song chen shabnam mardani minh thao nguyen man song da zhang 2015-09-10 research misconduct
TRANSCRIPT
CONTENT
• Introduction
Definition and scope
• Typical forms
Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism
• Countermeasures
Prevention and sanction
• Summary
CONTENT
• Introduction
Definition and scope
• Typical forms
Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism
• Countermeasures
Prevention and sanction
• Summary
4
Introduction
• The occurrence of research misconduct undermines confidence in published scientific results.
• For researches upon misconduct, people could suffer harm as a result.
• Negative consequences on the academic merit system.• In the US, 1994-2006, the Office of Research Integrity
received a total of 3571 report , only 165 of those cases is defined as fabrication, falsification.
5
Questions of definition and scope
Definition• Narrow sense: Research misconduct refers to
obvious violation.• Wider sense: it includes other forms of
reprehensible behavior.
Scope• The choice between wide and narrow definitions
is not only a matter of linguistic usage but also has consequences.
CONTENT
• Introduction
Definition and scope
• Typical forms
Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism
• Countermeasures
Prevention and sanction
• Summary
7
Fabrication and Falsification
• Fabrication is making up results and recording or reporting them. This is sometimes referred to as "drylabbing". –Make research out of nothing.
• Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
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Features
Intention Intentionally manipulate, unintentionally mispresent
Ease of fabrication and falsification In many scientific fields, results are often difficult to reproduce accurately, being obscured by noise, artifacts, and other extraneous data.
Difficult to determine and prevent
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Plagiarism
Definition: Plagiarism in research entails a researcher using material (texts,
ideas, hypotheses, designs, methods, data, results or conclusions) –
consciously or through carelessness – in such a way that it presents a
misleading picture of the researcher’s contribution to the project at hand
Avoiding plagiarism: Credit the author and supply the printed source.
Exception: Widly known knowledge.
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Unpublished material and self-plagiarism
Lectures given at large conference can be regarded as published.
Presentation or lectures from small conferences, seminars are often considered as unpublished.
Refer to your earlier results: state that the text has appeared in an ealier context.
CONTENT
• Introduction
Definition and scope
• Typical forms
Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism
• Countermeasures
Prevention and sanction
• Summary
12
How to PREVENT misconduct
High competition, high risk of misdonduct
• to ensure that the ethical awareness among researchers there is kept at a high level
• investigating suspicions of misconduct
university’s vice-chancellor resposibility:
following and discussing cases of misconduct that are revealed nationally or internationally at research environment
• A researcher who might be tempted to plagiarize or cheat in some other way can return to the right path if he or she knows that the risk of being discovered is great
Recurring discussions and information at a department
Active work with seminars at a department
• Colleagues: Non-related publication• Faculty opponents: thesis• Reviewers: journals
Cheating is revealed by chance:
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SANCTIONS for misconduct
1. Going public with established cases of misconduct
2. The established misconduct be followed by sanctions
3. Sanctions must naturally be proportionate to the nature of the
misconduct:• a change in the offender’s job description, transfer or even
termination• barring the offender from the use of laboratories for a time• freezing funding• removal from positions of trust
4. Repeated or more comprehensive research misconduct is more
serious than a single case concerning only one detail5. Background check for new funding
CONTENT
• Introduction
Definition and scope
• Typical forms
Fabrication, falsification and plagiarism
• Countermeasure
Prevention and sanction
• Summary
15
Conclusions
• Definition, scope and jeopardy of research misconduct
Huge negative impact on academic evaluation and tremendous harm to
integrity of the research activity
• Typical scenarios and their features
Fabrication and falsification couldn’t be discerned readily
• Countermeasures
1. Sturdy prevention mechanism is effective but not enough
2. Necessity of sanctions