taxonomy. taxonomy - study of classifying organisms taxonomists are scientists who study classifying...
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy - study of classifying organisms
Taxonomists are scientists who study classifying
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed
Reasons to Classify:•Shows evolutionary relationships•Accurately & uniformly names organisms•Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish•Uses same language (Latin) for all names•Prevents duplicated names because all names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)•Naming rules are followed called the International Code for Binomial Nomenclature
Early Taxonomy:•Aristotle was the first taxonomist dividing organisms into land, sea, & air dwellers
•John Ray was the first to use Latin for naming
•Linnaeus developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature, a two-word name (Genus & species
•Scientific names should be italicized in print or underlined when writing•Always capitalize the genus name, but write the species in lower case•The scientific name for man is Homo sapiens•The genus name may be abbreviated, but not the species (H. sapiens)
What does a Puma, Cougar and Mountain Lion have in common?
They are all the same organisms just with different common names.
Common names are different names for the same organism based on where they live.
Taxonomic categories:Linnaeus placed organisms into related groups called taxa (taxon-singular) based on their morphology (similar structure & function)
The broadest taxon is called the domain (used to be Kingdom)
Linnaeus put all organisms into one of two kingdoms --- Plantae or Animalia
8 Division of Classification: (Broadest to most specific)
DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusspecies
Three Domains:
1. Archaebacteria: “ Ancient Bacteria” , First living cells, live in extreme
conditionsKnown as EXTREMOPHILES
-live in swamps, guts of animals,salty oceans
volcanic vents and hot springs.
2. Eubacteria: “True bacteria”Bacteria which affects your
everyday life some even causingtooth decay,spoils our food, causes
illness. Evolved from archaebacteria.
3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus”, this domain contains all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus:
Divided into 4 kingdoms
Protista:
Fungi:
Plantae:
Animalia:
Each taxa is a proper noun &should be capitalized except species
Each level or taxon groups together organisms that share more characteristics than the level above
Botanists use the term division instead of phylum for classifying plants
Plant species are subdivided into varieties, while bacteria are subdivided into strains
Unicellular- Made up of only one cell
Multicellular-Made up of many cells
Prokaryotic- Cells without a nucleus
Eukaryotic-Cells with a nucleus
AutotrophicMakes own foodPhotosynthesis
HeterotrophicObtains food from other sources
Domain Archae-bacteria
Eu-bacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Unicellular, Multicellular or both
AutotrophicHeterotrophic or both
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Mobile or nonmobile
Examples:
Domain Archae-bacteria
Eu-bacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Unicellular, Multicellular or both
unicellular unicellular BothMost uni
BothMost multi
multi multi
AutotrophicHeterotrophic or both
both both both hetero auto hetero
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Pro Pro Eu Eu Eu Eu
Mobile or nonmobile
mobile mobile mobile non non mobile
Examples: Thermoproteus
E.ColiSalmonella
AmoebaParameciumEuglenadiatom
Mushroommold
FernRoseOak treemoss
Human WormSpongespider
What is a species?The Biological Species Concept (BSC) explains that organisms are members of the same species if they can interbreed and their offspring are not sterile.
Ex: donkeys & horses are different species because t their offspring (mules) are sterile.
Ex: grey wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) are the same species,
offspring are red wolves (Canis rufus) which are able to reproduce
The Phylogenetic Species Concept which explains that a species is a group of organisms with a distinct evolutionary past.
Ex: red wolves do not have unique genetic characteristics
Family: Ursidae
Ursus arctus Ursus americanus
Ursus maritimus
What about Grolar Bears?
Day 10Grolar Bear Article Questions:1. What is a grolar bear?2. What does a grolar bear look like?3. Why are biologists excited about this particular
bear?4. Why do biologists predict grolar bears will
become more common?5. According to the Biological Species Concept,
should polar and grizzly bears be classified as separate species? Explain.