south-south perspectives, no. 8, 2001; south-south...

ISSN 1020 - 2846 Edited by: UNESCODivision of Ecological SciencesSouth-South Co-operation Programme7 place de Fontenoy75700 Paris (France)Telephone: 33 - (1) 45.68.41.46Telefax: 33 - (1) 45.68.58.04E-mail: m.clusener-godt @unesco.org

No 8, November 2001

SOUTH-SOUTHPERSPECTIVES

A Newsletter of the South-South Co-operation Programme

UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONALSCIENTIFIC ANDCULTURAL ORGANIZATION

THEUNITED NATIONSUNIVERSITY

THIRD WORLDACADEMY OFSCIENCES

MAN AND THEBIOSPHEREPROGRAMME

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION& DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL ZONES

ON THE EASTERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

Florianopolis, Brazil, 04 - 10 December 2000

mailto:@unesco.org

South-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesSouth-South Perspectives

2 No. 8, December 2001, Unesco, Montevideo (Uruguay)

Administrative EditorMiguel CLÜSENER-GODT

UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ANDCULTURALORGANIZATION (UNESCO)Division of Ecological Sciences

South-South Co-operation Pro-gramme

1, rue Miollis75732 Paris Cedex 15FRANCETel. : 33 - (1) 45.68.41.46Fax : 33 - (1) 45.68.58.04

Publication EditorPaulo FREIRE VIEIRA

UNIVERSIDAD FEDERAL DESANTA CATARINAPrograma de Pós Graduação emSociologia PolíticaNucleo de Medio Ambiente eDesenvolvimento (NMD)BRAZIL

Claudia S. KAREZ

UNITED NATIONSEDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ANDCULTURALORGANIZATION (UNESCO)MONTEVIDEO OFFICEURUGUAYMAB ProgrammeE-mail: [email protected]

Scientific EditorIgnacy SACHSECOLE DES HAUTESETUDES EN SCIENCESSOCIALES (EHESS)

Centre de Recherches sur leBrésil Contemporain (CRBC)

54 Bd. Raspail75270 PARIS Cedex 06FRANCETel. : 33 - (1) 49.54.20.85Fax : 33 - (1) 45.48.83.53

The Newsletter South-South Perspectives is published by the South-South Co-op-

eration Programme. It aims to maintaining links between the participants in the programme

and to disseminating information related to research on Biosphere Reserves about topics

such as (i) the prevailing conservation and resource use models and, (ii) the means to

improve traditional practices and orientations of applied research in order to increase and

made sustainable the use of biodiversity and supply better life conditions for local populations

in buffer and transition areas.

All correspondence should be addressed to the administrative editor.

Edited by: UNESCODivision of Ecological Sciences Telephone: 33 - (1) 45.68.41.46South-South Cooperation Programme Telefax: 33 - (1) 45.68.58.047, Place de Fontenoy E-mail: [email protected] 700 PARIS (FRANCE)

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The Newsletter South-South Perspectives is pub-lished in English, French, Spanish and Chinese.© Permission to reproduce any material of the

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Published and distributed:in 2001 by UNESCO-Montevideo Editions

The Programme on "South-South Co-operation” is on Internet:http://www.unesco.org/mab/south-south/index.htm

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No. 8, December 2001, Unesco, Montevideo (Uruguay) 3


INTRODUCTION

by Peter BRIDGEWATER

Director

Division of Ecological Sciences

Secretary

Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB)

The South-South Co-operation Programme on the Humid Tropics presently in its 9th year ofexistence has changed a lot since the last newsletter has been published. Although its pastactions concentrated on connecting scientists and managers working in the humid tropics ofLatin America, Africa and Asia, today it covers as well subtropics and dry regions.

The title has changed to “South-South Co-operation Programme”, which, as in the past, aims topromote the knowledge for the environmental and socio-economical sustainable uses of natu-ral resources.

The most important event in the past year was the holding of the International Conference inFlorianopolis in December, of which a substantive summary is included in this issue.

Several South-South Working Documents have also been produced or are in the pipeline, anda series of international meetings on coastal zone management and on distance education willbe held in the course of the year 2001.

The Florianopolis-meeting reflected on where the South-South Co-operation Programme stands.The meeting reiterated the strong commitment of the organising institutions UNESCO, UNU,and TWAS to continue its efforts. Also the association with partner institutions, such as theUniversity of Florianopolis and UNAMAZ proved very fruitful. Particularly with UNAMAZ threebooks on sustainable development of the Amazon region have recently been published.

This South-South Co-operation Newsletter’s gives the highlights of the Florianopolis-meetingand I would like to use this opportunity to underline the support that the UNESCO Man and the

Biosphere Programme maintains to this South-South Co-operation, and to encourage all actorsinvolved to continue their active and forward-looking collaboration.

Paris, May 2001



AGENDA

04/12 - Morning - Seminar The Universityand Local Development

09:00 – 09:30 - Opening of the meeting09:30 - 10:45 - Conference The role of universi-ties as stakeholders of local, participatory devel-opmentIgnacy Sachs (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sci-ences Sociales / EHESS, France)Comments by Vinícius Lummertz (Serviço Brazileirode Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas /SEBRAE, Brazil)10:45 - 11:00 - Coffee Break11:00 - 12:00 - Debate

04/12 - Afternoon - Seminar The Universityand Local Development (sequence)

15:00 - 16:30 - Conference SEBRAE´s approachof collective entrepreneurship in protected areasOsvaldo Viegas (SEBRAE, Brazil)16:30 - 16:45 - Coffee Break16:45 - 17:15 - Case studiesInterdisciplinary and integrated management ofenvironmental projects/programmes - Carlos AlbertoSampaio (Fundação Universitária de Blumenau /FURB, Brazil)

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPLOCAL DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION &

DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL ZONESON THE EASTERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

Florianopolis, Brazil, 04 - 10 December 2000

ORGANIZATION

UNESCO – Division of Ecological Sciences / Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) / South-SouthCo-operation Programme

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política /Núcleo de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (NMD)

Serviço Brazileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE)

17:15 - 18:00 - Debate

04/12 - Evening

19:00 - 20:30 - Annual Meeting of the BrazilianTeaching and Research Association on Ecology andDevelopment / APED

05/12 - Morning - Workshop StrenghteningCo-operation Networks for the Building of Lo-cal Agendas 21

09:00 - 10:15 - Conference Nine years of South-South Co-operation: Where do we go in the nextthree years?Miguel Clüsener-Godt (UNESCO-MAB, France)Comments: Ignacy Sachs (Ecole des HautesEtudes en Sciences Sociales / EHESS, France)10:15 - 10:30 - Coffee Break10:30 - 11:15 - Case studiesElaborating an integrated and participatory modelfor ecodevelopment - Normand Brunet (Universitédu Québec à Montréal / UQAM, Canada),International co-operation for the building of localAgendas 21: The experience of the Ibero-Ameri-can Biosphre Reserve Network - Eduard Müller(Universidad para la Cooperación Internacional /UCI, Costa Rica)11:15 - 12:00 - Debate



05/12 - Afternoon - Workshop StrenghteningCo-operation Networks for the Building the Lo-cal Agendas 21 (sequence)

15:00 - 16:30 - Round-Table Towards a South-South cooperation programme on distance educa-tion for ecodevelopmentEduard Müller, Andrea Ballestero and Edgar Castillo(Universidad para la Cooperación Internacional /UCI, Costa Rica)16:30 - 16:45 - Coffee Break16:45 - 17:15 - Case studiesClovis Ultramari and Rosemarie Rothen de Sá(Universidade Livre do Meio Ambiente / UNILIVRE,Curitiba, Brazil)17:15 - 18:00 - Debate

06/12 - Morning - Workshop Conservationand Development of Coastal Zones on the East-ern Coast of Latin America

09:00 - 09:30 - Opening conferenceMiguel Clüsener-Godt (UNESCO-MAB, France)09:30 - 10:30 - Rount-Table Integrated and de-centralized management of coastal zones: TheBrazilian experienceMaurício Andrés Ribeiro and Márcia FernandesCoura (Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos RecursosHídricos e da Amazônia Legal / MMA, Brazil).10:30 - 10:45 - Coffee Break10:45 - 11:30 - Case studiesThe Train-Sea-Coast Programme in Brazil: Capac-ity-building for coastal zones development in LatinAmerica - Milton Asmus (Fundação Universitáriade Rio Grande / FURG, Brazil)11:30 - 12:00 - Debate

06/12 - Afternoon - Workshop Conservationand Development of Coastal Zones on the East-ern Coast of Latin America (sequence)

15:00 - 15:45 - Conference Conservation of bioand cultural diversity by means of ecodevelopment:The Indian experienceShekhar Singh (Indian Institute of Public Adminis-tration, India)15:45 - 17:15 - Round-Table Assessment ofprojects and experiences of bio and cultural diver-sity conservation by means of ecodevelopment inthe biosphere reserves network (Mexico and CostaRica)Conservation through ecodevelopment: The Mexi-can experience - Patrícia Moreno-Casasola (Instituto

de Ecología, Mexico)A review of Costa Rica´s experience in conserva-tion through ecodevelopment- Eduard Müller, AndreaBallestero and Edgar Castillo (Universidad para laCooperación Internacional / UCI, Costa Rica)17:15 - 17:30 - Coffee Break17:30 - 18:00 - Debate

07/12 - Morning - Workshop Conservationand Development of Coastal Zones on the East-ern Coast of Latin America (sequence)

09:00 - 10:15 - Sequence of the Round-TableAssessment of projects and experiences of bio-and cultural diversity conservation by means ofecodevelopment in the biosphere reserves network(Colombia, Brazil, Argentina)The experience of the Corporation for SustainableDevelopment of the Archipel San Andrés,Providencia y Santa Catalina in Colombia - HennyTaylor Florez (CORALINA, Colombia)The experience of the Mata Atlantica´s BiosphereReserve in Brazil - Clayton F. Lino and João LucílioAlbuquerque (Conselho Nacional da Reserva daBiosfera da Mata Atlântica, Brazil)The experience of the Montevideo Group´s RegionalPostgraduate Programme on Environment -Leonardo Calo (Universidad Nacional de La Plata,Argentina)A review of biosphere reserves management in Ar-gentina - Alícia Toríbio (MAB Committee - Argen-tina)10:15 - 10:30 - Coffee Break10:30 - 11:00 - Summing-upEduard Müller (Universidad para la CooperaciónInternacional / UCI, Costa Rica)11:00 - 12:00 - Debate

07/12 - Afternoon - Workshop Conservationand Development of Coastal Zones on the East-ern Coast of Latin America (sequence)

15:00 - 16:30 - Round-Table Community-basednatural resources management: Methodological is-suesWatershed management: Creating a social struc-ture based on production, conservation and envi-ronmental education - Patrícia Moreno-Casasola(Instituto de Ecología A.C., Mexico)Key aspects in participatory management of coastalecosystems in Northeastern Brazil - Henrique O.M.de Barros (Universidade Federal Rural dePernambuco / UFRPE, Brazil)



Public policy-making, environmental legislation andconflicts involving natural resources use: Towardsintegrated management of mangroves in ParanaguáBay (Paraná State, Brazil) - Paulo Lana(Universidade Federal do Paraná / UFPR, Brazil)16:30 - 16:45 - Coffee Break16:45 - 17:45 - Case studiesEnvironmental education in coastal zones and theuniversity: The experience of the UNIVALI - JoséMatarezi (Universidade do Vale do Itajaí / UNIVALI,Brazil)

Participatory management of coastal zones in SantaCatarina: The case of Campeche´s Beach - TerezaCristina Barbosa (Universidade Federal de SantaCatarina / UFSC, Brazil)

Sustainable agricultural development on the coastalzone of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil - JulioCenteno da Silva (Empresa Brazileira de PesquisaAgropecuária / EMBRAPA-RS Brazil)

Model building techniques for integrated coastalmanagement - Milton Asmus (FundaçãoUniversidade Federal de Rio Grande / FURG-RS,Brazil).

Management of Brazilian fresh water fish stocks:Flexible concepts are needed - Uwe Schulz(Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / UNISINOS-RS, Brazil)

Prospects for sustainable aquaculture managementon Santa Catarina´s coastal zone – Luis VinateaArana (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina,Brazil)

17:45 - 18:00 - Debate

08/12 - Morning - Workshop Conservationand Development of Coastal Zones on the East-ern Coast of Latin America (sequence)09:00 - 10:00 - Conference Biodiversity, tradi-tional cultures and bio-ethicsShekhar Singh (Indian Institute of Public Adminis-tration, Índia)

10:00 - 10:15 - Coffee Break10:15 - 11:15 - Round Table The Role of Tradi-tional Ecological Knowledge in Integrated NaturalResources Management

Islanders of the South-eastern Brazilian coast: Live-lihood, natural resources and resilience - AlpinaBegossi (Universidade Estadual de Campinas /UNICAMP, Brazil)

Learning from fishers: The case of the IbiraqueraLagoon in Santa Catarina - Cristiana Seixas andFikret Berkes (University of Manitoba, Canada)

11:15 - 11:45 - Case studiesCaiçara livelihood: Knowledge, use of natural re-sources and diet - Natália Hanasaki (UniversidadeEstadual de Campinas / UNICAMP, Brazil)

Co-managent of traditional fisheries at Lagoa dosPatos in Southern Brazil - Daniela Kalikoski (Uni-versity of British Columbia, Canada)11:45 - 12:00 - Debate

08/12 - Afternoon - Workshop What now?Building a new agenda for UNESCO´s South-South Co-operation Programme (2001-2003)

15:00 - 15:30 - Terms of referenceMiguel Clüsener-Godt (UNESCO-MAB, France)15:30 - 17:00 - ComunicationsShekhar Singh (Indian Institute of Public Adminis-tration, Índia), Patrícia Moreno-Casasola (Institutode Ecología A.C., Mexico), Eduard Müller(Universidad para la Cooperación Internacional,Costa Rica), Luís Aragón (Universidade Federal doPará / UFPA, Brazil)17:00 - 18:00 - Debate, Summing up and Closingof the meetingMiguel Clüsener-Godt (UNESCO-MAB, France),Eduard Müller (UCI, Costa Rica) and Paulo FreireVieira (UFSC, Brazil)



As part of the follow-up activities of the 4thInterregional Conference South-South Co-opera-tion on Environmentally Sound Socio-Eco-nomic Development in the Humid Tropics: 8Years of South-South Co-operation, held at theInstitute of Ecology (Xalapa, Mexico) on May 1999,the INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LOCALDEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION & DEVEL-OPMENT OF COASTAL ZONES ON THE EAST-ERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA took place inFlorianópolis, State of Santa Catarina, South-Bra-zil, from 04 to 10 December 2000. It was organisedand sponsored by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO),through the Division of Ecological Sciences, in part-nership with the Research and Teaching Unit onEnvironment & Development of the Post-GraduateProgramme on Political Sociology of the FederalUniversity of Santa Catarina (NMD-UFSC), the Bra-zilian Teaching and Research Association in Ecol-ogy and Development (APED) and the ServiçoBrazileiro de Apoio às Micro- e Pequenas Empresas(SEBRAE).

This meeting was hosted by the Post-Gradu-ate Programme on Political Sociology of the Fed-eral University of Santa Catarina and gathered 34scientists and managers from seven countries, in-volved with the task of comparing experiences ofdecentralised and participatory management ofnatural resources in coastal zones in Latin America(Argentine, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Ricaand Mexico) and also in India. Approximately 120persons (mainly teachers and scientists attachedto the network of public and private universities op-erating in South Brazil, undergraduate and gradu-ate students, and representatives of governmentaland non-governmental sectors involved in socio-environmental issues) have been actively engagedin the discussions.

International Workshop on Local Development and Conservation& Development of Coastal Zones on the Eastern Coast

of South America

byPaulo Freire Vieira and Miguel Clüsener-Godt

Proposals

The workshop was designed mainly to fos-ter the exchange of recent experiences in creatingsustainable livelihoods and alternative developmentpaths informed by the Agenda 21 in coastal zoneson the eastern coast of Latin America. Thisintercultural dialogue should inform the search for along term, comparative research and training pro-gramme on conservation of the bio and cultural di-versity in coastal ecosystems in this region bymeans of ecodevelopment.

From the organiser’s point of view, the net-work of biosphere reserves existing in this regioncould be used as a sort of creative laboratory fordecentralised, community-based management ofnatural resources and administration of protectedareas, in tune with the guidelines of theecodevelopment approach (Sachs, 1980, 1981). Inthis regard, the workshop was expected to providea broad basis for reflections concerning the expan-sion of the actual focal point of the South-SouthCo-operation Programme - namely the rain tropics-, so as to have participants benefiting from the wid-est-ranging experience available and, consequently,to learn from the experiences of each other anddefine new lines of action for the next years.

Indeed, to tackle the challenge of integrated,simultaneously preventive and proactive coastalmanagement in Latin America and the Caribbean,we can make use of a wide range of experiments inbiodiversity conservation made in partnership withlocal communities in several regions of the world.Many of them have been diffused in the context ofseveral UNESCO’s programmes, for instance theProgramme on Man and the Biosphere and IBSICA.The Ibero-American Biosphere Reserve Networkconstitutes another source of relevant initiativesrelated to (1) local level, participatory assessmentof coastal ecosystems and (2) the experimentaldesign of integrated production systems for sus-



tainable development of these areas. This includes,for instance, agro-forestry; aquaculture and small-scale, decentralised industrialisation based on acomprehensive use of terrestrial and aquaticbiomass as food, fuel, fertiliser and food process-ing and non-food agro-industries; ecotourism andagrotourism. At the same time, recent advances indomestic biotechnology research offer a promisingpoint of view for the design of development alterna-tives (Sachs, 1993; Vieira et al., 1998).

Furthermore, innovative moves towards theimplementation of rigorous local level, participatoryassessments of biodiversity resources and theirconventional uses, in tune with the general objec-tives stipulated in the Convention on Biological Di-versity can be found nowadays in the action-re-search networks operating in the Indian context,aiming to strengthen and enlarge the so called proc-ess of People’s Biodiversity Registers (Gadgil,1999). In Gadgil’s more recent proposal of Involv-ing People in Millennium Assessment of the Stateof World’s Ecosystems, relating case studies tobe developed in selected countries (for the moment,India, Brazil, South Africa, Turkey, Canada andSweden) we can find new inputs for ecodevelopmentresearch both at the community and district levels(Gadgil et al., 2000)

The main components of such new entrypoint for comparative, policy-oriented analysis of thehistory and current status of community-based con-servation efforts include (a) national and regionalecological history, focusing on social thought andaction relating to the conservation of species andecosystems; (b) current status of community-basedconservation, including an assessment of the peo-ple’s initiatives and of the potential for communityinvolvement in conservation, envisaged in laws, poli-cies and government programmes; (c) detailedanalysis of specific sites (biosphere reserves orother protected areas) in different countries, withcross-country comparative analysis; and (d) lessonsto be learnt regarding methods and desirability ofcommunity-based conservation. Special focus couldbe set on the relevance of historical analysis to theunderstanding and handling of contemporary con-servation dilemmas and the value of cross-culturalanalysis.

In this regard, the workshop’s official agendacontemplated conferences, seminars, round-tablesand short communications focusing on the follow-

ing five general topics: (a) the role of universities asstakeholders of local ecodevelopment strategies incoastal zones, (b) assessment of projects and on-going experiences in conservation of biodiversityand cultural diversity by means of ecodevelopmentin the Latin American and Caribbean network of bio-sphere reserves, (c) the need to put into practiceinnovative methods for participatory local level as-sessments of life-support systems in coastal zones,(d) conditions for strengthening international co-operation in the field of distance education forecodevelopment in the context of the South-SouthCo-operation Programme, and (e) the perspectivesand challenges to be confronted in the search for anew agenda for UNESCO’s South-South Co-opera-tion Programme (2201-2003). The official workingschedule included a two-days field visit through in-teresting sites in Santa Catarina’s southern coastalzone.

Implemented activities

For methodological purposes, the meetingwas divided into two parts (see Meeting Agendaenclosed). The first consisted of conferences anddiscussions focusing on two related topics, namely:the role of universities as stakeholders of local de-velopment, and the concept of collective entrepre-neurship proposed in the context of SEBRAE’sactivities of assisting one thousand municipalitiesin designing local level, integrated and participa-tory development plans.

Following this series of presentations, thesecond part of the meeting consisted of severalsessions aimed at identifying and assessing on-going research and training activities in the field ofconservation by means of ecodevelopment incoastal ecosystems and also preparing an outlineof a new joint strategy for regional and inter-regionalco-operation.

Achievements and Prospects

The workshop witnessed the launching ofseveral ideas and recommendations designed togive fresh impetus to the search for expansion, in-tegration and institutional strengthening of the South-South Co-operation Programme in the next years.The participants acknowledged that the limited ex-perience of the Programme points once more tothe crucial importance of overcoming fragmentation



in teaching and research activities and of rethink-ing on-going strategies for dissemination and useof scientific and technical information in integratedmanagement of biosphere reserves.

Considering the contributions that have beenmade in tune with the focal point of the Programme- namely natural resources conservation in the net-work of biosphere reserves by means of eco-de-velopment - have increased in the last years in in-tensity, cogency and depth, it was suggested andunanimously approved that the South-South Pro-gramme should be called, from now on, UNESCO’sSouth-South Co-operation Programme onEcodevelopment.

In this regard, the rather controversial con-cept of ecodevelopment is used here to denote aknowledge-intensive, simultaneously preventive andproactive kind of environmental policy oriented toreducing the social debt in the South without incur-ring into ecological debt. It is thus concerned basi-cally (1) with the assessment of underlying struc-tural conditions giving rise to imbalances in man-environmental relations and (2) with the design oflong term innovative «win-win» strategies of socialchange, transforming the tropical environment intoa permanent comparative advantage for a modernbiomass-based civilisation. Giving a new and vigor-ous impulse to the search of non-mimetic and anti-reductionist development strategies for the Southis perceived by the members of the South-SouthProgramme as a possible and coherent startingpoint for an encompassing social response to acrisis in civilising patterns.

Complex systems design can be seen asthe central concern of this operational or «problem-solving» concept, where emphasis is placed on theneed to modify the planner’s field of vision in orderto tackle comprehensively, taking into account suchdiversified issues as new consumption patterns andintegrated production systems, changing values andlife-styles, equity and governance. Both decentrali-sation and centralised synthesis are consideredcomplementary instances in establishing an effec-tive institutional apparatus for future-oriented deci-sions related to development strategies: the formerreinforces the utopia of rationalised co-managementof society, and the latter provides the capabilitiesfor coping with widespread interdependencies, un-certainties and long term systemic effects (Sachs,1980, 1981, 2000; Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation,1975; Vieira & Weber, 1997).

Historically, we live in a period of growinguncertainties concerning both our understanding ofdevelopment-environment issues and our ap-proaches to dealing with realistic alternatives todominant «react and cure» strategies and instru-ments. Against the background of the tragic con-straints imposed nowadays by the economic andcultural globalisation trends upon the conditions ofthe poor and underprivileged sectors of contempo-rary societies (in both hemispheres), it was acknowl-edged that the South South Co-operation Pro-gramme on Ecodevelopment shall thus strengthenits potential to provide sound technical information,new educational strategies and an efficient network-ing space in trying to counteract the condition ofstructural violence (Johan Galtung) implicit in thecurrent dynamics of national and international sys-tems (Vieira, 2001). In this sense, it could offer rel-evant contributions to respond both to the short andmedium term needs of the decision makers (indi-viduals and institutions), as well as to undertakeresearch efforts that could be rigorous and chal-lenging, inducing at the same time attitudes andcreative responses oriented to the consolidation ofa genuine culture of non-violence in a developmentperspective (UNESCO, 1996).

At the same time, the need was acknowl-edged to (a) to intensify the mediator role of theSouth-South Co-operation Programme onEcodevelopment in the search for regular fundingfor selected teaching, research and institutionalcapacity-building projects; (b) to make a more in-tensive use of the modern information and commu-nication technologies, both to counteract the grow-ing complexity involved in the efficient linking ofresearch and teaching units and to advance moreambitious, regional and inter-regional research andteaching projects in tune with the Agenda 21; and(c) to promote a better integration of research andteaching initiatives related to the ecodevelopmentapproach in the South set in motion by countries ofthe North.

The ideals consubstantiated in this new im-age of the Programme constitute thus a formidablechallenge, that seems to depend directly on theexistence of adequate inducing, co-ordinating andevaluating mechanisms, viewed simultaneously atfour levels of integration: (a) the university level; (b)the inter-university, regional level; (c) the scientific-technological system, at the national level; and (d)the international level. It becomes evident that the



prospect of consolidating this sort of web of teach-ing and policy-oriented research webs in the longrun should become a priority target for the evolutionof the Programme.

Given the actual multiplicity of North-Southlinkages in the field of community-based conserva-tion of natural resources, the participants of themeeting have also highlighted the need to assessmore carefully the strengths and weaknesses ofthe integrating and co-ordinating efforts that havebeen made in the last years by international or-ganisations committed to the development of theSouth-South Co-operation Programme.

At last, in spite of the pertinence and legiti-macy of the Programme’s starting point, empha-sising the rain tropics as a biogeographical regionfor the exchange of experiences in designing sus-tainable livelihoods and development paths informedby the Agenda 21, the participants acknowledgedthe need to expand the Programme’s scope to fo-cus the problematique of conservation throughecodevelopment in coastal zones.

As a tentative review of the main topics in-cluded in the Programme’s new agenda (2001-2003),we can be mention:

1) To prepare a long term, comparative researchand training project on the subject of conser-vation of bio- and cultural diversity by meansof ecodevelopment in coastal zones of theparticipant countries . As a first step orientedtowards this goal, it was recommended (a) toidentify with greater precision up-dated re-search and training activities related to the useof participatory methods for local level dataproduction and to the elaboration of institutionsof co-management of coastal ecosystems inline with the ecodevelopment approach, (b) totake into account the actual dynamics ofteaching and research inter-regional pro-grammes and scientific networks that haveclear interfaces with this goal, for instanceUNESCO’s IBSICA, The Millennium Ecosys-tem Assessment (World Resources Institute,1999), the International Association for theStudy of Common Property (IASCP), UNAMAZand the University Association of the Montevi-deo Group; and (c) to promote a more inten-sive use of Internet to establish databases forregular exchange of scientific and technical

information and to identify common points ofinterest and new terms of reference for an in-tegrated research strategy.

2) To organise, carry out and provide the logisticsupport for a long term training programme inDistance Education on Ecodevelopment in tunewith the guidelines of the 1999 report (UCI,1999). Under the leadership of both UCI andthe UFSC’s Research Unit on Environment &Development, a one-year pilot-project ad-dressed to the needs of community leaders inthe participating countries will be carried outduring 2001.

3) To support the implementation of an interna-tional, comparative research programme onBiodiversity, Cultural Diversity and NaturalResources Management - The Relevance ofConservation Cultures, under the direction ofDr. Shekhar Singh. Four countries have beenselected for the programme’s first phase,namely India, China, Mexico and Brazil. Con-sidering that some of the difficulties found inresource conservation and management forecodevelopment seem to emerge from the iso-lation of the concept of conservation from thecultural dimensions of human civilisations, thecore idea is to elaborate the concept of con-servation cultures and to use it as the focusfor the reconceptualisation of bio and culturaldiversity management strategies. More spe-cifically, in tune with the study carried out bySingh et al. (2000), this research programmeproposes to (a) compile and assess experi-ences, values and concepts relevant to thebiodiversity-cultural diversity configuration; (b)survey and study significant historical andcontemporary examples of conservation cul-tures in the four selected countries; (c) as-sess prevailing strategies for biodiversity con-servation in these countries, in terms of theirsensibility to the biodiversity-cultural diversityconfiguration; and (d) formulate concrete rec-ommendations for promoting biodiversity con-servation through strengthening its linkageswith cultural diversity. The educational valueof such a synthesis of community participa-tion in natural resources conservation is evi-dent as it becomes necessary to prepare theactual and future generations for a shared evo-lution on the basis of a systematic explora-tion of the ecosystems / cultures grid, whereas



contemporary culture is posited on the para-digm of man’s domination over nature.

4) Aiming at strengthening the on going efforts indisseminating knowledge of comparative re-search and producing didactic materials basedon selected case studies, to prepare a vol-ume of proceedings, providing the integral re-production of the papers presented in the work-shop and a selected contribution of Dr. ShekharSingh. This volume will be organised by Dr.Paulo Freire Vieira and published under theauspices of APED, with the support ofSEBRAE, as part of the series of collectedstudies entitled Development, Environmentand Society. It will also be available on Internet.

5) In the context of the SEBRAE and UNDPjointly project on the future of small-scale pro-duction in Brazil (to be published in 2002 as aHuman Development Report), under the co-ordination of Dr. Ignacy Sachs, the ResearchUnit on Environment and Development will co-organise in Florianópolis, from 6 to 7th Novem-ber 2001, a meeting aiming to reassess thesocio-economic development path of SantaCatarina, in which small-scale productionseems to play a significant role. In this regard,through five papers written by leading expertson this subject, the focus is going to be set onthe following issues: (a) the rural world (familystrategies of livelihood production and their link-ages with agribusiness, assessment of agrar-ian problems; rural non-agricultural employ-ment, the role of public institutions), (b) themodel of small-scale, decentralised (diffused)industrialisation, (c) the role of associativismand cooperativism, (d) the university, researchand high-tech small-scale start-ups(technopoles and enterprise incubators), and(e) the impacts of tourism.

REFERENCES

ARAGÓN, L.E. et CLÜSENER-GODT, M. (Orgs.)(1997) Reservas da Biosfera e reservasextrativistas: Conservação da biodiversidadee ecodesenvolvimento. Belém: UNAMAZ.

BERKES, F. & FOLKE, Carl (1998) Linking socialand ecological systems. Management prac-tices and social mechanisms for buildingresilience. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

CIRM (1998) Plano de Ação Federal para a ZonaCosteira do Brazil. Brasília: CIRM, GI-GERCO, MMA.

DAG HAMMARSKJÖLD FOUNDATION (1975)What now? Uppsala: DHF.

GADGIL, M. (1999) New meanings for old knowl-edge. The People’s Biodiversity RegistersProgramme. Bangalore: CES.

GADGIL, M. et al. (2000) Participatory local levelassessment of life support systems. A meth-odological manual. Bangalore: IIS.

SACHS, I. (1980) Stratégies del’écodéveloppement. Paris: Les EditionsOuvrières.

SACHS, I. et al. (1981) Initiation àl’écodéveloppement. Toulouse: Privat.

SACHS, I. (1993) Estratégias de transição para oséculo XXI. Desenvolvimento e meioambiente. São Paulo: Nobel-Fundap.

SACHS, I. (2000) Understanding development. Peo-ple, markets and the state in mixed econo-mies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

SINGH, S. (1997) Biodiversity conservation throughecodevelopment planning and implementa-tion. Lessons from India. In: L.E. Aragón etM. Clüsener-Godt (Orgs.), Reservas daBiosfera e reservas extrativistas:Conservação da biodiversidade eecodesenvolvimento. Belém: UNAMAZ, pp.21-90.

SINGH, S. et al. (2000) Strengthening conserva-tion cultures. Paris: UNESCO-MAB

UCI (2000) Programme de coopération Sud-Suddans le domaine de l’éducation à distancepour l’écodéveloppement. Avant-Projet.Florianópolis (Draft).

UNESCO (1996) From a culture of violence to aculture of peace. Paris: UNESCO.

VIEIRA, P.F. e WEBER, J. (1997) Gestão derecursos naturais renováveis edesenvolvimento. Novos desafios para apesquisa ambiental. São Paulo: Cortez.

VIEIRA, P.F. et al. (1998) Desenvolvimento e meioambiente no Brazil. A contribuição de IgnacySachs. Porto Alegre e Florianópolis: Pallottie APED.

WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE (1999) Millen-nium Assessment Design. Goals, contentand products for the proposed WorldwideEcosystem Assessment. Washington, DC(Draft)



The Brazilian Service for Support to Microand Small Enterprises in Brazil is a private, non-profit institution. Its mission is to work in a strate-gic, innovative and pragmatic way, contributing toimprove conditions for micro and small enterprisesand help them evolve in a sustainable manner, thuscontributing to the development of the country as awhole.

Along Brazil’s over 8,500 km coastline,stretching along 17 coastal states, covering over350 municipalities, together with its 12 miles of ter-ritorial waters, we find diverse natural features, suchas mangroves, sandbars, dunes, estuaries, lagoons,coral reefs and Atlantic forest, together with cul-tural features including diverse manifestations offolklore and cultural vestiges of traditionalpopulations, such as those of the communities ofartisan fishers.

These “environmental assets” are a suitableheritage for the implementation of an effectively sus-tainable development process, involving not only thedirect use of environmental resources, but also in-direct uses, especially through tourism.

In this respect, an appropriate orientation –the role inherent to SEBRAE’s mission – for thedevelopment of ecologically correct projects, cancertainly contribute to this process.

SEBRAE has a specific programme, aimedat supporting local communities in the implemen-tation of sustainable development: the Local Inte-grated and Sustainable Development Programme– DLIS, previously know as the Programme forEmployment and Income – PRODER.

Taking into account the existence of approxi-mately 400 conservation units in the Braziliancoastal area, as identified by the Macro-assess-ment of the Coastal Zone (MMA, 1996), we found

Collective entrepreneurship in protected areas – the SEBRAE approach

Osvaldo Viégas

Technical Director, SEBRAE

an excellent opportunity to carry out actions aimedat the development of collective entrepreneur-ship, focused on protected areas, throughSEBRAE’s Programme for Local Integrated andSustainable Development.

Some examples illustrate this potential: thedevelopment of tourist guides, who would monitorthe preservation of Conservation Unit environmentsand respect for the carrying capacity of these sites,generating employment and income in the neigh-bouring communities is a real possibility that is al-ready being used in some areas.

The direct use of some resources could beevaluated, provided that it is accompanied by anassessment of the impacts that may arise. Thistype of use would be justified, for example to coverdemand for natural products by artisan communi-ties, provided that extraction is monitored, avoidingover-exploitation of resources.

Some points need to be analysed. On theone hand, entrepreneurship and, considering col-lective action, we must take the use of association/ cooperativism into account, endeavouring to:optimise competitive advantages, make the produc-tion scale feasible and occupy markets niches.Regarding environmental occupation we shouldconsider, among other aspects, the optimisation ofenergy use, closing cycles and reducing wastegeneration. At all events, the big question to beanswered on the basis of pilot experiments carriedout through a natural scale model, is: are theseexperiences leading us to the sustainable use ofenvironmental resources in protected areas, with asignificant generation of employment and income?



Abstract

In an attempt to overcome the disciplinaryvision of technical and academic research in thesocial and environmental sciences, in which theobject of research is often analysed by a researchworker alone, or by a team of research workerssharing the same area of knowledge, which fre-quently leads to conclusions that are far from thefacts as they really happen, an interdisciplinary andintegrated research project is proposed. This disci-plinary approach could be the reason for the nu-merous unsuccessful attempts at studying the truereality, which is distant from the idealised one.

This project is aimed at investigating theRibeirão Belchior sub-basin in the stretch betweenthe communities of Carolina and Belchior Alto, bothpart of the Gaspar (SC) municipality. This stretchcomprises the main water sources of RiberãoBelchior and a set of waterfalls undergoing environ-mental impacts from local communities and touristactivities.

Interdisciplinary and integrated management of environmentalprojects / programmes in the Ribeirão Belchior (Gaspar-SC)

sub-basin

Carlos Alberto Cioce Sampaio1 and Noemia Bohn1 Fundação Universitaria de Blumenau/FURG

In order to minimise these environmental impacts,some technical projects and programmes – underthe initiative of the Gaspar Municipal Prefecture,the Service for Support to Micro and Small Enter-prises (SEBRAE) and the Ministry of Public Health– and scientific projects and programmes – underthe initiative of the Regional University of Blumenau(FURB) / Institute for Environmental Research (IPA),the Post-Graduate Courses en Environmental En-gineering and Regional Development and the Com-mittee for the Hydrographic Basin of the Itajaí River– are being linked for actions to be implemented,resources optimised and, above all, efforts andmotivation synergies throughout the whole projectfor Interdisciplinary and Integrated Management ofEnvironmental Projects/Programmes in the RibeirãoBelchior (Gaspar-SC) sub-basin.



An interdisciplinary research group of theFederal University of Santa Catarina (Florianópolis,Brazil) is developing a Local Agenda 21 pilot projectfor the coastal community of Ibiraquera, in the Stateof Santa Catarina. Within this process, and basedon the paradigm of ecodevelopment, it is proposedto elaborate an integrated and participatory modelinspired from a variety of experiences and sources.Such a model could combine the strengths and tryto avoid the weaknesses of different environmentalplanning approaches. The purpose is to contem-plate simultaneously spheres such as quality of theenvironment, health, employment, education andculture, which are generally considered separately.

The idea of developing in Ibiraquera an‘Ecodevelopment Laboratory’ appears as one of theleading initial guidelines for the elaboration of thismodel. Such an experimental process has beenimplemented in a rural and in an urban contextswithin the Province of Québec (Canada). It promotesthe co-ordination of the efforts of a wide variety ofactors, an ecosystem approach, the participation

Elaborating an integrated and participatory modelfor ecodevelopment in coastal zones

Normand Brunet

Université du Québec à Montréal

of citizens in the elaboration of projects and in de-cision-making processes, and above all a way foran ‘experimental and collective invention’ ofecodevelopment.

Among the main initial sources consideredin this project also figures the model of the ZIP Com-mittees, multi-stakeholders structures created forthe environmental remediation of different PriorityIntervention Zones identified along the Saint-Law-rence River, in Québec. Various other processes,such as healthy communities will also be consid-ered carefully.

The close collaboration with the CommunityCouncil of Ibiraquera, which has already been es-tablished, is a key success factor in the elabora-tion and implementation of this model. Neighbour-ing and more distant communities could then drawexamples from it.



Abstract

The Brazilian Coastal Zone, considered asNational Heritage by the 1988 Constitution, coversa 8,698 km coastline and shelters a population ofover 35 million inhabitants, with a population den-sity of 88 inhabitants/km2, five times the nationalaverage. It is in the Coastal Zone that 70% of theGNP is generated, with a high concentration in ur-ban areas (covering 5 of the 9 Metropolitan Regions)of industrial activities, port, energy and tourist com-plexes. Such indicators characterise the importanceof the region’s attraction, while making its manage-ment an enormous challenge.

The Coastal Zone covers 17 States and over400 municipalities. Its Territorial Waters extend 12nautical miles. In this area ecosystems of majorenvironmental and socio-economic relevance are tobe found, with the largest area in the world of con-tinuous mangroves, coral reefs, sand dunes, estu-aries, lagoon complexes, sandbars, plains and thegreatest stretch remaining of the Atlantic Forest.

Certain places, such as metropolitan areasand the large industrial poles, require major correc-tive action to restore the quality of life. Massive in-vestments in environmental sanitation infrastructure(water treatment, sewage and waste) are an abso-lute priority. Other areas, harbouring relevant eco-systems with original characteristics, demand pre-ventive action, aimed at increasing activities plac-ing value on the landscape and the wealth of localculture.

The importance of integrated coastal and marine management incontrolling socio-environmental impacts and its contribution to

promoting sustainable development in Brazil

Maurício Andrés Ribeiro1 and Márcia Fernandes Coura1 Ministry of the Environment, Water Resources and the Legal Amazon.

E-mail: [email protected]

In view of this situation, the Federal Govern-ment established the National Plan for CoastalManagement (PNGC) through Law No. 7,661 of 16May 1988, conceived in the framework of the Inter-Ministerial Commission for Marine Resources(CIRM) based on the National Environmental Policyand the National Marine Resources Policy, whichguide this instrument for governmental action.

The PNGC, co-ordinated by the Ministry ofthe Environment, provides the bases for the opera-tion of the National Programme for Coastal Man-agement (GERCO). Its strategy is to promote envi-ronmental management, coastal and marine re-source use planning, land planning regarding occu-pation of our country’s coastal space, in an articu-lated way. It is a management model that, aware ofworld concern over the issue, was built on the ba-sis of Brazilian demand and experience.

The current strategy is aimed at consolidat-ing the necessary mechanisms for the implemen-tation of GERCO, to develop a basic strategy forthe promotion of its goal: the harmonisation of pub-lic policies through co-ordinated and co-operativeaction among the various government levels, pri-vate initiative and civil society, represented in vari-ous state groups and in the federal context by theGroup for the Integration of Coastal Management,in the framework of the Inter-ministerial Commis-sion for Marine Resources (GI-GERCO/CIRM)..

In spite of the size of the territorial and theproblems of the Brazilian coastal zone, GERCOhas gathered, in the three levels of government ac-




tion, a large amount of information, reflecting 45%of the zoning of this coastal zone, and of Manage-ment and Monitoring Plans, prepared in a collabo-rative way as basic mechanisms for the establish-ment of partnerships and the implementation of al-ternatives to solve local problems and incentivespromoting sustainable productive activities. Thecontributions and progress in the field of marinepollution control, involving oil spill accidents, shouldalso be stressed.

Progress achieved and challenges to be over-come are set in the context of the guidelines es-tablished as priories by the MMA for Coastal Man-agement:

1. Land use planning – to finalise zoning proce-dures by the State executory institutions, withthe establishment of environmental quality goalsin priority areas, involving and strengthening jointaction among the municipal governments, pri-vate initiative and organised society;

2. Project for Biodiversity Management andSocio-Economic Valuation of the MangroveEcosystems in Tropical America (MMA /UNESCO / UNDP) – To carry out case studiesin Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica,seeking answers and regional models regard-ing the sustainable management of these eco-systems, with financial resources from the Glo-bal Environmental Facility – GEF;

3. Orla Project – to establish alternatives for theuse of areas of the Union Heritage, located alongthe beach, on the basis of guidelines and stand-ards for regulated use and development of stra-tegic projects for new business opportunitiesgenerating employment and income;

4. Port Environmental Agenda – To insert theenvironmental dimension in the Port moderni-sation process, contributing to the reduction ofoperating costs and the implantation of environ-mental management units in ports and otherfacilities;

5. Tourism Environmental Agenda – Tostrengthen the integration of coastal manage-ment with tourist activities, linked to public poli-cies for urban development and transport, involv-ing actions in areas selected for their natural,historical or cultural characteristics.

With a view to optimising available knowl-edge and the working capacity of the institutionsparticipating in Coastal Management, areas of com-mon interest for MMA and SEBRAE have been iden-tified, outlined in a sustainable development per-spective, following the guidelines set out below,among others:

(i) to give greater impetus to economic oppor-tunities, considering the ecosystems’ capac-ity for environmental support;

(ii) to give value to the natural, historical andcultural heritage;

(iii) to train and empower local communities;(iv) to foster the enterprising spirit in generating

employment and income; and(v) to promote sound practices and technolo-

gies for the use of environmental resources.

This effort toward joint action is strengthenedby the present Strategic Orientation of SEBRAE,establishing “maximum orchestration” with the plan-ning strategy outlined for the country, in a processof public policy conception, formulation and evolu-tion.

Regarding the Exclusive Economic Zone, theMMA is developing, in the context of CIRM, a Pro-gramme for the Evaluation of the Sustainable Po-tential of Living Resources in the Exclusive Eco-nomic Zone (REVIZEE). The objective of this pro-gramme is to identify the sustainable potential forcatches of marine living resources in Brazilian ju-risdictional waters.

The REVIZEE Programme is generating rel-evant results regarding the country’s fisheries. Sev-eral of these results have already been transmittedto sectors responsible for the management, plan-ning, promotion and development of national fisher-ies resources. The Programme offers an opportu-nity for diversification of the existing fleet and theenhanced use of installed industrial facilities, andfor the establishment of an ocean fishing fleet, aimedat benefiting from the living resources in the moreremote areas of the EEZ. This will also contributeto lessening pressure on traditional (coastal) fish-ery stocks – the majority of which have beenoverexploited. Furthermore, the knowledge of themarine biotic and abiotic environment that the pro-gramme is producing will have other applicationssuch as biotechnology and environmental manage-ment of Brazilian jurisdictional waters. Some the-



matic areas within the scope of the Programmecould be broadened to include, among others, themonitoring of marine oil pollution sources in the mainocean basins where oil prospecting, exploitation andproduction takes place.

Thus REVIZEE carries out a unique task ofgreat socio-economic relevance to our fisheriesactivities which are intensive in their use of labour,generating approximately 800 thousand jobs, involv-ing a contingent of nearly 4 million people who de-pend, directly or indirectly, on the sector, in addi-tion to being one of the main sources of protein forthe consumption of the population. REVIZEE isessential in integrating national spaces to the Eco-nomic Exclusion Zone, an enormous maritimearea of about 3.5 million Km², reaching from theouter limit of territorial waters (12 nautical miles from

the coast), to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from thecoast and also covering the region around the Bra-zilian ocean islands and archipelagos.

The possibilities for regional co-operation arebroad reaching, both in the context of GERCO andin that of REVIZEE. In the first case, it is pertinentto mention the regional component for the SW At-lantic of the Global Action Programme for the Pro-tection of the Marine Environment from Land-basedActivities (PGA), involving Brazil, Argentina andUruguay. In the context of REVIZEE, the possibil-ity for co-operation also exists, referring to the man-agement of fish stocks that are shared among thethree countries.



During the nineties, Colombia, considered tobe among the three countries having the greatestbiodiversity in the planet, started on a new routetowards strategic changes in its development modeland in its relationship with the natural environment.Thus, in the 1991 Constitution, the San AndrésArchipelago, Providencia and Santa Catalina aredesignated as Biosphere Reserve, and it is throughLaw 99 of 1993, that CORALINA (Corporation forthe Sustainable Development of the San AndrésArchipelago, Providencia and Santa Catalina) is setup to carry out the necessary actions to implementthis designation on a local level and to achieve rec-ognition on an international level. This recognitionwas achieved on 10 November 2000 by UNESCO’sMan and the Biosphere Programme (MAB: Man andthe Biosphere), thus becoming part of the WorldNetwork, presently amounting to 393 BiosphereReserves.

The Archipelago is located in the GreaterCaribbean region, 800 km from the Colombian coastand 150 km from the Central American coast. Itcovers an area of 52,5 km² and a territorial sea of9,814.42 km²; comprising the islands of San Andrés(27.4 km²), Providencia (18 km² at 70 km from SanAndrés) and Santa Catalina (1 km²), and a seriesof islets, keys and banks. San Andrés has 56,000inhabitants and over the past few years has shownan advanced state of deterioration of its environ-ment and natural resources due to migration fromthe continent, characterised by disorderly and preda-tory settlement, endangering the islands ’sustainability.

Experience in setting up the Seaflower Biosphere Reservein the San Andrés Archipelago,

Providencia and Santa Catalina in the Colombian Caribbean

Arq. Henny Taylor Florez

Sub-Director for Planning – CORALINA

Our Archipelago has certain characteristicsthat are of major importance on a world level. It is ofspecial natural and scientific interest due to itsmarine and terrestrial ecosystems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, beaches, dunes, mangroves and drytropical forest. The Archipelago has one of the mostextensive reef systems in the Atlantic and is Co-lombia’s greatest reef area. It has communities oforganisms that do not exist in other parts of thecountry and its marine biodiversity is enormous, asis its development potential. This marine biodiversityis scantly present in the World Network of BiosphereReserves.

Since CORALINA launched its activitiesmid.1995, we have learnt to identify and understandproblems from a different perspective and to valuethe most feasible solutions, based on concepts ofsustainability and ecological principles.

The work carried out has been done throughprojects funded not only by monetary resources,but also by means of logistic support and trainingby local and international bodies. One of the rel-evant projects was the inter-administrative agree-ment with FONADE (Financial Fund for Develop-ment Projects), with IDB (Inter-American Develop-ment Bank), to carry out the project. “Studies andActions to set up the San Andrés Archipelago,Providencia and Santa Catalina Biosphere Reserve,”successfully completed in April 2000. Its aim wasto gather the necessary information to comply withthe UNESCO Nomination Format. Through thisproject the terrestrial zonation plan was achieved



(core zone, buffer zone and co-operation zones) andthe marine area zonation was started. Cartographywas prepared together with a Plan for Soil Use, re-search and gathering of information was done andthe Administrative Structure of the Reserve wasdefined, together with links with the MAB Pro-gramme and a training process was started to en-able the local community to manage, live and workin the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve (its name comesfrom the first ship carrying English Puritans whoarrived in 1629 at the Island of Providencia) andunderstanding of the opportunities and benefits ofUNESCO designation as Biosphere Reserve wasincreased in environmental, economic and culturalterms.

Presently a programme for EnvironmentalEducation is in process with the support of theEmbassy of the Netherlands. Financial support,equipment and training in mapping the marine habi-tats is being provided by the Charles Darwin Initia-tive. The European Union funds studies on appro-priate management of marine resources throughconflict resolution. The United Kingdom DFID (De-partment for International Development) is assist-ing with a programme to control, mitigate and pre-vent the contamination of subsurface waters withthe support of the International Atomic EnergyAgency) and a Plan for the Management of Sub-surface Waters has been prepared. The CMC (Cen-tre for Marine Conservation) together with the IRF(Island Resources Foundation), have carried outplanning and training workshops to strengthen thecreation of a System for Protected Marine Areasand, with World Bank resources, the implementa-tion of a System of Protected Marine Areas is inprogress – an important stage in the marine zona-tion of the Reserve.

Thanks to research carried out, the Corpora-tion now has the environmental baseline for the Ar-chipelago (set out in its totality in the Environmen-tal Planning Plan, strategic 1998-2010 Plan) themain input for the formulation of the ManagementPlan for the Biosphere Reserve setting out actionstowards the development of the region and the con-servation of the natural base of the islands. Pres-ently, and in accordance with the 1997 Law 377, aPlan for Insular Territorial Planning for the Archi-pelago is being prepared, an essential instrumentto define the various zones of the Reserve.

We are conscious that regulations or stateactions are not enough to achieve the proposedobjectives, the environment and its resources needto be taken and managed by society as its ownheritage for this to occur. The major strength of theCorporation is that it has social support and theconfidence of local organisations, unions, environ-mental organisations, schools and colleges andespecially the confidence of inhabitants who aremore aware and sensitive to the environmental as-pects of our islands.

With this designation by UNESCO, a longprocess has started, involving arduous work by acommunity that wants a more friendly territory forthe forthcoming generations, with greater biodiversity,where life and co-existence are more decent, wherethe quality of life is complete and where natural re-sources are considered as basic elements in guar-anteeing a better quality of life.



Introduction to AUGM

Because of their heterogeneous develop-ment, and the extreme dynamism presently char-acterising the evolution of knowledge, Universitiestaken individually are not prepared to respond, withthe same degree of excellence and efficiency, to allthe requirements of the environment where they areinserted. In this respect, joint work by various uni-versities, acting as a system, would seem to be asuitable and feasible solution in every sense. Thissystem makes it possible to generate a wide aca-demic forum, a sort of virtual sub-regional Univer-sity. It is within this context that the objectives theAssociation of Universities of the Montevideo Group(AUGM) should be understood:

· to contribute to strengthening a mass of al-ready existing high level human resources,and to collaborate in increasing and enhanc-ing this mass;

· to promote the development of scientific andtechnological research in the region, includ-ing innovation, adaptation and transfer proc-esses;

· to help improve teaching at graduate andpost-graduate level and to support life-longeducation.

Its specific objectives are mainly the follow-ing:

1) to set up a common academic corps com-prising teachers-researchers having the high-

Regional Postgraduate Environmental CourseAssociation of Universities of the Montevideo Group

Professor Leonardo Calo

Pro-secretary for Institutional AffairsNational University of La Plata

Reporting to AUGM

est qualifications and excellence from themember Universities of the Group;

2) to establish a system for community use ofsuch academic, scientific and technical staffand the existing facilities:

3) to build up a common academic forum, thatwill make it possible to integrate and usethe efforts put into education in all the spheresof action of the Group, making them morefruitful.

AUGM’s Academic Committee on theEnvironment was set up in view of the need to launchinterdisciplinary fora to address common issues inthe region, such as environmental questions.

Between 1994 and 1998, various scientificevents were held, with the participation of over 700specialists from all the universities. During the lastmeetings, the idea of a joint post-graduate coursetook shape and a regional postgraduate project wassubmitted to IDB in 1998.

On the basis of this submission, data wasgathered on post-graduate courses in the AUGM(specialisation, master and doctor level courses),and a CD ROM was prepared with support fromUNESCO with information on over 100 courses, in-volving close to 500 teachers from a wide spectrumof disciplines. It should be noted that, according tothe data found, there is a wide diversity of speciali-sation, master and doctorate level courses. Themost structured ones are those offered by Brazil-ian universities.



Regional Post-Graduate course

With experience acquired in over four yearswork, a project was submitted, containing threebasic nuclei:

1. Training of human resources. The idea wasto open up the master level to all those hold-ing a university degree and a special quotawas given to enable people from state bod-ies, NGOs and enterprises to take part inthe courses.

2. Promotion of research aimed at providing aresponse to the concrete needs of society.These should be relevant to the problems ofthe region and should be given an interdisci-plinary treatment.

3. To provide society with specialists who un-derstand regional issues satisfying the needsand enhancing the population’s quality of life.

The objective is that in a period of six years,150 graduates would have shared a common rootof subjects, later completing their work in any cen-tre or laboratory of the member universities.

It should be added that although this pro-gramme was submitted and discussed on variousoccasions with IDB technicians and politicians inArgentina and Washington, when the final proposalwas submitted for three regional post-graduatecourses at a cost of 1000000 over six years, theBank changed its criteria for projects of interest,limiting investment in postgraduate courses to mem-bers of countries having problems of extreme pov-erty, who were to study abroad.

At all events, the AUGM has not abandonedthese three projects and has submitted them tothe OAS and the governments of MERCOSURcountries.

Bases

At postgraduate level, the training of profes-sional environmentalists, particularly when address-ing ecosystem management and environmentalmanagement, must be different from that of scien-tists, and the higher degrees proposed should beat a professional level. Not only should knowledgebe enhanced but interaction between teachers andprofessional advisors should be intensified in closeteamwork. Curricula and activities should be pro-

posed considering that the graduates achievinghigher degrees will potentially be directors of teamsand management programmes. Beyond a curriculascheme similar to that at postgraduate level, withthe natural differences in intensity and expectedresults, there are some differences. One is the needto substitute the Thesis system (individualist andwith a delimited thematic approach) by professionalwork in a team of students having different speciali-sation and origins, aimed at strengthening thematicand regional integration. The second is to providean opportunity for graduates from disciplines thatare not directly linked to academic units to pro-pose these plans. For this purpose the basic train-ing of graduates linked to the environment shouldbe strengthened, but team work will favour and en-rich the parties.

Regarding continuous training of profession-als, the university should pay particular attention tothe specific needs, in real time of the professionalorganisations related with the environment. Theactivities programmed should be stimulating for pro-fessionals who should find a forum for intellectualenriching, personal satisfaction and an increase intheir capacity for service. In our countries, manystate agencies could benefit from this and comeout of the intellectual paralysis in which they aresubmerged. Activities of this nature should be or-ganised in a co-operative and collaborative waybetween the University and other organisations.Collaboration should not be merely administrativeor financial on the part of participating non-univer-sity units, but a real integration of the academicproposal and the teaching corps, ensuring highquality. The University could offer residencies toprofessionals from companies and other types oforganisms, for specialisation and up-dating whiletheir professional experience would be of benefit inthe class-room and in research teams.

With this criteria, universities must train tech-nicians, the future political and administrative lead-ers, to make them capable of presenting concreteenvironmental problems from an appropriate scien-tific standpoint, socially committed to sustainabledevelopment.

Continuous education should include mecha-nisms for dissemination and university extensionensuring that progress in environmental knowledge,technological, methodological and instrumental in-novation, reaches professionals and organisms in



a synthetic, integrated and accessible way, com-plementing the traditional circuit of workshops, con-gresses and scientific publications that are gener-ally not very accessible or frequented by profes-sionals outside the university context. The possi-bilities provided presently by electronic networksshould stimulate this type of mechanism.

Finally the implantation of some of thesemeasures will lead to a revision of academic struc-tures, adapting them to the profound changes thatwe have briefly highlighted here.

Conclusions

The joint action of the AUGM member Uni-versities will no doubt make it possible to strengthenthese mechanisms for environmental training, re-search, extension and management, broadening thepossibility for exchange and availability of teach-ers, facilitating horizontal transfer of knowledge and

valuation of the natural, cultural and scientific herit-age of the region, contributing to integration proc-esses.

As stated in AUGM’s charter “education infavour of the comprehensive development of thepopulation.” In this dilemma of Sustainable HumanDevelopment, the very pertinence and validity of theUniversity in the twenty-first century is being playedout.

Some may consider that these questions arean utopia. Certainly they are. Let us rememberPaulo Freire and the need for an utopia and theorganisation of hope to have the capacity to pro-pose and to transform. Finally, we would like to quoteAlbert Einstein, a twentieth century celebrity, “Theprinciple of madness is to do what we have alwaysdone and to expect different results.” From the van-tage of the university we have the mission to avoidthis principle.



Abstract

In order to examine the degree of adjustmentto some of the objectives and recommendations ofthe Seville Strategy by the Argentine BiosphereReserve management, the Argentine MAB Com-mittee, through its technical area, the Unit for Co-ordination of the MAB Programme (UCPMAB), de-veloped a Project for “Interdisciplinary researchin Biosphere Reserves,” between January 1999and June 2000, with the support of UNESCO’s Par-ticipation Programme. Researchers, managers andacademics, mainly from Argentina and Mexico tookpart in the project. One of the inputs was the knowl-edge generated in the process of Periodic Revisionof Biosphere Reserves that Argentina carried out in1999. The Project sought to contribute to promot-ing reflection on the causes of difficulties in achiev-ing interdisciplinary studies in Biosphere Reserves.This was based on the assumption that such diffi-culties were significant obstacles in implementingthe Seville Strategy regarding recommendations to

The Argentine Biosphere Reserves as models of territorialmanagement and sustainable development and as locations to

increase the knowledge of interaction betweenMan and the Biosphere: potentialities, obstacles, trends

Alicia E. Toribio

Co-ordination Unit for the MAB ProgrammeArgentine MAB Committee

use Biosphere Reserves as models of territorialmanagement and sustainable development and aslocations to increase knowledge of interaction be-tween Man and the Biosphere. This presentationsets out the results of the Project.

Furthermore, the Project for Co-operationbetween coastal Biosphere Reserves in Argen-tina, Brazil and Uruguay, in an initial planningstage, is also discussed. This Project joins the in-tention of giving continuity to the process of reflec-tion opened up in the previous Project and the proc-ess of periodic revision, and of bringing to fruitionthe desire of the MAB Committees in the three coun-tries to carry out an exchange activity between thecoastal Biosphere Reserves of Argentina, Uruguayand the South of Brazil.



Abstract

Watershed management requires knowledgeof the resources, knowledge of ecosystem func-tioning, conservation practices, sustainable produc-tion. These four principles are missing in most ofthe tropical watersheds. Usually government poli-cies define type of production and traditional instru-ments, organisation and management are applied.Today, population has increased, land has de-graded, water is scarce and contaminated. Whatused to work does not necessarily give today thebest results. A forum where watershed inhabitantscan discuss and create a common goal, where tech-nicians can help develop adequate practices andwhere politicians put together a particular policy forthe watershed is needed.

In four small watersheds in the Mexican Gulfcoast we are trying to apply these four principles towatershed management. I will use two examples ofproductive projects: a fisheries enclosure in part ofa river and a fishermen group developing ecotourism.They have a sustainable productive project, whichnowadays represents a complementary income. The

Watershed management: creating a structure basedon production, conservation and environmental education

Patricia Moreno-Casasola

Institute of Ecology A.C.Apdo. Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Ver.

[email protected]

development of the project has allowed them to learnand practice how to organise themselves into agroup, how to solve their conflicts and how to worktogether to make it produce. At the same time wehave been analysing with them their environment(the ecosystem they work in), taking measurementsand discussing what is needed to conserve it orrestore it. We have developed material to help themunderstand their ecosystem and how it works. Weare discussing how their project impacts the envi-ronment and what ecological practices should beapplied. We are setting up conservation/restorationprojects in which they play an active role. We aresetting up a monitoring system which they canmanage.

We believe through this type of integrated approach,we can develop a long term perspective of our re-sources and our environment which allows for pro-ductivity and conservation. This is the only way tomaintain our diversity.




Abstract

The speed of relative degradation of Amazonian coastal ecosystems during the last few decadescomes out of mistaken public policies that opened the way for large projects having considerable environ-mental impact. The public sector’s persistent incapacity to deal with those complex sources of imbalanceis behind the recent transfer of the responsibility for managing different components of conflicts regardinguse of natural resources to local communities. As this trend seems irreversible, since it is based on thestructural reform of State, we argue that the effectiveness of such a process will depend on the strengthen-ing of local capacities for organisation and advocacy. Instrumental to this success will be the implementa-tion by academic research of realistic processes of knowledge transfer to the local level, geared to increas-ing local understanding of long term social costs of inappropriate exploitation of natural resources.

Participatory management of coastal ecosystems in the Amazon:prospects in the search for a new Society-Nature relationship

Henrique de Barros

Federal Rural University of PernambucoEmail: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper evaluates the present day knowledge of the Paranaguá Bay mangroves, identifying theirextension and boundaries, present uses and resource potential (exemplified by benthic fauna), pressureand tension on such resources and the legal instrument for social control. It presents alternatives to thepresent model for monitoring and social appropriation, with suggestions for zonation and adoption of strat-egies for heritage management. The unsuccessfulness of present forms of management, that are of abureaucratic, centralising and restrictive nature, is due on the one hand to the gap with the scientific stateof facts, and on the other, to the lack of participation by directly involved or affected local populations. Thebasic foundation for a management plan for regional mangroves is acceptance of the fact that their regionalmanagement should not be confused with strict conservation, as suggested by environmental legislation orby the more orthodox environmentalists. The primary mechanism will be the direct participation of the localcommunities, with the establishment of exclusive rights to access and manage resources, with a definitionof exploitation quotas and the promotion of effective control through self-regulation. This regulation shouldbe the fruit of a consensus between the fishers or “extractors,” protected by the best scientific evidenceavailable, rather than a coercive public activity, as is the case today. Presently, such contracts are notcontemplated and are not even legally protected by public policies addressing the conservation and preser-vation of natural resources in the coastal zone.

Mangroves, legislation and management of coastal areas:the case of Paranaguá Bay

Paulo da Cunha Lana

Centre for Sea Studies, Federal University of Paraná,83255 000 Pontal do Sul, Paraná, Brazil

E-mail: [email protected]





Abstract

Deep changes are coming in education aswe conceive it today. Certainly they will be struc-tural and functional changes, marking a new orien-tation to be followed by all Teachers. “Learning toknow”, “learning to do”, “learning to live together”and “learning to be” are the four pillars of this newtype of Education.

Faced with the need to set up an interdisci-plinary team for the implementation and expansionof environmental education activities in the centre-north coast of Santa Catarina, and seeking to sub-stitute coastal planning and environmental manage-ment activities and launch a more systematic proc-ess, inserting environmental education in its gradu-ate courses, the CTTMar set up in 1997 a Labora-tory for Environmental Education in Coastal Areas- LEA.

LEA considers training of environmentalmultipliers, volunteers and teachers to be of funda-mental importance, to promote citizen restoration,

Environmental Education in coastal zones and the university:The experience of the Centre for Land and Sea Technological

Sciences / UNIVALI

José Matarezi 1 and Luis Eduardo Carvalho Bonilha 2

1 Professor/Researcher at CTTMar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, SC –[email protected]

Rua Uruguai, 458 – Caixa Postal 360 – Itajaí, SC. CEP: 88-302-202 – Tel: (0xx47) 341-7723Laboratory for Environmental Education in Coastal Areas .

2 Professor/Researcher at CTTMar and at CEJURPS da [email protected]

Laboratory for Environmental Education in Coastal Areas

social mobilisation and community participation.Through the various training courses for multipliersin Environmental Education in Coastal Areas:Community actions in Citizenship and the En-vironment, Management and Recycling ofWastes, Young Environmental Tourist Agentsand The Environment and Preparation and Im-plantation of Ecological Trails, LEA’s scope ofaction is being broadened to cover the whole cen-tre-north coast of Santa Catarina.

Furthermore, the Strategic Programme forthe Sustainable Development of Coastal Regionsand the projects Environmental Education andCommunity Participation, the Trail of Life (Re)Discovering Nature with the Senses and the Liv-ing Eye Programme: Voluntary EnvironmentalMonitoring in Schools are current examples ofthe effort to create new educational methodologiestogether with the communities, schools and Con-servation Units.





Abstract

This study took place in the communities inthe southern portion of Santa Catarina Island, inthe city of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina State inBrazil as a result of a broad rejection of the MasterPlan proposed since 1989 by the municipal govern-ment for this region known as the Campeche plain.

Members of the community prepared an al-ternative plan through a process that began withdata collection, review of technical reports and otherinformation about the social, environmental, geo-logical, natural, historic, cultural and infrastructurecharacteristics of the 55 km2 Campeche region. Atthe First Community Planning Seminar inCampeche, organised by community associationsin 1997, four working groups were established toanalyse the government proposal - sanitation; roadsystem, public space, and natural resources andurban zoning. These groups developed guidelinesfor urban development and planning in the region.After two years of unsuccessful attempts to havethe community proposals accepted through dialogueand negotiation with municipal government, andfaced with the approval of the official plan in theFlorianópolis City Council, the community decidedto prepare its own plan with the support of univer-sity professors and other technicians from a wide

Urban Planning, sustainability and job creation. Case study of theCampeche region, Florianópolis, SC. Brazil

Tereza Cristina P. Barbosa1

Janice Tirelli Ponte de Souza1 Federal University of Santa Catarina

variety of fields. The community plan for theCampeche Plain, a Proposal for Sustainable De-velopment, was submitted to the City Council asan alternative to the government plan in March,2000. The community proposal considered the re-quests, problems and needs raised by the commu-nity in the Seminar and gathered during an exten-sive and unique exercise in participatory planningthat involved months of field work and communitymeetings held street by street. The community planseeks to identify potentialities and provide supportfor local vocations including ecotourism, education,services and recreational activity, while at the sametime preserving the natural and cultural qualities andlandscape of the region. While the municipal gov-ernment proposal reveals an alarming disregard forstate and federal environmental law and does notcontemplate a relation between planned populationdensity and provision for basic infrastructure, thecommunity plan seeks to generate infrastructure,year-round employment and stimulate professionaltraining. It also respects environmental legislation.As a result the community plan hopes to makepossible year-round tourism and the developmentof the region’s potentials, while preserving the qual-ity of life and sustainable land use that considersthe natural functioning and recharging of the under-ground aquifers used for the local water supply.



Fisheries of inland waters are regulated bythe Brazilian federal law (no. 466 from 08.11.1972)which determines legal gear to be used in fishingoperations. A central item is the legal mesh size ofgill nets. Only nets of 70 mm stretched mesh sizeare allowed. The use of fyke and trap nets is re-stricted to mesh sizes higher than 50 mm stretchedmesh size. Access to fish resources in lakes andriver is not restricted. These regulations hamper ef-fective fisheries management of multi-speciesstocks. In Lagoa dos Quadros, a 119 km2 lake inthe littoral area of Rio Grande do Sul, experimentalfisheries with mesh sizes ranging from 30 mm to100 mm, showed that only 5.2 % (equivalent inbiomass 48.2%) of all individuals were captured in“legal” mesh size 70 mm or higher. Several smaller

Management of Brazilian fresh water fish stocks:flexible concepts are needed

Uwe H. Schulz, Rodrigo S. da Costa and Cláudio M. Souto

Lab. of Fish Ecology, Unisinos, 93022-000 São Leopoldo, RS, [email protected]

sized species of the genera Astyanax, Lycengraulisor Cyphocharax were underrepresented in the cap-tures. Investigations of the gonadal developmentindicated that a mesh size reduction of 10 mm wouldnot negatively interfere with the natural reproduc-tion of larger sized species like Hoplias malabaricusand Loricariichtys anus but would increase capturesat a rate of 17% - 130%. Our proposal for futuremanagement is to reconsider existing regulations.We recommend that the sizes of mesh and theuse of fyke and trap nets should be more flexiblebased on the results of scientific monitoring. A pre-condition for all future management plans is a re-striction of the access to fisheries resources: onlylocal communities should obtain licenses for fish-ing with nets and similar equipment.




Aquaculture on a world level has been grow-ing at a rate of over 8% a year, mainly in the so-called Third World countries, whose total produc-tion is approximately 36 million tons. This growthrate contrasts with that of fisheries and agriculture,whose rates of growth are 1.2 and 3.5% per year,respectively. For this reason, aquaculture is con-sidered to be fundamental for the planet’s food se-curity, especially during the twenty-first century, dur-ing which the world population should surpass 10billion inhabitants. Although the importance ofaquaculture for humanity’s food security seems in-disputable, several authors have recently highlighteda series of socio-environmental problems causedby predatory practices, in strict parallelism with thetrends observed in the development of modern fish-eries and agriculture. As is the case with other tech-nologies using renewable natural resources, theimpacts of aquaculture can affect the social struc-ture of the regions where it is practised. Among themost important impacts in this category are dis-putes over access and use of resources betweenstakeholders involved in aquaculture and betweenthose carrying out other economic activities. A formof controlling these impacts might be the regula-tion of production activities. However, according toFAO (1999) very few countries have policies and

“Code of Conduct for Responsible Aquaculture:reality or utopia?

Prof. Luis Vinatea Arana, Dr.Dept. of Aquaculture, CCA, Federal University of Santa Catarina

legal frameworks that regulate aquaculture. Giventhe fact that many countries do not have specificlegal structures for the regulation of aquaculture,FAO has prepared the document “Code of Conductfor Responsible Aquaculture” (FAO, 1997), that ispart of a previous document called “Code of Con-duct for Responsible Fisheries.” Following an analy-sis of the situation of Brazilian aquaculture, it nowhas incipient legislation, management bodies cen-tralising the activity’s development policies and in-stitutions devoted to teaching and research on thistechnology. Based on that analysis of the situa-tion, the Code of Conduct for ResponsibleAquaculture is practically a reality. However, due tothe fact that this Code is a voluntary instrumentand not a legal one, campaigns must be under-taken to disseminate its main recommendations,in order to fill in existing gaps and to facilitate thedevelopment of a more sustainable aquaculture, notonly from the environmental standpoint, but alsofrom the social one.



Islanders of the SE Brazilian coast:Livelihood, natural resources and resilience

Alpina BegossiNepam Unicamp CP 6166Campinas S.P. 13081-970

[email protected]

The concept of livelihood associated with eco-logical concepts such as diversity, resilience, sta-bility, complexity and territoriality is useful in orderto analyse the interactions of people and the envi-ronment. In particular, these concepts have beenhelpful to understand the tactics and strategies ofcoastal Brazilian artisan fishers when searching for,obtaining and processing their food. I will focus onresources such as vegetation and marine fauna frominformation collected in interviews, systematic sam-pling of fishing at landing points, marking of spots

using GPS and by collecting plants and animals.Data are provided for diversity of plant uses by arti-san fishers, and for aspects of territoriality and seatenure among coastal fishers from islands locatedalong the coast of Sao Paulo and the southern coastof Rio de Janeiro. Diversity indices, resilience andstability are approaches associating livelihood andlocal management. Conclusions include the impor-tance in using local rules for management (such asthe fishing spots used by artisan fishers) and theExtractive Reserve, as an example of an ecologicaland institutional resilient system.




Learning from fishers: incorporating local knowledgein policy design and assessment

Cristiana Simão Seixas and Fikret BerkesNatural Resource Institute

University of Manitoba,Canada

Abstract

Local knowledge about ecosystem dynam-ics can be a valuable tool in understanding com-plex systems of natural resources management,and therefore in developing or re-formulating man-agement plans. Using examples from different re-gions of the world, this paper explores some of thereasons why local knowledge, particularly traditionalecological knowledge, might be taken into accountin developing management plans for coastal zones.Local ecological knowledge can be used either asa source of information or to assess existing man-agement plans as seen in the case study of theIbiraquera Lagoon, SC, on the South coast of Bra-zil. Although the traditional management systemwas partially disrupted during the 1960s and 1970s,some of its elements as well as ecological knowl-edge provided by local fishers were used by gov-ernment agencies in the early 1980s to elaborate

new regulations for the local fishery system. Thenew management system proved to work well, andseemed to be sustainable, as long as there wasstrong enforcement of regulations, until the mid1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s, the main eco-nomic activities of most communities surroundingthe Lagoon changed from small-scale fishery andagriculture to tourism-related activities. The studyconcludes that in developing coastal managementplans, attention should be given to local knowledgeand needs. As tourism-related activities are pre-dominant in the area, the goals of Lagoon manage-ment should perhaps change focus from a strictlyfishery-oriented management to one that encom-passes more recreational needs as well as localfishers’ needs. In this sense, local knowledge couldbe used in designing and assessing a new man-agement plan for the Lagoon. As another source ofincome, local residents could also undertake tour-ism planning (including ecotourism) based on theirknowledge of the local ecosystems.



Caiçara livelihood: Knowledge, use of natural resources and diet

N. Hanazaki1,2 and A. Begossi2

1 Graduate Program in Ecology, UNICAMP, Campinas SP, Brazil. [email protected] Centre for Environmental Research (NEPAM)/UNICAMP. C.P.6166, 13081-790 Campinas-SP,

Brazil

Abstract

The register of local knowledge throughethnoecological and human ecological research canbe useful in management contexts, also support-ing collective management actions. This paper re-lates an ongoing research focusing on the humanecology of Caiçaras, especially on their diet andrelation to the natural resources used. Caiçara is abroad denomination for the native inhabitants of thesouth-eastern Brazilian coast. One of the foremostcharacteristics of their livelihood is the use of natu-ral resources. The settlements included in this studyare located on the southern part of São Paulo State

coast, and the majority of inhabitants are nativeCaiçaras. We show here some general results re-garding the natural resources exploited by Caiçarasfor their livelihood. Fishing is an important activity,whereas agriculture and game had lost its impor-tance. Growing tourism is another feature of thesesettlements. Even with these recent changes in theirlivelihood, Caiçaras still possess a detailed knowl-edge on their environment, regarding plants used,fishing activities and swidden agriculture. We ar-gue that this knowledge can be useful to supportcollective management actions.




The Forum of the Estuary of the Patos Lagoon: A preliminary analysis of institutional arrangements

for conservation of coastal resources in southern Brazil

Daniela Coswig Kalikoski & Les LavkulichInstitute for Resources and Environment

University of British ColumbiaCanada

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Fisheries belong to a category of resourcesoften referred to as common pool resources, inwhich exclusion is difficult and joint use involvessubtractability. These two characteristics createpotential dilemmas in which people following theirown short-term interests produce outcomes that arenot in anyone¹s long-term interests. Findings oncommon property resources literature show thatmost environmental problems [such as the tragedyof the commons] can be seen as problems of fail-ure to control access to the resource, and to en-force internal decisions for collective use. In theestuary of the Patos Lagoon, Brazil, artisan fisher-ies are going through a tragedy of the commons.Fisheries resources are decreasing sharply com-promising the livelihood of more than 10,000 fish-ers. Triggered by a consensus of the failure of cur-rent institutions to manage these resources, newinstitutional arrangements have been establishedin the area, redefining rules and rights, to managethe resources. They involve a forum (Forum of PatosLagoon) composed by all stakeholders interestedto discuss and develop alternative actions to miti-gate and/or resolve the problems of the fishers andthe crisis in the artisan fisheries activities. The ob-jective of this paper is to develop a framework for

analysing the establishment of co-managementarrangement in the estuary of Patos Lagoon, RS,Brazil. The fundamental issue here is to analysethe process of crafting a co-management systemin the estuary of the Patos Lagoon, Southern Bra-zil in order to tease out the local and external fac-tors that influence the development of this joint de-cision making action. The underlying question wewant to discuss is: What is the importance of thisnew arrangement for the conservation of coastalresources in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon? Cri-teria identified in the literature are proposed to as-sist the evaluation of the performance of institutionalarrangements. They involve analysis of access, re-source boundary and group boundary; decisionmaking for joint use; and science and institutionallearning. Methods involved document analysis, in-terviews and meetings attendance. Environmentalproblems are usually associated to problems of ill-defined institutional arrangements.

Therefore the analysis of weaknesses and strengthsin the current institutional arrangements can con-tribute to the identification of factors that accountfor successful fisheries co-management which inturn can help prevent biodiversity loss and maintainthe livelihood of coastal communities.




Luis E. Aragón (prof.Dr.)Universidade Federal do ParáNúcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos - NAEARua Augusto Correa n 1 - Setor Profissional66075 – 900 - Belém - PAFones: (91) 211-1141/1231Fax: (91) 211 – 1677Rodovia Augusto Montenegro n 5000Greenville I, Q09 L1866.635-110 Belém, PABRAZILFone: (55-91) [email protected]

Milton Asmus (Dr.)Fundação Universidade Federal de Rio Grande –FURGLaboratório de Ecologia de SistemasDepartamento de OceanografiaRua Engenheiro Alfredo Huch, 475 CP 47496201-900 - Rio Grande – RSBRAZILFone: 53 – 233-6561Fax: 53- [email protected]

Andrea BallesteroEscuela Latinoamericana de Áreas Protegidas-ELAPInstituição- Universidade para la CooperaciónInternacionalEndereço – 504-2050 San JoséCOSTA RICAFone – (506) 283-6464Fax – (506) [email protected]

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Tereza Cristina Pereira Barbosa (Dra.)Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSCDepartamento de Ecologia e Zoologia / Centro deCiências Biológicas88040-920 – Florianópolis – SCBRAZIL(48)-331-6903 ou (48)[email protected]

Henrique Monteiro de Barros (Dr.)Universidade Federal Rural de PernambucoDepartamento de Letras e Ciências Humanas -UFRPECurso de Mestrado em Administração Rural eComunicação RuralRua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n - Bairro: DoisIrmãos52171030 - Recife - PE -BRAZILFone/Fax: (081 ) [email protected]

Alpina Begossi (Dra.)Universidade Estadual de CampinasNúcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais -NEPAMCidade Universitaria Zeferino VazBairro: Barão GeraldoC.P: 616613081-970 -Campinas – [email protected]@supernet.com.br










Normand Brunet ( Ph. D.)Consultant et Chercheur en EnvironnementChaire d´Etudes sur les Ecosystèmes UrbainsInstitut des sciences de l´environnementUniversité du Québec à MontréalCase Postale 8888, Centre-VilleMontréal (Québec)– H3C 3P8CANADATel: (514) [email protected] [email protected]

Leonardo Calo (Dr.)Prosecretario de Relaciones InstitucionalesUniversidad Nacional de La PlataAvenida 7 n.776 – La Plata – Buenos .AiresARGENTINATel: (54-221) 423-6817Fax: (54-221) [email protected] [email protected]

Edgar Castillo (M.Sc./ Ing.)Universidad para la Cooperación InternacionalPosgrado Latinoamericano enGestión Agroempresarial y Ambiental504-2050 – San JoséCOSTA RICATel: (506) 283-6464Fax: (506) 283-6464 (113) ou [email protected]@[email protected] (HAB.)

Júlio José Centeno da Silva (Dr.)EMBRAPA / Clima TemperadoCaixa Postal 403BRAZILFone – (053) 275-8429 / 229-2204e-mail: [email protected]

Miguel Clüsener-Godt (Dr.)Division of Ecological SciencesMan and the Biosphere Programme (MAB)South-South Co-operation ProgrammeUNESCO1, rue Miollis, 75732 PARISCedex 15FRANCETel: +33 1 4568.4146Fax: +33 1 [email protected]

Márcia Fernandes CouraMinistério do Meio Ambiente – MMAÓrgão SQAEsplanada dos Ministérios – Bloco “B” – 5 ºandare 9º andar70068-900 Brasília - DFBRAZILDDD (61), TELEFONE: 317-1215 ou 61-317-1156FAX: 317-1128 ou [email protected][email protected]

Natalia Hanazaki (Dra.)Universidade Estadual de CampinasNúcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais -NEPAMCaixa Postal 6160 – Campinas - SPBRAZILFone – (19) 37887690Fax – (19) [email protected] [email protected]

Daniela Kalikoski (Doutoranda)Institute for Resources and Environment - Univer-sity of British Columbia,2206 East Mall, Vancouver, B.C.,Canada V6T1Z3.Phone +1 604 8223487/Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio GrandeDepartamento de OceonagrafiaCaixa Postal 474 – 96207-630Rio Grande - RSBRAZILTel: +55 53 99758991.Fax +55 53 [email protected]

Paulo Lana (Dr.)Universidade Federal do ParanáCentro de Estudos do MarAv. Beira-Mar, s/n 83255-000 Pontal do Sul - PRBRAZILPró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação -UFPRDoutorado em Meio Ambiente e DesenvolvimentoRua XV de Novembro 1299CEP: 80060-000 Curitiba - PRBRAZILFone: (041 ) 455-1333 Fax: (041 )[email protected]://[email protected]
















http://www.reitoria.ufpr.br




Clayton F. Lino (Dr.)Conselho Nacional da Reserva da Biosfera daMata AtlânticaRua do Horto, 93102377-000 – São Paulo – SPBRAZILTel: (5511)6231-8555 R:244 /338Fax: (5511)6231-8555 R:[email protected]

Vinícius Lummertz (Dr.)Serviço Brazileiro de Apoio às Micro e PequenasEmpresas - SEBRAESEPN - Quadra 515 - Bloco C - Lote 3 - Loja 3270770-503 - Brasília - DFBRAZILTel: (061) 348-7317 348-7311 348-7309 348-7100Fax: (061) [email protected]

José Matarezi (M.Sc.)UNIVALI - Campus IRua Uruguai, 45888302-202– Itajaí – SCBRAZILFone: (47)[email protected]

Patrícia Moreno-Casasola (Dra.)Instituto de Ecología, A .C.Apartado Postal 63,91-000 – Xalapa – VeracruzMEXICOTel: 5228-421800/59Fax: 5228-186910 ou [email protected]

Eduard Müller (Dr.)Universidad para la Cooperación Internacional504-2050 San JoséCOSTA RICATel: 506-283-64-64Fax: [email protected]

Maurício Andrés Ribeiro (M.Sc.)Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos RecursosHídricos e da Amazônia LegalDiretor de programaEsplanada dos Ministérios bloco b, sala 80170068-900 - Brasília – DFBRAZILTel: 61317-1215Fax: 317-1128 - telex: [email protected]

Rosemari Rothen de SáUNILIVRE – Univ. Livre do Meio AmbienteEndereço – Rua Victor Benato, 210 - PilarzinhoCuritiba - PRBRAZILFone – (41) 254-7657 254-5548Fax – (41) 335-3443Tel: [email protected]

Ignacy Sachs (Dr.)Centre de Recherches sur le Brésil ContemporainEcole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales54, Boulevard Raspail75270 PARIS Cedex 06FRANCETel: 33.1.49.54.20.85Fax: 33.1.45.48.83.53 ou [email protected]

Carlos Alberto Cioce Sampaio (Dr.)FURB – Universidade Regional de BlumenauRua Rosa, 1580 – Vila Rosa Açoriana. – Sertãodo Pantanal.88.040-270 - Florianópolis - SCBRAZIL(48) 233-6461 – fax: (48) [email protected] e [email protected]

Uwe Schulz (Dr.)Centro de Ciências da Saúde / Lab. Ecologia dePeixesUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos /UNISINOSAv. Unisinos,950 – C.P: 275930222-000 – São Leopoldo – RSBRAZILTel: 51-590-3333 – R:1224Tel. cel: 51-9115-7640Fax: [email protected]














Cristiana Simão SeixasNatural Resources InstituteUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2CANADAFone -1-204-474-8152.Fax –[email protected]

Shekhar Singh (Dr.)Indian Institute of Public AdministrationIndraprastha EstateNew Delhi 110002INDIATel: 91-11-331-7309Fax: [email protected]

Henny Taylor FlórezSubdirectora de Planejamento CORALINAIlha de San Andrés – COLOMBIACoralina El Bight – Via a San Luis San Andrés –Isla.COLOMBIAFone – (57) 851-20080Fax – (57) [email protected][email protected]

Alicia E. ToribioComité MAB Argentino – SDSyPASecretaria de Desarrollo Sustentable – PolíticaAmbientalSan Martín 451 (1004) Buenos AiresARGENTINATel: (54-11) 4348-8598Fax: (54-11) 4348-8396/[email protected] page: www.medioambiente.gov.ar

Clóvis UltramariUNILIVRE – Universidade Livre do Meio AmbienteRua Victor Benato, 210 - PilarzinhoCuritiba – ParanáBRAZILFone – (41) 254-7657Fax – (41) 252-9681Tel: [email protected]

Oswaldo Viegas (Dr.)Serviço Brazileiro de Apoio às Micro e PequenasEmpresas – SEBRAERua Dr.Marinho de Gusmão, 46 – Centro57020-160 - Maceió – ALBRAZILFone: 82-983-0789 ou 82-326-1010Fax: (82) [email protected]

Paulo Freire Vieira (Ph.D.)Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)Programa de Pós-Graduação em SociologiaPolíticaNúcleo de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento(NMD)Departamento de Sociologia e Ciência PolíticaCampus Universitario – TrindadeC. Postal 476 – CEP 88010-970 - Florianopolis-SCBRAZILTel: (00.55) 482.331.9253Fax: (00.55) 482.31.9751/[email protected]@yahoo.com.br

Luis Vinatea Arana (Dr.)Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSCDepartamento de Aqüicultura - CCA88040-900 - Florianópolis - SCBRAZILTel.: (48) [email protected]






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South-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesSouth-South PerspectivesPUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH-SOUTH CO-OPERATION PROGRAMME

NEWSLETTER

Number 1, issued in October 1994, in 4 languages: South-South Perspectives (English), 28 pp.: Perspectives Sud-Sud(French), 28 pp.: Perspectivas Sur-Sur (Spanish), March 1995, 28 pp.: South-South Perspectives (Zhongguóhuà-Chinese),December 1995, 28 pp.

Number 2, issued in October 1995, in 4 languages: South-South Perspectives (English), 36 pp.: Perspectives Sud-Sud(French), 36 pp.: Perspectivas Sur-Sur (Spanish), 36 pp.: South-South Perspectives (Zhongguóhuà-Chinese), July 1996, 36pp.

Number 3, issued in July 1996: South-South Perspectives (English), 28 pp.: Perspectives Sud-Sud (French), 28 pp.: PerspectivasSur-Sur (Spanish), 28 pp.: South-South Perspectives (Zhongguóhuà-Chinese), November 1996, 28 pp.

Number 4, issued in September 1997: South-South Perspectives (English), 20 pp.: Perspectivas Sur-Sur (Spanish), 20 pp.

Number 5, issued in October 1998: South-South Perspectives (English), 28 pp.: South-South Perspectives (Chinese), 28 pp.

Number 6, issued in September 1998: South-South Perspectives (English-Portuguese) 28 pp.

Number 7, issued in December 1999: South-South Perspectives (English), 52pp.: Perspectivas Sur-Sur (Spanish) 55 pp.

Nº 1 (1995):The Mata Atlântica Biosphere Reserve (Brazil):An Overview, by Antonio Carlos DIEGUES.

Nº 2 (1995): The Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve(China): A Tropical Land of Natural and Cultural Diver-sity, by WU Zhaolu, OU Xiaokun.

Nº 3 (1995): The Mae Sa-Kog Ma Biosphere Reserve(Thailand), by Benjavan RERKASEM, KanokRERKASEM.

Nº 4 (1995): La Réserve de la biosphère de Dimonika(Congo), par Jean DIAMOUANGANA.

Nº 5 (1995): Le Parc national de Taï (Côte d’Ivoire): unmaillon essentiel du programme de conservation de lanature, par Yaya SANGARÉ.

Nº 6 (1995): La Réserve de la biosphère de Mananara-Nord (Madagascar) 1988-1994: bilan et perspectives,par Noëline RAONDRY, Martha KLEIN, Victor SoloRAKOTONIRINA.

Nº 7 (1995): A Study on the Homegarden Ecosystem in theMekong River Delta and the Hochiminh City (VietNam),by Nguyen Thi Ngoc AN.

Nº 8 (1995): The Manu Biosphere Reserve (Peru), byLuis YALLICO, Gustavo SUAREZ DE FREITAS.

Nº 9 (1995): The Beni Biosphere Reserve (Bolivia), byCarmen MIRANDA L..

Nº 10 (1995): La Reserva de la biosfera Sierra del Rosario(Cuba), par Maria Herrera ALVAREZ, Maritza GARCIACarcia.

Nº 11 (1995): The Omo Biosphere Reserve (Nigeria), byAugustine O. ISICHEI.

Nº 12 (1995): Environnement naturel et socio-économiquede la forêt classé de la Lama (Bénin), par Marcel A.BAGLO, P. COUBEOU, B. GUEDEGBE, B. SINSIN.

Nº 13 (1995): The Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (Mexico),by Eckart BOEGE.

Nº 14 (1996): Conservation de la biodiversité aux Comores:le Parc national de Mohéli, par A. S. ALI; A. YOUSSOUF.

Nº 15 (1996): Resource-Use Patterns: The Case of Coco-nut-Based Agrosystems in the Coastal Zones of Kerala(India) and Alagoas (Brazil), by Vinicius NOBRELAGES.

Nº 16 (1996): The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: A Review ofConservation Status with Recommendations for aHolistic Approach to Management (India), by R.J.RANJIT DANIELS.

Nº 17 (1996): Kinabalu Park and the Surrounding Indig-enous Communities (Malaysia), by Jamili NAIS.

WORKING PAPERS

Nº 18 (1997): Puerto Galera (Philippines) : A Lost BiosphereReserve?, by M. D. FORTES.

Nº 19 (1997): The Palawan Biosphere Reserve (Philippines),by Ricardo M. SANDALO, Teodoro BALTAZAR.

Nº 20 (1997): Le Parc national de Kahuzi Biega, futureRéserve de la biosphère (République démocratique duCongo), par Bihini won wa MUSITI, Germain Mansotoma OYISENZÔO, Georg DÖRKEN.

Nº 21 (1997): Biodiversity Conservation throughEcodevelopment Planning and Implementation Les-sons from India, by Shekhar SINGH.

Nº 22 (1997): The Tanjung Puting National Park and Bio-sphere Reserve (Indonesia), by Herry Djoko SUSILO.

Nº 23 (1997): Biodiversity Conservation in Mozambique andBrazil, by Maria Teresa RUFAI MENDEZ.

Nº 24 (1998): Social Sciences and Environment in Brazil: astate-of-the-art report (Brazil), by Paulo FREIREVIEIRA.

Nº 25 (1998): La implementación de Reservas de la Biosfera:La experiencia latinoamericana, por Cláudio DANIELE,Marcelo ACERBI y Sebastián CARENZO.

Nº 26 (1998): Preservation of Sacred Groves in Ghana:Esukawkaw Forest Reserve and its Anwean SacredGrove, by B. AMOAKO-ATTA.

Nº 27 (1998): Environmentally Sound Agricultural Develop-ment in Rural Societies: A Comparative View fromPapua New Guinea and South China, by R. OHTSUKA,T. ABE, M. UMEZAKI.

Nº 28 (1999): Reunión inernacional para la Promoción deldesarrollo sostenible en los Países Africanos de LenguaOficial Portuguesa (PALOP) mediante la cooperacióninternacional, editado por M. T. R. PITÉ, E. MÜLLER.

Nº 29 (1999): La Reserva de la biosfera los Tuxtlas (Mexico),por S. GUEVARA SADA.

Nº 30 (1999): The Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra Nevadade Santa Marta: A Pioneer Experience of a Shared andCo-ordinated Management of a Bioregion (Colombia),by M. C. D. G. TRIBIN, G. E. RODRIGUEZ N., M.VALDERRAMA.

Nº 31 (2000): A participatory study of the wood harvestingindustry of Charawe and Ukongoroni (United Republicof Tanzania), by A. V. ELY, A. B. OMAR, A.U. BASHA,S. A. FAKIH, R. WILD

Nº 32 (2001): Nature reserve network planning of HainanProvince (China), by Z. OUYANG, Y. HAN, H. XIAO,X: WANG, Y. XIAO, H. MIAO



CONTENTS

Introduction ____________________________________________________________ 3Peter Bridgewater

International Workshop: local development and conservation of coastal zoneson the Eastern Coast of South America. Agenda ___________________________ 5

International Workshop: local development and conservation of coastal zoneson the Eastern Coast of South America. __________________________________ 8

Paulo Freire Vieira and Miguel Clüsener-Godt

Abstracts· Collective entrepreneurship in protected areas – the SEBRAE

approach. Osvaldo Viégas ____________________________________________________ 13· Interdisciplinary and integrated management of environmental projects/ programmes

in the Ribeirão Belchior (Gaspar-SC) sub-basin. Carlos Alberto Cioce Sampaioand Norma Bohn ____________________________________________________________ 14

· Elaborating an integrated and participatory model for ecodevelopment incoastal zones. Normand Brunet _______________________________________________ 15

· The importance of integrated coastal and marine management in controlling socio-environmental impacts and its contribution to promoting sustainable development inBrazil. Maurício Andrés Ribeiro and Marcia Fernández Coura ______________________ 16

· Experience in setting up the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve in theSan Andrés Archipelago, Providencia and Santa Catalina in the Colombian Caribbean.Henny Taylor Florez _________________________________________________________ 19

· Regional Postgraduate Environmental Course Association of Universities of theMontevideo Group. Leonardo Calo _____________________________________________ 21

· The Argentine Biosphere Reserves as models of territorial management andsustainable development and as locations to increase the knowledge of interaction between Man and the Biosphere: potentialities, obstacles, trends. Alicia E. Toribio __ 24

· Watershed management: creating a structure based on production,conservation and environmental education. Patricia Moreno-Casasola ______________ 25

· Participatory management of coastal ecosystems in the Amazon: prospectsin the search for a new Society-Nature relationship. Henrique de Barros_____________ 26

· Mangroves, legislation and management of coastal areas: the case ofParanaguá Bay. Paulo da Cunha Lana _________________________________________ 26

· Environmental Education in coastal zones and the university: The experience of theCentre for Land and Sea Technological Sciences / UNIVALI. José Matarezi and LuisEduardo Carvalho Bonilha ____________________________________________________ 27

· Urban Planning, sustainability and job creation. Case study of the Campeche region,Florianópolis, SC. Brazil. Tereza Cristina P. Barbosa and Janice Tirelli Ponte de Souza _ 28

· Management of Brazilian fresh water fish stocks: flexible concepts are needed.Uwe H. Schulz, Rodrigo S. da Costa and Cláudio M. Souto _________________________ 29

· “Code of Conduct for Responsible Aquaculture: reality or utopia? Luis Vinatea Arana __ 30· Islanders of the SE Brazilian coast: Livelihood, natural resources and resilience.

Alpina Begossi _____________________________________________________________ 31· Learning from fishers: incorporating local knowledge in policy design and

assessment. Cristiana Simão Seixas and Fikret Berkes ____________________________ 32· Caiçara livelihood: Knowledge, use of natural resources and diet.

N. Hanazaki and A. Begossi ___________________________________________________ 33· The Forum of the Estuary of the Patos Lagoon: A preliminary analysis of institutional

arrangements for conservation of coastal resources in southern Brazil.Daniela Coswig Kalikoski & Les Lavkulich _______________________________________ 34

List of participants _____________________________________________________ 35