquer

tan, fowcZ

tap, &M?*TO

trp, delight

tras, tremble

tf, cross

tyar, Aiirry

dam, temedak, Sitrw

d^, give

drsk, see

dyut, sAmedvisk, hate

dk§,, ^fece

nad, soundnam, 5e9i«^

nash, perish

nind, Sâme

pat, /aJ^

pad, gopaskya, see

p^, (?rmA;

pfl., purifypr, ^;^phal, produce

bandk, 6mc^

budh, feowbkl, yea?"

bkr, Sear

bhram, roammantk, strike

ma, measuremuck, loosen

muk, ej"?"

mr, die

mn^, s<M%yaj, sacrifice,

yam, restrain

ykgoranj, <iwê

ram, sj)or^

raj, sAmevack, speak

vad, speaA;

vas, cZweZ^

vah, carry

vid, ^?i<^

vid, knowvisk, pervade

vr, cAoose

vrt, 5e

vrdk, ^rowvyatk, fearvraj, 5^0

skak, caw

sk§,s, commandskisk, fea^'e

skt, Zifi

skri, seroe

skru, Aear*

skvas, breathe

sad, perish

sanj, siJtc/c

sMk, complete

srj, abandonstu, praise

str, co»er

stk§,, stem^^

sprsk, ôMc/i

svap, sêep

kan, Zji^^

k^, Zeai;e

kins, injure

hu, sacrifice

kr, tofe

krt, shamekve, ca^^

Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co., Edinlnrgh and London

SANSKRIT NOUNS AND VERBS.

CORRECTIONS.

p. 10 (note) for matarau read mitarau.

p. 14 for rajani read rajani.

p. 27 for inatum read jnitum.

sanskrit verbs for letters

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