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Splash Screen
Chapter Menu
Essential Question
Section 1: Interest Group Organization
Section 2: Affecting Public Policy
Section 3: Shaping Public Opinion
Section 4: Measuring Public Opinion
Chapter Summary
Essential Question
How does public opinion influence government, and what do interest groups do to ensure that their policy positions have the most impact?
Section 1-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• interest group
• public-interest group
Section 1-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• equip
• commodity
• target
Section 1-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Create a graphic organizer similar to the one below to categorize different interest groups.
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Do interest groups endanger the rights of other citizens or do they play an important role in interaction between government and the public?
A. They endanger citizen’s rights.
B. They’re important to interaction between government and the public. A B
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Section 1
Power of Interest Groups
• An interest group is a group of people who share common goals and organize to influence government.
– Interest groups may support candidates for office who favor their ideas, but they do not nominate candidates for office.
– Interest groups usually are concerned with only a few issues or specific problems.
• Interest groups differ from political parties in several ways:
Section 1
Power of Interest Groups (cont.)
– Most interest groups are organized on the basis of common values, rather than on geographical location.
• Interest groups help bridge the gap between the citizen and the government.
• By representing more than one individual, an interest group has a strong bargaining position with leaders in government.
Section 1
Power of Interest Groups (cont.)
• On the state and national levels, an interest group draws from the financial resources and expertise of its many members.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ1
A B C D
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On which of the following are most interest groups organized?
A. geographic location
B. common values
C. political party
D. social class
Section 1
Leadership and Membership
• Interest group leaders strengthen the political power of the group by unifying its members.
• Since political decisions are made primarily through competing interest groups, people who do not belong to an interest group are at a disadvantage.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ2
A B C D
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Interest group leaders strengthen the political power of the group by
A. unifying its members.
B. alienating dissenting opinion.
C. electing individuals to public office.
D. raising money for individual candidates.
Section 1
Business and Labor Groups
• Business-related interest groups are among the oldest and largest in the nation.
• The National Association of Manufacturers works to lower individual and corporate taxes and to limit government regulation of business.
• The U.S. Chamber of Commerce speaks on behalf of smaller businesses.
Section 1
Business and Labor Groups (cont.)
• The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is the largest and most powerful labor organization today. Among the unions in the AFL-CIO are:
– the United Auto Workers;
– United Mine Workers; and
– the International Brotherhood of Teamsters.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1 – DQ3
The International Brotherhood of Teamsters is an example of
A. a union in the AFL-CIO.
B. a member of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
C. a member of the National Association of Manufacturers. A B C
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Section 1
Agricultural Groups
• Three major interest groups represent almost 6 million American farmers:
– the American Farm Bureau Federation speaks for the larger, more successful farmers;
– the National Farmers’ Union draws its membership from smaller farmers; and
– the Patrons of Husbandry, known as the Grange, is the oldest farm group.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1 – DQ4
Which major farming interest group is also known as “the Grange?”
A. the American Farm Bureau Federation
B. the National Farmers’ Union
C. the Patrons of Husbandry
A B C
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Section 1
Other Interest Groups
• Professional interest groups include the American Bar Association and the American Medical Association.
• Environmental interest groups include the Sierra Club, the National Wildlife Federation, and the Environmental Defense Fund.
• Public interest groups are not dedicated to representing a single interest group but claim to represent policy positions that will be in the best interest of all.
Section 1
Other Interest Groups (cont.)
• Some interest groups, like the National Conference of State Legislators and the National Governors’ Association, are made up of government employees.
• Foreign governments and private interests of foreign nations also seek to influence government in the United States.
• They might seek military aid, economic aid, or favorable trade agreements.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ5
A B C D
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The Sierra Club is an example of
A. a professional association.
B. a public interest group.
C. a foreign interest group.
D. an environmental interest group.
Section 2-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• techniques
• retain
• abstract
Section 2-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Create a graphic organizer similar to the one below to list the ways lobbyists provide useful information to members of Congress and government officials.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2-Polling Question
Which is the most effective technique an interest group can employ to seek support?
A B C D
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A. television campaigns
B. newspaper campaigns
C. letter-writing campaigns
D. e-mail campaigns
Section 2
The Work of Lobbyists
• Lobbying is the process by which interest groups try to influence government policy by making direct contact with lawmakers or other government leaders.
• The representatives of interest groups who do this kind of work are called lobbyists.
Section 2
The Work of Lobbyists (cont.)
• In 1995 Congress redefined lobbyists to mean anyone who:
– is employed or retained by a client;
– makes more than one contact for the client; and
– spends more than 20 percent of his or her time serving the client.
Section 2
The Work of Lobbyists (cont.)
• One of the most important ways that lobbyists make their case is by providing a member of Congress with facts and data about the policy they want.
• Many lobbyists and interest groups might have a hand in writing and drafting bills.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ1
A B C D
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A lobbyist, as defined by Congress in 1995, must:
A. be a resident of Washington D.C.
B. spend more than 20 percent of his or her time serving the client.
C. be a citizen of the U.S. for at least seven years.
D. not be employed or retained by a client.
Section 2
Interest Groups Seek Support
• A wide range of techniques is available to interest groups in their effort to influence policy makers.
• Interest groups use the mass media to inform the public and to create support for their views.
• Many interest groups urge their members to write letters or e-mails to government officials to demonstrate broad support.
Section 2
Interest Groups Seek Support (cont.)
• Different interest groups compete for power and influence, keeping any single group from controlling lawmakers and other public officials.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ2
A B C D
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What keeps any single interest group from controlling lawmakers and public officials?
A. lobbyists
B. law
C. competition
D. a Constitutional amendment
Section 2
The Rise of Political Action Committees
• Political action committees (PACs) are specifically designed to collect money and provide financial support for a political candidate.
• While federal law prevents corporations and labor unions from making direct contributions to any federal candidate, the law permits their political action committees to do so.
PAC Contributions
Section 2
The Rise of Political Action Committees (cont.)
• The Federal Election Commission issues regulations and advisory opinions that control PAC activities.
PAC Contributions
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ3
A B C D
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Who regulates the actions of Political Action Committees?
A. the Federal Election Commission
B. the American Bar Association
C. Congress
D. PAC committee members
Section 2
PACs and the Groups They Serve
• PACs can be classified into two categories according to the groups they serve:
– Affiliated PACs are those tied to corporations, labor unions, trade groups, or health organizations.
– Independent, or nonconnected, PACs are groups interested in a particular cause that are not connected to any existing interest group.
Section 2
PACs and the Groups They Serve (cont.)
• 527 organizations—named for part of the tax code—emerged in the 2004 election.
• 527 organizations do not directly urge citizens to vote for a specific candidate, but instead focus on advocating an issue.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ4
A B C D
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What type of PAC is not connected to any existing interest group?
A. independent PACs
B. private PACs
C. affiliated PACs
D. 527 organizations
Section 2
Strategies for Influence
• PACs use their money to gain access to lawmakers and to influence election outcomes directly.
• Interest groups, especially PACs, raise much of the money used in political campaigns.
• PACs generally support incumbents, or government officials already in office.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ5
A B C D
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PACs generally support
A. incumbents.
B. new candidates.
C. third-party candidates.
D. conservatives.
Section 3-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• public opinion
• peer group
• mass media
• political culture
Section 3-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• factor
• communicate
• affect
Section 3-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a Venn diagram similar to the one below and identify the ideological beliefs of liberals, moderates, and conservatives.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Which has the greatest influence on political socialization?
A B C D
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A. family
B. schools and peer groups
C. social characteristics
D. mass media
Section 3
The Nature of Public Opinion
• Public opinion includes the ideas and attitudes that a significant number of Americans hold about government and political issues.
• Three factors characterize the nature of public opinion:
– diversity—variance in public opinion;
– communication—how people’s ideas and attitudes are expressed to government; and
Section 3
The Nature of Public Opinion (cont.)
– “significant numbers”—enough people must hold a particular opinion to make government officials listen to them.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ1
A B C D
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Which of the following is one of the factors that characterize public opinion?
A. the mass media
B. political party
C. small
D. diversity
Section 3
Political Socialization
• Individuals learn their political beliefs and attitudes through the process of political socialization which is determined by:
– family and home influence;
– schools and peer groups—an individual’s close friends, religious group, clubs, and work groups;
– social characteristics; and
– the mass media—the internet, newspapers, magazines, movies, radio, and books.
Section 3
Political Socialization (cont.)
• Other influences on political socialization include:
– government leaders—especially the president;
– interest groups; and
– political efficacy—a person’s belief that he or she has an impact on politics.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ2
A B C D
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An individual’s close friends, religious group, clubs, and work groups make up his or her
A. interest group.
B. peer group.
C. political action committee.
D. political culture.
Section 3
Political Culture
• A political culture is a set of basic values and beliefs about a nation and its government that most citizens share.
• It sets the general boundaries within which citizens develop and express their opinions.
• A nation’s political culture also influences how its citizens interpret what they see and hear every day.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ3
A B C D
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A set of basic values and beliefs about a nation and its government that most citizens share is called a(n)
A. peer group.
B. public opinion.
C. political culture.
D. interest group.
Section 3
Ideology and Public Policy
• One’s political ideology is a set of basic beliefs about life, culture, government, and society.
• It provides the framework for looking at government and public policy.
Section 3
Ideology and Public Policy (cont.)
• In the U.S., the main ideologies are:
– liberals, who believe the government should actively promote health, education, and justice;
– conservatives, who believe in limiting the government’s role in the economy and in solving social problems; and
– moderates, who fall somewhere between liberals and conservatives.
Conservative and Liberal Differences
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ4
A B C D
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In the United States, the three main political ideologies include conservatives, liberals, and
A. republicans.
B. democrats.
C. moderates.
D. federalists.
Section 4-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• biased sample
• universe
• representative sample
• random sampling
• sampling error
• cluster sample
Section 4-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• access
• indication
• variation
Section 4-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, complete a graphic organizer similar to the one below to help you take notes about the disadvantages of using mail and phone polls to gauge public opinion.
A. A
B. B
Section 4-Polling Question
Is relying on non-scientific methods like straw polls, interest groups, and political Web sites an effective way to gauge public opinion?
A. yes
B. no
A B
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Section 4
Nonscientific Methods
• Elected officials use a number of sources to stay abreast of public opinion, including:
– political parties and interest groups;
– mass media;
– letters and e-mails or faxes;
– straw polls—which offer only a biased sample of the population; and
– political Web sites and blogs.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 4 – DQ1
Straw polls only offer a biased sample because
A. they are scientific.
B. people respond voluntarily.
C. they question a group typical of the “universe.”
A B C
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Section 4
Scientific Polling
• Scientific polling involves three basic steps:
– selecting a sample of the group to be questioned;
– presenting carefully worded questions to the individuals in the sample; and
– interpreting the results.
Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1940
Section 4
Scientific Polling (cont.)
• The group of people that is to be studied in a poll is called the universe.
• Since it is not practical to interview everyone in a universe, pollsters question a representative sample.
Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1940
Section 4
Scientific Polling (cont.)
• Random sampling is the technique in which everyone in that universe has an equal chance of being selected.
• A sampling error is a measurement of how much the sample results might differ from the sample universe.
• Sampling error decreases as the sample size becomes larger.
Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1940
Section 4
Scientific Polling (cont.)
• One way to draw a random sample is by using a cluster sample which organizes, or clusters, people by geographical divisions.
• The way a poll question is phrased can greatly influence people’s responses and, in turn, poll results.
Presidential Approval Ratings Since 1940
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ2
A B C D
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The measurement of how much the sample results might differ from the sample universe is called
A. random sampling.
B. sampling error.
C. sampling cluster.
D. representative sampling.
Section 4
Public Opinion and Democracy
• The Framers sought to create a representative democracy that would meet two goals:
– to provide for popular rule—to give the people an active voice in government; and
– to insulate government from the shifting whims of an ill-informed public.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4 – DQ3
A B C D
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Which of the following influences public policy?
A. votes by major corporations
B. fiction novels
C. votes by foreign countries
D. mass media
Chapter Summary start
Interest Groups• Who Interest groups are groups of people who share
common goals and organize to influence government.
• What Major categories of interest groups include business and labor groups, agricultural groups, environmental groups, public-interest groups, government groups, and professional associations.
• How Most groups try to influence government policy by lobbying lawmakers, running publicity campaigns, and providing funds for candidates’ election campaigns.
Chapter Summary
Public Opinion• What The ideas and attitudes a significant number of
Americans hold about government and politics; factors such as family, schools, peer groups, economic and social status, the mass media, and government leaders shape one’s political beliefs.
• Who In America, most people fall into the categories of liberal, conservative, or moderate, depending on their basic beliefs about government and society.
• How Officials measure public opinion by meeting with leaders of interest groups and talking with voters, as well as through scientific polling methods.
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