soul, funk, hip hop and rap

7/29/2019 Soul, Funk, Hip Hop and Rap

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Intro to Fine Arts MusicFall 2012


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Rhythm and Blues becomes Soul Funk and the Black Power movement The birth of Hip Hop The evolution of Rap The music industry discovers Hip Hop

Public Enemy and the politicization of Hip Hop Hip Hop migrates west and evolves into Gangsta Rap East Coast vs. West Coast: Tupac and the Notorious B.I.G. Reaction to the violence: Rap goes back to its roots Backstory: Rodney King, and inner city life in the 1990s

Outline


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SoulA term originating with some black American gospelgroups of the 1940s and 50s (e.g. the Soul Stirrers). In the

late 1950s, jazz which was influenced by gospel style wasknown as soul jazz. The adoption of these styles in the1960s led to soul becoming an umbrella term for blackAmerican popular music, and in 1969 Billboard changedthe categorization of its black record chart from rhythmand blues to soul.

James Brown, performingPapas Got A Brand New Bag

Aretha Franklin performingChain of Fools
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtqDB2spyG0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xroRNBvvF9Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xroRNBvvF9Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtqDB2spyG0


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A musical style derived from rhythm and blues and soul, characterized

by repeated rhythmic figures and a strong bass line. The term was firstused in the 1950s, and in the 1960s became associated with the BlackPower movement through James Brown's Say it Loud, I'm Black and I'mProud. It became an identifiable genre only in the 1970s, when it wasmade popular by such performers as Kool and the Gang, Earth Wind andFire, Stevie Wonder, Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, and Weather Report

Funk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r_-NcCrXwM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r_-NcCrXwM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r_-NcCrXwM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GwjfUFyY6Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XOY7lsBVpo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XOY7lsBVpo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yen2xbY9LNshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yen2xbY9LNshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pERrVMbsCfghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7fOetV0ha4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHLz5ZcVVLc&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XOY7lsBVpohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7fOetV0ha4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pERrVMbsCfghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yen2xbY9LNshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yen2xbY9LNshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XOY7lsBVpo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XOY7lsBVpo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GwjfUFyY6Mhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r_-NcCrXwM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r_-NcCrXwM&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4r_-NcCrXwM&feature=related


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A collective term for black American urban art forms that emerged inthe late 1970s; it is also applied specifically to a style of music thatuses spoken rhyme (Rap) over a rhythmic background mainly

characterized by the manipulation of pre-existing recordings.Reputedly, the term was first used by the Bronx rapper, LovebugStarski, and came to denote the lifestyle, fashions and culturalexpressions of the Bronx, New York City, during the mid-1970s.

Activities covered by the term included graffiti art and breaking, a

competitive acrobatic style of dance largely popularized by youngLatinos. Music was central to the movement, and was created almostentirely by DJs; the first hip hop DJ was the Jamaican-born Kool Herc,followed by Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa, GrandwizardTheodore, Charlie Chase, Baby D,Jazzy Jay, Red Alert and manyothers.

The Birth of Hip Hop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5lWF3gobshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5lWF3gobshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG9ZWUitFik&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUaFap459IYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hi0erY0WG6Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oko8i_bqaxwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oko8i_bqaxwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGfFs0YDTvEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWiFIFipIq0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqfCluBH3qYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWiFIFipIq0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGfFs0YDTvEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oko8i_bqaxwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oko8i_bqaxwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hi0erY0WG6Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hi0erY0WG6Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUaFap459IYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG9ZWUitFik&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG9ZWUitFik&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5lWF3gobshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5lWF3gobshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY5lWF3gobs


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Sound systems were set up in parks, schools and abandoned buildingsin the Bronx, and, following Jamaican traditions, Kool Herc added MCs*to his DJ sets, playing short sections of percussion from funk records byartists such as James Brown and Rufus Thomas. Following this lead,Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash added eclecticism andtechnical innovation. Through the inventiveness of Cowboy,Grandmaster Caz and Starsky,

Herc's addition of MCs progressed into the form of cadenced spokenrhymes now known as rapping. When hip hop was finally recognized bythe mainstream record industry in 1979, rappers became predominant.Many rap artists still consider hip hop to be a more authenticdescription of a way of life that extends beyond professionalism andspecialization.

The Evolution of Rap

*MC = Master of Ceremonies. It was the MCs job to keep theoften volatile audience Interested in the show.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOyTsPCdeCEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K64iJc0Iwfchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOyTsPCdeCEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOyTsPCdeCEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOyTsPCdeCE


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MCs, or rappers as they became known, had been added by DJs in

order to present a more exciting and professional show to volatileaudiences. Inevitably, as they developed their art, the rappers becamea focal point of events held in school gymnasiums, clubs and parks.Although DJs, dancers and graffiti artists were considered as equalparticipants within hip hop culture, the release of the first rap recordsin 1979 shifted the balance in favor of vocalists.

N.B. As we explore rap music, you will hear that some of the musicalexamples contain profanity. Profanity is a part of rap and cannot beignored; in fact, part of the reason modern rap music is so profane isprecisely so that it cannot be ignored. Rap reflects the profanity ofeveryday life as a part of a poor, urban underclass and it speaks to an

audience that understands it and lives with it as their daily reality. Theneed to censor rap heavily to get airplay on corporate-owned radiostations is part of its anti-establishment appeal.

Examples of early rappers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72eYLU3Tro8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72eYLU3Tro8


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Chuck D's writing for Public Enemy was

an intense assault uponinstitutionalized racism,counterbalanced by the court jester ofthe group, Flavor Flav, who answeredChuck D's polemic with exhortationsfilled with obscure slang. Regional

styles asserted themselves as rapspread from the New York boroughs toother American states. As a means ofusing language within a popular musicform, rap also appealed to disaffectedyouths in other countries, gaining

ground particularly in Britain, France,Germany, Holland, Canada and Japan,though also spreading to China, India,Thailand, Scandinavia and parts ofAfrica.

Hip-hop gets political
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_t13-0Joychttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHLnv--a9kAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_t13-0Joyc


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The success of California basedrappers such as Ice-T, Too Short, NWAand ex-NWA member Ice Cubechallenged New York's pre-eminencein hip hop. As the subject matter ofrap grew to be increasingly violent,materialistic and misogynistic, areaction against this trend surfaced in

New York, pioneered by the JungleBrothers and De La Soul.

Later, forming the Native Tonguescoalition with Queen Latifah, MonieLove and A Tribe Called Quest, these

groups experimented with musicalform and rapped in a thoughtful,reflective and humorous style thatappealed to college radio listeners aswell as the core rap audience.

The Birth of Gangsta Rap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vp1HzzFwb0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4rkifuO1kchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUIgLZ0d5-Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8cHxydDb7ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zti7aIBhhQghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8cHxydDb7ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8cHxydDb7ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8cHxydDb7ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUIgLZ0d5-Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4rkifuO1kchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vp1HzzFwb0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vp1HzzFwb0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Vp1HzzFwb0


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Despite considerable global success

enjoyed by the Fugees, a group whosepositivism seemed to have grown fromthe Afrocentric, didactic rap ofArrested Development, a moremalevolent mood prevailed. Bitterrivalry had flared between the East and

West coasts of America, with artistsrepresented by rival entrepreneursSean Puffy Combs' and Suge Knighttrading vicious threats and insultsthrough the lyrics of their records. Thiswar of words culminated in the fatal

shootings of two of rap's biggest stars,Tupac Shakur and the Notorious B.I.G.,plunging hip hop into a mood of crisis.

Notorious B.I.G.

The Violence Gets Real
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uebBTVdbErEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX1wJe-Kqvkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok0J-0cegzghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK0rXbwrYbUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2o5GndhVbs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rKnMp9U-Lghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=padvnsLUhUMhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2o5GndhVbs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK0rXbwrYbUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ok0J-0cegzghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX1wJe-Kqvkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uebBTVdbErE


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While artists such as DJ Shadowdiscarded rapping, returning to the

turntable skills of Grandmaster Flashand Grandmixer D.ST to createinstrumental music based aroundarcane samples, others looked backnostalgically to the old school, whenhip hop seemed more innocent, less

mired in a labyrinth of big business,gang rivalry and actual, as opposed tofantasized, violence.

The nostalgia obscured hip hop'ssurprising longevity, however, alongwith its phenomenal commercialsuccess, its continuing capacity toreinvent itself during periods ofstagnation and its role as the voice ofsuccessive generations of young

African-Americans.

Hip-hop Endures
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InFbBlpDTfQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=InFbBlpDTfQ


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Backstory: Life in the inner city After a century of urbanization, by the 1970s industries had begun

to move their operations overseas to avoid paying for Americantaxes, high wages and benefits to American workers, and workplacesafety regulations.

The inner city, which used to be a place of high employment, beganto be hollowed out as employment opportunities evaporated.

White flight, a name which actually describes people of wealthleaving the city rather than just whites, began to drain money from

the areas, leaving a core of poverty behind. Cities lost vital tax revenue from fleeing industry and wealthy

residents, forcing them to make deep cuts to social services, police,fire, and school budgets.

Drugs and crime moved into the vacuum left behind, worsening theeveryday life of the citys poorest citizens.

Many urban police departments developed a siege mentality,withdrawing to heavily fortified police stations and reacting violentlyto urban crime. Since most police officers were white and most innercity residents were minorities, this led to frequent charges of policeracism and brutality.


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On March 3, 1991, a black motorist named Rodney King wasstopped in Los Angeles San Fernando Valley area by the LAPD.While King had been drinking and had engaged the police in ashort chase, when he stopped he was pulled from the car.Though he did not resist arrest, he was beaten for a full twominutes by four white LAPD officers using nightsticks and a

TASER. By chance, a man named George Holliday who livedacross the street, recorded the entire incident on his homevideo camera. The incident was broadcast on national newsand brought racial tensions in LA to a boil.

April 29, 1992: The trial of the four police officers ends withnot guilty verdicts, despite the videotaped evidence. Theverdict ignites three days of the most intense rioting in theUnited States since the 1960s. This is the social backdropagainst which much of the angry, violent rap of the 1990splayed out.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0UkEPtZAvM


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Soul music: David Brackett. "Soul music." Grove Music Online.Oxford Music Online. .

Funk: David Brackett. "Funk." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online..

Hip-hop and Rap: Felicia M. Miyakawa . "Hip hop." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online.http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2224578>.

Grove articles tend to be a bit dense and scholarly, but if you want a fairly objective look at the music of the era,

this is the place to begin.

Rodney King Incident: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_KingBrain Rot: A Hip-hop Family Tree: http://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlThis is a really excellent look at the history of Hip-hop, in comic book format. Definitely worth a read.

White Flight : http://www.cliometrics.org/publications/flight.htm- An article that charts possible economic motivators for thephenomenon known as White Flight.

Global Outsourcing: http://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/04-007.pdf- More than you ever wanted to know aboutwhen and why jobs moved out of US cities.

N.B. All links were live as of 9/21/2012

Bibliography
http://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://www.cliometrics.org/publications/flight.htmhttp://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/04-007.pdfhttp://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/04-007.pdfhttp://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/04-007.pdfhttp://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/04-007.pdfhttp://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/04-007.pdfhttp://www.cliometrics.org/publications/flight.htmhttp://www.cliometrics.org/publications/flight.htmhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.htmlhttp://boingboing.net/2012/05/08/brain-rot-hip-hop-family-tree-19.html

soul, funk, hip hop and rap

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