tbilisis ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo...

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Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebis fakulteti

giorgi ivaniaSvili

globalizacia da eri-saxelmwifos momavali:

eri-saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis strategia globalizaciis epoqaSi

filosofiis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

specialoba: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: politikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori zurab daviTaSvili

Tbilisi-2008

avtoris stili daculia

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winasityvaoba

sadisertacio naSromze muSaoba mimdinareobda rogorc

saqarTveloSi, ise ucxoeTSi Cemi samecniero da profesiuli

mivlinebebis dros didi britaneTis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis,

avstriisa da germaniis universitetebsa da analitikur centrebSi,

sadac intensiurad viyenebdi iq arsebul mdidar bibliografiul

resursebsa da gamoCenil mecnierTa mxardaWerasa da

rekomendaciebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebul madlobas vuZRvni

oqsfordis universitetSi msoflio bankis yofil vice-prezidents,

profesor ian goldins, kembrijis universitetis saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis centris direqtors, qristofer hils, zalcburgSi

latviis yofili prezidents, profesor vaira vaike fraibergas,

israelis erovnuli sainovacio sabWos direqtors, profesor

manuel traxtenbergs, londonis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

samefo institutis yofil prezidents, olin robisons, harvardis

universitetis profesorebs, strategiuli marTvis Teoretikosebsa

da eqspertebs maikl porters, mark malecs, londonis

universitetSi Cemi kvlevis xelmZRvanels, doqtor qris ramfords,

kembrijis energetikuli asociaciis eqspertebs lorens ruzeckassa

da deniel berkovs, hulis universitetis politikisa da

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis centris yofil direqtors, lord

filip nortons, agreTve nobelis premiis laureats vernon smits.

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Sinaarsi

Sesavali 6 Tavi 1. globalizaciis kritikuli analizi 18

1.1. Tanamedrove globalizaciis Ggamowvevebi 18

1.2. globalistur SexedulebaTa koncefciebis kritikuli analizi 23 1.3. globalizaciis warmmarTveli

da mamoZravebeli Zalebi 31 1.4. globaluri mmarTveloba 36 1.5. integracia Tu polarizacia? globaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi 41

Tavi 2. globalizaciis zegavlena er-saxelmwifoze 51 2.1. eri-saxelmwifos ontologiuri analizi 51 2.2. erovnuli konkurentuli strategia da

saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi 54

2.3. Tanamedrove msoflio sistema 64 Tavi 3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema da misi Teoriuli aspeqtebi 67

3.1. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia 67 3.2. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis

mTavari aqtorebi 73 3.3. regionaluri sainovacio sistemebis analizi 76 3.4. klasteruli ganviTarebis aspeqtebi 80

Tavi 4. sainovacio strategiis aspeqtebi 88

4.1. institucionaluri wyoba 88 4.2. saxelmwifo da sajaro politikis roli 92 4.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema

ganviTarebad qveynebSi 97 4.4. inovaciurobis gazomvis indikatorebi 103

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos konkurentulobis strategia 108

5.1. saqarTvelo globaluri gamowvevebis pirispir 108 5.2. siRaribis daZlevis strategia da ganviTarebis

prioritetebi 111 5.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Seqmnis

SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi 114 5.4. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis

samoqmedo gegma 120

5.5. saqarTvelos konkurentulobis SWOT analizi 124

daskvna 134 bibliografia 140

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cxrilebi

cxrili 1. Kkapitalizmis ganviTarebis istoria 21

cxrili 2. globalistur SexedulebaTa sami modelis

Sedareba 24

cxrili 3. Mglobaluri mmarTvelobis formebi

da doneebi 40

cxrili 4 mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili 43

cxrili 5. Mglobaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove

msoflioSi 45

simdidris ganawileba 2004w.

cxrili 6. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis

mixedviT 2003 w 46

cxrili 7. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri dajgufebis

mixedviT 2004 w 47

cxrili 8. globalizaciis indeqsi 60

cxrili 9. sainovacio sistemebi - Semajamebeli cxrili 77

cxrili 10. sajaro politikis gavlena inovaciebze 94

cxrili 11. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis xarjebi 160 qveyanaSi

2006 wlisaTvis (aT. aSS dolari) 104

cxrili 12. evropis inovaciis monacemTa indikatorebi 106

cxrili 13. ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis

daZlevis programa 112

cxrili 14. codnis Sefasebis meTodologiis indeqsebis

SedarebiTi analizi 117

cxrili 15. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis

SWOT analizi 126

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naxazebi

naxazi 1. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio

bankis mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili 42

naxazi 2. globaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi

simdidris ganawileba 2004w. 44

naxazi 3. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis

mixedviT 2003 w. 45

naxazi 4. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri dajgufebis

mixedviT 1997 w. 46

naxazi 5. maikl porteris “almasis modeli” 54

naxazi. 6. eri-saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis

Zalauflebis transformacia globalizaciis

procesSi 57

naxazi 7. erovnuli sainovacio sistema 71

naxazi 8. erovnuli inovaciuri sistema (amerikuli modeli) 72

naxazi 9. globaluri, erovnuli da regionaluri

inovaciis sistemebi 76

naxazi 10. regionaluri inovaciuri garemos Sida

da gare faqtorebi 77

naxazi 11. maikl porteris “almasis” modeli” 82

naxazi 12. Sida urTierTobebi ekonomikur ganviTarebasa

da institucionalur wyobas Soris 90

nax.azi 13. 'sammagi spiralis modeli 91

naxazi 14. inovaciis sistema 92

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Sesavali

problemis aqtualoba

globalizaciis epoqaSi sul ufro aSkara xdeba eri-

saxelmwifos transformacia, rac iwvevs maTi saxelmwifoebrivi

mmarTvelobis sistemisa da politikuri ekonomikis

restruqturizacias. ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi

gansxvavebul reagirebas axdenen globalur gamowvevebze, es ki

Taviseburad aisaxeba maTi konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebze.

asinqronuli da asimetriuli savaWro sivrcis pirobebSi,

ganviTarebad qveynebs uWirT globalizaciis procesis mimarT

adaptireba, ris Sedegadac maTi politikuri da ekonomikuri

klimati xdeba arastabiluri, xolo mmarTveli institutebi ki

ganicdian enTropias (Held, D., McGrew, A. (2000), The Great Globalization

Debate: An Introduction, In D. Held and A. McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations

Reader: An Introduction to the Globalization Debate (Cambridge: Polity), pp. 1-45.)∗

neoliberalizmis doqtrinaze dafuZnebuli politikur-

ekonomikuri globalizacia qmnis stratifikaciis axal modelebs,

romlebzec zogierTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba kargad axdens

adaptirebas, zogierTi ki izolirebuli rCeba. ekonomikuri

asimetriuloba iwvevs globalur uTanabrobas, ris Sedegadac

susti qveynebi globaluri TamaSidan gariyulni rCebian da

ganicdian marginalizacias. breton-vudsis institutebis qolgis

qveS, ganviTarebuli indrustiuli saxelmwifoebi cdiloben gaxsnan

da gaafarTovon msoflio bazrebi sakuTari produqtis

realizaciisaTvis da gamoiyenon ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli

iafi muSa xeli da bunebrivi resursebi. ganviTarebadi qveynebi ki,

Laissez-faire-isa** da kompradoruli politikis*** zegavlenis Sedegad,

∗ enTropia—menejmentis TeoriaSi, sistemis dauZlureba, rodesac mas aRar Seswevs

unari adaptireba moaxdinos garemos mimarT. ** igive deregulaciis politika, romelic centraluri mTavrobis mxridan kerZo

seqtoris saqmianobaSi Caurevlobas gulisxmobs *** damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcveli produqciis gasaReba ganviTarebad qveynebSi

da maTi nedleulis bazad gadaqceva

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ganicdian erozias (Panitch L. (1996), “Rethinking the Role of the State” in

Mittelman J.H. (ed.), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Lynnne Rienner Publishers).

ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli mTavrobebi, eqcevian ra

breton-vudsis struqturebisa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis

zegavlenis qveS, am ukanasknelT sTavazoben Tavisufal satarifo

sivrces, rac kabalur pirobebSi aqcevs maT ekonomikas da

seriozul dartymas ayenebs socialuri usafrTxoebis politikas.

vinaidan neoliberaluri doqtrina, kompradoruli politikis

gaZlierebas uwyobs xels, ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe dgeba

sakuTari identurobisa da adgilis gansazRvris problema.

TviTidentifikaciis aucilebloba gamowveulia rogorc sakuTari

arsebobis gamarTlebis, ise miRweuli donis SenarCunebisa da

Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.

xazi unda gaesvas agreTve im garemoebasac, rom eri-

saxelmwifoebis globalur doneze integracia, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs

adgilobriv doneze maT dezintegracias (Mann, M. (1997), Has

Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?, Review of International

Political Economy, 4(3), pp. 472-496). globalizaciis epoqaSi,

demokratiuli qveynis centraluri mTavroba aRar warmoadgens

erTaderT dominant Zalas mmarTvelobaSi, vinaidan Tanamedrove

demokratia moiTxovs decentralizacias, ris Sedegadac,

xelisuflebis delegireba xdeba centraluridan adgilobriv

mmarTvel struqturebze, rac seriozulad aZlierebs am

ukanasknelis rols da asustebs centraluri mTavrobis poziciebs.

Sesabamisad, regionaluri ganviTarebis strategia sul ufro met

aqtualurobas iZens, radgan Tanamedrove msoflioSi regionebi

qmnian konkurentul upiratesobas (Porter, Michael L., The Competitive

Advantage of Nations. The Free Press, New York, 1990. p.29).

vinaidan SeuZlebelia, rom erTma, calke aRebulma qveyanam,

yvela sferoSi Tanabar warmatebas miaRwios, dRis wesrigSi dgeba

gansazRvruli prioritetebis gamokveTis sakiTxi. es Tanabarwilad

exeba rogorc did da ganviTarebul, ise (gansakuTrebiT) mcire da

ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebs.

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globalizaciis sakiTxebis kvleva erTmaneTTan mWidrod

dakavSirebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da

kulturuli aspeqtebis rTuli da cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis

gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, sadac zogierTi faqtori

urTierTTanxvedradia, zogierTi ki urTierTsawinaaRmdego. rogorc

irkveva, globalizaciis Sesaxeb avtoritet politologTa,

ekonomistTa da sociologTa kvlevebi ar kmara eri-saxelmwifos

transformaciis Sesaxeb srulyofili analizis gasakeTeblad,

vinaidan calkeul disciplinaTa farglebSi moqceuli poziciebi

xSir SemTxvevaSi emijneba erTmaneTs. ekonomistebisaTvis,

globalizacia kapitalis transnacionalizaciasa da globaluri

bazrebis warmoqmnas niSnavs, istorikosebisaTvis igi globaluri

kapitalizmis epoqaa, sociologebisaTvis socialur-kulturuli

Rirebulebebis SerwymasTan asocirdeba; politologTa mTavar

kvlevis obieqts ki msoflio politikuri procesebis analizi da

eri-saxelmwifos transformacia warmoadgens.

dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi, globaluri

transformaciisa da Rrma Zireuli cvlilebebis fonze,

aucilebeli xdeba problemebisadmi axlebulad midgoma, maTi

interdisciplinarul WrilSi gaanalizeba da gadaWris

kompleqsuri gzebis Zieba. samwuxaro faqtia, rom qarTul

samecniero literaturaSi, erTeul gamonaklisTa garda, ar

moipoveba globalizaciis, qveynis konkurentulobis, erovnuli

sainovacio sistemis, strategiuli marTvis Teoriis sakiTxebSi

Rirebuli bibliografiuli wyaroebi. am deficitis gamo, ZiriTadad

veyrdnobiT dasavleTis wamyvan (ZiriTadad britanel da amerikel)

mecnierTa Sromebsa da rekomendaciebs. Tumca, unda aRniSnos, rom

problemis kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare, globalizaciis sferoSi

moRvawe dasavlel mecnierTa da eqspertTa didi nawilis

urTierTgamomricxavi poziciebic ver axdenen sakiTxTa srulyofil

postulirebas.

am mizezTa gamo, dRis wesrigSi dgeba zogierTi koncefciis

kritikuli analizi da axali originaluri midgomebis Zieba.

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mkvlevarTa diversificirebuli midgomebis miuxedavad, TiTqmis ar

arsebobs farTo korelaciuri xedva, romelic gulisxmobs

politikuri, ekonomikuri, saxelmwifo marTvisa da strategiuli

marTvis Teoriebis erTian konteqstSi moqcevas. magaliTad, dRemde

ar aris Seswavlili glokalizaciis Teoriuli aspeqtebi,

transnacionalizaciis, erovnuli da regionaluri sainovacio

sistemebis, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli da zegavlena

qveynebis konkurentunarianobaze, agreTve mTliani Sida

produqtisa da mTliani erovnuli produqtis prioritetulobis

SefardebiTi analizi. Gglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi

mocemuli Sefasebis indikatorebi ar moicavs mTlian erovnul

produqts, rogorc saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis erTerT

umniSvnelovanes komponents.

garda Teoriuli konteqstisa, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes

qarTul realobaze praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan sakuTari

niSis dakaveba globalur arenaze warmoadgens saqarTvelos

konkurentunarianobis umTavres winapirobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels

Seuwyobs sazogadoebriv keTildReobas da pirdapir kavSirSia

siRaribis daZlevasTan. aRniSnul SesaZleblobaTa Soris,

upirveles yovlisa, unda dasaxeldes Crdilo atlantikur sivrceSi

qveynis integracia da evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi

miRebuli valdebulebebis drouli Sesruleba. sakuTari adgilis

Ziebis procesSi saqarTvelom, upirveles yovlisa, unda

gaiTvaliswinos geopolitikuri konteqsti, kerZod, evropuli

arealisadmi kuTvnileba da transatlantikuri integracia. aqedan

gamomdinare, qarTuli politikis mier aRebuli evrokavSirTan

integraciis kursi ualternativoa, rac gulisxmobs evropuli

standartebis Sesaferisi sistemis Camoyalibebas da yvela im

meqanizmis srulad amoqmedebas, romelic qveyanas gamowvevebis

daZlevaSi Seuwyobs xels.

saqarTvelo codnis ekonomikis indeqsiT, ekonomikuri

stimulirebiT da institucionaluri reJimiT, inovaciurobiT da

sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mxriv,

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CamorCeba ara Tu evrokavSiris wevr, aramed Tavis uaxloes mezobel

qveynebsac. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom codnis ekonomikaze

dafuZnebuli qveynis konkurentunariani upiratesobis grZelvadiani

ganviTarebis klasteruli, inovaciuri strategia Seqmnilia da

muSaobs Cvens uSualo mezoblebTan somxeTSi, ruseTSi, yazaxeTSi,

moldovaSi, strategiis Seqmnis procesSi arian ukrainelebi.

2005 wlis 2 marts gaeros iniciativiT xeli moawera

aTaswleulis miznebis ganviTarebis deklaracias, e.w. parizis

deklaracias, romelic warmoadgens romis da marakeSis forumebis

gagrZelebas da mimarTulia aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis

daCqarebuli miRwevis mizniT siRaribisa da uTanasworobis

Semcirebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zemoqmedebis gaZlierebisaken.

am deklaraciis mTavari gzavnili partniori qveynebis (maT

Soris saqarTvelos) mimarT aris is, rom partniori qveynebi

valdebulebas iReben Seqmnan ganviTarebis erovnuli strategia,

romelTac eqnebaT wliur biujetebSi asaxuli, saSualovadian

danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli zusti strategiuli prioritetebi.

deklaraciis moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba saqarTvelos 2010

wlisTvis im qveyanaTa rigSi moaqcevs, romlebic donori

organizaciebis daxmarebis gareT, ganviTarebad qveyanaTa ukanasknel

eSelonSi moeqceva.

2009 wlis 9 ianvars vaSingtonSi, saxelmwifo departamentSi

gaimarTa saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris

strategiuli partniorobis qartiis xelmowera. qartia efuZneba or

saxelmwifos Soris strategiuli TanamSromlobis principebs,

sadac politikur da ekonomikur reformebs, inovaciebsa da axal

teqnologiebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT.

mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos stabiluri

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia axali gzebis gamonaxva, romelic

inovaciur midgomebsa da TanamSromlobis axali formebis

danergvas iTvaliswinebs. zemoT aRniSnuli mkveTri kontrastebis

fonze, saqarTvelosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania iseTi

politikuri, mikro- da makroekonomikuri reformebis

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ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels Suwyoben qveynis mdgrad

ganviTarebasa da konkurentunarianobis gazrdas globalur

sivrceSi.

zemoT aRniSnulma sakiTxebma ganapirobes Cveni daintereseba

kvlevis TematikiT, ramac saSualeba mogvca Camogveyalibebina

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi winamdebare disertaciaSi.

kvlevis obieqti, mizani da amocanebi

sadisertacio naSromSi kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts warmoadgens

globalizaciis procesi da misi zegavlena eri-saxelmwifos

konkurentunarianobaze, risi ganxorcielebisaTvisac saWiro xdeba

sxvadasxva Sexedulebebis mqone mkvlevarTa poziciebisa da

argumentaciebis Seswavla da maTi kritikuli analizi. am procesSi

yuradRebis fokusSi eqceva Semdegi amocanebi, romlebic saWiroeben

gadaWras:

• globalizaciis politikur-ekonomikuri konteqsti da misi

ontologiuri analizi;

• globalizaciis warmmarTveli da mamoZravebeli Zalebis

(breton vudsis institutebis politika,

transnacionaluri korporaciebi, pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi) zegavlena saxelmwifoebis

konkurentunarianobaze;

• globalur garemoSi transnacionaluri biznesis

funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikaze

misi zemoqmedebis Seswavla;

• mTliani Sida produqtisa da mTliani erovnuli

produqtis SedarebiTi analizi; maTi mniSvneloba eri-

saxelmwifos konkurentulobaSi;

• erovnuli da regionuli sainovacio sistemebis

ontologiuri analizi da maTi roli erovnuli

konkurentunarianobis strategiaSi;

• codnis ekonomikis roli erovnul konkurentulobaSi.

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am amocanebis gadaWris SemTxvevaSi miRweuli iqneba kvlevis

ZiriTadi mizani — SeviswavloT globalizaciis procesis

zegavlena saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobaze da movaxdinoT im

faqtorebis identificireba, romlebic xels uwyoben an xels

uSlian erovnuli konkurentulobis zrdas. Aam konteqstSi

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cveni hipoTezis dasabuTeba, da

detaluri analizi, Tu ra rols TamaSoben meritokratiuli

faseulobebi, codnis ekonomikis principebi, institucionaluri

regulireba, erovnuli biznesis transnacionalizacia, pirdapiri

ucxouri investiciebi, mTliani erovnuli produqti, erovnuli da

regionuli sainovacio sistemebi erovnuli konkurentunarianobis

strategiaSi.

uaRresad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia Tanamedrove qarTuli

saxelmwifo politikis sakiTxebis konceptualuri analizi,

daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis Camoyalibeba globalur

problematikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos

konkurentunarianobis potencialis gansazRvrisaTvis miznad

visaxavT gamoviyenoT SWOT da PEST analizis meTodebi, da maTi

saSualebiT movaxdinoT im Sida da gare faqtorebis

identificireba, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen qveynis

ganviTarebaze.

mTavari kiTxva

mTavari kiTxva gamomdinareobs kvlevis miznidan da

gulisxmobs imas, Tu ra warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos

konkurentunarianobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs globalizaciis

epoqaSi da rogoria maTi zemoqmedebis xarisxi.

hipoTeza

winamdebare sadisertacio naSromSi, Cven SevecdebiT

davasabuToT, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi, erovnuli

konkurentulobis mTavar dasayrden da mamoZravebeli Zalas

warmoadgens erovnuli biznesis transnacionalizaciis maRali

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xarisxi, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur sivrceSi da zrdis

mTlian erovnul Semosavals. konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas xels

uwyobs codnis ekonomikisa da sainovacio politikis principebze

orientirebuli sinergiuli urTierTqmedeba mTavrobas, kerZo

seqtorsa da universitetebs Soris, rac uzrunvelyofs

produqtiulobis maRal xarisxs.

ganviTarebad qveynebSi dominirebs resursebiTa da

investiciebiT marTuli ekonomika, sadac pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebi xels uwyoben mTliani Sida produqtis, da ara

mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdas. Gamitom Cveni mosazrebiT, es

ver CaiTvleba konkurentunarianobis maxasiaTeblad, vinaidan ucxo

qveynebis transnacionaluri kompaniebi zRudaven adgilobrivi

biznesis ganviTarebas. A Cveni msjeloba koncentrirebulia im

argumentaciaze, rom qveynis konkurentul upiratesobas qmnis

codnis ekonomika, socialuri kapitali da meritokratiuli

faseulobebi, rac warmoadgens aucilebel faqtorebs Tanamedrove

teqnologiebis aTvisebisa da damatebiTi Rirebulebis mqone

konkurentuli produqtis warmoebisaTvis. amitomac, konkurentuli

upiratesobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalian didi mniSvneloba

aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad iqmneba qveyanaSi codnis komercializaciisa

da inovaciuri teqnologiebisaTvis aucilebeli garemo, viTardeba

erovnuli warmoeba da biznesi, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur

sivrceSi da zrdis mTlian erovnul Semosavals.

Teoriebi

kvlevis obieqtis farTo konteqstSi ganxilvisa da sakuTari

hipoTezis argumentaluri dasabuTebisTvis, sadisertacio naSromSi

mocemulia globalizaciis, neoliberalizmis, erovnuli

konkurentuli upiratesobis, kompleqsuri

urTierTdamokidebulebis, msoflio sistemis, sainovacio sistemebis

Teoriebis, agreTve proteqcionistuli politikis arsis

kritikuli analizi.

14

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba devid heldis mier

klasificirebuli sami diametralurad polarizebuli

mimdinareobis—hiperglobalisturi, skeptikuri da

transformacionisturi poziciebis SedarebiTi analizi, vinaidan

hiperglobalistebi (keniSi ome, m. zaCeri) gamoricxaven eri-

saxelmwifos arsebobas globalizaciis epoqaSi, skeptikosebi (p.

hirsti, g. tompsoni, e. kepsteini) ar miiCneven globalizacias

realurad da mas regionalizaciis konteqstSi ganixilaven,

transformacionalistebi (d. heldi, e. maqgrou, i. Solte, e.

gidensi) ki msjeloben procesebis qaoturobaze da raime

konkretuli daskvnebis gakeTebisagan Tavs ikaveben.

unda aRiniSnos, rom eri-saxelmwifos transformaciasa da mis

konkurentul strategiasTan mimarTebaSic Zalze rTulia raime

korelaciis monaxva Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa poziciebs Soris,

vinaidan erTni (jozef nai, robert kioheini, samuel hanTingToni,

zbignev bJezinski, Tomas fridmani da sxvebi) biznesis

transnacionalizacias amerikis erovnuli interesebis konteqstSi

ganixilaven, meoreni (imanuil valerstaini, jozef Stiglici,

daniel beli, devid heldi, entoni gidensi, ian Solte da sxvebi)

transnacionalur kompaniebsa da multierovnul institutebs

saxelmwifos dasustebis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneven. mesameni ki

(maikl porteri, qristofer frimeni, henri eckoviCi, loet

ledesdorfi da sxvebi) xazs usvamen regionuli konkurentulobis

upiratesobas, klasteruli ganviTarebis strategias, erovnul da

regionalur sainovacio sistemebs.

siaxle, samecniero da praqtikuli mniSvneloba

globalizaciis procesisa da eri-saxelmwifos

konkurentunarianobis strategiis sakiTxebis interdisciplinarul

konteqstSi ganxilva, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TavisTavad warmoadgens

sadisertacio naSromis mecnierul Rirebulebas. ufro metic,

globalizaciis epoqaSi saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis

strategiis Tematikis wina planze wamowevas uaRresad didi

15

mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos konkurentuli strategiis

CamoyalibebaSi.

inovaciurad migvaCnia strategiuli kvlevisa da analizis

meTodebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan Cvens xelT arsebuli informaciiT,

saqarTveloSi kvlevebis dros aseTi modelebis gamoyenebas aqamde

adgili ar hqonia.

mecnierul siaxles warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos

konkurentunarianobis strategiaSi axali damatebiTi faqtorebisa

da parametrebis Semotana, agreTve, erovnuli konkurentulobis,

erovnuli da regionaluri sainovacio sistemebisa da

transnacionalizaciis farTo interdisciplinarul WrilSi

gaanalizeba da axali xedvis Camoyalibeba.

disertaciaSi dasmuli sakiTxebis kvlevas moyva praqtikuli

aRiareba, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise ucxoeTSi. 2007-2008 wlebSi,

germaniis teqnikuri TanamSromlobis sazogadoebis dakveTiTa da

dafinansebiT, Cemi TanaavtorobiT Catarda kvleva da gamoica

naSromi –National Innovation System Strategy Framework for Georgia, sadac

Camoyalibebulia Tanamedrove midgomebi erovnuli

konkurentunarianobisa da mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis,

mTavrobis, universitetebisa da biznesis sinergiuli

urTierTqmedebis konteqstSi.

2008 wels, kembrijis universitetma momaniWa miwveuli

mkvlevaris stipendia, romlis farglebSic kembrijis universitetis

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis centrSi, momzadda Cemi samecniero

naSromi – Implicationas of European Neighbourhood Policy in on National

Competitiveness of Georgia.

2008 wlis ivlisSi, mSvidobis sakiTxebis kvlevis

saerTaSoriso asociaciis (IPRA) miwveviT, spikeris rangSi

vimyofebodi belgiaSi, lovenis universitetSi, globalur

konferenciaze, sadac gavakeTe moxseneba ”globalizaciis zegavlena

evropis samezoblo politikaze.” moxseneba gamoqveynebulia

konferenciis vebgverdze:

http://soc.kuleuven.be/iieb/ipraweb/papers/Implications%20of%20Globalisation%20on%

16

20European%20Security%20Black%20Sea%20Region%20in%20the%20Context%20of

%20Future%20Eastern%20Enlargement.pdf

2008 wlis aprilSi, londonis savaWro palatis mier momeniWa

miwveuli mkvlevaris stipendia, romlis farglebSic Cavatare

kvleva “globalizacia da erovnuli sainovacio sistema”, agreTve

wavikiTxe moxseneba da gavakeTe prezentaciebi merTonis kolejSi

(oqsfordis universiteti).

2008 wlis aprilSi, zalcburgis globaluri seminaris

miwveviTa da dafinansebiT gavakeTe prezentaciebi da wavikiTxe

moxseneba Temaze “inovaciebi da codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika”

2007 wels, norvegiis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis institutis

grantis mxardaWeriT, Cavatare kvleva da gamoveci naSromi Analyzing

EU-Georgia Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan: Modern Benchmarking Approaches

to Knowledge Management and Innovations in Georgia.

kvlevis meTodebi

saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis parametrebis gansazRvrisa

da koncefciis SemuSavebisaTvis, saWirod miviCnieT mogvexdina

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, ekonomikis, saxelmwifo marTvisa da

strategiuli marTvis TeoriaTa sinTezi, risTvisac xarisxobrivi

kvlevis, prognozirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis garda

vixelmZRvanelebT benCmarkinguli analizis, SWOT da PEST

analizis meTodebiT, agreTve porteris almasis modeliTa da

sammagi spiralis modeliT.

wyaroebis da literaturis mokle mimoxilva

samecniero literaturis sargeblobisas ZiriTadi aqcenti

gakeTda Tanamedroveobis gamoCenil mecnierTa Sromebsa da

monografiebze: maikl porteris (Porter, Michael L., The Competitive

Advantage of Nations. The Free Press, New York, 1990), qristofer frimenis

(Freeman, C. Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan,

1987,) Carlz edqvistis (Edquist Ch., Systems of Innovation Approaches, 1997),

riCard nelsonis (Richard R. Nelson, (eds), Technology, Learning, and Innovation:

17

Experience of Newly Industrializing Economies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres),

robert kioheinisa da jozef nais (Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye,

Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999, Keohane, R.O., Nye, J.S.

(2000), Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?), Foreign Policy),

enToni gidensis (Giddens, A. (1990), Runaway World: How Globalization is

Reshaping Our Lives, Cambridge, Polity), devid heldis (Held et al., Global

Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture 1999), jozef Stiglicis

(Stiglitz, Joseph e. Global Playing Field: More Level, but It Still Has Bumps; The New

York Times 04-30-2005), ian Soltes (Scholte, J. A., Globalization: A Critical

Introduction (London: McMillan, 1997), samuel hanTingTonis (An interview with

Samuel P. Huntington, BRIAN LAMB / SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, March 29, 1985),

hans morgenTaus (Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for

Power and Peace, N. Y., 4th Ed.), imanuil valerstainis (Wallerstein, Immanuel

M.,Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System, Cambridge

University Press, 1991), Tomas fridmanis (Friedman, L. Thomas., The Lexus and

the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization, Farrar Straus Giroux, New York, 1999),

martin Sous (Shaw, M. (2000), Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished

Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), deni rodrikis (Rodrik, D.

(1997), Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington: Institute of International

Economics), daniel belis (Bell, D., The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of

Political Ideas in the Fifties, with "The Resumption of History in the New Century",

1962), da sxva Sromebi.

garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, sadisertacio naSromSi aqtiurad

aris gamoyenebuli gaeros, evrokavSiris, TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis, msoflio ekonomikuri

forumis, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis, msoflio bankis,

msoflio savaWro organizaciis, rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso bankis, globalizaciis socialur problemebze

momuSave msoflio komisiis, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociaciis,

sxvadasxva analitikuri centrebis oficialuri dokumentebi,

wliuri angariSebi da statistikuri cnobarebi, agreTve, interneti.

18

Tavi 1. globalizaciis kritikuli analizi

1.1. Tanamedrove globalizaciis gamowvevebi

1990-ian wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac dasrulda “civi omis” epoqa

da dairRva orpolusiani msofliosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZalTa

balansis saerTaSoriso principi, yofil polarizebul msoflioSi

daiwyo globaluri masStabis integraciuli procesebi, romlebmac

moicves ara marto mezobeli qveynebi da regionebi, aramed mTeli

sakontinetTaSoriso sivrce. teqnologiebis, informatikisa da

komunikaciebis swrafad da dinamiurad ganviTarebam daarRvia

adgilobrivi da erovnuli sazRvrebi da stimuli misca

globaluri kavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis qselebis

Seqmnas, rasac moyva fundamentaluri politikuri, ekonomikuri,

socialuri da kulturuli cvlilebebi msoflioSi.

ganviTarebulma procesebma cxadyves, rom kapitali, biznesi,

informacia da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi veRar daeteoda

calkeul saxelmwifoebriv farglebSi, da Tanamedrove msoflio

moiTxovda ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul universalizacias.

Tumca integraciulma procesebma, romlebsac erTi SexedviT

xeli unda SeewyoT msoflio homogenizaciisaTvis, warmoSves mTeli

rigi winaaRmdegobebi politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da

kulturul aspeqtebSi. am winaaRmdegobebma ki ufro metad

gaaRrmaves uTanxmoeba ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad samyaros

Soris.

transnacionaluri kapitalis, inteleqtualuri

Rirebulebebisa da demokratiuli mmarTvelobis balansirebuli

eqspansia multikontinentalur (ramodenime kontinentis momcvel)

sivrceSi, erovnuli teritoriuli sazRvrebis SenarCunebis fonze,

albaT, erTerTi saukeTeso modeli iqneboda winaaRmdegobebiT

aRsavse msoflios harmoniuli ganviTarebisTvis, rom ar

warmoCeniliyo globalizaciis Tanmxlebi ukuefeqtebi, romlebic

seriozul safrTxes uqmnian kacobriobas. transnacionalizacia ar

19

niSnavs homogenizacias. Uufro metic, ganviTarebuli procesebis

fonze aRmoCnda, rom globalizacia ufro metad aRrmavebs

ekonomikur da socialur uTanasworobas da zrdis disbalanss

ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.

termins ’ekonomikuri globalizacia’ oficialur konteqstSi

gansakuTrebuli datvirTva mieniWa 1986 wels, tarifebsa da

vaWrobaze zogadi SeTanxmebis∗ egidiT urugvaiSi gamarTul

mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis dros, sadac ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri qveynebi∗∗

sainvesticio pirobebis gaumjobesebaze msjelobdnen (Rupert, M. (2000),

Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order (London:

Routledge, p.13).

es iyo is etapi, rodesac msoflio ekonomika ganviTarebis

axali realobebis winaSe idga, rac Tavis mxriv vaWrobisa da

finansebis liberalizaciisaTvis aucilebel qmediTi RonisZiebebis

SemuSavebas moiTxovda.

axali globaluri wesrigisaken swrafvam mniSvnelovani

koreqtivebi Seitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TeoriaSi da

garkveulwilad Seasusta Zveli geopolitikuri koncefcia,

romelic aqtualuri iyo adreuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis,

imperializmisa da civi omis periodSi. 1992 wels, Tavis naSromSi

”globaluri finansuri integracia”, riCard o’braianma gamoTqva

azri geografiis dasasrulis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove etapze,

marTalia jer ar waSlila adgilis, manZilisa da teritoriuli

sazRvrebis mniSvneloba msoflio politikaSi, magram virtualuri

sivrcis, eleqtromagnituri talRebis meSveobiT damyarebulma

komunikaciis procesma socialur urTierTobebSi geografiis axali

ganzomilebebi warmoaCina. sami wlis Semdeg, o’braianis koncefcia

ganaviTara Tanamedrove amerikelma politologma pol viriliom:

,,sivrce da teritoria aRar arsebobs geografiaSi, maT

∗ zogad SeTanxmebas tarifebsa da vaWrobaze, romelic 1995 wels Caanacvla

msoflio savaWro organizaciam, xeli moewera 1947 wels ∗∗ OECD, oficialurad daarsda 1961 wels da Caanacvla evropis ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis organizacia (OEEC), romelic Seiqmna 1948 wels

20

eleqtronikaSi gadainacvles... geopolitika gadadis

qronopolitikaSi.” (Virilio, P. The Art of the Motor (Minneapolis: University of

Minnesota Press, 1995), pp. 133-156).

globalizaciis mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawilis azriT,

moZvelda damokidebulebis Teoriac,* vinaidan saerTaSoriso

arenaze gamoCndnen axali Zalebi transnacionaluri korporaciebis,

multierovnuli mmarTveli institutebisa da saerTaSoriso

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saxiT, romlebmac ara marto

Searyies eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebi, aramed daiwyes sakuTari

wesebis damkvidreba globalur mmarTvelobaSi. biznesis,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da mTavrobis “globaluri triada”—

rogorc Stanley Foundation-is prezidenti riCard stenli maT

moixseniebs, xdeba mTavari instrumenti axal realobaSi. (Stanley, A.

(1999). Opening Remarks presented at the Stanley Foundation’s 34th United Nations of

the Next Decade Conference. Adare Manor, Adare, Country Limerick, Ireland, June 13-

18, 1999. p.44).

Tavisi farTo da mravalmxrivi datvirTvidan gamomdinare,

socialur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs globalizaciis erTi

konkretuli da srulyofili definicia. politologebis,

sociologebisa da ekonomistebis ganmartebebi ar aris amomwuravi

da maTi azri xSir SemTxvevaSi emijneba erTmaneTs.

globalizaciis srulyofili ganmarteba erTmaneTTan

mWidrod dakavSirebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da

kulturuli aspeqtebis rTuli da cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis

gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, sadac zogierTi faqtori

urTierTTanxvedradia, zogierTi ki urTierTsawinaaRmdego.

ekonomistebisaTvis, globalizacia kapitalis

transnacionalizaciasa da globaluri bazrebis warmoqmnas niSnavs,

istorikosebisaTvis igi globaluri kapitalizmis epoqaa,

sociologebisaTvis socialur-kulturuli Rirebulebebis

SerwymasTan asocirdeba; politologTa mTavar kvlevis obieqts ki

* Dependency Theory, Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac mesame samyaros qveynebs ar SeuZliaT

sakuTari ekonomikis kontroli pirveli samyaros industriuli qveynebis

zegavlenis gamo

21

msoflio politikuri procesebis analizi da eri-saxelmwifos

transformacia warmoadgens.

aqamde arsebul ganmartebaTan me gamovyofdi entoni gidensis

(Giddens, A. (1990), Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives,

Cambridge, Polity. P. 28), robert qioheinisa da jozef nais (Robert O.

Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999.

p.18) ganmartebebs, da maTze dayrdnobiT, globalizacias

davaxasiaTebdi, rogorc drosa da multikontinentalur sivrceSi

spontanurad ganvrcobil process, romelic iwvevs fundamentaluri

mniSvnelobis realur cvlilebebs Tanamedrove msoflioSi:

politikis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, finansebis, sainformacio

qselebis, codnisa da socialur-kulturuli Rirebulebebis

integracias, rac qmnis saerTo sakanonmdeblo sivrces, bazarsa da

samomxmareblo kulturas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sityva globalizacia Tanamedrove

terminologiaSi damkvidrebis sul ociode wels iTvlis, misi

ganviTarebis procesi kacobriobis istoriis uxsovari droidan

iRebs saTaves. evoluciur Zvrebs yovelTvis win uZRoda iseTi didi

da farTo masStabis procesebi, rogoricaa dapyrobiTi omebi,

migraciuli dinebebi, religiisa da kulturis gavrceleba, savaWro

urTierTobebis ganviTareba da sxva, da Tavisi etimologiuri

mniSvnelobiT, Tanamedrove globalizacia garkveulwilad

warmoadgens am procesebis, da uwinares yovlisa kapitalizmis

ganviTarebis umaRles stadias. (Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power

and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999. p24).

cxrili 1. Kkapitalizmis ganviTarebis istoria

periodebi pirveli meore mesame meoTxe

xangrZlivoba 1492-1789 1789-1900 1900-1990-iani 1990-ianidan

epoqa aRmoCenebis,

dapyrobis

epoqa

revoluciebis,

kapitalisa da

imperiis epoqa

imperializmisa

da ‘civi omis’

epoqa

‘informaciisa

da codnis

epoqa’

kapitalizmis

forma

merkanti-

lizmi

industriuli

kapitalizmi

monopolisturi

kapitalizmi

globalizacia

(msoflio

kapitalizmi)

22

simboluri

movlenebi

kolumbis

mier

amerikis

aRmoCena

safrangeTis

revolucia

msoflio omebi

komunizmi da

faSizmi

berlinis

kedlis

dangreva, ‘civi

omis’

dasasruli;

ssrk-s daSla

politikuri

manifestacie

bi

xelosnebis

gamosvlebi

evropaSi

burJuaziis

Camoyalibeba

imperialisturi

omebi

socialisturi

banakis daSla;

anti-

globalist.

gamosvlebi

wyaro: V. Wei-cheng Wang, Globalization and Asian Crisis, 1999

gacilebiT rTulia globalizaciis procesis ontologiuri

analizi, romelic misi aspeqtebis∗ Rrma interdiscipinarul WrilSi

ganxilvas moiTxovs. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos alogikuria

globalizaciasa da eri-saxelmwifos urTierTdamokidebulebaze

saubari, vinaidan es ori fenomeni urTierTsapirispiro

mimarTulebiT viTardeba. maSin, rodesac globalizacia

unifikacias, universalizaciasa da homogenizacias gulisxmobs, eri-

saxelmwifo decentralizaciis, regionalizaciis da

diferenciaciisa procesebis winaSe dgas. Sesabamisad ismis kiTxva:

arian isini urTierTgamomricxavni, Tu qmnian erTian dialeqtikas,

romelic samyaros axali ganviTarebisaken miaqanebs.

globalizaciis uaRresad rTuli bunebidan gamomdinare, am

etapze Zalian rTulia dazustebiT imis Tqma, Tu ra konkretuli

cvlilebebia mosalodneli msoflioSi. (Held et al., Global

Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture 1999. p.37). amjerad mxolod

imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom momavlis prognozirebis xarisxi

damokidebulia Tanamedrove realobis zust analizsa da adeqvatur

RonisZiebebze rogorc erovnuli mTavrobebis, ise sazogadoebisa

da saerTaSoriso institutebis mxridan.

∗igivea rac globalizaciis ganzomilebebi—politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialur-

kulturuli, samxedro, samarTlebrivi, ekologiuri. xSirad gvxvdeba agreTve

terminebi: politikuri globalizmi, ekonomikuri globalizmi, samxedro

globalizmi da a.S.

23

1.2. globalistur SexedulebaTa koncefciebis kritikuli analizi

globalizaciis mkvlevarTa urTierTgammijnavi poziciebi da

Sexedulebebi devid heldma sam kategoriad dayo (Held, D., McGrew, A.,

Goldblatt, D., Perraton, J. 1999, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and

Culture (Cambridge: Polity) p.44)

1. hiperglobalistebi, romlebic aRiareben transnacionaluri

kapitalisa da msoflio bazrebis hegemonias, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs

denacionalizaciasa da teritoriuli sazRvrebis moSlas (keniSi

ome, m. zaCeri);

2. skeptikosebi, romlebic xazs usvamen saxelmwifoebrivi

institutebis aucileblobas da miaCniaT, rom bazrebis regulireba

da biznesis marTva saxelmwifos prerogativas warmoadgens (p.

hirsti, g. tompsoni, e. kepsteini);

3. transformacionistebi, romlebsac Sualeduri pozicia

ukaviaT am or ukiduresobas Soris, da romlebic msjeloben

procesebis qaoturobaze, globalur uTanabrobaze, eri-

saxelmwifosa da msoflio politikis transformaciaze (d. heldi,

e. maqgrou, i. Solte, e. gidensi).

hiperglobalistebisa da skeptikosebis kamaTs enToni maqgrou

mcdar inteleqtualur SexedulebaTa Widils uwodebs, (McGrew, A.,

(1997). The Transformations of Democracy?, Milton Keynes, Polity/Open University, (p.

9), rasac me nawilobriv ar veTanxmebi. marTalia Cemi pozicia ufro

metad transformacionistebisaken ixreba, magram mravalricxovan

avtorTa SromebSi poziciaTa gulmodgined gaanalizebis Semdeg im

daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom SeuZlebelia am or koncefciaTagan

romelimes calsaxad aRiareba an uaryofa, calkeul sakiTxebSi maTi

damajerebeli Tu aradamajerebeli argumentaciis gamo. am

sakiTxebis kvlevam da Seswavlam saSualeba mogvca gagvekeTebina

sakuTari analitikuri daskvnebi, rogorc hiperglobalisturi da

skeptikuri moZRvrebebis, ise transformacionalisturi Teoriis

Sesaxeb, romlebic qvemoT iqneba Camoyalibebuli.

24

cxrili #2: globalistur SexedulebaTa sami modelis Sedareba

hiperglobalistebi

(keniSi ome)

skeptikosebi

(p. hirsti, g.

tompsoni)

transformacionalistebi (d. heldi, e. maqgrou, e.

gidensi,

ra aris axali? globaluri era

SedarebiT mcire

savaWro blokebi;

ufro susti ze-

erovnuli

mmarTveloba

adrindel

periodebTan

SedarebiT

globaluri

urTierTdamokidebulebi

s istoriulad

uprecendento doneebi

ra aris

globaluri

ekonomikis

mTavari

maxasiaTebeli?

globaluri

kapitalizmi; geografiuli

sazRvrebis moSla;

globaluri kultura;

globaluri

samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

msoflio ufro

naklebad aris

urTierTdamokidebul

i vidre 1890-ian

wlebSi.

multierovnuli

kompaniebi ar arian

transnacionaluri

"xSiri” globalizacia;

ufro intensiuri da

eqsstensiuri

urTierTdamokidebuleba

ra aris

globalizaciis

mamoZravebeli

Zala?

kapitalizmi da

teqnologia

saxelmwifoebi da

maT mier

regulirebuli

bazrebi

sxvadasxva procesTa

erTianoba: Zalian

uwesrigo

ra emarTeba er-

saxelmwifos ecema da iSleba

Zlierdeba da

izrdeba

icvleba Zalian

uwesrigod

rogor esmiT maT

globalizacia

rogorc pirovnuli

qmedebis struqturis

reorganizacia

internacionalizacia

da regionalizacia

cvlilebebi

saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi

(uwesrigo)

ra aris

mosalodneli

momavalSi?

globaluri

civilizacia

regionuli

aliansebis Seqmna,

civilizaciaTa

Sejaxeba

gaurkvevloba.

Gglobaluri

fragmentacia da

integracia

maTi mTavari

argumenti

eri-saxelmwifos

dasasruli

internacionalizacia

eyrdnoba

saxelmwifoTa

mxardaWerasa da

SeTanxmebas

globalizacia iwvevs

saxelmwifo

Zalauflebisa da

msoflio politikis

gardaqmnas

25

hiperglobalisturi koncefcia

hiperglobalisturi moZRvreba ZiriTadad neoliberalur da

neomarqsistul Sexedulebebs aerTianebs, romlebic globalizacias

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRles stadiad miiCneven, sadac eri-

saxelmwifoebi funqciebis gareSe rCebian da globalur blokebsa da

aliansebSi STainTqmebian. amasTanave, sazogadoebis sul ufro didi

jgufebi xdebian socialuri daucvelobis msxverplni, vinaidan

mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi aRar aris sakmarisi maTi mzardi

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. didi britaneTis yofili

finansTa ministri, denis hili, mianiSnebs agreTve gariyuli da

gaucxoebuli sazogadoebrivi fenebis ukmayofilebaze, saerTaSorio

danaSaulisa da terorizmis problemebze, romelTa mogvareba aRemateba

erovnuli mTavrobis SesaZleblobebs. (A precis of an article in by Dennis Healey,

former Chancellor of the Exchequer and Foreign Secretary in The Sunday Times, 5 March

1995. pp. 64-65).

keniSi omes azriT, bazrebis ganviTareba da ekonomikuri

regionalizmi zRudaven eri-saxelmwifos funqciebs da asusteben mas.

(Ohmae, K., The Borderless World, Rev Ed: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy,

HarperBusiness. pp.8-12). misive azriT eri-saxelmwifo SesaZloa Caanacvlos

qalaqma-saxelmwifoebma, magaliTad honkongma, barselonam, niu-iorkma an

londonma.

hiperglobalistebi umTavresad SeiaraRebulni arian im

argumentaciiT, rom transnacionaluri biznesi, afarToebs ra Tavis

geografiul areals, xdeba eri-saxelmwifos teritoriul sazRvrebSi

arsebuli sakuTrebis—erovnuli sakuTrebis mflobeli.∗

transnacionaluri korporaciebi yiduloben samrewvelo obieqtebs,

uZrav-moZrav qonebas, bunebriv resursebs, qiraoben adgilobriv

muSaxels, ris Sedegadac adgilobrivi simdidre gadadis ucxo kerZo

mesakuTris xelSi.

∗ erovnul sakuTrebas warmoadgens saxelmwifos teritoriul sazRvrebsa da mis

farglebs gareT arsebuli samTavrobo, kerZo Tu arasamTavrobo seqtorebis sakuTrebaSi

myofi qoneba. (avt.)

26

aq xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom nebismieri

transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens ara raime kosmopolitur

warmonaqmns, aramed igi gamoxatavs konkretuli qveynis biznes interess

globalur sivrceSi. amitom transnacionaluri kompaniis Semosavali da

mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba (iseve, rogorc Tavad es kompania)

warmoadgens im qveynis mTliani erovnuli produqtis∗ Semadgenel

nawils, sadac es kompania aris dafuZnebuli. transnacionaluri

kompania warmoadgens konkretuli qveynis bizness sxva saxelmwifos

teritoriul sivrceSi. Sedegad xdeba adgilobrivi, susti biznesis

STanTqma ufro Zlieri, globaluris mier, rac niSnavs Zlieri

saxelmwifos ufro metad gamdidrebas da sustis ufro metad

gaRaribebas. uazroba iqneboda imis Tqma, rom koka-kolasa da

makdonaldis biznesi ar gamoxatavs amerikul interesebs, an toiotas

transnacionaluri eqspansia xels ar uwyobs iaponiis ekonomikur

mdgradobas.

me veTanxmebi im azrs, rom, Tanamedrove globalizaciis mTavar

mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens ekonomika, romlis drosac erT

calkeul saxelmwifos ar Seswevs transnacionaluri kapitalis,

multierovnuli biznesis, gansakuTrebiT finansebisa da sabanko

sistemebis regulirebis unari. magram unda vaRiaro, rom CemTvis

rTulia hiperglobalistTa ukiduresad xisti Sexedulebebis gaziareba

eri-saxelmwifos aRsasrulTan dakavSirebiT. maTi umravlesoba

globalizaciis procesSi er-saxelmwifos ganixilavs mxolod

kapitalis transnacionalizaciisa da msoflio bazrebis integraciis

konteqstSi, rac Cemi azriT moklebulia damajereblobas.

omes naSromTa gulmodgineT gaanalizebis Semdeg, Cemi yuradReba

miipyro erTma saintereso detalma. igi globalizaciis process

ganixilavs mxolod sabazro ekonomikis WrilSi da koncentrirebas

axdens transnacionaluri biznesis marketingul strategiaze,** xolo

saxelmwifoebriv politikur institutebs mniSvnelovan Zalebad ar

∗ Gross National Product (GNP)— yvelaferi is rac warmoebulia moqalaqeebis, korporaciebis

da mTavrobebis mier qveynis SigniT da mis farglebs gareT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ** omes 3 C-s strategiuli modeli (company, customer, competition) aRiarebulia Tanamedrove

biznesis erTerT umTavres paradigmad

27

miiCnevs. Cemi azriT, aq aucilebeli xdeba garkveuli sakiTxebis

dazusteba. pirvel rigSi, transnacionaluri biznesi es aris erovnuli

biznesis funqcionireba globalur garemoSi, romelic sayrdens aclis

im susti ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikas, romelSic is operirebs.

magram imavdroulad, igi mdgrads xdis im industriuli saxelmwifoTa

siZlieres, romelTa wiaRSic mas fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli. Zlieri

industriuli qveynebi axerxeben imas, rom politika da biznesi

erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv interesebs dauqvemdebaron, susti

saxelmwifoebi ki gadarCenis mizniT cdiloben sxvadasxva blokebsa da

aliansebs Seafaron Tavi.

skeptikuri koncefcia

skeptikuri poziciis proponenti, gazeT ‘Financial Times’-is

ekonomikuri eqsperti martin vulfi globalizacias miuRwevel

daniSnulebis adgilamde—globalizebul msofliomde mogzaurobas

uwodebs. (Wolf, Martin., Will the Nation-State Survive Globalization? From Foreign

Affairs, January/February 2001. pp3-4.). misi azriT, Tanamedrove etapze Tu raime

mniSvnelovani SeiniSneba, es aris regionalizacia, romelic imarTeba

ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebis mier, da romelsac araferi aqvs

saerTo farTod aJitirebul globalizaciasTan.

skeptikuri Teoriis yvelaze gamorCeuli warmomadgenlis,

birbekis kolejis (londonis universiteti) profesoris, pol hirstis

ganmartebiT, globalizacia warmoadgens komerciuli liberalizmis

saerTaSoriso sistemis uwyvet ganviTarebas, sadac sistema rCeba

erovnebaTSorisi (inter-national) da ara globaluri, da sadac TamaSis

wesebs karnaxoben ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynebi. (Hirst, P.,

Globalization and the Nation State, SEF-Symposium 2002 pp.9-12). misive azriT,

globalizacia aris miTi da ideologia, rac gulisxmobs dasavleT

evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis hegemonias msoflio

politikaSi. globaluri ekonomika, romelic dafuZnebulia sazRvrebs

gareT arsebul sabazro Zalebze, ar aris ganviTarebuli, da

28

migraciuli procesebic uprecendento erovnul kontrols

eqvemdebarebian.

vfiqrob, rom es koncefcia safuZvels aris moklebuli, vinaidan

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresisa da uaxlesi sakominikacio sistemebis

ganviTarebis Sedegad Tanamedrove msoflio arasdros yofila ise

globalizebuli da urTierTdamokidebuli, rogorc amJamad.

me veTanxmebi profesor hirsts im aspeqtSi, rom ganviTarebuli

industriuli saxelmwifoebi kvlavac did rols TamaSoben globalur

ekonomikur mmarTvelobaSi. agreTve viziareb mis pozicias imasTan

dakavSirebiT, rom am qveynebis mier Camoyalibebuli breton-vudsis

institucionaluri sistema maTsave interesebis ganxorcielebisaTvis

iyo gamiznuli. magram saWirod mimaCnia imis aRniSvnac, rom skeptikosebi

gverds uvlian erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romlis Tanaxmadac

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis mier

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis SemuSavebulma neoliberalurma gegmam

(romelsac devid heldi mzakvruls uwodebs) saSualeba misca

ganviTarebul msoflios misTvis sasargeblo, asimetriuli savaWro

sivrcis pirobebSi mieRwia mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri zrdadobisaTvis.

Sedegad, am asimetriulma savaWro ekonomikurma klimatma da

arajansaRma konkurenciam ufro metad gaaRrmaves globaluri

uTanabroba da ekonomikuri disbalansi am or samyaros Soris.

aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 1940-iani wlebis bolos, breton-

vudsis institucionaluri sistemis Semqmnel er-saxelmwifoebs

warmodgenac ar SeeZloT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra masStabebs miaRwevdnen

ekonomikuri, samrewvelo, savaWro da sainformacio-teqnologiuri

procesebi. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, ganviTarebuli liberalur-

demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Tavadac dadgnen globaluri—

socialuri, ekologiuri da terorizmis problemebis winaSe.

saerTaSoriso biznesi da transnacionaluri kapitali moiTxoven

sakanonmdeblo sivrcis uzrunvelyofas teritoriul sivrceSi, rac

Tavis mxriv mTavrobis prerogativas warmoadgens. skeptikosi

analitikosebi am realobis safuZvelze ayalibeben koncefcias, rom

vinaidan bazrebs ar SeswevT marTvis unari, saerTaSoriso ekonomika

29

saWiroebs saxelmwifo seqtoris poziciebis ganmtkicebas. profesor

hirstis mosazrebiT, erovnuli kanonmdebloba zegavlenas axdens

saerTaSoriso bazrebze, igi uzrunvelyofs satarifo da sagadasaxado

sistemas, rac xazs usvams saxelmwifos siZlieres. (Hirst, P., Globalization

and the Nation State, SEF-Symposium 2002. p.23.). es pozicia, Cemi azriT, sustad

argumentirebulia Semdegi faqtorebis gamo:

1. globalizacia warmoadgens kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRles

stadias, romlis drosac transnacionaluri kapitali da bazrebi

seriozul zegavlenas axdenen erovnul politikaze. amdenad,

saerTaSoriso ekonomika ki ar saWiroebs saxelmwifo seqtoris

ganmtkicebas, aramed igi aviwroebs am ukanasknels. am fonze, kerZo

biznesisaTvis sakanonmdeblo klimatis uzrunvelyofa nebismieri

demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sakiTxs

warmoadgens, rac ekonomikuri aucileblobiT aris nakarnaxevi.

saxelmwifo ki ar adgens TamaSis wesebs, is TavisTavad xdeba am

TamaSis monawile.

2. qveynis simdidres qmnis ara gadasaxadebi, aramed warmoeba da

biznesi. mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado sistema xels uwyobs mxolod

biujetis Sevsebas importidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT,

konkurentunarianobis strategia ki damokidebulia eqsportis

moculobaze. Hhirstis pozicias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT abaTilebs

maikl porteris ‘almasis strategiis’ modeli.

3. globalizacia xels uwyobs integracias, rac Tavis mxriv

warmoSobs da afarToebs regionalur da globalur struqturebs

multierovnuli mmarTvelobiTi institutebis saxiT, romlebic

cdiloben uzrunvelyon saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis harmonizacia da

politikur-samarTlebrivi klimati.

4. Tanamedrove demokratia moiTxovs decentralizacias, romlis

Sedegad, xelisuflebis delegireba xdeba centraluridan adgilobriv

mmarTvel struqturebze, rac seriozulad aZlierebs am ukanasknelis

rols da asustebs centraluri mTavrobis poziciebs. imavdroulad,

sul ufro aSkara xdeba Zalauflebis gadanawileba centraluri

xelisuflebidan kerZo da arasamTavrobo seqtorebze, da

30

saxelmwifoebrivi politika warmoadgens am sami seqtoris erTiani

urTierTqmedebis produqts.

transformacionisturi koncefcia

transformacionistebis azriT, globalizacia warmoadgens

socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebis ukan mdgar

centralur mamoZravebel Zalas, romelic iwvevs Tanamedrove

sazogadoebisa da msoflio wesrigis gardaqmnas. (Giddens, A. (1990),

Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives, Cambridge, Polity. P. 42). am

SexedulebaTa proponentebi, globalizaciis Tanamedrove process

miiCneven istoriulad uprecendento movlenad, romlis drosac

mTavrobebi da sazogadoebebi cdiloben Seewyon iseT msoflios,

romelSic ar arsebobs mkveTri sazRvari erovnul da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebSi. entoni gidensisaTvis globalizacia warmoadgens

gigantur matransformirebel Zalas, romelic iwvevs Zireul Zvrebs

ekonomikaSi, mmarTvel institutebSi, msoflio wesrigsa da

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. (Giddens, A. (1990), Runaway World: How Globalization

is Reshaping Our Lives, Cambridge, Polity .p 53).

skeptikuri da hiperglobalisturi poziciebisagan gansxvavebiT,

transformacionistebs ar gaaCniaT momavlis prognozirebis

pretenziebi, vinaidan zemoT aRniSnuli Zireuli Zvrebi qaoturad

mimdinareobs da mraval gaurkvevlobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. isini

arc awmyos ganixilaven erT romelime ‘idealuri’ ganzomilebis

konteqstSi, da amis sanacvlod globalizacias, winaaRmdegobebiT

aRsavse istoriul procesad miiCneven, romelic mravalwaxnagovan

WrilSi gaanalizebas moiTxovs.

virtualurad, msoflios yvela qveyana da sazogadoeba

warmoadgenen didi globaluri sistemis erTian Semadgenel nawilebs,

romlebic ar arian Tanxvedradi da ‘Stormis’ stadiaSi imyofebian.

amasTanave, globalizacia asocirdeba globaluri stratifikaciis axal

modelebTan, romelSic zogierTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba kargad

axdens adaptirebas, zogierTi ki izolirebuli rCeba. inkluziuroba da

eqskluziuroba iwveven polarizaciasa da asimetriulobas, ris

31

Sedegadac sustebi da umweoebi globaluri TamaSidan gariyulni

rCebian da ganicdian marginalizacias. mxolod mdgradi industriuli

saxelmwifoebi axerxeben sruli suverenuli Zalauflebis SenarCunebas

da cvalebadi istoriuli realobis mimarT adaptirebas.

unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveul sakiTxebSi SeiniSneba

transformacionistTa da hiperglobalistTa Sexedulebebis Tanxvedra,

magram erovnuli mTavrobis xelisuflebis gardaqmnis sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT transformacionistebi ugulebelyofen oponentTa

ritorikas, rom saxelmwifo aRar iarsebebs.

hiperglobalisturi da skeptikuri koncefciebisagan SedarebiT,

transformacionistur koncefcias ufro argumentirebulad miviCnev im

garemoebis gamo, rom dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi

aucilebeli xdeba problemebisadmi kompleqsuri midgoma da movlenebis

racionaluri analizi.

1.3. globalizaciis warmmarTveli da mamoZravebeli Zalebi

globalizacia ar iqneboda aseTi intensiuri da dinamiuri, rom

ara misi mTavari warmmarTveli da mamoZravebeli Zalebi, romlebmac igi

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis neoliberalur modelad aqcies. am Zalebs

warmoadgenen sazRvarmkveTi sistemebi, romelTa kontrolic erT,

calkeul saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs. es Zalebia: vaWroba, finansebi,

momsaxureba, sakomunikacio sistemebi, transporti, garemo, media.

proteqcionizmi, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi meore

msoflio omis Semdeg damkvidrda, gaxda liberalizaciis∗ mTavari

sayrdeni industriuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis. am mizans emsaxureba

msoflio savaWro organizacia, romlis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis regulireba.

∗ � liberalizmi (frang. libéralisme) — ideologia, filosofiuri Sexeduleba da

politikuri tradicia, romlis mixedviT Tavisufleba ZiriTadi politikuri

Rirebulebaa.

32

vaWrobis liberalizaciasTan erTad, ganviTarebuli qveynebidan

daiwyo msxvili investiciebis dineba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaken,

romelTa susti ekonomika moiTxovda mniSvnelovan kapitaldabandebebs.

amis ganxorcieleba ki SesaZlebeli iyo transnacionaluri kompaniebis

meSveobiT, romlebmac ara marto Searyies eri-saxelmwifoebis

sazRvrebi, aramed seriozuli gamowveva gamoucxades maT.

Tanamedrove etapze, TandaTanobiT xdeba adgilobrivi samrewvelo

obieqtebis Serwyma transnacionalur biznesTan, romelic moicavs

teqnologiis dizains, mecnierul kvlevebs, produqciis warmoebas,

miwodebasa da distribucias, raSic uaRresad did rols TamaSoben

satelituri kavSirebi, uaxlesi satransporto saSualebebi da media.

urTierTdamokidebuleba am Zalebs Soris sruliad naTelia: vaWrobis

gafarToeba qmnis damatebiT moTxovnas finansebze, transportsa da

komunikaciebze. imavdroulad, internetisa da mobiluri satelefono

sistemebis danergva mkveTrad zrdis produqtiulobas.

eleqtronulma komerciam gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove

biznesSi. internetis saSualebiTYdamyarebuli kavSiri mwarmoebelsa da

momxmarebels Soris aRar saWiroebs dilerebs, rac mniSvnelovnad

aiafebs momsaxurebas da intensiurs xdis savaWro urTierTobebs

multikontinentalur sivrceSi. eleqtronuli komunikacia saSualebas

aZlevs adamianebs ocdaoTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi, nebismier dros

gadaricxon Tanxa nebismier adgilze, SeukveTon da SeiZinon maTTvis

sasurveli produqti. adamianebi iswrafvian socialuri komfortisaken,

amitomac isini swraf adaptirebas axdenen teqnologiuri siaxleebis

mimarT da ikmayofileben moTxovnilebebs, ris Sedegadac tradiciul

geografiul sazRvrebSi moqceuli biurokratiuli barierebi maTTvis

ararelevanturi xdeba.

globalizaciis arsis naTlad gaSuqebisaTvis mniSvnelovania

transnacionaluri korporaciebis analizi. transnacionaluri

korporacia, warmoadgens kerZo organizacias, romelic axorcielebs

warmoebasa da bizness im qveynis farglebs gareT, sadac igi aris

dafuZnebuli, sul mcire or qveyanaSi dafuZnebuli filialebis an

adgilobrivi partniori kompaniebis meSveobiT. transnacionaluri

33

korporaciebi deben investiciebs ucxo qveynebis ekonomikaSi, rac

gamoixateba rogorc adgilobrivi kompaniebis SesyidvaSi, ise axali

warmoebis an momsaxurebis saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi.

transnacionalurma kompanieba sakuTari biznes operaciebis

warmarTva qveynis farglebs gareT jer kidev meore msoflio omamde

daiwyes. maTi mizani iyo daezogaT sakuTari qveynis nedleuli masalebi,

bunebrivi resursebi, da investiciebi CaedoT ganviTarebadi qveynebis

ekonomikaSi. jer kidev 1907 wels vudro vilsoni acxadebda: “vinaidan

vaWroba axdens erovnuli sazRvrebis ignorirebas, mewarme cdilobs

msoflio bazrad aqcios. igi aris erovnuli medroSe, romelsac

sakuTarma saxelmwifom mxari unda aubas, xolo im saxelmwifoTa

karebi, romelic daxSuli iqneba misTvis, unda daimsxvres.” (The Papers of

Woodrow Wilson, Volume 17: 1907-1908). naxevari saukunis Semdeg, 1953 wels

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sxva prezidenti duait eizenhaueri

TiTqmis igives imeorebda: “Cveni sagareo politikis umniSvnelovanes

mizans warmoadgens SevqmnaT xelsayreli sainvesticio klimati ucxour

teritoriul sazRvrebSi”. (Krieg, Joann P. ed. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier,

President, Statesman (1987).

1990-ian wlebSi am investiciebis masStabi gascda konkretul

qveynebsa da regionebs da mTeli sakontinentTaSoriso sivrce moicva.

transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens msxvil bizness, romelic

dafuZnebulia ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. msoflios 500 ‘iRblian’

multierovnul kompaniaTagan, naxevarze meti dafuZnebulia amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi, 1/6 iaponiaSi, 1/10 ki inglisSi (Forbes International,

2005). 1980-iani wlebidan swrafad izrdeba axal industiuli

ganviTarebadi teritoriebidan wamosuli transnacionaluri biznesi.

maT ricxvs miekuTvneba malaizia, singapuri, samxreT korea, honkongi.

nebismieri transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens konkretuli

qveynis biznesis eqspansirebas saerTaSoriso da globalur doneze.

amitom transnacionalizacia niSnavs ara mis kosmopolitizacias,

aramed biznes arealis gafarToebas globalur sivrceSi.

transnacionaluri kompaniis Semosavali warmoadgens im qveynis mTliani

erovnuli produqtis Semadgenel nawils, sadac es kompania aris

34

dafuZnebuli. transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens konkretuli

qveynis bizness sxva saxelmwifos teritoriul sivrceSi. Sedegad xdeba

adgilobrivi, susti biznesis Seviwroeba ufro Zlieris mier, rac

niSnavs Zlieri saxelmwifos ufro metad gamdidrebas da sustis ufro

metad gaRaribebas.

transnacionaluri korporacia klasificirdeba sami kategoriis

mixedviT:

horizontalurad integrirebuli—biznesis marTva sxvadasxva

qveynebSi, romlis mizania igive an msgavsi

produqciis/momsaxurebis warmoeba;

vertikalurad integrirebuli—biznesis marTva konkretul

qveyanaSi an qveynebSi, romlis mizania produqciis/momsaxurebis

warmoeba da damkvidreba im geografiul sivrceSi;

diversificirebuli—biznesis marTva sxvadasxva qveynebSi axali

produqciis/momsaxurebis danergvis mizniT.

konkurencia aiZulebs transnacionalur korporaciebs, rom

imuSaon maqsimalur mogebaze da daipyron bazrebi. es niSnavs imas, rom

maT unda daxarjon minimaluri kapitali da miiRon gacilebiT meti

mogeba. amitomac maT urCevniaT TavianTi saqmianoba warmarTon iseT

qveynebSi, sadac muSaxeli da bunebrivi resursebi gacilebiT iafia.

sakuTari interesebis gansaxorcieleblad,Mes kompaniebi SeiaraRebulni

arian Zlieri ultra-Tanamedrove sakadro, sainformacio da

teqnologiuri resursebiT, romlebsac susti erovnuli mTavrobebi

konkurencias ver uweven. Sedegad, xelisufleba, kvalificirebuli

eqspertebis deficitis, mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da piradi

dainteresebis gamo, midis mTel rig saxelmwifoebriv daTmobebze da

aformebs kabalur kontraqtebs, raTa miiRos Tundac minimaluri

sargebeli tarifebis, teqnologiuri eqspertizis, teqnikuri

aRWurvilobis, sainvesticio kapitalisa an sxva saxiT.

erovnul mTavrobebi, eqcevian ra transnacionaluri

korporaciebisa da sabanko struqturebis zegavlenis qveS, am

ukanasknelT sTavazoben Tavisufal satarifo sivrces, rac amcirebs

35

Semosavlebs biujetSi da seriozul dartymas ayenebs socialuri

usafrTxoebis politikas.

msoflio bazarze transnacionaluri korporaciebi agreTve

akontroleben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas msoflio bazarze da liderebad

arian miCneulni komerciuli mniSvnelobis mqone inovaciebis warmoebaSi,

romelic moicavs axal teqnologiebs, produqtebs da axal

organizaciul formebs. es maT saerTaSoriso teqnologiebis

gavrcelebis mZlavr berketebs aZlevs. mkvlevarTa nawili miuTiTebs

uaryofiT damokidebulebas pirdapir ucxour investiciebsa da ZiriTadi

erovnuli kapitalis jamur faqtorTa produqtiulobas Soris. Tumca b.

qsum, kvlevaSi, romelic 40 qveyanas moicavda, aRmoaCina pozitiuri

damokidebuleba produqtiulobis zrdasa da pirdapir ucxour

investiciebs Soris. (Xu, B. (2000), ‘Multinational Enterprises, Technology Diffusion

and Host Country Productivity Growth’, Journal of Development Economics, 62: 2, pp. 477–

493).

Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom pirdapiri ucxouri

investiciebis zegavlena produqtiulobaze ufro Zlieri da aqtiuria

mowinave qveynebisaTvis, vidre naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis mier pirdapiri ucxouri invesitciebis mozidvis

mizniT, liberalizaciis politikis meSveobiT kontrolis sistemebis

gauqmebas didi daxmareba ar gauwevia maTi sainovacio porencialis

amoqmedebisaTvis.

mxolod pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis arseboba, ra Tqma unda,

sagrZnoblad ver Secvlis teqnologiuri codnis mdgomareobas da

misgan gamomdinare mogebas, sanam ganviTarebadi qveynebi ar miaRweven

teqnologiis aTvisebis, adaptirebis, dauflebis da gaumjobesebis

zrdas. amitomac aris, rom mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis mier

inovaciuri SesaZleblobebisa da unarebis ar qonis SemTxvevaSi

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis iniciativebidan Semosuli mogeba

miedineba ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

36

1.4. globaluri mmarTveloba

amJamad sul ufro xSirad saubroben supra-ordinaruli sistemis

Seqmnaze, romelsac xel-ewifeba daareguliros Tanamedrove globaluri

problemebi, rogoricaa globaluri uTanabroba, ekologiuri

problemebi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis diskriminacia da sxv.

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, globaluri mmarTvelobis koncefciis

Camoyalibebas mravalsaukunovani istoria gaaCnia da mas safuZvlad

udevs kanonis uzenaesoba, saerTaSoriso wesrigi da msoflioSi

mSvidobis damyareba. jer kidev me-17 saukuneSi, ingliseli filosofosi

Tomas hobsi argumentirebulad msjelobda imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebi

unda damorCilebodnen sayovelTao kanonsa da saerTo Zalauflebas,

raTa kacobriobas mSvidobian TanaarsebobaSi ecxovra. mogvianebiT es

idea ganaviTares me-18 saukunis filosofosebma Jan Jak rusom

safrangeTSi da imanuil kantma germaniaSi. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi,

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, Seiqmna erTa liga, romelic

mowodebuli iyo xeli Seewyo TviTgamorkvevis principebisaTvis,

koleqtiuri usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobisaTvis da SeiaraRebis

SemcirebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis maSindelma prezidentma

vudro vilsonma mouwoda saxelmwifoebs Zalismieri urTierTobebis

dasrulebisaken da amis sanacvlod SesTavaza saerTo principebisa da

ideebis garSemo erTa ligaSi gaerTianeba. Tumca, miuxedavad vilsonis

mcdelobisa, aSS-s kongresma uari ganacxada xelSekrulebis

ratificirebaze.

globalizaciis epoqaSi msoflio politika suverenuli

saxelmwifoebriobis Zireul principebs aRar efuZneba, da vinaidan

transnacionaluri kapitali, bazrebi da komunikaciebi veRar

kontrolirdeba calkeul teritoriul sazRvrebSi, dgeba sakiTxi

zesaxelmwifoebrivi, anu supranacionaluri mmarTvelobis SemoRebis

Taobaze.

jer kidev 1962 wels, harvardis universitetis emeritusi daniel

beli Tavis monografiaSi—“ideologiis dasasruli”, aRniSnavda rom

saxelmwifo metismetad mcirea gaumklavdes did problemebs, da

37

metismetad didi rom SeZlos mcire problemebis gadaWra. (Bell, D., The End

of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties, with "The Resumption of

History in the New Century", 1962. p. 52),

CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis profesori, roi simerli

globaluri mmarTvelobis aucileblobas im Seqmnili saxelisuflebo

vakuumiT xsnis, romelic eri-saxelmwifos araqmediTunarianobis

Sedegad Seiqmna. (Simerly, Roy L. The global economy and the new role of governments.

B>Quest 2000, http://www.westga.edu/~bquest/2000/global.html). supranacionalizmis

ZiriTad koncefcias warmoadgens is faqti, rom saxelmwifoebi uZlurni

xdebian gaumklavdnen Zalebs, romlebic ver eqcevian maT teritoriebSi,

da mxolod gaerTianebisa da erTiani Zalisxmevis Sedegad SeZleben

isini gadaWran globaluri problemebi. amave dros, gaeros msgavs

axal da ukve arsebul msoflio masStabis organizaciaTa amocanebic

gafarTovda. marTlac, maTi iniciativebisa da gavlenis zrdis fonze,

saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SesaZlebelia globaluri mmarTvelobis

uwyebebi ewodos.

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, gaero

urTulesi problemebis winaSe dgas konfliqtebis mogvarebis

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. Aamas emateba is garemoebac, rom uSiSroebis

sabWoSi mudmivi wevrebisa da vetos uflebis xuT wevrze dayvana, iseve

rogorc kvotebze dafuZnebuli xmis micemis sistema saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondsa da msoflio bankSi, sadac wevr saxelmwifoTa erTi

meoTxedi xmaTa sam meoTxeds akontrolebs, usamarTlo da

arademokratiulia.

zesaxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis zrda Zalian farTo speqtrs

moicavs. magaliTad, makroekonomikuri politikis sferoSi, ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciam (OECD) 1960-iani

wlebidan gamosca gavleniani direqtivebi iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze,

rogoricaa axali sainformacio teqnologiebi, socialuri

keTildReobis saxelmwifos xarjebis Sekveca, samuSao adgilebis Seqmna

da transnacionaluri korporaciebis qcevis kodeqsi. 1979 wlidan

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma likvidurobisa da

ganviTarebis Tavis isedac mniSvnelovan funqciebs daumates Sors

38

mimavali stabilizaciis politika da struqturul cvlilebaTa

programebi 100-mde qveyanaSi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi gaigzavnen am

saerTaSoriso institutebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebi. 1995 wels

daarsebuli msoflio savaWro organizacia ufro farTo samoqmedo

aspareziTa da arsebiTad meti ZalauflebiT sargeblobs, vidre misi

winamorbedi "zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb.”

imavdroulad, saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis bankma 1970-iani wlebis

Sua xanebidan globalur safinanso bazrebze garkveuli kontroli

daawesa.

rac Seexeba eleqtronul medias, saerTaSoriso

telesakomunikacio kavSiris mier dadgenil teqnikur standartTa

saxelmZRvanelo dReisaTvis 10000 gverds aRwevs. rogorc zemomoyvanili

magaliTebidan Cans, xelisuflebis wevrebma da moqalaqeebma erTnairad

aRiares, rom saxelmwifoTa teritoriul mmarTvelobas ar SeuZlia im

fenomenebis adeqvaturad gakontroleba, romlebic dakavSirebulia

Tanamedrove sainformacio, sakomunikacio da SeiaraRebis

teqnologiebTan, globalur ekologiur cvlilebebTan, globalur

bazrebTan da a.S.

ra Tqma unda, zesaxelmwifoebriv mmarTvelobas sagrZnobi

SezRudvebi gaaCnia. saerTaSoriso samarTali jer kidev dauxvewelia

sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris konkurenciis politikaSi, Sromis

standartebsa da SeiaraRebaze kontrolSi. garda amisa, globaluri

mmarTvelobis institutTa umravlesoba arasaTanado kadrebiTaa

dakompleqtebuli da mudmivad ganicdis dafinansebis naklebobas.

uwyebaTa Soris susti koordinacia da gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis

araefeqturoba problemebs uqmnis globaluri samarTlis reputacias.

Tumca, zesaxelmwifoebrivi regulireba imdenad farTod gavrcelda,

rom dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi mmarTvelobis umTavres

elements warmoadgens.

Tanamedrove msoflio mmarTvelobaSi, garda zesaxelmwifoebriv

doneze moqmedi oficialuri institutebisa, mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben bazrebi. globalur politikaSi kerZo seqtoris iniciativebi

korporatiuli da eTikuri normebis damkvidrebasac iTvaliswinebs. ase

39

magaliTad, 1971 wels daarsebuli msoflio ekonomikuri forumi amJamad

900-mde msxvil kompanias aerTianebs lozungis qveS: `mewarmoeba

globaluri sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis.~ forumis mraval

iniciativas Soris, ramdenime mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoTaSoriso

konfliqtis, maT Soris arabTa da ebraelTa dapirispirebis mogvarebis

mcdelobac aris. msoflio ekonomikuri forumi msoflio savaWro

molaparakebaTa urugvais raundis gamarTvis iniciatoric iyo, romlis

Sedegadac msoflio savaWro organizacia Seiqmna. uamravi kerZo fondi

aqtiurad monawileobs globaluri politikis SemuSavebaSi. am mxriv,

ori TvalsaCino magaliTia: fordis fondi, romelic 1960-iani wlebidan

gansakuTrebiT gavleniani gaxda ganviTarebisaTvis daxmarebis sferoSi,

da sorosis fondi, romelic yofil sabWoTa sivrceSi liberalizaciis

procesis erT-erTi mTavari xelSemwyobia.

1991 wels daarsebulma ~msoflio biznesis sabWom mdgradi

ganviTarebisaTvis~ korporatiuli muxti Seitana globaluri garemos

dacvaSi. gaero-s generaluri asambleis gverdiT mudmivi ~kompaniaTa

palatis~ Seqmnis winadadebac Seitanes. es SemoTavazeba, albaT, ar

iqneba miRebuli, magram, amis miuxedavad, naTelia, rom globaluri

mmarTveloba mxolod sazogadoebrivi seqtoris saqme ar aris.

globalur mmarTvelobas gaaCnia Tavisi formebi da doneebi

(Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age,

1999.-p.79), sadac centraluri xelisuflebis Zalaufleba da

konkurentunarianoba garkveulwilad izRudeba globalurisa da

adgilobrivis Serwymis fonze. am process glokalizaciis procesad

moixsenieben, romelic gulisxmobs uaxlesi sakomunikacio

teqnologiebis meSveobiT adgilobrivi politikis, ekonomikisa da

socialur-kulturuli Rirebulebebis Serwymas globalurTan

erovnuli mmarTvelobis gverdis avliT. es termini warmoadgens globa-

lizaciisa da lokalizaciis procesebis SeTanawyobas. brunvaSi

Semoitana iaponuri transnacionaluri korporaciis xelmZRvanelma akio

moritam g.k). es aris lokaluri kulturebis modernizaciis SeTanawyoba

formirebad multikulturuli civilizaciis miRwevebTan. es termini

naklebad cnobil terminTa rigs ganekuTvneba. `glokalizaciis”

40

gansxvavebul interpretacias gvTavazobs z. baumani. igi Tvlis, rom

`glokalizacia” es aris procesi, romelic efuZneba privilegiebisa da

diskriminaciis gadanawilebas, simdidresa da siRaribes, Zalasa da

uZlurebas, Tavisuflebasa da damokidebulebas. es aris msoflios

restratifikaciis (danawevrebis sawinaaRmdego) procesi.

maSin, rodesac globalizacia warmoadgens zemodan qvemoT

mimdinare calmxriv vertikalur process, glokalizacia

diversificirebiTa da interaqciulobiT gamoirCeva, rac ufro metad

kompleqsurs xdis eri-saxelmwifos transformaciis process.

cxrili 3. Mglobaluri mmarTvelobis formebi da doneebi

kerZo samTavrobo mesame seqtori

supranacionaluri transnacionaluri

korporaciebi

saerTaSoriso

samTavrobo

organizaciebi

saerTaSoriso

NGO-ebi

nacionaluri kerZo firmebi

da kompaniebi

centraluri

mTavroba

NGO-ebi

sub-nacionaluri adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi

wyaro: Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence in the Information Age, 1999

41

1.5. integracia Tu polarizacia?

globaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi

globalizacia, anu ‘kapitalizmis triumfi’, rogorc mas

mecnierebma uwodes, mravalmxriv sikeTesTan erTad gaxda ukompromiso

politikuri da ekonomikuri brZolis procesi msoflio bazrebze

xelsayreli poziciebisa da sadaveebis mosapoveblad.

kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad dadga is dro, rodesac

virtualurad, planetaze mcxovrebi TiToeuli adamiani SeigrZnobs mis

majiscemas. zogierTi maTgani globaluri cvlilebebis msxverpli

xdeba, zogierTi ki mogebas naxulobs am cvlilebebis Sedegad, magram

Zalze mcirea im adamianTa jgufi, romelic xelSeuxebeli rCeba

globalur oromtrialSi. ( Bleifuss, J., Dictatorship or Democracy, In These Times

magazine, May 27, 2002. p.77).

civi omis periodi warmoadgenda kapitalistur da komunistur

ideologiaTa Widils, romelSic es ukanaskneli damarcxda da

liberalur sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli demokratiuli

mmarTvelobis forma gaxda erTaderTi dominanti alternativa

Tanamedrove msoflioSi. mmarTvelobis es forma dafuZnebulia kerZo

sakuTrebaze da biznesze konkurentunarian garemoSi, sadac arian

mogebulnic da xelmocarulnic. jon neSis uyaimo TamaSis Teoriis

principi∗ gardauvali realoba gaxda globalur sivrceSi, rac

Zalauflebis xelaxla gadanawilebasa da daZabulobis axali kerebis

warmoqmnas uwyobs xels.

msoflio sistema xasiaTdeba uTanabrobiT, romlis mizezs

warmoadgens globaluri asimetriuloba Tavisi inkluziuri da

eqskluziuri procesebiT. imavdroulad, globaluri masStabiT moqmedi

ekonomika Zirs uTxris erovnul ekonomikasa da erovnul-

saxelmwifoebriv safuZvlebs. (Beck, U. (1999), What is Globalization? (Cambridge:

Polity Press. p.83).

jer kidev 1950 wels, cnobili mecnieri da TamaSis Teoriis

fuZemdebeli j. f. neSi, romelic SvedeTis samefo akademiis mier

∗ Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac erTi moTamaSis mogeba meores wagebis tolfasia

42

nobelis premiiT dajildovda ekonomikis dargSi, Tavis naSromSi

“vaWrobis problema”, aRniSnavda, rom ekonomikaSi mTavari aris ara

mogeba, aramed misi ganawileba, da Tu am sakiTxSi ar iqna miRebuli

racionaluri gadawyvetilebebi, SesaZloa warmoiSvas revanSistul

TeoriaTa axali wyeba da istoriis Carxi ukuRma datrialdes.

savaWro SeTanxmebebi xels uwyoben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas, magram

imavdroulad sxvadasxva zegavlenas axdenen, rogorc qveynebsa da

regionebze, ise adamianebze. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da

msoflio bankis proteqcionisturi politika xels uwyobs

tarifebisagan Tavisufali savaWro sivrcis Seqmnas industriuli

saxelmwifoebis eqsportisaTvis, rac zians ayenebs ganviTarebadi

qveynebis ekonomikas da qmnis arajansaR konkurentunarian garemos (nax.

1, cxr. 4).

nax 1.

wyaro: Data Source: The World Bank, The IMF

43

cxrili 4 mxardaWeris xvedriTi wili

G-20∗ IMF 182 wevri

IBRD 181 wevri

IFC 174 wevri

IDA 161 wevri

MIGA 151 wevri

argentina 1,01% 1,13% 1,60% 1,09% 1,07% avstralia 1,54% 1,54% 1,98% 1,32% 1,41% brazilia 1,44% 2,08% 1,66% 1,63 1,24% kanada 3,03% 2,80% 3,40% 3,03% 2,34%

CineTi 2,23% 2,80% 1,03% 1,87% 2,47%

safrangeTi 5,11% 4,33% 5,05% 4,24% 3,76%

germania 6,19% 4,52% 5,38% 6,99% 3,92%

indoeTi 1,98% 2,80% 3,40% 3,13% 2,41%

indonezia 0,99% 0,95% 1,20% 0,90% 0,91%

italia 3,36% 2,80% 3,40% 3,03% 2,24% iaponia 6,33% 7,91% 5,89% 10,68% 5,38%

korea 0,78% 1,00% 0,67% 0,42% 0.47%

meqsika 1,23% 1,18% 1,16% 0,75% ---

ruseTi 2,83% 2,80% 3,40% 0,27% 2,47%

saud. arab. 3,32% 2,80% 1,26% 3,52% 2,47%

samx. afrik 0,89% 0,85% 0,67% 0,28% 1,10%

TurqeTi 0,46% 0,47% 0,62% 0,66% 0,48%

didi brit. 5,11% 4,33% 5,05% 4,97% 3,76%

aSS 17,67% 16,49% 23,73% 15,09% 15,44%

evro gaerT. 30,61% 25,49% 29,12% 28,58% 24,58%

wyaro: Data Source: The World Bank, The IMF

IMF: saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (ssf) IBRD: rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki (rgsb) IDA: saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacia (sga) IFC: saerTaSoriso finansuri korporacia (sfk) MIGA: mravalmxrivi investiciebis mxardaWeris saagento (mims)

industriul wiaRSi aRmocenebuli transnacionaluri

korporaciebi warmoadgenen umsxviles ekonomikur warmonaqmnebs

msoflioSi, romlebic zewolas axdenen mesame samyaros qveynebze. es

ukanasknelni mimarTaven maregulirebel cvlilebebs da iTviseben

ucxour investiciebs biujetis Sesavsebad, rac maTi arsebobisaTvis

erTaderT saSualebas warmoadgens.

qvemoT moyvanili (nax. 2 da cxr. 5) maCveneblebi gviCveneben mkveTr

kontrastebs msoflioSi mTliani Sida produqtis, saqonlisa da

∗ The Group of Twenty (G20)—Seiqmna 1999 wlis 25 seqtembers

44

momsaxurebis eqsportis, ucxouri investiciebisa da internetis

moxmarebis sferoebSi. globaluri asimetriuloba da uTanabroba

iwveven siRatakesa SimSils, rac seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens

msofliosaTvis (nax. 3, cxr. 6).

qveynis siRaribis erTerTi ZiriTadi mizezia gadamamuSavebeli

mrewvelobis ararseboba, ris gamoc ver xerxdeba bunebrivi resursebisa

da nedleuli masalebis racionalurad gamoyeneba da mza produqciis

eqsporti. centraluri mTavrobebi, imis nacvlad rom Seqmnan moqnili

da efeqturi sagadasaxado sistema erovnuli biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis

xelSewyobis mizniT, asxviseben erovnul simdidres saeWvo warmoSobis

ucxour kompaniebze, rac warmoadgens udides strategiul Secdomas.

nax. 2. Mglobaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi


wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004

45

cxrili 5. Mglobaluri uTanabroba Tanamedrove msoflioSi


seqtori msoflio

GDP saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis eqsporti

ucxouri

investiciebi

internetiT

sargebloba

mdidari 20% 86 82 68 93.3

saSualo 60% 13 17 31 6.5

Raribi 20% 1 1 1 0.2


nax. 3. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT 2003 w.


46

cxrili 6. SimSilobis krizisis maCveneblebi regionebis mixedviT 2003 w.

regioni moTxovnileba

(mln. aSS dol.) deficiti

(mln. aSS dol.) deficiti

%

aRm. afrika

709,3

166,9

23,5

das. afrika 80,1 19,6 24,5

samx. afrika

291.4 65,2 22,4

aRm. evropa

47,6 13,8 29,0

laT. amerika

27,2 5,5 20,2

Sua aRmosavleTi da cent. azia

222,5 15 6,7

azia

241,7 113 46,8

sul 1,61990 399 24,6


nax 4. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri dajgufebis mixedviT 1997 w.


47

cxrili 7. mdidrebi da Raribebi globaluri

dajgufebis mixedviT 2004 w.

instituti msoflio mSp msoflios mosaxleoba

P-5 40,9 30,6

G-7 64 11,8

G-10 67,8 12,5

G-22 81,7 64,8

G-24 8,9 34,6

G-77 16,9 76

wyaro: Human Development Repot, 2004 P-5—uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi

G-7—didi Svideuli

G-10—gafarToebuli didi aTeuli

G-22—dasavleTis ekonomikurad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi da axali

bazrebi

G-24—ZiriTadi ganviTarebadi qveynebi

G-77—ganviTarebadi da gardamavali qveynebi

mravali mkvlevari globalur uTanabrobas da socialur kriziss

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis usamarTlo

politikas ukavSirebs. Ees problema imdenad SemaSfoTebeli gaxda

msoflio sazogadoebriobisaTvis, rom 2001 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna

globalizaciis socialur problemebze momuSave msoflio komisia,

romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sevidnen fineTis prezidenti t. haloneni,

tanzaniis prezidenti b. mkapa, italiis yofili premier-ministri

juliano amato, toiotas direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare t. naSimuro,

nobelis premiis laureati, profesori j. Stiglici da msoflios sxva

maRali rangis moRvaweebi. Kkomisia aqtiurad TanamSromlobs erovnul

mTavrobebTan, transnacionaluri kompaniebis mmarTvel sabWoebTan da

saerTaSoriso institutebis xelmZRvanelebTan da mouwodebs

civilizebul msoflios universaluri mobilizaciisaken, raTa

samarTlian garemoSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi gaaCndes yvelas.

zogierTi mkvlevari globalizacias miiCnevs amerikanizaciad, da

amis dasasabuTeblad garkveuli argumentaciac moyavs. Tomas fridmani

fiqrobs, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda gamoiyenos mis xelT

arsebuli samxedro Zalaufleba nebismieri mowinaaRmdegis mimarT, raTa

SeinarCunos globaluri finansuri institutebis dominantobis statusi:

48

“makdonalds esaWiroeba makdonel-daglasi.” * (Friedman, L. Thomas., The

Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization, Farrar Straus Giroux, New York,

1999. p.64).

jozef nai msoflios samganzomilebian saWadrako dafas adarebs,

sadac ikveTeba sami polusi. dafis zeda nawilSi moqceulia

unipolaruli hegemonia—amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Sua nawili

moicavs ekonomikur sivrces, sadac Zalaufleba nawildeba aSS-s,

evrokavSirsa da iaponias Soris; mesame qveda nawili ki ukavia erovnuli

mTavrobis kontrols miRma arsebul transnacionalur kerZo da

arasamTavrobo Zalebs. (Nye, Joseph S. The Paradox of American Power: Why the

World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone, Oxford Press, 2003. p. 83).

zbignev bJezinski, Tavis monografiaSi—“didi saWadrako dafa:

amerikuli hegemonia da misi geostrategiuli direqtivebi”, (Brzezinski,

Zbigniew., The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives,

HarperCollins Canada, 1998. p.12.). pirdapir miuTiTebs: “SeerTebuli

StatebisaTvis evraziuli geostrategia damyarebulia sam

umniSvnelovanes principze:

• Tavidan aviciloT konspiraciebi da davicvaT usafrTxoebis

wesrigi Cvens mier kontrolirebad qveynebs Soris;

• SevinarCunoT Cveni vasalebis erTguleba da davicvaT isini

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi;

• ar mivceT barbarosebs** gaerTianebis saSualeba.

mravali eqsperti miiCnevs, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi jerjerobiT kvlavac rCeba erTaderT

supersaxelmwifod, samxedro, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri

TvalsazrisiT. safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri hubert vedrini

mas hipersaxelmwifod, igive zesaxelmwifod moixseniebs (Védrine, Hubert.

France in an Age of Globalization, Brookings Institute, 2001. p.48). aris Tu ara

amerika imdenad imperialistuli, rom misi hegemonia erTpirovnulad

SeiZleba iqnas miCneuli Tanamedrove globalizebur msoflioSi?

* makdonel-daglasi—amerikuli kompania, romelic awarmoebs samxedro TviTmfrinavebs ** islamuri qveynebi

49

Cveni azriT, dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi, sakmaod

didia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis zegavlena, Tumca isic aSkarad

SesamCnevia, rom evropuli da aziuri konglomeratuli struqturebi

seriozul gamowvevebs sTavazoben mas. am realobas kargad xedaven

vaSingtonSi da garkveul RonisZiebebsac mimarTaven.

amJamad gansakuTrebuli interesebis sferoSi moqceulia

centraluri evraziis regioni CineTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. dRes

CineTis ekonomikuri zrdis tempi erTerTi yvelaze maRalia

msoflioSi, rac xels uwyobs mis samxedro siZlieres da zrdis mis

rols msoflio politikaSi. CineTi, rogorc birTvuli iaraRis

mflobeli saxelmwifo da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevri,

gansakuTrebul fenomens warmoadgens Tanamedrove msoflioSi. Cveni

mosazrebiT, CineTis ekonomikis aseTi swrafi zrda ganpirobebulia sami

umniSvnelovanesi strategiiT:

1. CineTma uari Tqva Sokuri Terapiisa da deregulaciis

politikaze (rac gamaCanagebeli aRmoCnda postsabWoTa qveynebisaTvis)

da airCia qeinsis principi, rac Tavis droze noyier niadags uqmnida

ganviTarebul industriul qveynebs socialuri usafrTxoebisaTvis. amis

Sedegad, privatizacia Seexo mxolod mcire da saSualo bizness, xolo

msxvili bankebi da sxva strategiuli obieqtebi kvlavac saxelmwifos

mflobelobaSi darCa, rac saukeTeso berkets warmoadgens centraluri

xelisuflebisaTvis izrunos qveynis konkurentunarianobaze.

2. CineTma mimarTa sruliad unikalur da originalur

konkurentunarianobis strategias da sakuTari Zalebisa da

SesaZleblobebis efeqturad gamoyenebis Sedegad SeZlo daepyro

msoflio bazrebi. Mman SesaniSnavad gaTvala, rom Tanamedrove maRal

konkurentunarian garemoSi sakuTari brendebis∗ Seqmnasa da maT

transnacionalizacias sakmaod didi dro da resursi dasWirdeboda,

rac Seaferxebda eqsportis warmoebas. amitomac aqcenti gakeTda

patentebis warmoebasa da produqciis dabal TviTRirebulebaze

konkurentunarianobis gazrdis mizniT.

∗ kompaniisa da produqtis samarko niSani

50

3. ganaTlebisa da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis

prioritetizaciam saSualeba misca CineTs ganeviTarebina da daenerga

uaxlesi teqnologiebi. yovelwliurad swrafi tempiT izrdeba

msoflios wamyvan universitetebSi myofi Cineli studentebisa da

mecnierebis ricxvi, romlebic warmatebiT iTviseben Tanamedrove

miRwevebs da axdenen sakuTari inteleqtualuri resursebis

kapitalizacias.

4. zemoT aRniSnuli faqtorebi daxda safuZveli Tavisufali

ekonomikuri zonebisa, risi SeqmniTac CineTma sagrZnoblad gazarda

sakuTari konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi. zogierTi avtoris azriT,

arsebuli tendenciebis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, 2025 wlisaTvis

mosalodnelia, rom mTliani erovnuli produqtis saerTo moculobiTa

da SemosavlebiT es qveyana gauswrebs amerikis SeerTebul Statebs da

SesaZloa msoflios axal hegemonad mogvevlinos.

51

Tavi 2. globalizaciis zegavlena er-saxelmwifoze

2.1. eri-saxelmwifos ontologiuri analizi

eri-saxelmwifos klasikuri modeli warmoadgens erTi mTavrobis

mier kontrolirebad suverenul teritorias, romelic dasaxlebulia

saerTo enis, eTnikuri niSnisa da kulturis mqone mosaxleobiT.

sainteresoa rojersis universitetis profesoris frenk elvelis

ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac, eri-saxelmwifo warmoadgens

Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, romelSic mTavrobas gaaCnia suverenuli

Zalaufleba gansazRvrul teritoriul farglebSi, romlis

mosaxleobas warmoadgenen moqalaqeebi.

(http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/frank.elwell/prob3/glossary/socgloss.htm#N).

unda aRiniSnos, rom mkvlevarTa Soris ar aris mtkice pozicia

imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu calsaxad romeli saxelmwifo SeiZleba iqnas

miCneuli er-saxelmwifod da romeli ara. ufro metic, xSirad maTi

didi nawili er-saxelmwifoSi gulisxmobs Tanamedrove liberalur-

demokratiul saxelmwifos. jorj vaSingtonis universitetis

profesori jeims benqsi er-saxelmwifoebad miiCnevs amerikis SeerTebul

Statebs, kanadas, did britaneTs, avstraliasa da iaponias (Banks, James

A., Educating Global Citizens in a Diverse World, February, 2003.

http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/multicultural/banks2.htm), romlebic sxva

mkvlevarTa azriT, gansxvavebul mizezTa gamo ar miekuTvnebian er-

saxelmwifoTa ricxvs (http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nation-state). Cemi

kvlevis obieqts ar warmoadgens nacionalizmi da saxelmwifos

erovnuli struqturis analizi, amitom winamdebare naSromSi am

terminis qveS igulisxmeba suverenuli saxelmwifo Tavisi

konceptualuri gagebiT, romelsac gaaCnia saxelmwifosaTvis

aucilebeli yvela atributika—konstitucionaluri sistema, erovnuli

simboloebi, sakuTari jari, policia, sabaJo da sagadasaxado

struqturebi da sxv.

aqve aucileblad mimaCnia, gamovxato Cemi pozicia qarTul

leqsikaSi xSirad gamoyenebuli sityvis—‘erovnuli saxelmwifo’-s

52

Sesaxeb. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom politikur mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs

termini ‘national state’, da Sesabamisad, qarTul terminologiaSi

damkvidrebuli sityva ‘erovnuli saxelmwifo’ inglisuri ‘nation-state’-is

araswor interpretaciad mimaCnia. Tundac Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT

am terminis xmareba aralogikuria, vinaidan saxelmwifo TavisTavad

gulisxmobs erovnulobas da misi arseboba eris an erovnulobis gareSe

warmoudgenelia.

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, Tanamedrove globalizaciis procesis

dawyebamde, msoflio politika umTavresad e.w. vestfaliis sistemis

principebze iyo dafuZnebuli. vestfaliis sistema saxelmwifoebrivi

mmarTvelobis struqturas warmoadgenda da igi sazogadoebrivi wesebis

Camoyalibebis, zedamxedvelobisa da aRsrulebis zogad mimarTulebebs

gansazRvravda. mmarTvelobis am formis saTaveebTan

saxelmwifoebriobisa da suverenulobis principebi idga.

saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda evropis teritoriul nawilebad

dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba marTavda. es axali

saxelmwifo centralizebuli, sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis

formalurad organizebuli aparati iyo, romelic Tavisi iurisdiqciis

sferoSi SeiaraRebuli Zaladobis saSualebebze kanonier monopolias

flobda. amasTanave, vestfaliuri saxelmwifo suverenuli iyo da Tavis

kuTvnil teritoriul sivrceSi uzenaes SeuzRudav da eqskluziur

kontrols axorcielebda. yovlismomcveli xelisufleba niSnavda imas,

rom suverenuli saxelmwifo yvela saqmianobaze avrcelebda

iurisdiqcias. SeuzRudavi xelisufleba niSnavda imas, rom saxelmwifos

mier sruli iurisdiqciis gavrcelebis ufleba sxva saxelmwifoTa mier

xelSeuxeblad iyo aRiarebuli. da bolos, eqskluziuri xelisufleba

niSnavda imas, rom suverenuli saxelmwifoebi TavianT uflebamosilebas

aravis unawilebdnen.

unda aRiniSnos rom, vestfaliis wesrigi mmarTvelobis erT-erT

struqturas warmoadgenda, romelic konkretul dros, calkeuli

periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli garemoebebis gamo warmoiSva.

globalizaciis procesma seriozuli koreqtivebi Seitana

saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis am sistemaSi da gamoiwvia eri-

53

saxelmwifos transformacia. aRmoCnda, rom teritoriul saxelmwifos

ar Seswevs unari gaakontrolos globaluri masStabiT moqmedi

transnacionaluri kapitali da kompaniebi, Tanamgzavruli distanciuri

marTvis sakomunikacio sistemebi, globaluri vaWroba da ekologiuri

problemebi (Scholte, J. A., Globalization: A Critical Introduction (London: McMillan,

1997. p. 111-112).

zemodCamoTvlili sazRvarTmkveTi Zalebi ar eqcevian erTeul

teritoriul sivrceSi, ris gamoc saxelmwifos Tavisi eqskluziuri

iurisdiqciis ganxorcieleba ar ZaluZs. am procesebis fonze,

saxelmwifoebma garkveuli Tavdacvis meqanizmebi SeimuSaves, magram

procesis SeCereba uWirT. TviT CineTis mTavrobamac ki, romelic

suverenul saxelmwifoebze damyarebuli msoflio wesrigis

SenarCunebisaken iswrafvis, cdilobs globaluri

urTierTdamokidebulebis strategiasac dauWiros mxari.

asustebs Tu ara globalizacia er-saxelmwifosa da mis

institutebs? Ees damokidebulia saxelmwifosa da misi mmarTvelobis

tipebze. albaT, ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom globalizaciis

procesSi eri-saxelmwifo ganicdis transformacias da gadadis axal

transnacionalur fazaSi, anu xdeba misi integrireba kompleqsur

globalur struqturebSi. amJamad es procesi qaoturad mimdinareobs

da ‘sTormingis’ fazaSia,∗ rac iwvevs sistemaTa Soris arsebul

RirebulebaTa Sejaxebasa da winaaRmdegobebs.

araviTar eWvs ar badebs is garemoeba, rom globalizacia iwvevs

saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis transformaciasa da

restruqturizacias, zrdis konkurencias, masStabebsa da siCqares,

razec er-saxelmwifos saTanado reagirebis moxdena uWirs.

∗ Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing—menejmentis TeoriaSi gundis Camoyalibebis fazebi.

Storming-is dros mimdinareobs pirovnuli faqtorebisa da Rirebulebebis adaptirebis

procesi, romelic garkveuli konfliqtebiTa da winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeba.

54

2.2. erovnuli konkurentuli strategia da saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi

tradiciulad saxelmwifos Zlierebis fundamentad

centralizebuli politikuri Zalauflebis konsolidacia miiCneoda.

magram stabiluri ekonomikuri klimatis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi

politikuri institutebi sustdebian da enTropias ganicdian. civi omis

periodSi, saxelmwifos Zlierebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis Sesaxeb

hans morgenTaus mier Camoyalibebul koncefcias 1990-ian wlebSi

gamouCnda axali alternativebi maikl porteris erovnuli

konkurentunarianobis strategiis Teoriis saxiT, romlis Tanaxmadac

globalur konkurentunarian garemoSi erovnuli upiratesoba miiRweva

kerZo erovnuli biznesis warmatebuli saqmianobis Sedegad, romelic

dafuZnebulia klasterebze.

erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategiis Teoria sqematurad

gamosaxulia ‘almasis modelSi’, sadac erovnuli mTavroba, kerZo

biznesi, SesaZleblobebi, moTxovna da konkurencia qmnian erTian

integrirebul struqturas, romelic moqmedebs saxelmwifoebrivi

interesebis Sesabamisad (Porter, Michael L., The Competitive Advantage of Nations.

The Free Press, New York, 1990. p-123-124).

nax. 5 maikl porteris ‘almasis modeli’

wyaro: Michael Porter, “The Competitive Advantage of Nations,” 1990

55

saxelmwifos politikuri da samxedro Zliereba ganisazRvreba

misi ekonomikuri simdidriT, romelsac qmnian moqalaqeebi, samTavrobo

da kerZo seqtorebi, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT.

qveynis SigniT konkurentuli produqtis warmoeba gansazRvravs

eqsportis xvedriT wils, romelic unda aRematebodes importis

moculobas. amitom rac met konkurentunarian produqts awarmoebs

qveyana da gaaqvs saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT ufro mdgradia misi

ekonomikuri potenciali. qveynis farglebs gareT produqtis warmoeba

damokidebulia im biznes operaciebze, romlebic xorcieldeba am

qveynis kompaniebis mier sxva saxelmwifoebSi, rac globalur garemoSi

ufro da ufro intensiuri xdeba.

harvardis universitetis profesori, semiuel hanTingToni,

erovnuli strategiis mniSvnelobas samTavrobo politikaSi xedavs.

misi azriT erovnuli strategia es aris xelisuflebis mier yvela

saxis saxelmwifoebrivi resursis (ekonomikuri, politikuri,

diplomatiuri, teqnologiuri, samxedro) Tavmoyra da maTi mimarTva

mTavrobis miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis sxva mTavrobebTan

konkurenciis warmarTvis mizniT (An interview with Samuel P. Huntington, BRIAN

LAMB / SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, March 29, 1985).

1985 wels, rodesac hanTingToni erovnuli strategiis sakiTxebze

msjelobda, msoflio jer kidev polarizebuli iyo ori ze-saxelmwifos

garSemo da moqmedebda ZalTa balansis saerTaSoriso principi.

terminologiaSiMmaSin jer kidev ar arsebobda sityva ‘globalizacia’,

xolo erovnuli strategia civi omis politikaze iyo damyarebuli.

globalizaciis epoqaSi centraluri mTavroba aRar warmoadgens

erTaderT dominant Zalas mmarTvelobaSi, vinaidan Tanamedrove

demokratia moiTxovs decentralizacias, romlis Sedegad,

xelisuflebis delegireba xdeba centraluridan adgilobriv mmarTvel

struqturebze, rac seriozulad aZlierebs am ukanasknelis rols da

asustebs centraluri mTavrobis poziciebs. imavdroulad, sul ufro

aSkara xdeba Zalauflebis gadanawileba centraluri xelisuflebidan

kerZo da arasamTavrobo seqtorebze, da saxelmwifoebrivi politika

warmoadgens am sami seqtoris erTiani urTierTqmedebis produqts.

56

eri-saxelmwifoebis globalur doneze integracia Tavis mxriv

iwvevs adgilobriv doneze maT decentralizacias. rodesac vsaubrobT

eri-axelmwifos transformaciaze, unda gamovkveToT is Sida da gare

faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen masze da zRudaven da

iTavseben centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebas.

Sida faqtorebi: decentralizacia; interesTa jgufebi da

korporatiuli mmarTveloba; kerZo da arasamTavrobo seqtorebis

gaZliereba.

gare faqtorebi: politikuri globalizaciiis Sedegad

warmoqmnili regionuli da globaluri mmarTveli institutebi;

transnacionaluri korporaciebi, kapitali da bazrebi; sazRvarTmkveTi

sistemebi, romelTa kontrolic erT calke aRebul teritoriul

saxelmwifos ar ZaluZs: telekomunikaciebi, informatika, transporti,

finansebi, bunebrivi resursebi, garemo, media; saerTaSoriso

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi.

eri-saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebis

transformacia globalizaciis procesSi naCvenebia nax. 6.

tradiciulad dasavleT evropaSi saxelmwifo zrunavda

mosaxleobis socialur dacvaze, magram globalizaciis Sedegad

ganxorcielebulma neoliberalurma revoluciam garkveulwilad

Secvala misi es roli. meore msoflio omis Semdeg eri-saxelmwifoebi

dadgnen im aucileblobis winaSe, rom daeregulirebinaT ekonomika,

rasac liberalur-demokratiulma qveynebma enTuziazmiT dauWires mxari.

garkveuli saxelmwifoebi wlebis manZilze atarebdnen qeinsis

politikas∗, raTa mieRwiaT sabazro da makroekonomikuri

stabilizaciisTvis da SeeqmnaT socialuri usafrTxoebis garantiebi

Tavisi moqalaqeebisaTvis. es modeli kargad muSaobda da igi xels

uwyobda dasaqmebas, ekonomikur zrdasa da fasebis stabilizacias.

∗ jon merilend qeinsi, amerikeli ekonomisti, romelmac ekonomikuri krizisis dros 1930-

ian wlebSi, Tavis naSromSi ‘dasaqmebis, interesisa da fulis zogadi Teoria’, SesTavaza

mTavrobas subsidirebis meSveobiT daebalansebina ekonomikuri cvalebadoba

57

nax. 6. eri-saxelmwifosa da centraluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebis

transformacia globalizaciis procesSi

Zlierma ganviTarebulma qveynebma, wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis

mizniT, Seqmnes saerTaSoriso sistema da asparezi, romelzec TviTon

dominirebdnen. eri-saxelmwifos siZlieres gansazRvravda

neomerkantiluri politika,∗ romelic proteqcionistur strategiaze

∗∗

iyo damyarebuli. Tanamedrove etapze es politika Secvala globalurma

Laissez-faire-is∗∗∗ politikam, romelic saxelmwifos mxridan Caurevlobas

gulisxmobs.

Tanamedrove globalizaciam sagrZnoblad Seasusta qeinsis

modeli, vinaidan globaluri bazrebisa da mzardi moTxovnilebebis

mqone mosaxleobis pirispir damdgarma saxelmwifom igrZno, rom veRar

asrulebda Tavis funqcias da yuradReba erovnuli ekonomikis

∗ ekonomikuri politika evropaSi, romlis meSveobiTac erovnuli mTavroba

axorcielebda kontrols mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaze, raTa moexdina eqsportis zrda

importis Semcirebis xarjze ∗∗ ekonomikuri politika, romlis mizania erovnuli warmoebis dacva ucxouri

intervenciisagan, importze maRali tarifebis dawesebiT ∗∗∗ Laissez-faire-erovnuli mTavrobis Caurevloba vaWrobasa da bazrebis regulirebaSi

transnacionaluri korporaciebi

regionuli da globaluri mmarTveli institutebi

kerZo biznesi

arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi

adgilobrivi mmarTveloba

58

regulirebidan msoflio ekonomikaSi integrirebisaken miapyro.

globalizaciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala TamaSis wesebi saerTaSoriso

arenaze da misi zegavlena imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom erovnulma

mTavrobebma veRar SeZles daeregulirebinaT erovnuli ekonomika. jer

kidev 60-iani wlebis bolos hans morgenTau aRniSnavda, rom

“Tanamedrove teqnologiebma eri-saxelmwifo dromoWmulad aqcia da mas

aRar Seswevs unari Seasrulos is elementaruli funqcia, romelsac

asrulebda aqamde: daicvas sakuTar moqalaqeTa socialuri

usafrTxoeba.” (Morgenthau, Hans. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and

Peace, N. Y., 4th Ed. P. 32).

kanada, iaponia inglisi, norvegia, germania, dania, SvedeTi,

agreTve taivani, malaizia, singapuri, samxreT korea ganicdian bazrebis

zemoqmedebas, magram maTi socialuri usafrTxoebis politika mainc

myaria, radgan mTavrobebis efeqturi politika da Zlieri menejmenti

aregulireben bazars da subsidirebas uweven strategiuli

daniSnulebis samrewvelo obieqtebsa da prioritetul seqtorebs. es

Sedegia imisa, rom avtoritetuli saeqsperto da analitikuri kvlevis

centrebi intensiurad muSaoben globalur problematikur sakiTxebze

da rekomendaciebs awvdian centralur xelisuflebas.

xolo is qveynebi ki, romlebsac aqvT susti saxelisuflebo

institutebi, ver uZleben bazrebis zewolas, ris SedegadacKkapitalis

transnacionaluri dineba da uaxlesi teqnologiebi kidev ufro

asusteben maT ekonomikas. rogorc robert kioheini Tavis naSromSi

‘Zalaufleba da urTierTdamokidebuleba’ aRniSnavs: “istoriuli an

kulturuli mizezebis gamo, zogierT naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanas

gaaCnia iseTi susti saxelisuflebo institutebi, rom maTi liderebi

uZlurni arian alRo auRon globalizaciis axal Semotevebs (Keohane,

R.O., Nye, J.S. (2000), Globalization: What’s New? What’s Not? (And So What?), Foreign

Policy, 118 (Spring), pp. 104).

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli

mTavrobebi cdiloben aqciebis 51%-is miRebas im operaciebidan,

romlebic maTi teritoriebis sazRvrebSi unda ganxorcieldes, magram

ver Rebuloben sakontrolo pakets. miuxedavad kabaluri pirobebisa,

59

maT mainc uxdebaT xelSekrulebebze xelis mowera, ris Sedegadac

saSualeba eZlevaT transnacionalur korporaciebs gaakontrolon

mTeli warmoeba. es naTlad adasturebs devid heldis mosazrebas imis

Sesaxeb, rom gadawyvetilebis mimRebi mmarTveli elita globalizaciis

procesSi xdeba gadawyvetilebis Semsrulebeli (“decision makers are

becoming decision takers”). (Held, D., McGrew, A. (2000), The Great Globalization Debate:

An Introduction, In D. Held and A. McGrew, eds., The Global Transformations Reader: An

Introduction to the Globalization Debate (Cambridge: Polity), pp. 1-45).

me sruliad viziareb Fjon hopkinsis universitetis profesoris

frensis fukuiamas azrs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Tanamedrove

samyaroSi Tavisufali erebi sabazro ekonomikuri cxovrebisaken

iswrafvian. socialurma inJineriam,∗ romelic manipulirebda idealuri

sazogadoebis Seqmnis motiviT, didi xania rac kraxi ganicada ara

marto imitom rom sazogadoeba skeptikurad aris ganwyobili mTavrobis

mimarT, aramed imitomac, rom xelisuflebis Zalaufleba mniSvnelovnad

Sesustda da mas naklebad Seswevs unari daakmayofilos moqalaqeTa

mzardi moTxovnilebani.

Tavisufal sabazro ideologiaze dafuZnebulma komunikaciisa da

satransporto teqnologiis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia produqtis,

momsaxurebisa da kapitalis uprecedento mobiluroba. ganviTarebuli

industriuli qveynebi cdiloben, gaxsnan da gaafarTovon msoflio

bazrebi sakuTari produqtis realizaciisaTvis da gamoiyenon

ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebuli iafi muSa xeli da bunebrivi

resursebi. isini iyeneben saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebs da

regionalur savaWro SeTanxmebebs, imisaTvis, rom aiZulon Raribi

qveynebi tarifebis SemcirebasTan, saxelmwifo sawarmoebis

privatizebasTan dakavSirebiT. amis Sedegad investorebi naxuloben

kolosalur mogebas, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebi zaraldebian.

∗ politikuri an ekonomikuri elitis mier manipulirebis meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi

xasiaTisa da qcevis marTva

60

cxrili 8. globalizaciis indeqsi

ganzomileba

Eekonomikuri integracia pirovnuli kontaqti

teqnologiuri kavSirebi politikuri integracia

Kklasifikacia

qveyana

vaWroba

FDI

telefoni

mgzacroba

fuladi gadaricxva

interneti

internet

hosTingi

daculi

serverebi

saerTaSoriso

organizaciebi

gaeros samSvidobo

Zalebi

blokebi

samTavrobo transferi

2005 wlis monacemebi

1 singapuri 1 1 1 4 49 10 12 13 33 10 42 47 1 2 Sveicaria 17 7 2 6 2 17 15 5 33 9 42 10 3 3 aSS 62 36 18 33 52 6 1 1 1 25 58 38 4 4 irlandia 4 5 3 3 9 26 20 8 11 1 31 23 2 5 dania 20 6 6 16 16 12 3 7 11 13 6 8 7 6 kanada 30 12 4 20 57 7 14 2 2 14 6 32 6 7 niderlandebi 11 52 8 11 40 9 2 11 5 17 6 6 5 8 avstralia 55 3 14 32 50 3 5 4 33 18 31 37 12 9 avstria 15 18 10 2 29 19 7 14 11 3 6 7 8

10 SvedeTi 21 16 11 9 39 1 9 9 25 8 6 15 10 11 ax.zelandia 41 26 5 23 54 8 8 3 33 22 6 26 11 12 didi britaneTi 48 10 12 15 42 4 17 6 5 7 6 20 13 13 fineTi 33 30 19 12 45 5 4 12 11 6 31 18 9 14 norvegia 29 46 17 24 30 24 6 10 25 16 6 29 14 15 osraeli 19 20 7 27 12 16 16 17 48 4 61 4 17 16 CexeTi 5 14 31 1 27 14 22 26 11 43 31 11 15

61

17 slovenia 10 28 22 7 22 18 25 20 11 19 6 16 20 18 germania 32 45 15 21 48 20 23 15 2 12 31 13 21 19 malaizia 2 11 29 10 18 23 39 34 33 45 42 49 19 20 ungreTi 7 13 41 5 34 29 19 27 11 32 1 24 23 21 panama 8 2 35 39 32 42 44 21 48 55 1 31 24 22 xorvatia 13 19 21 8 7 27 33 25 33 49 1 22 16 23 safrangeTi 50 24 16 13 38 22 21 19 2 5 6 9 18 24 portugalia 34 17 23 17 20 28 18 23 5 11 6 5 22 25 espaneTi 45 9 26 18 33 25 29 18 5 21 6 19 26 26 slovakia 3 29 28 34 37 21 28 33 11 28 1 54 25 27 italia 51 40 13 22 47 15 24 24 5 15 6 12 27 28 iaponia 61 57 42 44 59 13 11 16 33 2 6 46 29 29 samxreT korea 26 41 25 38 24 2 13 29 33 27 31 58 28 30 rumineTi 22 8 37 30 10 32 43 43 11 46 1 36 35 31 filipinebi 14 50 47 51 1 52 47 45 11 47 31 28 33 32 saberZneTi 49 55 20 14 41 33 26 37 5 20 31 3 30 33 poloneTi 23 34 34 19 25 31 35 31 11 38 6 14 31 34 Cile 31 4 40 40 51 30 32 30 11 39 6 25 34 35 taivani 9 32 9 31 62 11 10 22 62 62 62 55 36 36 uganda 52 25 62 58 3 61 56 60 48 61 6 1 32 37 tunisi 16 39 33 26 14 45 60 59 33 31 31 41 37 38 botsvana 18 23 30 25 36 56 46 62 48 57 6 2 39 39 ukraina 12 38 44 28 19 47 42 48 48 40 31 30 38 40 maroko 28 43 38 41 4 39 52 49 48 37 52 34 40 41 senegali 37 54 36 47 11 55 58 53 33 23 6 21 41 42 meqsika 39 35 27 36 28 36 31 38 11 44 6 60 42 43 argentina 53 31 48 45 53 34 27 36 25 24 6 39 47 44 saudis arabeTi 24 59 24 29 13 50 48 44 48 36 52 53 45 45 tailandi 6 56 53 42 31 41 38 40 25 56 52 43 46

62

46 Srilanka 25 48 50 50 5 59 55 47 58 48 42 44 43 47 ruseTi 43 22 51 37 44 40 37 46 25 26 42 40 52 48 nigeria 40 27 61 59 23 58 61 58 25 41 6 62 44 49 samxreT afrika 47 51 45 43 55 48 34 28 25 33 6 27 48 50 peru 56 37 32 48 35 38 41 39 33 54 6 59 53 51 Cile 27 21 56 52 43 49 54 54 33 29 52 57 54 52 brazilia 60 15 52 56 56 37 30 35 11 42 31 56 57 53 kenia 42 60 58 55 21 54 50 56 48 30 6 33 49 54 kolumbia 54 33 39 54 17 43 40 42 48 52 42 35 51 55 egvipte 35 42 49 46 15 53 59 50 33 51 58 17 59 56 pakistani 59 53 54 62 6 60 51 55 48 34 52 42 50 57 TurqeTi 38 47 46 35 61 35 36 32 33 50 42 45 56 58 bangladeSi 57 58 57 60 8 62 62 61 58 35 42 52 58 59 venesuela 44 44 43 53 58 44 45 41 33 53 42 51 55 60 indonezia 36 61 59 57 46 51 49 52 25 60 42 48 60 61 indoeTi 58 49 60 61 26 57 53 51 58 59 52 50 61 62 irani 46 62 55 49 60 46 57 57 58 58 58 61 62

wyaro: Globalization Index, 2006

63

A.T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY∗

yovelwliurad aqveynebs monacemebs

msoflios yvelaze ufro globalizebuli qveynebis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri

integraciis, pirovnuli kontaqtebis, teqnologiuri kavSirebisa da

politikuri integraciis maCveneblebis mixedviT. bolo 2007 wlis

monacemebis (cxr. 6) Tanaxmad pirvel adgilze dgas singapuri, rac

ganpirobebulia gaeroSi misi samSvidobo misiis gafarToebiTa da

ormxrivi savaWro SeTanxmebis dadebiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan.

unda aRiniSnos, rom singapuri miekuTvneba im saxelmwifoTa ricxvs,

romlebic mxars uWeren Tanamedrove Ria ekonomikas, magram mTavroba

aregulirebs Sida bazars da akontrolebs strategiul seqtorebs.

Tundac am faqtze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom

saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobaze zegavlenas axdens ara

globalizaciis maRali xarisxi, aramed misi moqnili da efeqturi

politika waaxalisos erovnuli biznesi da uzrunvelyos jansaRi

ekonomikuri klimati.

∗ avtoritetuli sakonsultacio kompania globaluri marTvis sferoSi

64

2.3. Tanamedrove msoflio sistema

Tanamedrove msoflio sistemis Teoretikosi, imanuil valerstaini

msoflio sistemas miiCnevs rogorc erTian socialur organizms,

romelsac gaaCnia sakuTari maxasiaTeblebi—sazRvrebi, struqturebi,

interesTa jgufebi, kanonmdebloba, kavSirebi. misi ganmartebiT,

saukuneebis manZilze ganviTarebuli globalizaciis procesi axali

aTaswleulis mijnaze sruldeba kapitalizmis krizisiT. igi wers:

“ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi, kapitalisturi ekonomika aRmoCnda

seriozuli krizisis winaSe, da globalizaciis triumfi gedis

simRerasaviT Caismis Cvens istoriul epoqaSi.” (Wallerstein, Immanuel M.,

Utopistics,. New York: Academic Press. 1998. p.23).

valerstainis ganmartebiT, msoflio sistemas warmoadgens

urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebisagan Semdgari istoriulad

ganviTarebuli socialuri sistema, romelic ayalibebs sazRvris mqone

struqturas da funqcionirebs sakuTari wesebis Sesabamisad

mravalferovan kulturul garemoSi (Wallerstein, Immanuel M.,Geopolitics and

Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System, Cambridge University Press, 1991). es

aris kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomika, romlis mamoZravebel Zalas

warmoadgens kerZo kapitali, warmoeba da vaWroba, da romelsac ar

gaaCnia erTi konkretuli politikuri centri. Tanamedrove msoflio

sistema XVI-saukunis evropis wiaRidan iRebs fesvebs, rodesac

feodalizmis krizisma da burJuaziis ganviTarebam warmoebisa da

vaWrobis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.

msoflio sistema warmoadgens erTian msoflio bazars, sadac

samuSao Zala da saxelmwifoebi qmnian integrirebul

stratificirebul sistemas. samuSao Zala klasificirdeba profesiuli

codnis, funqcionaluri ierarqiisa da geografiuli adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT, qveynebi ki iyofian birTv-saxelmwifoebad, naxevrad-

periferiul saxelmwifoebad da periferiul mxareebad.∗

∗ valersteini ’periferiuli qveynebis’ nacvlad iyenebs termins ’periferiuli mxareebi’,

rac misi ganmartebiT, aixsneba garkveuli teritoriuli erTeulebis

arasaxelmwifoebrivi statusiT

65

birTvi-saxelmwifoebi dafuZnebulni arian Tanamedrove codnasa

da uaxles teqnologiebze, gaaCniaT Zlieri politikuri institutebi da

samxedro potenciali, orientirebulni arian gadamuSavebuli

produqciis eqsportze da kerZo biznesis transnacionalizaciaze,

floben maRal xvedriTi wils msoflio ekonomikaSi. maT ricxvs

miekuTvneba Crdilo-dasavleT evropis qveynebi, amerikis SeerTebuli

Statebi, kanada da iaponia.

periferiuli mxareebi xasiaTdebian codnis dabali doniT,

damokidebulni arian birTv-saxelmwifoebze, maTi Semosavlis ZiriTad

wyaros warmoadgens gadasaxadebi importze da bunebrivi resursebisa da

nedleuli masalebis eqsporti, gaaCniaT dabali samxedro potenciali

da susti saxelisuflebo struqtura. aseTi qveynebis SemadgenlobaSi

Sedian aziis didi nawili, afrika, laTinuri amerika da post-sabWoTa

sivrcis qveynebis umravlesoba.∗∗

naxevradperiferiuli qveynebi naklebad damokidebulni arian

centr-saxelmwifoebze da xasiaTdebian mdgradi saxelmwifoebrivi

struqturiTa da stabiluri da mzardi ekonomikuri potencialiT. aseT

saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenen centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis,

xmelTaSua zRvispira qveynebi, agreTve meqsika, samxreT korea, malaizia,

taivani, singapuri, honkongi.

birTvi-saxelmwifoebi, eyrdnobian ra Zlier samxedro da

ekonomikur potencials, gamoxataven socialuri ierarqiis maRal

safexurze myofi klasebis interesebs da cdiloben SeinarCunon

periferiebze dominirebis statusi. valerstainis azriT, kapitalizmis

krizisi gamowveulia swored misi imperialisturi bunebiT, rac mogebis

araTanabar ganawilebas uwyobs xels. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

uTmobs naxevrad periferias da mis arsebobas msoflio ekonomikis

normaluri funqcionirebisTvis aucilebel atributad miiCnevs. misi

azriT, msoflio ekonomika naxevradperiferiis gareSec kargad

ifunqcionirebda, magram politikuri TvalsazrisiT is naklebad

stabiluri da balansirebuli iqneboda.

∗∗ am SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedis centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi

66

Cveni kvlevis mizans warmoadgens, Tu ra transformacias

ganicdian saxelmwifoebi globalizaciis zegavlenis Sedegad da

rogoria maTi konkurentunarianobis strategiebi globalur sivrceSi.

cxadia, TiToeuli maTgani gamoirCeva rogorc specifiuri politikur-

ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis sistemebiT, ise damoukidebeli

konkurentunarianobis strategiebiT.

valerstainis Teoria asaxavs msoflios, rogorc erTiani

socialuri sistemis qronologiuri ganviTarebis process da adgens

kapitalisturi sistemis krizisis gamomwvev mizezebs, magram igi ver

iZleva eri-saxelmwifos transformaciisa da axali geostrategiuli

koncefciis analizs.

msoflio sistemis Teoria warmoadgens Teorias, romelic asaxavs

Tanamedrove globalur uTanabrobas dasavleTis politikuri da

ekonomikuri dominantobis zrdis fonze. am Teoriis mimdevrebi

amtkiceben, rom Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sistema aferxebs

ganviTarebas da zrdis ufskruls ekonomikur, socialur da politikur

konteqstSi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris.

67

Tavi 3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema

da misi Teoriuli aspeqtebi

3.1. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia

1982 wels kristofer frimenma, Tavis gamouqveynebel naSromSi

"teqnologiuri infrastruqtura da saerTaSoriso

konkurentunarianoba", romelic ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da

ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) kvlevis, teqnologiisa da

konkurentunarianobis sferoebis eqspertTa jgufisaTvis momzadda,

pirvelma axsena erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia da xazi

gausva sainovacio infrastruqturis gaumjobesebis procesSi

saxelmwifos aqtiur rols.

frimeni iyo pirveli, romelmac 1987 wels Semoitana erovnuli

sainovacio sistemis koncefciis Tanamedrove ganmarteba da gaaanaliza

kompaniebs Soris arsebuli maxasiaTeblebi, korporaciuli marTvis,

ganaTlebis sistemisa da saxelmwifos roli.

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis koncefcia dafuZnebulia neo-

Sumpeterianul ekonomikur Teoriaze, romelic aqcents akeTebs

inovaciebsa da mewarmeobaze. frimenis naSromebis amosavali wertili

iyo Sumpeteris mier Camoyalibebuli inovaciebis Teoria. Sumpeteris

Tanaxmad, inovacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc "axali kombinacia" da

ganvasxvaoT igi gamogonebisagan - gamogoneba iqceva inovaciad mxolod

maSin, rodesac mewarme mas bazarze gaitans da moaxdens mis

komercializacias.

sainovacio sistemis Teoriis mixedviT, inovacia da teqnologiis

ganviTareba sistemis aqtorebs Soris kompleqsuri urTierTobebis

Sedegia. es urTierTobebi moicavs sawarmoebs, universitetebsa da

saxelmwifo kvleviT institutebs.

literaturaSi ar arsebobs erovnuli sainovacio sistemis

calmxrivi ganmarteba. qvemoT moyvanili gansazRvrebebi citirebulia

OECD-is publikaciidan erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Sesaxeb:

68

"... siaxlis komerciuli an sawarmoo gamoyeneba. siaxle SeiZleba

gulisxmobdes axal produqts, warmoebis process an meTods; axal

bazars an miwodebis wyaroebs; komerciuli biznesis axal formas an

finansur organizacias" (Schumpeter, Joseph. History of Economic Analysis. Oxford

University Press, 1954. p.6)

"... procesi, romlis meSveobiTac eri qmnis da gardaqmnis axal

codnasa da teqnologiebs sasargeblo produqtebad, momsaxurebad da

procesebad erovnuli da msoflio bazrebisaTvis - rac iwvevs

rogorc aqcionerebisaTvis faseulobis Seqmnas, aseve zogadad

cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas" (XXI saukunis inovaciaze

momuSave jgufi, 2004, aSS)

"... sajaro da kerZo seqtorebis dawesebulebaTa qseli, romelTa

aqtivobebi da urTierTqmedeba axdens axali teqnologiebis

inicirebas, importirebas, modificirebasa da gavrcelebas" (Freeman, C.

(1987), Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan, London:

Pinter.. p.8.)

"... elementebi da urTireTobebi, romlebic urTierTqmedeben axali da

ekonomikurad sasargeblo codnis Seqmnis, gavrcelebisa da

gamoyenebis procesSi... da ganlagebulni an dafuZnebulni arian

erovnuli saelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT" (Lundvall, B-A. (ed.) (1992),

National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning,

London: Pinter.p.5)

"... dawesebulebaTa kompleqsi, romelTa urTierTqmedeba gansazRvravs

erovnuli firmebis inovaciuri saqmianobis maCvenebels" (Nelson, R.R.

(ed.) (1993), National Systems of Innovation: A Comparative Study,Oxford: Oxford

University Press. P.5 )

"... erovnuli sainovacio sistema Sedgeba im dawesebulebebisa da

ekonomikuri struqturebisagan, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen

sazogadoebaSi teqnologiuri cvlilebis donesa da mimarTulebaze"

(Edquist Ch., Systems of Innovation Approaches, 1997.p.13)

"... sajaro da kerZo firmebis (rogorc msxvili aseve mcire),

universitetebisa da samTavrobo saagentoebis urTierTqmedebis

69

sistema, romlis mizania erovnuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT

mecnierebisa da teqnologiis warmoeba. interaqcia am seqtorebs Soris

SeiZleba iyos teqnikuri, komerciuli, sakanonmdeblo, socialuri da

finansuri, imdenad, ramdenadac am urTierTqmedebis grZelvadiani

mizania axali mecnierebisa da teqnologiis ganviTareba, dacva,

dafinanseba da regulireba” (J. Niosi (editor): Technology and National

Competitiveness, Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991. P. 23).

"... erovnuli dawesebulebebi, maTi mastimulirebeli struqturebi da

kompetenciebi, romlebic gansazRvraven qveyanaSi teqnologiuri

swavlebis donesa da mimarTulebas (an cvlilebis warmomqmneli

aqtivobebis moculobasa da Semadgenlobas" (Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. (2000),

‘National Innovation Systems. Why They are Important, and How They Might be Measured

and Compared’, in Charles Edquist. p.14)

"... kompleqsi calkeuli dawesebulebebisa, romlebsac erToblivad da

individualurad SeaqvT wvlili axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa

da gavrcelebaSi da romlebic warmoadgenen CarCos, sadac

saxelmwofoebi qmnian da axorcieleben inovaciis procesze

zemoqmedebis polisebs. amgvarad, es aris erTmaneTTan SekavSirebul

dawesebulebaTa sistema, romelmac unda Seqmnas, Seinaxos da

gardaqnas is codna da unarebi, romlebic gansazRvraven axal

teqnologiebs" (metkalfi, 1995).

rogorc zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebidan Cans, sainovacio

sistemis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia codnis nakadis mimoqcevaze

sawarmoebs, universitetebsa da kvleviT institutebs Soris. orive -

faruli codna, araoficialuri arxebiT gacvlili nou-hau, da

kodirebuli codna, anu publikaciebSi, patentebsa da sxva wyaroebSi

kodirebuli informacia Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. codnis meqanizmi

moicavs mrewvelobis dargis erTobliv kvlevas, kerZoO da saxelmwifo

seqtorebis partniorobas, teqnologiis gavrcelebasa da sakadro

gadanacvlebas.

70

inovaciebis koncefciis funqciaa monacemTa Segroveba da

inovaciisa da miRwevebis ZiriTadi ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis

analizis warmarTvis xelSewyoba. inovaciis koncefcia ayalibebs

mniSvnelovan urTierTobebs inovaciis Semaval faqtorebs, strategias,

processa da gardamaval da saboloo Sedegebs Soris.

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, teqnologiisa

da informaciis sinTezi pirovnul resursebs, sawarmoebsa da

dawesebulebebs Soris inovaciuri procesis gasaRebs warmoadgens.

inovaciisa da teqnologiis ganviTareba sistemis aqtorebis

kompleqsuri urTerTobebis Sedegia da moicavs sawarmoebs,

universitetebs da saxelmwifo kvleviT institutebs.

es koncefcia tradiciul sworxazovan jaWvur models cvlis

dinamiuri inovaciuri procesiT da afarToebs mas sazogadoebis yvela

aspeqtis gaerTianebis gziT, raTa Seqmnas farTo da mravalmxrivi

"erovnuli sainovacio ekosistema". erovnuli masStabis miuxedavad, is

inarCunebs fokuss mrewvelobis doneze da ajgufebs inovaciis yvelaze

mniSvnelovan faqtorebs momdevno eqvs ganzomilebad:

1. inovaciuri wvlilis faqtorebi - samewarmeo strategia,

codna, kapitali, pirovnuli resursebi, patentebi, samecniero

publikaciebi.

2. inovaciuri procesis ganxorcieleba - formulireba, warmoeba,

organizaciuli kultura da barierebi komercializaciisaTvis.

3. sajaro politikis garemo faqtorebi - kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis politika, gadasaxadebi, inteleqtualuri sakuTreba,

standartebi da bazris xelmisawvdomoba.

4. inovaciis infrastruqturis pirobebi - kvlevis xarisxi

universitetebSi, saxelmwifos mier dafinansebul laboratoriebSi da

pirovnuli resursebis arseboba.

5. momxmareblis Rirebuleba/Sedegebi - fasis Semcireba,

sargebeli, mogeba.

6. Sedegebi erovnul doneze – zrda, dasaqmeba,

konkurentunarianoba da vaWroba.

71

es ganzomilebebi, individualurad da ekologiuri sistemis

saxiT, Seadgenen garemos, romelSic erovnuli sawarmoebi qmnian

inovacias. es faqtorebi mocemulia qvemoT moyvanil naxazebze:

es koncefcia scildeba codnis marTvis Teorias da xazs usvavs

im faqtors, romelic marTavs codnis gardaqmnis process sasargeblo

produqtebad da momsaxurebad. koncefcia dabalansebulia da aRiarebs

orives - teqnologiur impulss (wvlili) da moTxovnis gavlenas

(Sedegebi).

maSin, rodesac inovaciuri sawarmoebi gvevlinebian codnis

gardaqmnisa da komercializaciis mTavar warmmarTvel faqtorebad,

inovacia xdeba msoflio doneze interaqciuli xasiaTis matarebeli,

romelic aerTianebs momxmarebels, saxelmwifos, samecniero

sazogadoebas, finansur seqtorsa da kvleviT centrebs da aviTarebs

maT Soris partniorul urTierTobebs. koncefcia did yuradRebas

uTmobs saxelmwifo politikis garemos atributebsa da inovaciis

infrastruqturas, rogorc erovnuli inovaciuri saqmianobis

mniSvnelovan ganmapirobebel faqtors.

Nnax. 7 erovnuli sainovacio sistema

wyaro: OECD

72

nax. 8. erovnuli inovaciuri sistema (amerikuli modeli)

wyaro: OECD

strategiuli marTvis wamyvani specialistebis azriT, aSS-i

warmoebis faqtoris jamuri produqtiulobis zrda ganapiroba

teqnologiurma progresma da samuSao Zalis unarma da gamocdilebam.

qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevebis SedarebiTi analizi

gviCvenebs, rom erovnuli inovaciuri aqtivobis intensiuroba pirdapir

kavSirSia produqtiulobis zrdasTan da cxovrebis pirobebis

gaumjobesebasTan.

axali produqtebiTa da momsaxurebiT warmodgenili warmatebuli

inovaciis Sedegebi warmoSobs axal bazrebs, qmnis xelsayrel garemos

sawarmoebis ganviTarebisTvis, amasTanave xels uwyobs produqtiulobis

gazrdas, fasebis dawevas, mogebasa da dasaqmebas. kompaniebi, romlebic

gvTavazoben inovaciebs, floben msoflio bazris met wils, ganicdian

ufro swraf zrdas, aqvT meti mogeba da meti sabazro Rirebuleba.

inovacias aseve gaaCnia dagrovebis efeqti, radgan konkurenti

organizaciebi iTviseben axal teqnologiebs. inovaciuri produqtebis

momxmareblebi iReben met mogebas, meti arCevanis, ukeTesi momsaxurebis,

ufro dabali fasebisa da gaumjobesebuli produqtiulobis saxiT.

73

rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, inovaciis gavrceleba xels uwyobs

eris "codnis maragis" akumulirebas, rac qmnis safuZvels bazris

zrdisaTvis, grZelvadiani faseulobebis warmoqmnis da cxovrebis

pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

saxelmwifo politikis SemmuSaveblebs erovnuli inovaciis

sistemis Secnoba daexmareba aTvlis wertilis dadgenaSi inovaciuri

saqmianobis maCveneblisa da mTlianad konkurentunarianobis

gasazrdelad. mas aseve SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva sistemaSi arsebuli

im cdomilebebis amocnobaSi, romlebic xels uSlian teqnologiebis

ganviTarebasa da inovaciis danergvas. is politika, romelic emsaxureba

sistemis SigniT arsebul dawesebulebebsa da aqtorebs Soris

urTierqmedebis gaumjobesebas da miznad isaxavs kompaniebis inovaciuri

SesaZleblobebis gazrdas mocemul garemoSi, yvelaze Rirebuls

warmoadgens.

3.2. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis mTavari aqtorebi

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis

monacemebiT, erovnul inovaciur sistemaSi moqmedi dawesebulebebi

viwro konteqstSi ganxilviT SeiZleba davyoT xuT ZiriTad kategoriad:

mmarTveloba - (adgilobrivi, regionuli, erovnuli,

globaluri - gansxvavebuli zegavleniT qveyanaze) romelic ZiriTad

rols TamaSobs politikis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.

damakavSirebeli institutebi - kvleviTi sabWoebi da

asociaciebi, romlebic gvevlinebian mTavrobisa da kvlevis

mwarmoebelTa damakavSirebel xidad.

kerZo sawarmoebi da kvleviTi institutebi, romlebsac isini

afinanseben.

universitetebi da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebi, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen ZiriTadi codnisa da unarebis Seqmnas.

74

sxva sajaro da kerZo organizaciebi romlebic TavianT rols

TamaSoben erovnuli sainovacio sistemis SeqmnaSi, (saxelmwifo

laboratoriebi, teqnologiebis gardamqmneli organizaciebi, erToblivi

kvleviTi institutebi, sapatento samsaxurebi, sakonsultacio

organizaciebi da a.S.)

zemoT moyvanili sainovacio infrastruqtura xels uwyobs kerZo

sawarmoebis mier wvlilis Setanas, da Cveni azriT igi SeiZleba daiyos

Semdeg kategoriebad:

samecniero da kvleviTi dawesebulebebi romlebic

gvevlinebian codnis mTavar wyarod da moicaven universitetebsa da

kvleviT institutebs, laboratoriebsa da arakomerciul kvleviT

organizaciebs, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis asociaciebs, teqnologiis

gardaqmnisa da teqnologiis saukeTeso gamocdilebis centrebs.

kapitaliT uzrunvelyofis organizaciebi da bazrebi

romlebic afinanseben inovaciasa da axali produqtebis da

momsaxurebis mowodebas. riskis (venCoruli) kapitali da saxelmwifo

kvleviTi programebi TamaSoben gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan rols

teqnologiaze dafuZnebuli sawarmoebis ganviTarebaSi. sainvesticio

bazrebi iZlevian mniSvnelovan stimuls inovaciisaTvis.

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi - skolebi, kolejebi da

universitetebi, aseve kerZo seqtoris satreningo organizaciebi,

romlebmac unda Seqmnan mowinave mecnierTa, inJinerTa, menejerTa da

teqnikuri samuSao Zalis Zlieri nakrebi. pirovnuli resursis kapitali,

elastiuroba da moqniloba, inovaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli

faqtoria, rogorc inovaciis SemqmnelTa, ise maTi momxmarebelTaTvis.

sainformacio infrastruqtura amaragebs sawarmoebs

inovaciisaTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani instrumentebiTa da sakomunikacio

platformiT. Mglobalur doneze TanamSromloba da Ria sainovacio

sistemebi damokidebulia kompiuteruli teqnologiis winsvlaze,

programuli uzrunvelyofis gamoyenebasa da sainformacio qselebze.

regionuli inovaciuri klasterebi warmoadgens konkretul

sferoSi urTierTdakavSirebuli biznesis, mimwodebeli kompaniebisa da

damakavSirebeli institutebis geografiul koncentracias, romlebic

75

iziareben saerTo codnas, samuSao Zalas, bazrebsa da sadistribucio

arxebs.

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis analizis Sedegad gakeTebuli

daskvnebis safuZvelze, xazi unda gaesvas inovaciuri aqtivobis

sargebelsa da Sedegebs:

samrewvelo warmatebis wvlili. wvlili finansur warmatebaSi

SegviZlia gavzomoT axali produqtebis/momsaxurebis gayidvidan

Semosuli mogebiT, sabazro wilis cvlilebiT da inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis licenzirebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebiT. aramaterialuri

Senatani - kompaniis codnis maragis zrda da mopovebuli kompetenciebi

inovaciis marTvaSi, organizaciuli codna da adaptaciis unari ufro

subieqturia da maTi raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrac

rTulia. Tumca, es subieqturi faqtorebi strategiulad mniSvnelovania

grZelvadiani konkurentunariani warmatebisTvis.

momxmarebelTaTvis faseulobis Seqmnis wvlili. es Senatani

SeiZleba iyos produqti, momsaxureba, an procesualuri zegavlena.

produqtis zegavlena kavSirSia inovaciis funqcionalurobasTan,

donesTan da saqmianobis maCvenebelTan momxmareblisaTvis gamoyenebisa

da warmatebis gaumjobesebis sakiTxSi. produqtma SeiZleba gavlena

moaxdinos saqonlis an momsaxurebis doneze, axali bazris Seqmnasa da

xarisxis gaumjobesebaze. procesualuri gavlena exeba fasebis dawevas,

faqtorebi ki - ufro aramaterialur sakiTxebs, rogoric aris drois

ganawileba da miwodebis dagegmva, teqnikuri mxardaWera, treningi,

brendis imiji, usafrTxoeba, garemos gavlenebi da maregulirebel

normebTan Sesabamisoba.

erovnuli Sedegebi. realuri mTliani Sida produqtisa da

mTliani Sida produqtis erT sul mosaxleze zrda, inovaciis mTliani

wvlilisa da mogebis tradiciuli sazomia. sxva sazomebi moicaven:

Sromis da jamuri faqtorebis produqtiulobas, Semosavals erT sul

mosaxleze, seqtorul savaWro balanss, inovaciasTan dakavSirebul

korporatiul Semosavlebs, safondo bazris Rirebulebebs, sabazro

wils da bazrebis SeRwevadobas.

76

3.3. regionuli sainovacio sistemebis analizi

regionuli sainovacio sistema (RIS) regionuli ganviTarebis

axali modelia, romelic SesaZloa iqces qveynis dabalansebuli

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal saSualebad. igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros

rogorc sistema, romelic axdens regionSi arsebuli kompaniebis

inovaciuri unaris stimulirebas imgvarad, rom gaaZlieros regionis

zrdis potenciali da regionuli konkurentunarianoba.

regionuli sainovacio sistemas Cveulebriv upirispireben

erovnul sainovacio sistemas da globalur (GIS) sainovaciur

sistemebs. TiToeuli sistemis aqtorebi da maT Soris damokidebuleba

mocemulia naxazSi #9

nax. 9. globaluri, erovnuli da regionuli inovaciis sistemebi

77

nax. 10. regionuli inovaciuri garemos Seida da gare faqtorebi

wyaro: OECD

cxrili 9. sainovacio sistemebi - Semajamebeli cxrili

wyaro: OECD

inovaciis erovnuli sistemebi inovaciis regionuli sistemebi

sistemis

elementebi

masobrivi warmoebis ekonomikuri

procesis inovacia

codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomika.

produqtis inovacia

kompaniis Sida

urTierTobebi

bazari saxelisuflebo urTierTobebi

aqcenti konkurenciaze mimwodebelTa urTierTobebi

sauniversiteto kvleva

axali produqtis kvleva da

ganviTarebaze codnis gare wyaroebi

adgilobrivi kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis (RD) nakleboba sazogadoeba da

sajaro seqtori

aqcenti samTavrobo doneze partnioruli urTierTobebi

maregulirebeli normebi

aqcenti regionalur doneze

sajaro da kerZo TanamSromlobebi

sazogadoeba, TanamSromloba da ndoba

firmebis Sida

struqtura

inovaciisa da warmoebis meqanikuri da avtoritaruli

gancalkeveba

mraval-filialiani kompaniebis

ierarqia

sistematizirebuli organizacia

uwyveti inovacia matriculi organizacia

finansuri

seqtoris

dawesebulebebi

formaluri danazogebi da

investicia

formaluri finansuri seqtori

riskis kapitali

araformaluri finansuri seqtori

materialuri da

sakomunikacio

infrastruqtura

erovnuli orientacia

materialuri infrastruqtura

msoflio orientacia

informaciis eleqtronuli gacvla

firmis strategia,

struqtura da

konkurencia

axali firmebis Camoyalibebis

sirTule

axali codnis xelmisawvdomobis

ar qona

mewarmeobis dabali done, an

sruliad ar arseboba

axali firmebis Camoyalibebis

simartive

codnis xelmisawvdomobis siiafe

gamomgonebloba gadamwyveti faqtoria

codnis

infrastruqtura

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

laboratoriebi

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

procesze fokusireba

centraluri kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis laboratoriebi

Tavdacvaze fokusireba

sauniversiteto kvleva

fokusireba axali produqtis

kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze

codnis gare wyaroebi adgilobrivi kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis gavrceleba

78

maikl porterma Tavis monografiaSi - "erebis konkurentuli

upiratesobebi", aCvena, rom aSS-s wamyvani konkurentuli pozicia

inovaciebSi ganpirobebuli iyo klasterebze dafuZnebuli regionuli

da adgilobrivi inovaciuri sistemebis arsebobiT. axali aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi mowinave ekonomikis mqone praqtikulad yvela saxelmwifo

xels uwyobda erovnuli konkurentulobis zrdaze orientirebuli

regionuli sainovacio sistemisa da klasterebis Camoyalibebis

politikis ganviTarebas, rogorc saSualebas. amgvari midgomis erT-erT

yvelaze TvalsaCino SemTxvevas adgili hqonda germaniaSi 1995 wels,

rodesac mTavrobam gamoacxada bioregionuli konkursi, romelic

miznad isaxavda regionuli organoebidan ganacxadebis miRebas, raTa

maTTvis finansuri mxardaWera gaewia inovaciuri, regionuli

bioteqnologiuri klasterebis mSeneblobaSi, romlebic daexmarebodnen

germanias bioteqnologiis komercializaciaSi arsebuli susti

konkurentuli poziciis gaumjobesebaSi. gamarjvebuli regionebi

gaxdnen miunxeni bavariaSi, kiolni da diuseldorfi CrdiloeT rain-

vestfaliaSi da heidelbergi baden-vurtembergSi. gaerTianebul

samefoSi mTavrobis samewarmeo politika 1998 wlidan aSenebs codnaze

dafuZnebul ekonomikas, igi aZlierebs regionuli ganviTarebis

organoebs da axdens inovaciis zrdis Tanadafinansebas, uWers ra mxars

regionuli klasterebis mSeneblobis strategias.

aRniSnuli magaliTebi naTels xdian, rom regionuli sainovacio

sistemebi amJamad miCneulia, rogorc mniSvnelovani rolis mqone

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis berketi. saqme exeba rogorc bazris kerZo

aqtivobiT inovaciis mxardamWer sistemebSi mTavrobis mxridan Carevas,

ise im gzebs, romlebSic kargad funqcionirebad sistemas da

klasterebs eqnebaT sakuTari formaluri Tu araformaluri

mmarTveloba. ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinareobs xelisuflebis mier

miRebuli rigi strategiebis ganxilva, romelTa mizania naklebad

privilegirebuli regionebis magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxardaWera

gauwion klasterebisa da inovaciebis zrdasa da gaZlierebas.

imisTvis, rom teritoriebi kompaniebisaTvis mimzidvelni gaxdnen,

maTze SeiZleba Seiqmnas specifikuri dawesebulebebi, rolebic mxars

79

dauWeren maT inovaciur strategiebs. regionebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

Tu maT ukve ganaviTares klasterebi da Sesabamisi administraciuli

mowyoba inovaciuri sawarmoebis mxardasaWerad, warmoadgenen

ekonomikuri interesis ufro mniSvnelovan gaerTianebebs, ganapirobeben

ra ekonomikuri aqtivobebis swor dinebas da floben jansaRi

urTierTkavSiris damyarebis upiratesobas ekonomikis aqtorebs Soris.

bunebrivia, rom regionebma, romelTac gaaCniaT resursi, maT Soris

institucionaluri da samTavrobo, unda moipovon SedarebiTi

upiratesoba maTi mobilizebiT, xolo im regionebma, romelTac amgvari

resursi ar gaaCniaT, unda Seqmnan igi.

rogorc vxedavT, mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu rogor

gardaqmnis kompaniebis, bazrebis, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis,

kvleviTi institutebis, satreiningo dawesebulebebis, socialuri

partniorebis erTmaneTTan morgebis process sainovacio sistemis

elementebis Seqmna, romelsac SeuZlia moicvas yvela zemoT

CamoTvlili seqtori da moaxdinos maTi stabilizacia. zemoaRniSnuli

aSkaras xdis im programebis mniSvnelobas, romelTac SeuZliaT

adgilobrivi kontaqtebis damyarebisa da adgilobrivi liderobis

gaZliereba ekonomikis zrdis mizniT warmoebuli menejmentis

unarianobis ganviTarebaSi. es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens im

qsels, romelic akavSirebs agentebs sajaro da kerZo seqtorebSi, iseve,

rogorc agentebs am or seqtors Soris.

80

3.5. klasteruli ganviTarebis aspeqtebi

regionuli klasterebi, specifikur sferoSi sxvadasxva

urTierTkavSirebis gziT SeerTebuli ekonomikuri moqmedebis

geografiuli koncentrireba, TandaTan ufro aqtualuri ganxilvis

sagani xdeba regionis konkurentunarianobis an ekonomikuri siZlieris

gamosakveTad. bolo wlebSi, am Tvalsazrisma moaxdina ufro da ufro

meti politikis SemmuSaveblisa Tu ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtoris

motivacia, klasterebze dafuZnebuli koncefciis, rogorc regionuli

produqtiulobis gaZlierebis axali instrumentis, gamoyenebis

mimarTulebiT.

klasterebi regionuli da erovnuli konkurentunarianobis

mamoZravebeli Zalebis gamosakveTad ufro farTo struqturis nawils

warmoadgenen. es struqtura uzrunvelyofs kavSirs korporaciul

doneze qcevasa da mikro da makroekonomikur doneze saxelmwifo

politikas Soris. Aaq Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom CavwvdeT im

mamoZravebel Zalebs, romlebic kompaniis doneze gavlenas axdenen

faseulobis Seqmnasa da inovaciaze. unda ganvasxvaoT faqtorebis ori

mimarTuleba: pirveli mimarTuleba moicavs mTlianad makroekonomikas,

kanonmdeblobas, socialur da politikur garemoebas. es is sferoa,

romelSic bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze Teoria da praqtika

konsensuss aRwevs imis Taobaze, Tu romeli praqtikaa saukeTeso.

evropaSi didi Zalisxmeva daixarja ufro stabiluri makroekonomikuri

pirobebis SeqmnaSi, Sesabamisi savaluto (sakredito) da safinanso-

sabiujeto politikisaTvis grZelvadiani miznebis dasaxvis gziT. Tumca

stabiluri garemo mniSvnelovania ara mxolod evropisaTvis. sxva

qveynebis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom es ar aris sakmarisi. stabiluri

garemo kompaniebisaTvis qmnis produqtiulobis, inovaciisa da

Rirebulebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebs, magram ara Tavad faseulobas.

swored amitom mniSvnelovania faqtorebis meore mimarTuleba,

romelsac ekonomikis mikroekonomikuri SesaZlebloba ewodeba. igi

moicavs rogorc kompaniebis daxvewilobis (profesionalizmis) xarisxs

konkurenciis procesSi, ise mikroekonomikuri biznesis garemos,

81

romelic maT gars akravs. mikroekonomikuri biznesis garemo, romelic

moixsenieba rogorc konkurentunarianobis "almasi", aerTianebs

perspeqtivebis mTel wyebas:

pirvel rigSi Setanili wvlilis faqtoris pirobebi mocemul

adgilmdebareobaze, mag. infrastruqturis xarisxi, samuSao

Zalis unarebis baza da kapitalis xelmisawvdomoba

mniSvnelovania produqtiulobis im donisaTvis, romlis

miRwevac kompaniebs adgilze SeuZliaT.

meore, am adgilmdebareobaze konkurenciis bunebaSi arsebuli

kanonebi da maregulirebeli normebi: konkurenciis kanonebi,

savaWro politika, gadasaxadebis mastimulirebeli efeqti,

iseve rogorc strategia, romliTac kompaniebi erTmaneTs

konkurencias uweven, maTi korporatiuli mmarTvelobis

gamWvirvaloba da wamyvani biznes-jgufebis arseboba

gadamwyveti Zalebia imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebloba miscen da

ubiZgon kompaniebs saukeTeso gziT gamoiyenon arsebuli

saxsrebi da wvlilis faqtorebi.

mesame, klasterebi - konkretuli specializaciis mqone

saqonlisa Tu momsaxureobis mimwodeblebis arseboba

adgilobriv doneze, efeqtur zemoqmedebas axdens kompaniebze

da aZlevs maT moqmedebis motivacias. klasterebis

erToblioba, romlebic moqmedeben konkretul adgilze, qmnian

unikalur SesaZleblobebs axali aqtivobebis wamowyebisaTvis

klasterebis urTierTkveTis wertilze.

meoTxe, adgilobrivi moTxovnis pirobebi, maTi daxvewiloba,

kidev erTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa, romelic ubiZgebs kompaniebs

ukeTesi Sedegebis miRwevisaken, da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania,

qmnis xelsayrel garemos axali ideebis ganviTarebisaTvis.

82

nax. 11. maikl porteris “almasis” modeli

wyaro: Porter, Michael L., The Competitive Advantage of Nations. The Free Press, New York, 1990

klasterebSi nebismieri sargebeli da upiratesoba vrceldeba

kavSiris yvela mimarTulebiT:

_ sxva dargebidan mosuli axali mwarmoeblebi aCqareben TavianT

ganviTarebas, stimuls aZleven samecniero_kvleviT samuSaoebs

da uzrunvelyofen axali strategiebis danergvas saWiro

saxsrebiT;

_ xdeba informaciebis Tavisufali gacvla da siaxleebis swrafad

gavrceleba mimwodebelTa an momxmarebelTa arxebiT,

romlebsac mraval konkurentTan kontaqtebi gaaCnia;

_ klasteris SigniT urTierTkavSirebi xSirad absoluturad

moulodnelia, isini avlenen konkurentunarianobis axal gzebs

da saxaven sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs;

_ pirovnuli resursebi da ideebi warmoSoben axal kombinaciebs.

83

klasterebze saubris dros, SeiZleba gamovyoT erTmaneTis

Semavsebeli 2 strategia:

_ strategiebi, romlebic mimarTulia arsebul klasterebSi

codnis gamoyenebis amaRlebaze;

_ strategiebi, romlebic mimarTulia klasterebis SigniT

TanamSromlobis axali qselebis Seqmnaze.

droTa ganmavlobaSi efeqturad moqmedi klasterebi xdebian

msxvili kapitaldabandebebis da mTavrobis daZabuli yuradRebis

mizezi, anu klasteri gvevlineba raRac ufro did da mniSvnelovnad,

vidre calkeuli misi nawilebis martivi jami. klasteris centrad

yvelaze xSirad gvevlineba ramdenime mZlavri kompania, amasTan, maT

Soris SenarCunebulia konkuretuli urTierTobebi. amiT klasteri

gansxvavdeba kartelisgan an finansuri jgufisgan. konkurentebis, maTi

myidvelebisa da mimwodeblebis koncentracia xels uwyobs warmoebis

efeqtur specializacias. amasTan, klasteri aZlevs dasaqmebis

SesaZleblobas mravalricxovan mcire firmebs da patara sawarmoebs.

garda amisa, organizaciis klasterul midgomas mivyavarT inovaciis

gansakuTrebul formasTan _ ~erTobliv inovaciur produqtTan~.

vertikaluri integraciis safuZvelze organizaciebis klasterSi

gaerTianeba Tavis mxriv ayalibebs sxvadasxvagvari samecniero da

teqnologiuri gamogonebebis ara ~spontanur~ koncentracias, aramed

axali codnisa da teqnologiebis gavrcelebis garkveul sistemas.

amasTan, gamogonebebis inovaciaSi gadasvlis, xolo inovaciebis

konkurentul upiratesobaSi efeqturi transformaciis mniSvnelovan

pirobas warmoadgens klasteris yvela monawiles Soris mdgradi,

damakavSirebeli qselis formireba.

amgvarad, TanamSromloba sul ufro aucilebeli xdeba, magram is

Tavis TavSi atarebs garkveul safrTxes _ damoukideblobis dakargvis

SesaZleblobas (bazarze saTanadod moqcevis, axali teqnologiebisa da

a.S. aTviseba).

ai amitom gaxda rig qveynebSi aseTi mniSvnelovani ukanaskneli

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi efeqturi ~klasteruli strategiebi~,

romlebic daSenebulni arian saqmiani aqtivobis centrebze da

84

warmoaCenen sakuTar Zalasa da konkurentunarianobas msoflio bazarze.

bevri qveynis mTavrobebi Zalisxmevas ar iSureben arsebuli

klasterebis mxardaWerisTvis da axal kompaniaTa qselis SeqmnisTvis,

romlebic adre erTmaneTTan ar TanamSromlobdnen. am dros,

saxelmwifo ara marto xels uwyobs klasterebis formirebas, aramed

TviTonac xdeba am qselis monawile.

klasteruli strategiebi farTod gamoiyeneba yvela ganviTarebul

qveyanaSi. did britaneTSi mTavrobam edinburgis, oqsfordis da

samxreT_aRmosavleT inglisis garSemo gansazRvra raionebi, rogorc

bioteqnologiuri firmebis ZiriTadi ganTavsebis regionebi. norvegiaSi

mTavroba stimuls aZlevs ~sazRvao meurneobis~ klasterSi firmebs

Soris TanamSromlobas. fineTSi ganviTarebulia ~satyeo meurneobis~

klasteri, sadac Sedis xis merqnis damzadeba da xe_tyis produqtebis,

qaRaldis, avejis, poligrafiuli da masTan dakavSirebuli

mowyobilobebis warmoeba. mocemuli klasteris kompaniaTa mier codnis

gavrcelebaSi mWidro TanamSromloba maTTvis uzrunvelyofs

konkurentul upiratesobas ZiriTad savaWro metoqeebTan. eqspertebis

SefasebiT, fineTi iTvleba liderad rogorc samecniro kvleviTi

aaqtivobiT, ise teqnologiuri TanamSromlobis doniT (amas mowmobs

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis monacemebic).

amgvarad, sxvadasxva midgomebs Soris gansxvavebis miuxedavad,

evropis umetesma qveynebma TavianTTvis SeimuSaves konkretuli

klasteruli strategiebi. qveynebi da regionebi, romlebic yvelaze

aSkara formiT axorcieleben aseT strategias arian dania, fineTi,

niderlandebi, flamandiis raioni belgiaSi, kvebekis provincia kanadaSi,

aseve samxreT afrika (axali mmarTvelobis pirobebSi). safrangeTi da

italia SeiZleba gamodges im qveynebis magaliTad, sadac odiTganve

gamoiyeneba Taviseburi klasteruli strategia, Tumca sxva

saxelwodebiT _ ~sawarmoo raionebi~.

amJamad, eqspertebis mier aRwerilia klasterebis 7 ZiriTadi

maxasiaTebeli, romelTa kombinaciebs efuZneba esa Tu is klasteruli

Teoria:

85

geografiuli: sadac ekonomikuri aqtivobis sivrculi

klasterebis Camoyalibeba xdeba, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis (magaliTad,

mebaReoba niderlandebSi) donidan dawyebuli, sruliad globaluramde

(aerokosmosuri klasteri);

horizontaluri: ramodenime dargi/seqtori SeiZleba Sevides ufro

msxvil klasterSi (magaliTad, megaklasterTa sistema niderlandebis

ekonomikaSi);

vertikaluri: klasterebSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes sawarmoo procesis

momijnave etapebi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania, Tu qselis zustad romeli

monawile warmoadgens iniciators da inovaciis saboloo

Semsrulebels klasteris farglebSi;

lateraluri: klasterSi erTiandebian sxvadasxva seqtorebi,

romlebsac SeuZliaT masStaburobis xarjze uzrunvelyon ekonomia,

rasac Tavis mxriv mivyavarT axal kombinaciamde (magaliTad,

multimediur klasteramde);

teqnologiuri: dargebis erToblioba, romlebic iyeneben erTi da

imave teqnologiebs (rogoricaa magaliTad, bioteqnologiuri

klasteri);

fokusuri: firmebis klasteri, romlebic Tavmoyrilni arian erTi

centris _ sawarmos, samecniero_kvleviTi institutis an saswavlo

dawesebulebis garSemo:

xarisxobrivi: aq ara marto mniSvnelovania is, rom firmebi

marTlac TanamSromloben Tu ara, aramed isic, Tu rogor axorcieleben

isini am TanamSromlobas. qseli yovelTvis unda axdendes inovaciebis

ganviTarebis stimulirebas.

amgvarad, klasterulma midgomam, romelic sawyis etapze

mimarTuli iyo konkurentunarianobis sakiTxebis kvlevaze, droTa

ganmavlobaSi gamoyeneba hpova sul ufro farTo amocanebis

gadawyvetaSi, kerZod:

_ saxelmwifos, regionis, dargis konkurentunarianobis analizis

dros;

_ rogorc saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi sawarmoo politikis

safuZveli;

86

_ regionuli ganviTarebis programebis SemuSavebisas;

_ rogorc inovaciuri saqmianobis stimulirebis safuZveli;

_ rogorc didi da mcire biznesis Tanamoqmedebis safuZveli.

klasteri xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli inovaciuri garemoTi,

horizontaluri kavSirebis ganviTarebiT da firmebs Soris

gaZlierebuli sinergiuli urTierTqmedebiT, rac zrdis

konkurentunarianobas. mcire qveynebi gadaiqcnen konkurentunarianobis

gazrdis klasteruli politikis pionerebad. amisaTvis, mcire qveynebis

mTavrobebma winaswar Seiswavles mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis

klasterizaciis problemebi. isini iTvaliswinebdnen eqspertebis

mosazrebebs, iyenebdnen specialur indikatorebs, gamokiTxvebs, vaWrobis

da inovaciuri saqmianobis gamocdilebis Seswavlas.

klasteruli politikis gatarebisas mniSvnelovani rolis

Sesruleba SeuZlia regionul xelisuflebas an mewarmeTa adgilobriv

gaerTianebebs. evropis mcire qveynebis klasterebis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebia:

samecniero klasterebi, romlebic ZiriTadad warmoadgenen

teqnologiaTa generatorebs, xasiaTdebian droebiTi koaliciiT da

kavSirebis orientirebul bazarze TanamSromlobas axorcieleben

kvleviT institutebTan da saxelmwifo organizaciebTan;

tradiciuli klasterebi, romlebSic dominirebs firmebs Soris

grZelvadiani TanamSromloba. adgilobrivi TanamSromloba emyareba

urTierTqmedebebs adgilobriv momwodeblebsa da saxelmwifo

organizaciebTan. sainovacio saqmianobisaTvis ZiriTadad iyeneben ukve

arsebul teqnologiebs.

amrigad, klasterizacia warmoadgens postfordistuli warmoebis

organizaciis meTods, romelmac dominireba daiwyo 1970 wlebidan.

saxelmwifo klasteruli politika gadaiqca gadamwyvet instrumentad

RonisZiebaTa saerTo kompleqsSi, romelic mimarTulia mcire qveynebis

konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis. qveyanisTvis maRali

konkurentunarianobis miRweva da mis SigniT sivrculi orientaciiT

warmoebis axali formebis Seqmna pirdapir dakavSirebulia ganaTlebis

donesTan. klasteruli politikis meSveobiT konkurentunarianobis

87

amaRlebis mcire evropuli qveynebis warmatebuli gamocdileba

damajereblad amtkicebs am midgomis maRalefeqturobas.

88

Tavi 4. sainovacio strategiis aspeqtebi

4.1. institucionaluri wyoba

ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT ganviTarebad qveynebs imisaTvis, rom

aiTvison adekvaturi erovnuli sainovacio sistemis ganviTarebisTvis

saWiro codna? saswavlo procesis gaumjobeseba da individebsa da

jgufebs Soris urTierTqmedebis gazrda win uZRvis inovaciis sistemis

ganxorcielebas. am maxasiaTeblebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde,

rom ekonomikis institucionaluri wyoba dadebiT zegavlenas moaxdens

inovaciis procesze. aqedan gamomdinare, ganviTarebadma qveynebma unda

moaxdinon TavianTi uwyebebis specializacia, radgan es wamyvan rols

TamaSobs inovaciuri aqtivobis ganviTarebaSi.

gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva erovnul inovaciur modelebs Soris,

rogorc minimum, am erebis politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da

kulturul faqtorebs Soris gansxvavebis Sedegia. imisaTvis, rom es

erovnuli gansxvaveba mivusadagoT erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis

midgomas, unda amovicnoT is faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen

eris ekonomikur struqturaze. me-12 naxazze ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

maxasiaTeblebis sami faqtoria warmodgenili - industriuli

ganviTareba, faqtoruli wvlili da istoriuli garemo.

qveynis industriuli ganviTareba gansazRvravs teqnologiis

statuss, mis xarisxsa da konkurentunarianobis parametrebs. es faqtori

aZlevs mimarTulebas erovnul ekonomikur sistemas teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis mimarTulebidan da specializaciidan gamomdinare, amitom

qveynebis codnis baza gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, da Sesabamisad,

moiTxovs sxvadasxva institucionalur wyobas da swavlebis process.

faqtoruli wvlili moicavs qveynis yvela Sesabamis bunebriv,

adamianur da infrastruqturul resursebs. eris faqtoruli wvlilis

raodenobidan da xarisxidan gamomdinare warmoebis sxvadasxva

struqturaa saWiro. magaliTisaTvis, Tu ers surs, rom iyos

konkurentunariani saerTaSoriso doneze, xolo qveyanas ar gaaCnia

bunebrivi resursebis sakmarisi raodenoba, ekonomika damokidebuli

89

xdeba am resursebis importze da unda ganaviTaros eqsportze

orientirebuli manufaqturuli ekonomika. gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri

aqcentebis gamo, romlebic gamomdinareobs faqtoruli wvlilidan,

yvela eri aviTarebs misTvis specifiur inovaciur sistemas.

istoriuli garemo mesame faqtoria, romelic gavlenas axdens

ekonomikur struqturaze. misi istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,

mag. omebi, cvalebadi politikuri garemoebebi, an geo-strategiuli

mdebareoba, yoveli qveyana aviTarebs misTvis specifiur socialur

normebs da saxelmwifoebrivi reJimis Taviseburebebs.

geografiuli da politikuri struqturis Sedegebidan

gamomdinare, warmoebis gansxvavebuli struqturebi viTardeba. amdenad,

swavlebis procesi da inovaciuri sistema sxvadasxva safuZvelze igeba

da erovnuli istoriis gamoxatulebis individualur formebs

warmoadgens.

am faqtorebs axal inovaciur warmatebamde mivyavarT, romelic

izomeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra xarisxis faseuloba iqmneba

momxmareblebisTvis im kompaniebis mier, romlebic gardaqmnian codnasa

da teqnologiebs momgebian produqtad da momsaxurebad rogorc

erovnuli, ise msoflio bazrebisaTvis. inovaciis maRali done

ganapirobebs meti bazrebis Seqmnas, ekonomikur zrdas, samuSao

adgilebis Seqmnas, qonebis dagrovebas da cxovrebis donis

gaumjobesebas. es gansazRvreba ufro srulyofils xdis inovaciis

Sesaxeb Cvens warmodgenas, imaze ufro metis Seqmnis meSveobiT, vidre

ideebi, kvleva, teqnologiis ganviTareba da gadacemaa. erma unda

warmoqmnas ara mxolod saRi ideebi da inteleqtualuri sakuTreba,

aramed saTanadod unda gamoiyenos isini da komerciulad warmatebuli

gaxados.

90

nax. 12. Sida urTierTobebi ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da

institucionalur wyobas Soris

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis modelSi umniSvnelovanes rols

asrulebs sami institucionaluri sfero (saxelmwifo, kerZo da

samecniero/saganmanaTleblo seqtori), romelic “sammagi spiralis

modelis” saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. Aam modelis analizis Sedegad

ikveTeba sinergiul urTierTqmedebis kavSirebze agebuli spiralisebri

sqema, romlis Semadgeneli faqtorebic Tavs iCenen inovaciis procesis

sxvadasxva etapebze da moicaven sam ganzomilebas:

pirveli, es aris Sida transformacia TiToeul spiralSi, mag.

kompaniebs Soris gverdiTi kavSirebis ganviTareba

strategiuli aliansebis, an sauniversiteto sistemebis

resurs-bazaSi cvlilebebis Setanis meSveobiT.

meore, es aris erTi spiralis zegavlena meoreze, mag.

saxelmwifos roli iseTi politikisa da programebis

91

SemuSavebaSi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs universitetebs

samrewvelo kavSirebis CamoyalibebaSi.

mesame ganzomilebaa sammxrivi qselis da organizaciebis

axali fenis Seqmna sami faqtoris urTierTqmedebis

safuZvelze, romelTa misiac aris axali ideebisa da sqemebis

warmoSoba maRalteqnologiuri ganviTarebisaTvis.

universitetebi axdenen tradiciuli sazRvrebis gadalaxvas

mrewvelobis dargebTan axali kavSirebis ganviTarebis mizniT, raTa

SeimuSaon Sesabamisi sqemebi mravalmxrivi miznebis erTmaneTTan

SesaTavseblad. Mme-13 da me-14 naxazebzee warmodgenili “sammagi

spiralisa” da sainovacio sistemis modelebis mixedviT, universiteti

axdens sinergiul partniorul urTierTqmedebas kerZo seqtorTan

inovaciebis Seqmnisa da axali teqnologiebis danergvis mizniT, xolo

mTavroba ki axdens efeqtur samarTlebriv da institucionalur

mxardaWeras.

amdenad, garda kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebisa, universitetis

misias biznes seqtorTan urTierTobaSi warmoadgens, samecniero

kvlevebis SesaZleblobis ganviTareba da Sesabamisi codnis,

mrewvelobisTvis ekonomikuri mogebis momcem codnad gardaqmna.

nax. 13. 'sammagi spiralis modeli

wyaro: Leydesdorff & Etzkowitz 1996; "Emergence of a Triple Helix of Univeristy-Industry-Government Relations", Science and Public Policy

92

nax.14. inovaciis sistema

wyaro: International Organisation for Knowledge Economy and Enterprise Development

4.2. saxelmwifo da sajaro politikis roli

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Seqmnis mizniT, ganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebi cdiloben SeimuSavon samecniero da teqnologiuri

politika. warmoebis agentebs Soris sinergiuli urTierTqmedebisaTvis

da saerTaSoriso bazarze maTi konkurentunarianobis gasazrdelad

mTavari aqcenti keTdeba dawesebulebaTa qselze.

istoriulad, saxelmwifom Seasrula fundamenturi roli

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis evoluciaSi, da, aseve teqnologiuri

progresis mimarTulebiTac. aSS-s mrewvelobis konkurentuli

upiratesoba federaluri mTavrobis mier gaweuli strategiuli

mxardaWeris Sedegia.

93

saxelmwifom iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli aSS-s TiTqmis yvela im

mrewvelobis dargis teqnologiur ganviTarebaSi, romelic

konkurentuli gaxda msoflio masStabiT. “saxelmwifom xeli Seuwyo

soflis meurneobis teqnologiis ganviTarebas biologiuri kvlevebis

meSveobiT, saavtomobilo mrewvelobas - saavtomobilo magistralebis

infrastruqturis dizainiTa da mSeneblobiT, kompiuterizaciis

ganviTarebas samxedro Sesyidvebis saSualebiT, da bioteqnologiuri

industriebis zrdas fundamenturi biologiuri kvlevis CatarebiT."

(rutani, 2001).

aRsaniSnavia, rom biznesSi Cadebuli kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

danaxarjebi bolo wlebSi inovaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan indikatorad

gvevlineba. qveynebi gansxvavdebian kerZo seqtorSi kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis danaxarjebis mixedviT, magram umetes qveynebSi biznes

seqtorSi Cadebulma kvlevam da ganviTarebam saxelmwifos mxridan

soliduri mxardaWera miiRo mastimulirebeli zomebisa da

gadasaxadebis Semcirebis saxiT. saxelmwifos mxridan Carevam ganicada

seriozuli transformacia, rac gamoixateba pirdapiri monawileobidan

arapirdapir monawileobaze gadasvlaSi, es, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs

komerciaze orientirebuli kvlevis xelSewyobas sajaro-kerZo

seqtorebis monawileobis gziT da aseve subsidiebiTa da sagadasaxado

stimulebiT uzrunvelyofiT.

fineTis premier ministri esko eiho pirveli maRalCinosani

politikosi iyo, romelmac jer kidev 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

gamoiyena aRniSnuli koncefcia fineTis inovaciuri sistemis

gaZlierebis saWiroebasTan mimarTebaSi. fineTis magaliTi gaiziares

kanadam da samxreT afrikam. aTiode wlis Semdeg CineTis prezidentma

hiu zintaom wamoiwyo msgavsi reformebi CineTis sainovacio sistemis

SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. es magaliTebi xazs usvamen saxelmwifo

moRvaweTa xedvisa da politikuri gamWriaxobis rols qveyisaTvis

mniSvnelovani iniciativebis SemuSavebaSi.

qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi warmodgenilia sajaro polisebis

farTo speqtri, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen inovaciaze, agreTve

94

sxvadasxva gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac aRniSnul politikas SeuZlia

inovaciis stimulireba an dabrkoleba.

cxrili 10. sajaro politikis gavlena inovaciebze

sajaro politika inovaciuri zegavlenis magaliTebi

kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis

dafinanseba

gavlenas axdens samecniero mimarTulebaze (mag.

nanoteqnologia, mowinave sainformacio teqnologiebi) da

mecnierTa da inJinerTa gamozrdaze, xels uwyobs

universitetebis, samecniero centrebis, saxelmwifo

laboratoriebis, industriis kvlevis, specializirebuli

programebis, inovaciis infrastruqturas. mikro-ekonomikuri

politika mxars uWers mcire mewarmeobas da axal

teqnologiebze dafuZnebul damwyeb firmebs. amave dros,

sajaro kvlevisa da ganviTarebis miznebi da administraciuli

procedurebi SeiZleba konfliqtSi movidnen kerZo seqtoris

miznebTan, molodinTan da menejmentis moTxovnasTan.

makrosabiujeto da

fulad-sakredito

politika

inovaciisaTvis saWiro kapitalis Rirebuleba da erovnuli

ekonomikuri zrdis done zegavlenas axdenen sainvesticio

gadawyvetilebebze, xelmisawvdom mogebaze, inovaciur

sawarmoTa safondo bazris Rirebulebaze da a.S., xolo

savaluto politika (ucxouri da erovnuli) zegavlenas

axdens saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobaze.

teqnologiis

gadacemis polisi

saxelmwifo teqnologiebis transferis aqtebi gavlenas

axdenen industriis, universitetebisa da laboratoriebis

TanamSromlobaze, aseve inovatortaTvis miwodebuli codnis

nakadis doneze da odenobaze. adamianuri

resursebis

politika

saxelmwifo ganaTleba da treining-programebi,

universitetebis mxardasaWeri subsdiebi da kvlevisaTvis

gamoyofili finansebi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia samecniero

kvlevis, ganviTarebis da inovaciis komercializaciisaTvis

saWiro kvalificiuri kadrebis maragis Sesaqmnelad.

sagadasaxado

polisi

uzrunvelyofs kvlevisa da ganviTarebis waxalisebas da

gavlenas axdens axal kapitalSi Cadebuli codnis gadacemaze.

amave dros is waaxalisebs momxmareblebs, SeiTvison inovacia. standartebi aiolebs sabazo teqnologiebis (mag. interneti, kompiuteruli

sistemebi, programuli uzrunvelyofa). amasTan maT SeuZliaT

teqnikuri cvlilebis barierebad qceva da bazrebis SezRudva.

Sesyidva saxelmwifos SeuZlia bazrisa da standartebis ganviTarebis

stimulireba farTo masStabiani agregaciiT, Tumca

specifikaciis SemuSavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos axali

teqnologiebis danergvis procesi. antimonopolia

SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos mrewvelobis inovaciur

TanamSromlobas da bazarze axal Semomsvlelebs, amave dros

aferxebs inovaciis wardgenas. inteleqtualuri

sakuTreba

warmoadgens stimuls inovatorTaTvis da SeuZlia

konkurentTa bazarze Sesvlis SezRudva. inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis dacvis sisuste msoflio doneze, inovaciis mcdelobebis Semaferxebel garemoebad gvevlineba.

bazris

xelmisawvdomoba

ucxouri bazrebis xelmisawvdomoba, kargi saeqsporto

pirobebi da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gavlena bazris

potencialis zrdaze, radgan eqsportis kontrolma SeiZleba

95

Seaferxos konkurentunarianoba.

ekonomikis

maregulirebeli

kanonmdebloba

gavlenas axdens inovaciis investiciebze safaso kontrolis,

mogebis amoRebis siswrafis, sabazro wilis SezRudvebis da

konkurentTa bazarze Semosvlis gziT.

socialuri da

garemos

maregulirebeli

kanonmdebloba

SeiZleba iqces inovaciis stimulad da gavlena moaxdinos

inovaciis Seqmnis parametrebze. maregulirebeli

kanonmdeblobis tipi gavlenas axdens industriis fasebze,

mimwodeblebTan urTierTobaze da dasaqmebis pirobebze.

Jandacvis

politika

biznesis operaciuli xarjebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala,

demografiis da janmrTelobaze zrunvaze zrdadi moTxovna

qmnis SesaZleblobas axali produqtebis, momsaxurebis, da

produqtiulobis gamaZlierebeli teqnologiebis SeqmnisaTvis. konfidencialuroba sazogadoebis ukmayofileba qmnis qonebis da informaciis denis

damatebiT moTxovnas.

erovnuli

usafrTxoeba

qmnis inovaciisaTvis saxelmwifo bazars, da qmnis damatebiT

ekonomikur moTxovnebs ekonomikuri seqtoris umetesi nawilis

riskebis (sainformacio industria, finansuri industria,

wyali, eleqtroenergia, miwodebis jaWvi qarxnebisaTvis da

a.S.) samarTavad.

dasaqmeba da

samrewvelo

iniciativebi

politikuri zewola gavlenas axdens proteqcionizmis riskze,

globaluri investiciebis SezRudvebze, dasaqmebis

transaqciebis xarjebze da unaris gaumjobesebaze. wyaro: OECD

saxelmwifo seqtors Zlieri da Rrma kavSiri aqvs inovaciur

procesTan. saxelmwifo seqtoris mier kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi

Cadebul finansebs erovnuli kvlevisa da ganviTarebis investiciis

soliduri procenti ukaviaT. saxelmwifos mier samecniero sferos

mxardaWeraze arCevanis gakeTeba (nanoteqnologia, kompiuteruli

teqnologia) inovaciuri aqtivobis mimarTulebaze axdens gavlenas.

Tumca, kvleva da ganviTareba sajaro politikis mxolod erTi nawilia,

romelic inovaciasTan aris kavSirSi.

saxelmwifom inovacia unda miiCnios Tavisi programis ZiriTad

faqtorad qveynis progresisaTvis, aqedan gamomdinare Camoayalibos

sainovacio sistemis Semdegi elementebi:

1. sainovacio politikis kabineti, romelic unda warmoadgendes

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis momzadebis, koordinirebis da Sefasebis

saTaTbiro sabWos.

sabWos miznebs unda warmoadgendes:

96

saxelmwifos aqtivobis koordinacia inovaciis, kvlevisa da

ganviTarebisa da teqnologiis politikasTan dakavSirebiT;

saxelmwifo SeTanxmebis momzadeba ekonomikaSi inovaciis

gamoyenebis miznebis Sesaxeb, aseve, maTi dafinansebis wliuri

biujetSi gasaTvaliswineblaT da misi ganxorcielebis

Sesafaseblad;

inovaciuri politikis Tanamedrove sakiTxebis da

problemebis Sesaxeb sajaro informaciis regularul

gavrcelebaSi monawileoba;

SeTavazebis gakeTeba sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadebis Sesaxeb.

2. erovnuli inovaciebis saagento

saagento unda funqcionirebdes, rogorc sajaro samarTlis

iuridiuli piri, romlis mizania xeli Seuwyos sainovacio sistemas

Semdeg sferoebSi:

regionuli (gubernatorebisaTvis) da ekonomikuri politikis

(mTavrobisaTvis) sferoSi rCevebis micema;

im samTavrobo obieqtebs Soris koordinaciis xelSewyoba,

romlebsac zegavlena gaaCniaT inovaciebis xelSewyobaze

(regionuli ganviTareba, garemos dacva, sainformacio

teqnologiebi, soflis meurneoba, mcire da saSualo biznesis

stimulireba, SromiTi bazari da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebi).

inovaciis transferis stimulireba ekonomikis sxvadasxva

sferoebSi. regionuli inovaciis sistemis ganviTareba da

koordinacia (inovaciis qselis ganviTareba, inovaciis

aTvisebis unarisa da SesaZleblobis gaZlierebiT sxvadasxva

struqturul safinanso fondebze orientirebuli

inovaciisaTvis momzadeba;)

inovaciis satendero sistemis marTvis amoqmedeba da

saerTaSoriso donis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis sistemis

Seqmna;

97

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis aqtivobebis zegavlenis monitoringi

da analizi. (strategiuli dagegmareba, gavlenis analizi,

inovaciis monacemTa bazis ganviTareba da marTva);

komunikacia.

4.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistema ganviTarebad qveynebSi

xSirad gamoiTqmeba mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom ganviTarebis

procesis yvelaze arsebiTi aspeqti aris kursi, romliTac mimdevars

SeuZlia mibaZos ucxour teqnologias. mibaZvis saSualebiT qveyana

aviTarebs industrializaciis process. teqnologiuri mibaZva

gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre mxolod ganviTarebis imave xazis

gayolas, romelsac ufro ganviTarebuli qveynebi miyvebian. ufro

zustad, is moicavs gadamwyvet stadias industrializaciis

ganviTarebis procesSi da amrigad unda ganvixiloT am konteqstSi.

fiqroben, rom ucxouri teqnologiis iafad da efeqturad SeZena da

maTi adgilobriv pirobebTan misadageba ganviTarebadi qveynebis

teqnologiuri strategiis sakvanZo elementia. ucxouri teqnologiebis

importireba ara ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Semcvlel, aramed Semavsebel

nawilad gvevlineba. mibaZvis doneze gavlenas axdens teqnologiuri

unari, politikuri zomebi, organizaciuli RonisZiebebi, teqnologiuri

sistemebis buneba, bazris struqtura da saerTaSoriso savaWro wesebi.

termini "teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi" moicavs teqnologiis

SeZenis, asimilaciis, gamoyenebis, morgebisa da SeqmnisaTvis saWiro

codnas da unars. rac ufro met zemoT CamoTvlil unars flobs

konkretuli qveyana da rac ufro ukeT axerxebs igi maT dagrovebas,

miT ufro warmatebuli iqneba dagegmili winsvlis procesi. es

Sexeduleba fokusirebas axdens teqnologiuri cvlilebis kumulaciur

aspeqtebze, radgan pirveladi unari mniSvnelovania momavali kursisa da

mimarTulebisaTvis. kerZo kompaniebi teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis

koncentrirebis ZiriTadi adgilia. isini ufro metad Sesaferisebi arian

98

ucxouri teqnologiebis SesaZenad, vidre saxelmwifo kompaniebi, radgan

isini dainteresebulni arian ucxouri teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis

saWiro treningebis CatarebaSi, rac konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebaSi

daexmarebaT. amitom, kerZo kompaniebi eris konkurentuli upiratesobis

sakvanZo wertilia. kompaniis teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebis

dagrovebaze gavlenas axdens misi urTierTobebi sxva aqtorebTan,

radgan isini funqcionireben konkurentulobiTa da TanamSromlobiT

gajerebul kompleqsur samewarmeo qselSi. Sedegad inovacia da

teqnologiuri cvlileba ara mxolod teqnologiuri, aramed

oficialuri da araoficialuri komunikaciis qselis arsebobiT

gamowveuli socialuri procesia.

teqnologiuri ganviTarebis sakvanZo aspeqti iseTi

organizaciebisa da organizaciuli RonisZiebebis Seqmnaa, romlebic

gaaioleben am process. inovaciuri kerZo firmebis arseboba aseT

garemoSi ar aris sakmarisi. erTi mxriv, firmebis inovaciuri

aqtivobebis ganxorcielebis unari damokidebulia bazris garemoze da

SeTavazebul stimulebze. aqedan gamomdinare, samTavrobo-samewarmeo

urTierTobebs mniSvnelovani roli ukaviaT teqnologiuri progresis

arsebuli pirobebis win wawevaSi. saWiroa, rom teqnologiuri

cvlilebis gaiolebisaTvis ganxorcieldes erTiani erovnuli politika

teqnologiis sferoSi (mag. codnis garcelebis winsvlis, an

teqnologiuri niSebis SeqmnaSi firmebis mxardaWeris gziT). es e.w.

"teqnologiuri Sesabamisobaa" - mowinave teqnologiebis warmatebuli

mibaZvisaTvis, mimbaZveli qveyana ekonomikuri, politikuri da

socialuri faqtorebiT Zlierad ar unda gansxvavdebodes im

qveynisagan, romelsac baZavs. amitom, Tu SesaZlebelia, saxelmwifom

unda uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi garemos Seqmna politikuri da

ekonomikuri stimulebis sistemis mimarTulebiT. meore mxriv, saTanado

yuradReba unda mieqces pirovnuli resursis rolis ganviTarebas,

radgan ganaTleba teqnologiuri ganviTarebis centraluri wertilia.

qveynebis saganmanaTleblo saWiroebebi gansxvavdeba maTi ganviTarebis

donidan gamomdinare. ganviTarebul industriul qveynebSi ZiriTadi

aqcenti keTdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformaze da profesiul

99

gadamzadebaze treningebis meSveobiT. Raribi qveynebi ki fokusirebas

axdenen dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze, rogorc adamianis

ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtze. winsvlis procesi damokidebulia

imaze, Tu rogor axdenen qveynebi balansirebas Semdeg or dones Soris:

saSualo ganaTleba - yvelasaTvis, da umaRlesi ganaTleba –

koncentrirebuli konkretul specialobebze. saganmanaTleblo

politikis zomebi imgvarad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli, rom SeZlon

gaamartivon xarisxze dafuZnebuli principebisa da codnis

kapitalizaciis ganxorcielebis procesi.

erovnul sainovacio sistemaSi Sesuli elementebi winsvlis

warmatebuli procesisaTvis umniSvnelovanes atributebs warmoadgenen.

sxvadasxva dawesebulebebis efeqturi kombinacia, maTi interaqtiuloba

da aqcenti codnis mniSvnelobasa da mis gavrcelebaze erovnuli

inovaciuri sistemis Semadgeneli elementebia. amave dros, isini

teqnologiuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs warmoadgenen. amas

garda, termini "socialuri SesaZleblobebi" ganuyofelia erovnuli

sainovacio sistemis koncefciisagan, radganac is gansazRvravs

faqtorebs, romlebic ganapirobeben qveynis teqnologiur progresSi

CarTvis SesaZleblobebs.

winsvlis procesSi warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis sakiTxi

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis ufro axlodan Seswavlas moiTxovs.

aseve mniSvnelovania davsvaT sakiTxi, ra gziT da ra saxiT SegviZlia

gamoviyenoT es midgoma, ra gavlenas axdenen erovnuli faqtorebi

inovaciis procesze da ra gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT maT momaval

Sedegebze. nebismieri warmatebuli ganviTarebis strategiis gadamwyveti

elementi adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebaa.

ganviTarebad qveynebSi mikro-inovaciuri potenciali

izolirebuli da Caketili rCeba. aseve, ar arsebobs bevri

dawesebuleba, romelTa arsebobac inovaciuri aqtivobebisaTvis

mniSvnelovania. garda amisa, samewarmeo inovacia ganviTarebad qveynebSi

ar aris ganviTarebuli (mag. ar aris oficialurad formulirebuli

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis aqtivobebis Sedegad Seqmnili produqtebi).

garda amisa, am qveynebis kulturaSi da mentalitetSi saTanadod ar

100

fasdeba samecniero codna da teqnologiuri inovacia. amitom, Tu

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis koncefcia gamoyenebadia ganviTarebadi

qveynebisaTvis, is unda moergos am qveynebis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs.

ramdenad morgebadia erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis argumentacia

gardamaval fazaSi myofi qveynebisaTvis? termini "gardamavali faza"

SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc institucionaluri gardaqmna sabazro

ekonomikis mimarTulebiT, rogorc es xdeboda da dResac xdeba

centralur da aRmosavleT evropisa da postsabWoTa sivrcis qveynebSi.

erovnuli sainovacio sistemis ganviTareba aucilebelia - is

gonivrulad unda miesadagos qveynis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs da

moTxovnebs, raTa uzrunvelyos winsvlis warmatebuli procesis

ganxorcieleba. SeiZleba gamovTqvaT azri, rom gardamaval fazaSi

myofi qveynebi imyofebian winsvlis procesis Sua stadiaze, magram,

ganviTarebadi qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, gardamaval fazaSi myofma

qveynebma ukve airCies ganviTarebis gza da gayvnen mas. sakiTxi

mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba industrializaciisa da

winsvlis es gza qveynis specifikur maxasiaTeblebs. magram orive

SemTxvevaSi winsvlis perspeqtiva damokidebuli iqneba qveynebis unarze,

ganaxorcielon samewarmeo, teqnikuri da institucionaluri

cvlilebebi.

erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis midgoma fokusirebas axdens

sistemis Sedegebsa da im wvlilze, romelsac miiReben moqalaqeebi da

sazogadoeba. es gulisxmobs sistemis yvela im elementisa da

urTierTkavSiris harmoniul urTierTqmedebas efeqturi da mdgradi

Sedegebis misaRwevad, romlebic mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgenen

qveynisaTvis:

yvela ers aqvs inovaciis "de faqto", met-naklebad efeqturi

sistema;

eris mier sainovacio sistemis gasaZliereblad dagegmili

aqtivobebis ganxorcielebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia

resursebis xelmisawvdomoba da erovnuli sainovacio

sistemis arsebuli mdgomareoba;

101

amasTanave, yovel qveyanas unda hqondes gansxvavebuli da

mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli politikis struqtura,

romelic moemsaxureba mis interesebs.

aRmosavleT aziis gamocdileba da misi analizi

aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi 1970 wlidan zrdisa da gardaqmnis

swraf process ganicdidnen. axlad industrializebulma qveynebma

samxreT aRmosavleTSi TavianTi inovaciuri Zalisxmevis Sedegad ufro

maRal safexurze gadainacvles da axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebaSi

mniSvnelovani rolis Semsruleblebad iqcnen. teqnologiuri progresi

da saerTaSoriso vaWroba struqturuli gardaqmnis sakiTxSi or

fundamentur faqtors warmoadgens. mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli

maRalteqnologiuri eqsportis wili aRmosavleT aziisa da wynari

okeanis auzis qveynebis mTlian samrewvelo eqsportSi 2000 wels

saSualod 30%-s Seadgenda.

magaliTisaTvis, taivani msoflio ekonomikaSi me-2 adgilzea aSS-s

Semdeg saerTaSoriso teqnologiuri indeqsis mixedviT. koreis

respublikas ki 2001 wels me-9 adgili ekava. singapuri da malaizia

aRmosavleT aziis kidev ori qveyanaa, romlebic teqnologiuri

miRwevebis sakiTxSi maRal poziciebze imyofebian saerTaSoriso

teqnologiuri indeqsis mixedviT.

arsebobs teqnologiuri ganviTarebis ori aSkarad gamokveTili

Strixi, romelTa danaxvac SegviZlia aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis

erovnuli sainovacio sistemebis analizis Sedegad. pirvel rigSi,

teqnologiuri miRwevebi maRalteqnologiuri eqsportis sakiTxebSi da

ekonomikuri zrdis maRali done damokidebuli iyo pirdapir ucxour

investiciebze (malaizia, tailandi, indonezia da filipinebi). Tumca,

rogorc teqnologiuri saqmianobis wvlilisa da Sedegis

indikatorebidan Cans, gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebs aqvT susti

teqnologiuri da konkurentuli SesaZleblobebi. vinaidan ucxouri

kapitali kvlavac wamyvan rols TamaSobs teqnologiiT momaragebis

sakiTxSi, am qveynebSi kvlavac sawyis stadiazea erovnuli sainovacio

sistema.

102

aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, meore

Strixi exeba erovnul sainovacio sistemaze dafuZnebul teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis im gzas, romelic mcire doziT, an saerTod ar aris

damokidebuli pirdapir ucxour investiciebze, rogorc es taivanisa da

koreis respublikis (samxreT korea) SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba. orive

qveyanam gamoiyena importis Canacvlebisa da eqportis winsvlis

strategiis SesaZleblobebi, aseve Sida inovaciuri sainvesticio

Zalisxmeva, raTa CamoeyalibebinaT teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi

sawarmos doneze. es qveynebi warmatebulad miiwevdnen teqnologiuri

simaRleebisaken swavlisadmi interaqtiul midgomasTan erTad.

Tavdapirvelad maT Seqmnes maRali donis saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebi, sadac saTanadod amzadebdebdnen industriuli

seqtoris axali SesaZleblobebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiro SromiT

Zalas. isini gansakuTrebul aqcents akeTebdnen mecnierebasa da

sainJinro teqnologiebze dafuZnebul umaRles saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebze. aman Seqmna SemoqmedebiTi, imitaciuri da adaptirebadi

saswavlo SesaZleblobebi produqtebis sainJinro analizisa da

mowinave teqnologiebis aTvisebisaTvis. taivanisa da samxreT koreis

mTavrobebma Seqmnes mecnierebasa da teqnologiaze dafuZnebul

dawesebulebaTa qseli, romelic daexmara maT teqnologiuri

inovaciebis kompleqsuri procesis gamokveTaSi. maT aseve wamyvani

poziciebi daikaves axali teqnologiebis iol xelmisawvdomobaSi da im

stimulebis SeqmnaSi, rac kerZo sawarmoebs sWirdebaT inovaciis risk-

faqtoris Sesamcireblad.

amgvarad, mTavrobebis aqtiurma rolma msoflio konkurentul

garemoSi drois mcire monakveTSi SesaZlebeli gaxada biznesis

gardaqmna mimbaZvelobidan inovaciis Seqmnamde. amasTan taivanisa da

koreis mTavrobebma gamoiyenes inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis

sistema, raTa sawarmoebisaTvis, teqnologiuri codnis inJineruli

analizis aqtorebis gamoyenebiT, miecaT ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier

warmoebuli teqnologiuri codnis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba.

is warmateba, romelsac taivanma da koream miaRwies, viTardeba

mimbaZvelobidan novatorobamde da sagulisxmoa im qveynebisaTvis,

103

romelTac surT am gamocdilebidan TavianTTvis sasargeblo

gakveTilis miReba. pirvel rigSi, mTavrobis aqtiuri roli damxmare

organizaciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaSi, aseve kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis dafinansebaSi, gadamwyvet faqtorad iqca sawarmoTa

inovaciuri Zalisxmevis stimulirebasa da gaZlierebaSi.

meore, mTavrobam Tavis Tavze unda aiRos inovaciur aqtivobebSi

CarTuli sawarmoebisa da sajaro dawesebulebebis

angariSvaldebulebis meqanizmebis SemuSavebis da ganxorcielebis

valdebuleba.

mesame, pirdapiri ucxouri inesticiebi manamde ver uzrunvelyofen

teqnologiuri codnis gaRrmavebas, sanam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi mis

minimalur dones ver miaRweven. bolos, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

ufleba inovaciaSi mTavari SezRudvaa msoflio savaWro organizaciis

(WTO) regulaciebis Tanaxmad. naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis

es met sirTules Seqmnis aRmosavleT aziis qveynebis gamocdilebis

gamoyenebaSi, romlebmac warmatebas miaRwies inteleqtualuri

sakuTrebis uflebis susti sistemis xarjze. Tumca, naklebad

ganviTarebul qveynebs aqvT SesaZlebloba inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

uflebis mosapoveblad gansazRvruli vadis dadgenisTvis ibrZolon.

maT aseve SeuZliaT moiTxovon kompensacia im danaklisisaTvis,

romelsac inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebis mkacri sistema iwvevs,

gamoiyenon es finansuri resursi qveyanaSi myari inovaciuri bazis

Camosayalibeblad da gaaZlieron TavianTi konkurentuli upiratesoba.

4.4. inovaciurobis gazomvis indikatorebi

"msoflio inovaciis monacemTa cxrilis" angariSi adarebs

evrokavSiris 25 saxelmwifos inovaciur saqmianobas kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis mwarmoebel sxva mTavar qveynebs (argentina, avstralia,

brazilia, kanada, CineTi, hongkongi, indoeTi, israeli, iaponia, axali

104

zelandia, koreis respublika, meqsika, ruseTis federacia, singapuri,

samxreT afrika da aSS).

cxrili 11. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis xarjebi 160 qveyanaSi 2006

wlisaTvis (aT. aSS dolari)

aSS 26655154 36.69% ukraina 41536 0.06% evropa25 16595544 22.85% luqsemburgi 33527 0.05% iaponia 14829645 20.41% tailandi 32167 0.04% germania 4777706 6.58% slovenia 31001 0.04% safrangeTi 3056595 4.21% islandia 26618 0.04% gaerTianebuli samefo 2802347 3.86% xorvatia 22647 0.03% CineTi 1540417 2.12% egvipte 19216 0.03% samx. korea 1439710 1.98% pakistani 17138 0.02% kanada 1433170 1.97% rumineTi 15456 0.02% italia 1218205 1.68% tunisi 13056 0.02% SvedeTi 1032620 1.42% slovakeTi 12654 0.02% niderlandebi 707220 0.97% kolumbia 8638 0.01% Sveicaria 632105 0.87% litva 8628 0.01% brazilia 625919 0.86% belarusi 7793 0.01% espaneTi 609127 0.84% quveiTi 7123 0.01% avstralia 599692 0.83% bulgareTi 6741 0.01% israeli 580228 0.80% kosta-rika 6176 0.01% belgia 517285 0.71% peru 5741 0.01% fineTi 428217 0.59% uganda 5067 0.01% avstria 426419 0.59% urugvai 4776 0.01% dania 409286 0.56% estoneTi 4646 0.01% indoeTi 386570 0.53% panama 4464 0.01% ruseTis federacia 356553 0.49% nepali 3830 0.01% norvegia 290499 0.40% latvia 3770 0.01% meqsika 228914 0.32% kviprosi 2967 0.00% singapuri 198692 0.27% bolivia 2414 0.00% TurqeTi 132131 0.18% madagaskari 2322 0.00% irlandia 114103 0.16% azerbaijani 1932 0.00% hongkongi 102365 0.14% saqarTvelo 969 0.00% portugalia 100925 0.14% makedonia 895 0.00% poloneTi 100102 0.14% trinidadi da tobago 851 0.00% argentina 94134 0.13% paragvai 746 0.00% samxreT afrika 90872 0.13% somxeTi 599 0.00% saberZneTi 75783 0.10% hondurasi 316 0.00% CexeTi 71020 0.10% yirgizeTi 286 0.00% malaizia 65253 0.09% monRoleTi 282 0.00% axali zelandia 62661 0.09% seiSeli 65 0.00% venesuela 54457 0.07% sen-vinsenti da grenadini 52 0.00% ungreTi 51392 0.07% kape-verde 26 0.00% Cile 42090 0.06% serbeTi 11 0.00%

wyaro: " globaluri sainovacio indeqsi” 2006

105

zemoaRniSnul siaSi rom moxvedriliyo, ganviTarebad qveyanas

Sida produqtis minimum 0.1% inovaciebze unda daexarja. am siaSi

saqarTvelos 149 adgili ukavia, xolo erT sul mosaxleze gaweuli

xarjebis odenobiT daax. 500-jer CamorCeba saqarTvelos zomis fineTs,

140-jer saqarTveloze 5-jer patara slovenias, 40-jer Cvenze 10-jer

patara kvipross da boloswina aTeulSia moqceuli nepalTan da

seiSelis kunZulebTan erTad.

inovaciuri politikis ZiriTadi yuradReba fokusirebulia

novatorobis unarsa da warmoebis iseT faqtorebze, rogoric aris

investicia kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi, samecniero dawesebulebebi,

pirovnuli resursebi da ZiriTadi kapitali. aseTi Semavali faqtorebi

xSirad gvevlinebian inovaciurobis safuZvlebad da

urTierTdakavSirebulni arian iseT Sualedur SedegebTan, rogoric

aris mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze.

erovnuli inovaciis sitemis indikatorebi vrceldeba 5

kategoriaze, romlebic moicavs inovaciuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva

sakvanZo ganzomilebebs:

inovaciis mamoZravebeli Zalebi zomaven inovaciuri

potencialisaTvis saWiro struqturul pirobebs;

codnis mopoveba zomavs investiciebs kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

aqtivobebSi;

inovacia da mewarmeoba zomavs inovaciisaTvis gaweul

Zalisxmevas korporatiul doneze;

codnis gamoyeneba zomavs Sromisa da biznesis aqtivobebis

sakiTxebSi gamoxatul saqmianobas da maT damatebiT

Rirebulebas inovaciur seqtorebSi;

inteleqtualuri sakuTreba zomavs miRweul Sedegebs

warmatebuli nou-haus sakiTxebSi.

inovaciis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebeli wvlilis faqtorebi moicavs 3

ganzomilebas:

inovaciis mamoZravebeli Zalebi (5 indikatori), romlebic

zomaven inovaciuri potencialisaTvis saWiro struqturul

pirobebs;

106

codnis mopoveba (4 indikatori), igi zomavs investiciebs

kvlevisa da ganviTarebis aqtivobebSi, romlebic miCneulni

arian codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis sakvanZo elementebad;

inovacia da mewarmeoba (6 indikatori), romlebic zomaven

inovaciisaTvis gaweul Zalisxmevas korporatiul doneze.

inovaciis Sedegebi moicavs 2 ganzomilebas:

gamoyeneba (5 indikatori) romelic zomavs Sromisa da biznesis

aqtivobebis sakiTxebSi gamoxatul saqmianobas da maT

damatebiT Rirebulebas inovaciur seqtorebSi;

inteleqtualuri sakuTreba (5 indikatori), romelic zomavs

miRweul Sedegebs warmatebuli nou-haus sakiTxebSi.

cxrili 12. evropis inovaciis monacemTa indikatorebi

warmoebis wvlilis faqtorebi - inovaciis mamoZravebeli Zalebi 1.1 20-29 asakis mecnierTa da inJinerTa raodenoba 1000 sul mosaxleze

1.2 25-64 asakis umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone mosaxleoba 100 sul mosaxleze

1.3 SeRwevadobis farTo diapazoni 1000 sul mosaxleze 1.4 25-64 asakis pirTa monawileoba swavlaSi sicocxlis manZilze 100 sulze

1.5 codnis done (20-24 asakis %-s miRebuli aqvs minimum saSualo ganaTleba)

warmoebis wvlilis faqtorebi - codnis mopoveba 2.1 kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli sajaro danaxarjebi (% GDP) 2.2 biznesis kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi Cadebuli danaxarjebi (% GDP) 2.3 saSualo da maRali teqnologiebis kvlevis da ganviTarebis wili

2.4 im sawarmoebis wili, romlebic iReben sajaro dafinansebas inovaciisaTvis

2.5 sauniversiteto kvleva-ganviTarebisaTvis biznesis mier gaRebuli xarjebis wili

warmoebis wvlilis faqtorebi - inovacia da mewarmeoba 3.1 mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis inovacia sakuTari danaxarjebiT (yvela mcire/saSualo

sawarmos %)

3.2 inovaciuri mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis %, romlebic erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben

3.3 inovaciaze danaxarjebi (mTliani brunvis %)

3.4 adreuli stadiis venCoruli kapitali (mTliani Sida produqtis %) 3.5 Sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebze danaxarjebi (mSp-is %) 3.6 yvela mcire/saSualo sawarmos %, romlebic ar iyenebs teqnologiur cvlilebebs

Sedegebi - gamoyeneba 4.1 dasaqmeba maRal-teqnologiur momsaxureobaSi (mTliani samuSao Zalis %)

4.2 maRal-teqnologiuri produqcis eqsporti, rogorc mTliani eqsportis wili

4.3 axali produqtis bazarze realizacia (mTliani danaxarjebis %) 4.4 dasaqmeba saSualo-maRal da maRal teqnologiur warmoebaSi (samuSao Zalis %)

107

Sedegebi -inteleqtualuri sakuTreba 5.1 evropuli standartis patentebi milion sul mosaxleze 5.2 amerikuli standartis patentebi milion sul mosaxleze 5.3 triaduli standartis milion sul mosaxleze 5.4 evrosabWos savaWro niSani milion sul mosaxleze

5.5 axali dizainebi milion sul mosaxleze

wyaro: evrosabWos statistikuri samsaxuri (Eurostat), CIS, OESD, OHM

108

Tavi 5. saqarTvelos konkurentulobis strategia

5.1. saqarTvelo globaluri gamowvevebis pirispir

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis

yovlismomcvelma procesebma gamoiwvia fundamentaluri cvlilebebi

sagareo urTierTobebsa da msoflio ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi.

aRniSnuli viTareba gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aisaxeba saqarTvelos

gardamaval, formirebis procesSi myof ekonomikaze, miT ufro, rom

qveyanas ar gaaCnia sistemuri marTvis grZelvadian perspeqtivebze

gaTvlili, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli erovnuli konkurentuli

strategia. amasTan istoriuli memkvidreobisa da postsocialisturi

transformaciis ganvlil periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis

(samxedro gadatrialeba, eTnokonfliqtebi, ekonomikuri krizisis

gaRrmaveba da samamulo warmoebis ganadgureba) Sedegad mkveTrad daeca

qveynis ekonomikuri konkurentunarianoba. Sesabamisad, riskis winaSe

dadga qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

SenarCunebis perspeqtivebi.

mcire, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifoebisaTvis

umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens swrafi adaptireba makro garemo

faqtorebisa da globaluri cvlilebebis mimarT, codnis ekonomikisa

da meritokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Tavis mxriv

moiTxovs maRali donis profesionalizms, Tanamedrove codnas,

liderobis unar-Cvevebs, strategiuli azrovnebis farTo diapazons,

analitikur azrovnebasa da zneobriv-eTikur normebs saxelmwifo

marTvis sferoSi.

es prioritetebi dafuZnebuli unda iyos maRal patriotul

suliskveTebaze, kanonis uzenaesobaze, efeqtur mmarTvelobaze,

gamWvirvaleobasa da angariSvaldebulebaze, sazogadoebis

monawileobaze gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebSi, pirovnul

ganviTarebaze, mdgradi ganviTarebis strategiaze, rac gulisxmobs

momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas.

109

politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sferoebi moicavs

marTvis procesebis mTel wyebas, romelic gulisxmobs, Tu ra saxis

reformebi xorcieldeba qveyanaSi, da rogoria normebi, standartebi da

`TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic oficialurad an araoficialurad

moqmedebs.

reformebi yvela sferoSi upirveles da saswrafod

gansaxorcielebel prioritets warmoadgens, magram samwuxarod,

kadrebis arakvalificiurobisa da arakompetenturobis gamo ver

xerxdeba riskebisa da SesaZleblobebis srulyofili Seswavla da

analizi, prioritetebis gansazRvra, strategiuli gegmis Camoyalibeba.

Sedegad miiReba araefeqturi gadawyvetilebebi, rac safrTxes uqmnis

rogorc qveynis politikur, ekonomikur da socialur stabilurobas,

ise mTavrobis ndobasa da reputacias sazogadoebaSi.

dRevandel swrafad cvalebad msoflioSi, gardamavali

demokratiis mqone postsabWoTa qveynebs gansakuTrebiT esaWiroebaT

axali strategiebisa da koncefciebis SemuSaveba, raTa alRo auRon

globalizaciis gamowvevebs. globaluri procesebis sworad aRqma da

analizi qarTul realobaSi moiTxovs meritokratiul azrovnebas, raTa

transnacionaluri ekonomikis politikuri da sazogadoebrivi

paradoqsebi mecnierul Seswavlasa da kritikul gaazrebas

daeqvemdebaros.

msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi Cveni qveynis

ganviTarebisaTvis, ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa da

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs

iseTi ekonomikuri politikisa da struqturuli cvlilebebis

ganxorcielebas, romelic qveyanas SesaZleblobas miscems ganaviTaros

prioritetuli dargebi da am gziT moipovos konkurentunariani

upiratesoba Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi.

sakuTari niSis dakaveba globalur arenaze warmoadgens

saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis umTavres winapirobas, rac, Tavis

mxriv, xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebriv keTildReobas da pirdapir

kavSirSia siRaribis daZlevasTan. aRniSnul SesaZleblobaTa Soris,

upirveles yovlisa, unda dasaxeldes Crdilo atlantikur sivrceSi

110

qveynis integracia da evropis samezoblo politikis farglebSi

miRebuli valdebulebebis drouli Sesruleba. sakuTari adgilis Ziebis

procesSi saqarTvelom, upirveles yovlisa, unda gaiTvaliswinos

geopolitikuri konteqsti, kerZod, evropuli arealisadmi kuTvnileba

da transatlantikuri integracia. aqedan gamomdinare, qarTuli

politikis mier aRebuli evrokavSirTan integraciis kursi

ualternativoa, rac gulisxmobs evropuli standartebis Sesaferisi

sistemis Camoyalibebas da yvela im meqanizmis srulad amoqmedebas,

romelic qveyanas gamowvevebis daZlevaSi Seuwyobs xels.

mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos stabiluri

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia axali gzebis gamonaxva, romelic

inovaciur midgomebsa da TanamSromlobis axali formebis danergvas

iTvaliswinebs. zemoT aRniSnuli mkveTri kontrastebis fonze,

sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania iseTi politikuri, mikro- da

makroekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels Suwyoben

qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da konkurentunarianobis gazrdas

globalur sivrceSi.

yvelaze sasurvelia, rodesac qveyanis konkurentuli upiratesoba

ganpirobebulia memkvidreobiT miRebuli progresuli formebis

gamoyenebiT, misi Tanamedrove, uaxlesi teqnologiebiT aRWurviT,

maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis arsebobiT, samecniero_kvleviTi

potencialis ganviTarebiTa da misi Sedegebis warmoebaSi danergvis

maRali xarisxiT, rac mas maRalteqnologiuri dargebis ganviTarebisa

da teqnologiurad rTuli da Sesabamisad, ZviradRirebuli produqciis

warmoebis saSualebas aZlevs. es ki Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawilebidan maqsimaluri sargeblis miRebis garantiaa. samwuxarod,

saqarTveloSi am faqtorebis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT, arasaxarbielo

mdgomareobaa.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, DjerjerobiT, SedarebiTi

upiratesobebis gamovlenis procesi da Sesabamisad, dargobrivi

struqturis cvlilebebi praqtikulad TviTdinebazea miSvebuli, anu

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mimdinare struqturuli cvlilebebi

mTlianad damokidebulia bazris uxilavi xelis moqmedebaze. Usruliad

111

aSkaraa, rom gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, ultra neoliberalur

principebze agebuli deregulaciis politika miuRebelia saqarTvelos

saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisaTvis, miTumetes sagareo_ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis sruli liberalizaciisa da gaurkveveli warmoSobis

ucxouri (xSir SemTxvevaSi rusuli) kompaniebis dominanturi

poziciebis pirobebSi.

5.2 siRaribis daZlevis strategia da ganviTarebis prioritetebi

maRali riskis maCveneblebi da arastabiluroba gansakuTrebiT

SesamCnevia post-sabWoTa sivrceSi, sadac ekonomikuri vardnisa da

stagnaciis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezebia korufcia, politikuri

kulturis deficiti, ararefeqturi mmarTveloba da susti sakadro

menejmenti.

jozef Stiglici didi xnis manZilze ikvlevda gardamavali

sabazro ekonomikis politikas pistsabWoTa sivrceSi. igi mxars uWers

Tanmimdevrul gardaqmnebs da reformebs, da winaaRmdegia e.w. ‘Sokuri

Terapiisa’, romelmac Zalian cudi Sedegebi gamoiwvia ruseTsa da sxva

postsabWoTa qveynebSi (Stiglitz, Joseph e. Global Playing Field: More Level, but It Still

Has Bumps; The New York Times 04-30-2005). saqarTvelosaTvis, upirveles

strategiul prioritets warmoadgens mmarTvelobisa da centraluri

dawesebulebebis kompetenturobisa da moqmedebis unaris gaumjobeseba,

romlis mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba

etapobrivi mdgradi ganviTarebis meSveobiT.

me-13 cxrilSi naCvenebia, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da

siRaribis daZlevis programa koncentrirebulia zrdaze, romelmac

unda Seqmnas samuSao adgilebi da warmoqmnas sabiujeto Semosavlebi

siRaribis mdgradi klebis misaRwevad. zrda, Tavis mxriv,

makroekonomikur stabilurobasa da kerZo seqtoris gafarToebazea

damokidebuli. es siRaribis Sesaxeb msoflio bankis uaxlesi

monacemebis erT-erTi umTavresi daskvnaa. Tumca saqarTvelos

112

mTavrobam ganacxada reformebisadmi Tavisi erTgulebis Sesaxeb,

uzarmazari problemebi kvlavac rCeba.

cxrili 13:

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis programa

wyaro: Canadian International Development Agency, Country Development Programming

Framework: Georgia, 2003

ergb-sa∗ da msoflio bankis mier wels Catarebul biznes-garemosa

da mewarmeobis mimoxilvaSi xazgasmulia iseTi prioritetebi,

rogoricaa pirovnuli kapitalis gaZliereba kapitalis gaZliereba

jandacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoebSi politikisa da momsaxurebis

xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT. amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom saqarTvelos

samTavrobo dawesebulebebma, kompetenturobis, gamWvirvaleobisa da

angariSgebis principebis safuZvelze dauWiron mxari sabazro da

demokratiul politikas.

reformebis kidev erTi prioritetuli sakiTxi, romelic

seriozuli yuradRebis mipyrobas saWiroebs, saqarTveloSi kerZo

seqtoris gafarToebisaken mimarTuli politikaa. Cveni azriT,

politikur mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli sakiTxebis

∗ evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki

113

gadawyvetaze muSaoba ufro nayofieri da farTomasStabiani iqneba, Tu

ekonomikur zrdasTan erTad mTels qveyanaSi moxdeba dasaqmebisa da

sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis zrdac. es ki SesaZlebeli iqneba Semdegi

RonisZiebebis gatarebiT:

• mesakuTris uflebebis gaZliereba da saxsrebisa da aqtivebis

gazrdili kapitalizacia;

• saxelmwifo sakuTrebis marTvis efeqturobis gazrda da

privatizaciis xelSewyoba;

• finansuri infrastruqturis ganviTareba;

• samrewvelo, energetikisa da komunikaciebis infrastruqturis

ganviTareba;

• samecniero miRwevebis, axali teqnologiebisa da informatikis

rolis gazrda;

• samewarmeo saqmianobaSi dabalSemosavliani jgufebis

monawileobis gazrda;

• Sromis bazris efeqturobis gazrda;

• sapensio sistemis gaumjobeseba.

farTomasStabiani zrda samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis perspeqtivebiT

unda warimarTos da es safuZvlad unda daedos mTlianad konkretul

seqtorSi siRaribis Semcirebis strategias. garda samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnisa, kerZo seqtoris gafarToeba xels Seuwyobs sagadasaxado

sabiujeto Senatanebis gazrdas, Tu saxelmwifo gaatarebs

gadasaxadebis akrefis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul zomebs.* sapasuxod,

kerZo seqtors dasWirdeba mTavrobis gazrdili angariSgeba da zomebi,

romlebic xels Seuwyobs zrdis gagrZelebas.

* mravali eqsperti iziarebs im mosazrebas, rom gadasaxadebi saqarTveloSi Zalian

maRalia da maTi srulad gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi sawarmo sicocxlisuunaro gaxdeba,

xolo, Tu gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba, es stimuls miscems investiciebs da gazrdis

gadasaxadebis amoRebis dones: dabali gadasaxadebi xels Seuwyobs maTi gadaxdis donis

amaRlebas, maTgan Tavis aridebis stimulaciis Semcirebis gziT.

114

5.3. erovnuli sainovacio sistemis Seqmnis SesaZlobloba

saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi inovaciebis kvlevis da damuSavebis sferoSi

mimdinare saqmianoba regulirdeba ori sakanonmdeblo aqtiT "kanoni

mecnierebis, teqnologiebis da maTi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb" da kanoni

"umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb". Tavis mxriv, amJamad moqmedi

"inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis" sakanonmdeblo baza moicavs

mecnierebisa da inovaciebis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro yvela elements.

saqarTvelos kanoni N#603 "mecnierebis teqnologiebis da maTi

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb" 1994 wlis 22 noembers aris miRebuli da

warmoadgens inteleqtualur da teqnologiuri progresis sferoSi

saxelmwifo politikis iuridiul safuZvels. kanoni gansazRvravs

saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTad miznebs da principebs mecnierebaSi da

teqnologiur ganviTarebaSi; saxelmwifos uflebamosilebas am

politikis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel StoebSi; mecnierTa

saqmianobis SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas da pasuxismgeblobas da am

saqmianobisTvis saxelmwifo garantiebis wesebs. kanonis me-2 nawili

gansazRvravs saxelmwifos monawileobas mecnierebis da teqnologiebis

ganviTarebaSi: punqti 13. iTvaliswinebs samecniero prioritetebis

gansazRvras; punqti 14. eTmoba saxelmwifo samecniero da teqnologiuri

programebis (proeqtebis) ganxorcielebas; punqti 15. qmnis safuZvels

sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis - fondebis SeqmnisTvis; punqti

18. ayalibebs inteleqtualur da samrewvelo sakuTrebis dacvasTan

dakavSirebul moTxovnebs. punqti 21. gansazRvravs ramodenime gzas,

romlis meSveobiT saxelmwifos SeuZlia qveyanaSi sainovacio

saqmianobis mxardaWera:

yvela im dawesebulebas da organizacias romelic saqmianobs

mecnierebis da taqnologiebis ganviTarebis sferoSi,

saxelmwifo aZlevs sainovacio saqmianobis dacvis garantias,

sakuTrebis formis miuxedavad.

saministroebi, saxelmwifo departamentebi da inspeqciebi, sxva

saxelmwifo uwyebebi qmnian mecnierebis da teqnologiebis

115

ganviTarebis dargobriv fondebs, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

adgilobrivi organoebi, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, -

regionalur fondebs. Aam fondebis debulebas amtkicebs

saxelmwifo organizacia.

saxelmwifo sainovacio politikis gatarebas xels uwyoben

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT Seqmnili

iuridiuli pirebi.

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi, fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi uflebamosili arian Seqmnan mecnierebis

ganviTarebisa da mecnierebTa mxardamWeri kerZo samarTlis

arasamewarmeo (ara-komerciuli) iuridiuli pirebi.

kanonSi warmodgenili es zomebi warmoadgenen mTliani sainovacio

suraTis calkeul fragmentebs. AamJamad, TviT es fragmentebic ki

Zalian sustad, an saerTod ar xorcieldeba. AamasTan erTad cxadia,

rom mxolod kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis kanonmdeblobas da mis mkacr

Sesrulebas, SeuZlia investorebis mozidva saqarTveloSi, miRebuli

kvleviTi produqciis komercializaciis saqmeSi investiciebis

Casadebad.

kanonis 51 muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

uwyebebi pasuxismgebelni arian mecnierebis da teqnologiebis

ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebaze, magram dRemde

kvlevisa da sainovacio saqmianobis regulirebis sakiTxSi CarTulia

mxolod ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro. amavdroulad, am

saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeli unda iyvnen sxva saministroebic, upirveles

yovlisa - ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro.

1999 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni "patentebis da

savaWro niSnebis Sesaxeb", xolo imave wels - kanoni “saqonlis

adgilwarmoSobis dasaxelebisa da geografiuli aRniSvnis Sesaxeb”,

romelTac Seqmnes saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani saqmianobis

samarTlebrivi dacvis safuZveli. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvas

ukavia saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris TanamSromlobis

xelSekrulebis mniSvnelovani adgili. calkeul kanonebs Soris

zogierTi Seusabamobis miuxedavad, Seqmnilia xelSemwyobi

116

sakanonmdeblo baza saqarTvelos samecniero inovaciuri saqmianobis

warmatebiT ganviTarebisTvis.

garda sakanonmdeblo bazisisa, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2008 -2012

w.w. programaSi - "erTiani saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe" - gamoCnda

metad sayuradRebo mimarTulebebi, romlebic aucileblad moiTxoven

inovaciurobis sitemaze dafuZnebuli xedvis da strategiis

Camoyalibebas.

saqarTvelos mTavroba Tavis xuTwlian gegmaSi ambiciur amocanas,

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso safinanso centrad gadaqcevas isaxavs. am

mimarTulebiT gadaidga pirveli nabiji da saqarTvelos parlamentma

ukve miiRo saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier Semotanili kanonebis paketi

"saqarTvelos kanoni safinanso seqtoris globaluri

konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb". igi orietirebulia foTis Tavisufali

industriuli zonis Seqmnis, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso safinanso

centrad gadaqcevis, sagadasaxado reformebis axali fiskaluri

paradigmis da efeqturi finansuri zedamxedvelobis ganviTarebisken.

TiTeuli mimarTuleba Tavis TavSi moicavs inovaciebis sistemis

ganviTarebis aucileblobas da yvela erTad dakavSirebulia aramarto

finansuri, aramed globaluri konkurentunarianobis problemasTan,

sadac inovaciuroba da misi gazomva erT-erTia im Tormeti indeqsidan,

romeliTac davosis msoflio ekonomikur forumze sami welia

saqarTvelos parametrebi, msoflios sxva 131 qveyanasTan erTad, izomeba.

sagulisxmoa, rom am indeqsis mixedviT 2006-2007 w.w-Si saqarTvelo 83-e

adgilze iyo, xolo 2007-2008 w.w. monacemebiT man 90-e adgilze

gadainacvla, calke aRebuli inovaciurobis indeqsiT 110-e adgilzea.

saintereso monacemebs moicavs am mimarTulebiT msoflio bankis codnis

Sefasebis meTodologiis (KAM) indeqsi*, ris mixedviTac saqarTvelos

poziciebi arc Tu ise saxarbielod gamoiyureba:

* (KAM) Knowledge Assessment Methodology—SemuSavebulia msoflio bankis mier

117

cxrili 14. codnis Sefasebis meTodologiis

indeqsebis SedarebiTi analizi

qveyana

codnis

ekonomikis

indeqsi

ekonomikuri

stimulebi da

institucionaluri

reJimi

inovacia

ganaTleba

sainformacio da

sakomunikacio

teqnologiebi

axali 1995 axali 1995 axali 1995 axali 1995 axali 1995

germania 8.54 8.75 8.38 8.41 8.93 9.08 8.08 8.74 8.79 8.75

estoneTi 8.07 7.76 8.07 8.2 7.42 6.59 8.29 8.07 8.49 8.18

somxeTi 5.36 4.61 5.71 2.25 6.06 5.63 6.03 5.98 3.64 4.58

saqarTvelo 4.4 4.5 2.46 1.25 5.27 5.38 6.4 7.17 3.45 4.19

azerbaijani 3.56 3.46 3.03 0.89 2.65 4.84 5.04 5.75 3.53 2.36

wyaro: KAM Index by the World Bank, 2006

saqarTvelo codnis ekonomikis indeqsiT, ekonomikuri

stimulirebiT da institucionaluri reJimiT, inovaciurobiT da

sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mxriv,

CamorCeba ara Tu evrokavSiris wevr, aramed Tavis uaxloes mezobel

qveynebsac. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom codnis ekonomikaze

dafuZnebuli qveynis konkurentunariani upiratesobis grZelvadiani

ganviTarebis klasteruli, inovaciuri strategia Seqmnilia da muSaobs

Cvens uSualo mezoblebTan somxeTSi, ruseTSi da yazaxeTSi, strategiis

Seqmnis proceSi arian ukrainelebi da Turqebi.

meore mxriv, igive msoflio bankis angariSis Tanaxmad "biznesis

warmoeba 2007 wels", saqarTvelo aris "msoflioSi pirveli ekonomikuri

reformatori", vinaidan biznesis warmoebis simartivis TvalsazrisiT

man erT weliwadSi gaaumjobesa Tavisi maCvenebeli da gadainacvla 112-e

adgilidan 37-e adgilze (175 Seswavlil qveyanas Soris). ucxouri

pirdapiri investicia, qveynis biznesis klimatis liberalizaciisa da

gadasaxadebis da sabaJo politikis gaumjobesebis Sedegad, gaormagda.

2006 -2007 ww laris inflacia 10%-is midamoebSi meryeobda, Tumca

inflaciis maRali done dabalansda investiciebis maRali doniT (2006

wlis mSp 30%) da qveyanam SeinarCuna sruli ndoba saerTaSoriso

bazarze. A

118

m fonze saqarTveloSi maRalia umuSevrobis done, oficialuri

statistikiT - 12,6% (2006) da evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, sakmaod

dabalia nominaluri mSp erT sul mosaxleze, romelic Tumca 2005 wels

36%-iT gaizarda 2003 wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, magram kvlavac ver

uZlebs kritikas (1415,6 aSS dolari).

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2008-2012 wlebis programis kidev erTi

RirsSesaniSnavi iniciativa, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia saqarTveloSi

inovaciuri sistemis, codnis ekonomikis da codnis komercializaciis

damkvidrebasTan, aris programa - "Tbilisi codnis qalaqi". Pprograma

jer kidev xedvis saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli da ar miuRia gawerili

strategiis forma, amdenad misi Camoyalibeba strategiul dokumentad

da Semdeg implementacia sakmaod mniSvnelovani etapi SeiZleba

aRmoCndes inovaciurobis dasavluri xedvis Camosayalibeblad qarTul

sauniversiteto, saxelmwifo da biznes azrovnebaSi.

2007 wels evrokavSiris mier dafinansebul proeqtis

"rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos mecnierebis politikis

SemumuSavebisaTvis" angariSSi, estoneli eqspertebis mier metad

sagulisxmo momentebia gaTvaliswinebuli, saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso

standartebis donis inovaciuri saxelmwifo politikis SesamuSaveblad

da dasamkvidreblad. rekomendaciebis mTavar mizans Seadgenda qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mxardamWeri mecnierebisa da inovaciebis

politikis SemuSavebis xelSewyoba. mTlianad angariSi da

gansakuTrebiT me-3 TavSi, mrewveloba - universiteti - kvleviTi

dawesebulebebis partniorobis stimulireba, SemuSavebulia mTeli rigi

rekomendaciebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani safuZveli unda gaxdes

saqarTveloSi inovaciebis da codnis gadacemis politikis

strategiuli ganviTarebis, menejmentis da kvlevis Sedegebis

komercializaciisa da inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis politikis

ganviTarebisa da Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis.

zemoT aRwerili biznesis - akademiuri - sajaro seqtoris

urTierTqmedebis modeli, msoflioSi cnobilia e.w. 'The Triple Helix

Model' (sammagi spiralis) modelis saxiT, romlis mixedviT sawyis

etapze sociumi, moqalaqeebi, bazari da momxmareblebi, warmoqmnian

119

mravalspiraliani CarCo sistemis codnis wyaros (multipli-heliqsi).

informaciis marTva da benCmarkingi, winaswar ganWvretis meTodebiT,

xels uwyoben sainformacio sammagi qselis Seqmnas, romelic warmoqmnis

codnis procesis samspiralian models.

“sammagi spiralis modelis” bazaze, qveynis konkurentuli

upiratesobis amaRlebis mizniT, saqarTveloSi xelisuflebam, kerZo

seqtorma da universitetebma xeli unda Seuwyon codnis

komercializaciis ideis ganxorcielebas da mrewvelobis dargebis

klasterebis qselis ganviTarebas.

gaeros mier organizebuli aTaswleulis deklaraciis

ganviTarebis mxardasaWerad saqarTvelos mTavrobam, msoflios sxva

qveynebTan erTad, 2005 wlis 2 marts xeli moawera e.w. parizis

deklaracias, romelic mimarTulia aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebis

daCqarebuli miRwevisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegebis

marTvisken da siRaribisa da uTanasworobis Semcirebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli zemoqmedebis gaZlierebisaken.

am deklaraciis mTavari gzavnili partniori qveynebis mimarT aris

is, rom partniori qveynebi valdebulebas iReben Seqmnan ganviTarebis

erovnuli strategia, romelTac eqnebaT wliur biujetebSi asaxuli,

saSualovadian danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli zusti strategiuli

prioritetebi. deklaraciis moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba saqarTvelos

2010 wlisTvis im qveyanaTa rigSi moaqcevs, romlebic donori

organizaciebis daxmarebis gareT, ganviTarebad qveyanaTa ukanasknel

eSelonSi moeqceva.

sxva programebidan aRniSvnis Rirsia 2002 wels msoflio bankis

dafinansebiT Seqmnili organizaciis "sawarmoTa restruqturizaciisa

da menejmentis daxmarebis centris" (CERMA) saqmianoba. axal

zelandieli eqspertebis daxmarebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi soflis

meurneobis mrewvelobis dargSi, kerZod Txilis da Cais samrewvelo

biznesis ganviTarebis mizniT, Seiqmna am dargebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis klasteruli strategiis konceptualuri dokumenti.

samwuxarod, gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, am precendents saqarTveloSi

ar moyolia strategiis aqtiuri SemuSaveba da misi implementireba.

120

2004 wels aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos egidiT

momzadda "saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis iniciativa - moxseneba

sawyisi pirobebis da SezRudvebis klasterul Sefasebaze" mrewvelobis

dargebis klasterebis prioritetuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, sadac

yvelaze potenciur klasterad saqarTveloSi turizmi iqna miCneuli.

2008 wlis gazafxulze amerikeli eqspertebis mier mzaddeba

saqarTvelos turizmis ganviTarebis strategia, sadac wamyvani adgili

eTmoba turizmis ganviTarebis klasterul strategiul xedvas.

5.4. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegma

pirvelad mosazreba evrokavSiris wevr da mezobel qveynebs Soris

urTierTobis gasaumjobeseblad 2003 wlis martSi gamoiTqva. am

dokumentSi SemuSavda evrokavSiris programa urTierTobebis

gafarToebis Sesaxeb. is gamoyofda prioritetebs, romelic moicavda

saerTo SeTanxmebebs, SemuSavebuliyo evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel

qveynebs Soris urTierTobis Camoyalibebis politika.

evropis samezoblo politika evrokavSiris 2007-2013 wlis

lisabonis strategiis Sedegia, romelic xazs usvams iseT ZiriTad

sakiTxebs, rogoricaa mecnieruli kvleva, inovaciebis xelSemwyobi da

biznesis ganviTarebis politika. es faqtorebi mniSvnelovania ara

marto im qveynebisTvis, romlebic mudmivad anaxleben teqnologias,

aramed im qveynebisTvisac, romlebic Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikisaze

gadadian. maT unda SeimuSaon iseTi politika, romelic waaxalisebs da

stimuls miscems ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas, mecnieruli kvlevebis

gaZlierebas, inovaciebis danergvasa da ganviTarebas, produqtis da misi

warmoebis gaumjobesebas. is investiciebi, romlebic gamoyofilia am

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad, mniSvnelovania kvlevebisa da

ganviTarebisTvis, maRalkvalificiuri kvleviTi institutebis Seqmnisa

da gaZlierebisaTvis, urTierTTanamSromlobis CamoyalibebisaTvis

121

institutebisa da kerZo industriul seqtors Soris da saxelmwifos

mxridan inovaciebis xelSewyobisTvis.

lisabonis strategiis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

rom Sromis produqtiulobis zrdis 40%-ze meti kvlevisa da

ganviTarebis xarjebidan modis. arsebobs Zlieri Tanmxlebi efeqtebi

ekonomikis sxva sferoebSi, romlebic damokidebuli arian imaze, Tu ra

mimarTulebiT ixarjeba fuli. saqarTvelos samomavlo ekonomikuri

ganviTareba mniSvnelovnad iqneba damokidebuli mis SesaZleblobaze,

Seqmnas da gaaZlieros maRali Rirebulebis mqone, inovaciuri da

kvlevaze dafuZnebuli seqtorebi.

am moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad strategia, axali politikis

saxiT, Camoyalibda 2006 wlis maisSi. is ZiriTadad moicavs sakiTxebs,

Tu rogor unda moxdes evrokavSirsa da mis mezobel saxelmwifoebs

Soris urTierTobis gaumjobeseba, rasac Sedegad maTi Semosavlebisa

da mogebis zrda moyveba. amJamad evrokavSiri awarmoebs saqarTvelosa

da evropas Soris ormxrivi urTierTobis Sefasebas, romelic asaxavs

arsebuli partniorobisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis SeTanxmebis

progress da aRwers amJamindel situacias sxvadasxva sferoebSi iseTi

ekonomikuri da socialuri reformebis CaTvliT, romlebic Seqmnian

axal SesaZleblobebs ganviTarebisa da konkurentuanarianobisaTvis.

evropis partniori, evrokavSiris evropis samezoblo politikis

damfinansebeli instrumenti, (ENPI), romelmac funqcionireba daiwyo

2006 wlis 14 noembers, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs saqarTveloSi axali

inovaciis politikis ganviTarebaSi. ENPI-s prioriteti gamoxatavs

inovaciuri sistemis rols qveynis ganviTarebaSi. sxva prioritetebs

Soris Eigi miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi stabiluri kvleviTi da

inovaciuri politikis ganviTarebas, rac qveyanas daexmareba mdgradi

ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevasa da SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, ENPI-s

ramdenime sxva prioritetic arapirdapir kavSirSia erovnuli

inovaciuri sistemisa da strategiis ganviTarebasTan. kerZod, isini

miznad isaxaven biznes garemos gaumjobesebas, reformis strategiis

sistematiur gadaxedvasa da gaumjobesebas, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis

122

menejmentis sistemis reformas, da statistikur monacemTa xarisxis

gaumjobesebas.

am prioritetebis garda, Tavi regionuli TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb

Seicavs qveTavs saqarTvelos potencialis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

teqnologiuri kvlevisa da inovaciis sferoSi, romelic daexmareba

qveyanas ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaSi da Semdeg Temebs

moicavs:

teqnologiuri kvlevisa da inovaciis gaumjobesebisaTvis

saWiro pirovnuli, materialuri da institucionaluri

resursebis gaZlierebis zomebi;

samecniero da saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa integracia,

Sedegze orientirebuli kvleviTi da inovaciuri proeqtebis

xelSewyoba;

saqarTvelos momzadeba evropis samecniro-kvleviT sistemasa

da evrokavSiris samecniero-kvleviT da inovaciur

programebSi integraciisaTvis, specifiur sferoebSi

samecniero miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saqarTveloSi evropis samezoblo politikis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani mizani aris qveynisaTvis baltiis, Savi zRvis da kaspiis

regionebSi mravalganzomilebian TanamSromlobasa da integraciis

procesSi monawileobis gamartiveba da am sferoSi eqskluziuri,

regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli strategiis SemuSaveba.

warsulidan momavlisaken saqarTvelom unda ganvlos

ganviTarebisa da qveynis konkurentunarianobis gaumjobesebis

strategiis ganxorcielebis gza. saqarTvelos Zlieri strategiuli

mizani sWirdeba - cvlilebisa da inovaciis strategia - raTa SeZlos

msoflio konkurentulobis donemde miRweva. saqarTvelos

strategiuli ganviTarebis farTo mravalkomponentiani gegma

mizanmimarTuli unda iyos qveynis, ekonomikuri, politikuri da

socialuri standartebis amaRlebisaken evro-atlantikuri qveynebisa

da evrokavSiris normebis Sesabamisad. qvemoT CamoTvlili etapebi

gadamwyvetia problemis gadawyvetisa da saqarTvelos strategiuli

ganviTarebis zemoT moyvanili gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis:

123

qveynis yvela saswrafo problemis aRmofxvrisaken mimarTuli

codnis ekonomikisa da inovaciis sistemebis ganviTareba,

integracia da ganxorcieleba;

klasterebis strategiis grZelvadiani programis SemuSaveba

da specifikur sferoebSi qveynis konkurentunarianobis

ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro teritoriuli, ekonomikuri da

socialuri integraciis miRweva.

evrokavSirma SeimuSava modeli, Tu rogor unda SemuSavdes da

dainergos inovaciebi saganmanaTleblo sistemasa da mecnierul

kvlevebSi. Tu saqarTvelos surs gazardos Tavis SesaZleblobebi

inovaciebsa da konkurentunarianobis sferoSi, maSin man unda

gaaZlieros ganaTlebis sistema da misi sasicocxlo cikli.

saqarTvelos universitetebi saWiroeben ekonomikuri, kulturuli da

socialuri insturmentebis gaaZlierebas, amasve moiTxovs

saganmanaTleblo institutebi, da saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtors

Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi.

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5.5 saqarTvelos konkurentulobis SWOT analizi:

sadisertacio naSromSi erT-erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda

imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad axdens globalizacia zegavlenas

saqarTveloze da mis SesaZleblobaze, Camoayalibos konkurentulobis

strategia. am miznis misaRwevad aucileblad migvaCnia SWOT analizis

gakeTeba, romelic saSualebas mogvcems SevafasoT arsebuli Sida

Zlieri da susti mxareebi, agreTve SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi, da

gavakeToT racionaluri daskvnebi saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis

strategiis SemuSavebisTvis grZelvadian periodSi.

PEST analizisa (politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da

teqnologiuri faqtorebi) da porteris almasis modelebze dayrdnobiT

dadginda is faqtorebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben erovnuli da

regionuli sainovacio sistemebis Camoyalibebas da qveynis

konkurentulobis gazrdas globalur sivrceSi:

winapirobebi - universitetebSi ganaTlebisa da kvlevis

infrastruqtura; saWiro unarebis mqone samuSao Zalisa da

dasaqmebis Seqmnis potencialis xelmisawvdomoba. saWiroa

pasuxi gaices kiTxvaze, moipoveba Tu ara qveyanaSi warmoebis

funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro unarebis mqone samuSao Zala?

vinaidan inteleqtualuri sakuTreba, kreatiuloba da

teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi inovaciuri sistemis sakvanZo

Zalebs warmoadgenen.

moTxovnis pirobebi - daxvewili da momTxovni momxmarebeli

rogorc Sida ise gare bazarze;

urTierTdakavSirebuli da mxardamWeri sawarmoebi -

qmediTunariani adgilobrivi mimwodeblebisa da

urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis arseboba.

maRalganviTarebul qselis SeuZlia seriozulad gazardos

ekonomikuri aqtivoba, danergos inovacia da SesaZlebeli

gaxados strategiuli aliansebis Camoyalibeba.

125

zrdis potenciali - ramdenad eqneba klasters momavali

zrdis potenciali, romelic saWiroa saqarTvelos

produqtiul sawarmoebSi investiciebis mosazidad.

institucionaluri infrastruqtura - saxelmwifos

maregulirebeli normebis siZliere, iseve rogorc sajaro-

kerZo urTierTobebi kompaniaTa Soris, dawesebulebebi da

mTavroba regionsa da mis gareT. es moicavs sakanonmdeblo

normebs da am saxis aqtivobisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis

mxardamWer politikas, romliTac sajaro administracia

uzrunvelyofs bazars. aq SeiZleba Sevides antimonopoliuri

kanoni, maregulirebeli normebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben

bazarze Sesvlis pirobebs, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis

SesaZleblobebi, klasterebis ganviTarebis mxardaWeris

survili da a.S.

teqnikuri infrastruqtura - biznesis keTebisaTvis saWiro

sivrcis xelmisawvdomoba, transporti, interneti, tele da

sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebi, eleqtromomarageba da

sabaziso urbanuli infrastruqturis arseboba.

istoriuli foni da sxva specifikuri faqtorebi - eTnikuri,

kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebis farTo speqtri, aseve

myari gamocdileba, upiratesobad SeiZleba iyos miCneuli.

arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg, yoveli faqtori Sefasda imis

safuZvelze, SeuZliaT Tu ara maT konkurentuli potencialis Seqmna da

istoriulad ramdenad mniSvnelovanni arian qarTuli ekonomikisaTvis.

klasterebis sxvadasxva elementebis Sefaseba da maTi Sesabamisi

moqmedeba mniSvnelovani nabijia imis dadgenaSi, Tu ra Zlieri an susti

wertilebi SeiZleba hqondeT am klasterebs da sad SeiZleba gaxdes

saWiro Semdgomi Careva. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi warmodgenilia SWOT

(Sida faqtorebi-Zlieri da suti mxareebi, gare faqtorebi-

SesaZleblobebi da safrTxeebi) analizis Sejamebuli Sedegebi:

126

cxrili 15. saqarTvelos kunkurentunarianobis SWOT analizi

Sida faqtorebi

qula

0-7

Zlieri mxareebi

1 qveynis prodasavluri kursi 7

2 evro-atlantikuri struqturebis mxardaWera 6

3 demokratiuli mmarTveloba da Ria sabazro ekonomika 6

4 mdidari istoriuli da kulturuli memkvidreoba 6

5 bunebrivi resursebi 5

6 stabiluri sabanko sistema 5

7 mdgradi erovnuli valuta 5

8 mTliani Sida produqtis zrda 5

9 mowesrigebuli sakanonmdeblo baza 4

10 satranzito potenciali* 4

11 klasteruli ganviTarebis potenciali 4

12 ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebis potenciali 4

sisusteebi

1 eTnikuri konfliqtebi 7

2 susti ekonomikuri politika 7

3 susti sainovacio politika 7

4 araefeqturi sakadro politika 7

5 konkurentuli kadrebis deficiti 7

6 Tanamedrove menejeruli unar-Cvevebis nakleboba 7

7 susti koheziuroba kvleviT institutebsa da biznes seqtors 7

8 ganaTlebisa mecnierebis dafinansebis dabali done 7

9 araefeqturi saprivatizacio politika 6

10 ucxour investiciebze damokidebuleba 6

11 susti gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba 6

12 eqsportis mcire moculoba 6

13 mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa mxardaWeris dabali done 6

14 mecnierebis kvlevebis dabali done 6

15 mTavrobis kompetenturobis xarisxi 6

16 susti institucionaluri sistema 6

17 susti urbanuli politika 6

18 mouwesrigebeli regionuli infrastruqtura 6

19 myife Sida politikuri klimati 6

20 susti erovnuli biznesi 6

21 siRatake da socialuri stratifikaciis maRali xarisxi 6

22 emigraciis maRali done da Brain Drain-i 6

23 araefeqturi sagadasaxo politika 5

24 samewarmeo unarebis nakleboba 5

25 marketinguli da promouteruli unarebis nakleboba 5

27 xarisxis marTvis sistemis dabali done 5

28 internetis moxmarebis dabali done 5

* rogorc Sida faqtori, satranzito potenciali warmoadgens Zalas tarifebis miRebis

TvalsazrisiT, magram rogorc gare faqtori, tranziti safrTxis matarebelic aris

iaraRis ukanono vaWrobis, trefikingis, ekologiuri dainZurebis, Sidsis virusisa da

sxva daavadebebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT

127

gare faqtorebi

qula

0-7

SesaZleblobebi

1 evroatlantikuri struqturebis gawevrianeba 7

2 evrokavSiris samezoblo iniciativebSi CarTva 7

3 bazris zrdis potenciali 7

4 saerTaSoriso donorebis keTilganwyoba 5

5 teqnologiis transferis gaumjobeseba 5

ganaTlebis sistemis boloniis procesTan mierTeba 4

safrTxeebi

1 myife geopolitikuri klimati da eTnikuri konfliqtebi 7

2 globaluri konkurenciis maRali tempi 7

3 emigraciis tempis zrda da Brain Drain-i 7

4 susti koheziuroba kvleviT institutebsa da biznes seqtors 7

5 ganaTlebisa mecnierebis dafinansebis dabali done 7

6 ucxour investiciebze damokidebuleba 6

7 importze damokidebuleba 6

8 Sida politikuri krizisis safrTxe 5

9

konsaltingisa da satreningo kursebis xelmisawvdomobis

nakleboba 5

10 venCoruli kapitalis nakleboba 5

rogorc SWOT analizi gviCvenebs, saqarTvelos konkurentulobis

dabali donis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezebia saxelmwifo struqturebSi

profesionalizmisa da kompetenciis nakleboba, ararefeqturi marTva da

sakadro menejmenti, romlebic avaldebuleben xelisuflebas

SeimuSavos qmediTi RonisZiebebi warmatebuli reformebis

gasatareblad.

analizis procesSi gamoikveTa Semdegi problemebi:

• mediis dafarvis zona da PR-RonisZiebebi Zalian SezRuduli da

danawevrebulia da xSir SemTxvevaSi isini ar moicaven farTo

auditoriebs;

• SezRudulia komunikacia da sustia koheziuroba mTavrobas,

biznes seqtorsa da universitetebs Soris;

• dabalia eqspertuli codnisa da unarebis done, da Sesabamisad

”sammagi spiralis” yvela seqtorSi kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

mniSvneloba sustad aRiqmeba;

• maRalia interesi konkurentulobis, evropis samezoblo

politikisa da erovnuli inovaciuri sistemis sakiTxebis

128

mimarT da savaraudod kidev ufro gaizrdeba, rac qmnis

moTxovnas informaciaze;

• safrTxis wyaroebad miCneuli sakiTxebi kavSirSia eTnikur

konfliqtebTan, politikur arastabilurobasTan, siRatakesTan,

qveynis ekonomikis dabal maCveneblebTan, finansur

arastabilurobasa da araadekvatur investirebasTan kvlevasa

da ganviTarebaSi;

• seriozul problemas warmoadgens emigraciisa da

inteleqtualuri resursis qveynidan gadinebis maRali done;

• ganviTarebis procesSi mniSvnelovan safrTxes warmoadgens

agreTve regionebis araTanabari CarTuloba da socialuri

uTanasworoba.

RonisZiebebis siZlieris reitingis gansazRvrisas yvelaze meti

mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri partniorobis zrdis aucileblobas

saqarTveloSi erovnuli sainovacio sistemis ganxorcielebis mizniT,

risTvisac saWiroa Zalisxmevis fokusireba procesebSi mTavrobis,

universitetebis, biznes seqtorisa da mediis CarTvis mizniT.

amave dros aucilebelia administraciuli da sakanonmdeblo

dabrkolebebis moxsna kvlevisa da ganviTarebis politikis

gaumjobesebis, konkurentunarianobis da inovaciurobis procesis

miznobrivi gaZlierebis, socialuri koheziurobis ganviTarebis

xelSewyobiTa da Sesabamisi unaris naklebobis Semcirebis gziT.

saqarTvelos amJamindeli poziciebi evropis samoqmedo gegmasTan

mimarTebaSi arc Tu ise mimzidvelia, Tumca arsebuli situacia bolo

ori aTwleulis manZilze qveynis uunaro da korufciuli mmarTvelobis

pirdapiri Sedegia. transformacia saWiroebs efeqtur menejments

cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis, rTuli amocanebis gadalaxvis da

resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT.

saqarTveloSi inovaciuri sistemebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis

Sefasebisas, saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis sasargeblo iqneboda

ganviTarebis SesaZlo scenarebis modelireba, romlebic safuZvels

daudebs strategiis monaxazis da strategiuli mimarTulebebis

ganmtkicebisaTvis saWiro xedvebis Camoyalibebas.

129

rogorc erovnul, ise regionalur doneebze Sesabamisi

strategiebis Sesaqmnelad kargi iqneboda pozitiuri da negatiuri

ganviTarebis scenarebis Seqmna. es ori scenari unda pasuxobdes Semdeg

kiTxvebs:

rogori iqneba erovnul da regionalur doneebze ekonomikuri

ganviTareba 2012 wlisaTvis da misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?

rogori iqneba mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ganviTareba 2012

wlisaTvis da misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?

rogori iqneba saqarTvelos kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

seqtoris zrdis done 2012 wlisaTvis da misi ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi?

rogori iqneba urTierTobebi kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

seqtors, warmoebasa da bizness da maT xelSemwyob

dawesebulebebs Soris 2012 wlisaTvis?

saqarTvelos grZelvadiani konkurentunarianobis miRweva SeiZleba

mxolod arsebiTi struqturuli reformebis ganxorcielebiT, romelic

Seqmnis erovnuli da regionuli sainovacio sistemebis ganxorcielebis

pirobebs. Tavis mxriv, reformis momzadebis mTavar mimarTulebad unda

iqces saqarTveloSi erovnuli da regionuli inovaciuri sistemebis

ganxorcielebis strategiis formulireba.

strategia warmatebuli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas eqneba farTo

sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera. farTo sazogadoebrivi konsensusis miRweva

SeTavazebuli strategiis Taobaze mniSvnelovania imisTvisac, rom is

gaTvaliswinebul iqnas mTavrobis momaval samoqmedo programaSi.

strategiis efeqturi ganxorcieleba moiTxovs Sesabamis Tanxebs,

maT Soris saxelmwifo da kerZo dafinansebasa da saerTaSoriso

donorebis mxardaWeras. mniSvnelovania, rom resursebis investireba

unda moxdes saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobisa da mTlianad

ekonomikis zrdis mizniT. 2008-2012 wlebis periodSi saqarTvelos

mTavrobis mier inovaciis politikis SemuSaveba da mis

gansaxorcieleblad saWiro finansuri instrumentebi saqarTvelos

ekonomikis grZelvadiani konkurentunarianobis mosapoveblad saWiro

mTavari komponenti unda gaxdes.

130

Cvens mier gakeTebuli analizi aCvenebs, rom yvela monawile

mxarem - sajaro xelisuflebam, universitetebma da biznesma TavianT

Tavze unda aiRos pirovnuli kapitalSi investirebis donisa da

efeqturobis amaRlebis pasuxismgeblobis wili.

am procesSi mxolod mTavrobis, samecniero wrisa da biznes

seqtoris mier gamoCenili keTili neba an iniciativa ar aris sakmarisi,

Tu srulad ar iqna gamoyenebuli TiToeuli aqtoris, da pirvel rigSi

saxelmwifos xelT arsebuli potenciali.

sabazro ekonomikis zrdaSi saxelmwifos Tavisi wvlilis Setana

SeuZlia iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, romlebic gaaZliereben ekonomikis

konkurentunarianobas. es mosazreba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc

saqarTvelos konkurentulobis gaumjobesebis erT-erTi komponenti,

romelic xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifos strategiuli prioritetebis

safuZvlis formirebas.

am mimarTulebiT gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebaTa Soris

saqarTvelos mTavrobas vTavazobT Semdeg rekomendaciebs:

inovaciis procesis gagebis gamokveTa, saqarTveloSi

inovaciuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebisa da inovaciis

xelSewyobis mizniT saukeTeso saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis

Seswavla da gamoyeneba;

kvlevisa da inovaciis politikis SemuSaveba, romelic srul

SesabamisobaSi iqneba saqarTvelos mdgrad da samarTlebriv

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis miznebTan;

inovaciisa da konkurentunarianobis xelSewyobis mizniT

samTavrobo programis momzadeba;

sainovacio politikisa da saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis

Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis miReba, mis miRebamde ki monaxazis

gakeTeba da diskusia. kanonmdeblobam xeli unda Seuwyos

inovaciis infrastruqturis ganviTarebas da erovnuli

sainovacio sistemis ganxorcielebas;

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis Sesaxeb kanonis gaumjobeseba

inovaciuri produqciisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis

xelSewyobisa da korufciis Semcirebis mizniT;

131

kvlevis aqtivobebis xelSewyobaSi universitetebis rolis

gazrdis mizniT ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis gaumjobesebis

gziT saganmanaTleblo reformis gagrZeleba;

saqarTvelos aRWurva maRali ganaTlebis mqone, kreatiuli da

moqnili pirovnuli resursiT, ise, rom sakmao raodenobis

axalgazrdebi amTavrebdnen umaRles saswavleblebs

Sesabamisi unariT dinamiur, maRali Rirebulebisa da

sasurveli niSis mqone seqtorebSi samsaxuris mopovebis

SesaZleblobiT;

qarTveli mecnierebisa da studentebis monawileobis gazrda

saerTaSoriso da gacvliT programebSi;

mkvlevarTa interesis mipyroba universitetebisken,

dafinansebis problemis saswrafo mogvarebis gziT;

inteleqtualuri potencialis gadinebis procesis SeCerebis

mizniT maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis motivaciebis gazrdis

realisturi politikis warmoeba;

SesaZleblobis - swavla sicocxlis manZilze - xelSewyoba da

ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da treningebis sferoSi reformis

gagrZeleba pirovnuli resursebisa da kapitalis myari

ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mizniT;

sajaro mosamsaxureTa ganaTlebis specialuri programebis

ganviTareba (pirvel rigSi samoqalaqo integraciis mizniT);

mecnierebis marTvis sistemis reforma Sesabamisi

maregulirebeli struqturis, safinanso modelis, samecniero

ostatobaze dafuZnebuli mmarTvelobis, SesaZleblobebis

Seqmnis da saerTo iniciativebis gziT;

klasterebis ganviTarebis danergva da zrdis xelSewyoba

ganxorcielebisaTvis myari safuZvlis mqone strategiis

gansazRvris gziT, romelic saWiroa klasterebis

konkurentunarianobis gasaZliereblad maTi ganviTarebis da

zrdis dasaCqareblad;

132

administraciuli struqturisa da procedurebis gaZliereba

strategiuli dagegmvisa da Sesabamis aqtorebs Soris

koordinaciis ganmtkicebis mizniT;

xarisxis marTvis centrebis Camoyalibeba codnis gaziarebisa

da komercializaciis daCqarebis mizniT, saerTo gamoyenebis

mqone mowyobilobebis qselisa da warmoebis srulyofis

kavSiris CaTvliT;

saqarTveloSi inovatorTa da saukeTeso gamomgonebelTa

moZieba da "momavali Taobis novatorTa" gamovlena;

saqarTvelos samrewvelo SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba da

samewarmeo ekonomikis amoqmedeba.

dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad saWiroa aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis egidiT calke struqturis (savaraudod sajaro

samarTlis piris) Camoyalibeba, romelsac eyoleba eqspertTa sabWo.

saqmianoba gaTvlil uqnda iyos Sualedur periodze - savaraudod

2008-12 welze da SesabamisobaSi unda modiodes saqarTveloSi moqmed

saerTaSoriso programebTan da pirvel rigSi - evropis samezoblo

politikasTan.

saqmianobis pirvel etapzeve gadaudebel aucileblobas

warmoadgens:

samuSao jgufis Camoyalibeba - miznobriv jgufebTan

partnioruli nabijebis gansazRvra.

mefingi - arsebuli informaciis Tavmoyra da sistematizireba.

analizi - pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis kvleva sainovacio

sistemis xedvebis, ganviTarebis etapebis dagegmvisa da

samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis mizniT.

strategiul dokumentebze muSaoba - partniorTa gansazRvra

(mobilizacia - diagnostika - TanamSromloba).

rekomendaciebisa da xedvebis SemuSaveba - ekonomikis sakvanZo

seqtorebSi (klasterebSi) inovaciurobis sistemis

damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebeli qmedebebis ganmsazRvreli

dokumentis Seqmna.

133

sapiloto programebis ganzorcieleba - ZiriTad monawileebis

(saxelmwifo, biznesis seqtori da akademiuri sistema)

informireba da urTierTSeTanxmeba. TanamSromlobis Semdgomi

mimarTulebebis gansazRvra.

Sefaseba unda ganxorcieldes benCmarkingis principiT. yoveli

ciklis Sefaseba momdevno ciklis samoqmedo gegmad unda

transformirdes.

calke unda SemuSavdes informaciis gavrcelebis sistema

perspeqtivaSi yvela miznobrivi jgufebis CarTvis mizniT.

calkeuli proeqtebis ganxorcielebis umTavres mizans

warmoadgens sazogadoebis ndobisa da socialuri kapitalis

zrda.

Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos mTavrobas esaWiroeba dasavluri

gamocdilebis gaziareba strategiuli marTvisa da demokratiuli

principebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebSi. am codnisa da gamocdilebis

gaziareba xels Seuwyobs rogorc institucionaluri sistemis

qmediTunarianobis gaumjobesebas, ise qveynis strategiuli

prioritetebis gansazRvrasa da mmarTveli struqturebis

angariSvaldebulebis gazrdas sazogadoebis winaSe.

imis aRiareba, rom mmarTvelobis gaumjobeseba umTavres

saSualebas warmoadgens qveynis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, qmnis

safuZvels saerTaSoriso donorebis mxridan daxmarebis Tanmimdevruli

programebis Sesaqmnelad. aseTma programebma unda uzrunvelyos, rom

samTavrobo struqturebi, kanonebi da debulebebi kompetenturobis,

gamWvirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis pirobebSi uWerdnen mxars

Tavisufal bazarsa da demokratiul principebs.

134

daskvna

disertaciaSi dasmuli amocanebis gadaWram saSualeba mogvca

migveRwia kvlevis miznisaTvis da pasuxi gagveca mTavari kiTxvisaTvis,

Tu ra warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis

ganmazRvrel faqtorebs globalizaciis epoqaSi da rogoria maTi

zemoqmedebis xarisxi. kvlevis Sedegad saxezea mecnieruli siaxleebi,

romlebsac Cveni azriT, aqvT rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli

Rirebuleba. kvlevis obieqtis farTo interdisciplinarul konteqstSi

gaanalizebam SesaZlebeli gaxada axali xedvis Camoyalibeba

transnacionalizaciis, transnacionaluri kompaniebis, erovnuli da

regionuli sainovacio sistemebis, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis,

mTliani erovnuli produqtis sakiTxebis Teoriul gaazrebaSi.

dadginda, rom globalizaciis erTerTi mTavari warmmarTveli da

mamoZravebeli Zala, erovnuli biznesis transnacionalizacia

warmoadgens eri-saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis umTavres

maxasiaTebels, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur garemoSi da xels

uwyobs mTliani erovnuli Semosavlis zrdas. Eam mecnieruli siaxlis

safuZvelze Cven viZleviT rekomendacias, rom globaluri

konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi mocemuli Sefasebis indikatorebi

moicavdes mTlian erovnul produqts, rogorc saxelmwifos

konkurentunarianobis erTerT umniSvnelovanes komponents.

xazi unda gaesvas kvlevaSi danergil meTodologiur inovacias

strategiuli marTvis analitikuri modelebis saxiT, ramac saSualeba

mogvca farTo speqtrSi gagveanalizebina kvlevis obieqti, migveRwia

kvlevis miznisaTvis da dagvesabuTebina Cvens mier dasmuli hipoTeza.

kerZod, porteris almasis modelisa da sammagi spiralis modelis

gamoyenebis Sedegad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebas xels uwyobs codnis ekonomikisa da sainovacio politikis

principebze orientirebuli sinergiuli urTierTqmedeba mTavrobas,

kerZo seqtorsa da universitetebs Soris, rac Tavis mxriv iZleva

teqnologiuri inovaciebis danergvis SesaZleblobas da uzrunvelyofs

erovnuli produqtiulobis maRal xarisxs.

135

globalizaciis epoqaSi, yvela ers aqvs konkurentulobis

ganviTarebis Teoriuli SesaZlebloba, romelic damokidebulia

rogorc gare, ise Sida faqtorebze. gare faqtorebi moicavs regionuli

da globaluri mmarTveli institutebis politikas, globaluri

politikur-ekonomikuri klimatis asinqronulobisa da asimetriulobis

xarisxs, breton vudsis institutebis politikas, transnacionaluri

kompaniebis zemoqmedebis xarisxs, Sida faqtorebi ki erovnuli biznesis

transnacionalizaciis dones, mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdas,

maRalteqnologiuri, damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcveli produqciis

warmoebas, codnis ekonomikisa da meritokratiul faseulobebze

orientaciis xarisxs, erovnuli da regionuli sainovacio klimatis

arsebobas, erovnul kulturul mentalitets da socialuri kapitalis

ganviTarebis dones. amitomac, konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis

TvalsazrisiT, Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad

iqmneba qveyanaSi codnis komercializaciisa da inovaciuri

teqnologiebisaTvis aucilebeli garemo, viTardeba erovnuli warmoeba

da biznesi, romelic eqspansirdeba globalur sivrceSi da zrdis

mTlian erovnul Semosavals.

vinaidan globalizaciis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens

ekonomika, romlis drosac erT calkeul saxelmwifos ar Seswevs

transnacionaluri kapitalis, multierovnuli biznesis, gansakuTrebiT

finansebisa da sabanko sistemebis regulirebis unari,

konkurentunarianobis xarisxi damokidebulia ara mxolod gare Zalebis

zegavlenaze, aramed TviT saxelmwifoTa politikur da ekonomikur

siZliereze.

globalizaciis, neoliberalizmis, erovnuli konkurentuli

upiratesobis Teoriis, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis, msoflio

sistemis, sainovacio sistemebis Teoriebis kritikuli analizis Sedegad

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom globalizacia warmoadgens kapitalizmis

ganviTarebis umaRles stadias, romlis drosac transnacionaluri

kapitali da bazrebi sxvadasxvagvar zegavlenas axdenen Zlieri da susti

qveynebis konkurentunarianobaze. Tanamedrove etapze Laissez-faire-is

politika ararelevanturia da Cveni prognozirebiT igi unda Caanacvlos

136

institucionaluri regulirebis politikam, rogorc ganviTarebad, ise

ganviTarebul qveynebSi, vinaidan globalizaciis gamowvevebi da

msoflio ekonomikuri krizisebi ganviTarebul qveynebsac uqmnian

problemebs ekonomikuri da socialuri usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis erovnuli mTavrobebi, eqcevian ra

transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da sabanko struqturebis zegavlenis

qveS, am ukanasknelT sTavazoben Tavisufal satarifo sivrces, rac

amcirebs Semosavlebs biujetSi da seriozul dartymas ayenebs

socialuri usafrTxoebis politikas. am fonze, kerZo biznesisaTvis

sakanonmdeblo klimatis uzrunvelyofa nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis

sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens, rac ekonomikuri

aucileblobiT aris nakarnaxevi. qveynis simdidres qmnis ara

gadasaxadebi, aramed warmoeba da biznesi. mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado

sistema xels uwyobs mxolod biujetis Sevsebas importidan miRebuli

SemosavlebiT, konkurentunarianobis strategia ki damokidebulia

eqsportis moculobisa da vaWrobis gafarToebaze;

qveynis SigniT konkurentunariani produqtis warmoeba gansazRvravs

eqsportis xvedriT wils, romelic unda aRematebodes importis

moculobas. amitom rac met damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcvel produqts

awarmoebs qveyana da gaaqvs saerTaSoriso bazarze, miT ufro mdgradia

misi ekonomikuri potenciali.

globalistur SexedulebaTa kritikuli analizis Sedegad

mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom transnacionaluri kompania gamoxatavs

konkretuli qveynis biznes interess globalur sivrceSi, amitom

Semosavali da mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba (iseve, rogorc Tavad

es kompania) warmoadgens im qveynis mTliani erovnuli simdidris

Semadgenel nawils, sadac es kompania aris dafuZnebuli.

transnacionaluri kompania warmoadgens konkretuli qveynis bizness

sxva saxelmwifos teritoriul sivrceSi. Sedegad xdeba adgilobrivi,

susti biznesis STanTqma ufro Zlieri, globaluris mier, rac niSnavs

Zlieri saxelmwifos ufro metad gamdidrebas da sustis ufro metad

gaRaribebas.

137

globalizacia warmoadgens kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRles

stadias, romlis drosac transnacionaluri kapitali da bazrebi

seriozul zegavlenas axdenen erovnul politikaze. am fonze, kerZo

biznesisaTvis proteqcionisturi politikis ganxorcieleba da

sakanonmdeblo klimatis uzrunvelyofa nebismieri demokratiuli

saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens, rac

ekonomikuri aucileblobiT aris nakarnaxevi. saxelmwifo ki ar adgens

TamaSis wesebs, is TavisTavad xdeba am TamaSis monawile.

qveynis simdidres qmnis ara gadasaxadebi, aramed warmoeba da

biznesi. mowesrigebuli sagadasaxado sistema xels uwyobs mxolod

biujetis Sevsebas importidan miRebuli SemosavlebiT,

konkurentunarianobis strategia ki damokidebulia eqsportis

moculobis gafarToebaze. H

demokratiis poziciebi Tanamedrove globaluri mmarTvelobis

yvela sferoSi aramdgradia, vinaidan maRalia asinqronulobisa da

asimetriulis done. dRevandel globalizebul msoflioSi, politikuri

procesebi ZiriTaTad elitebis konkurenciis fonze mimdinareobs, da maT

susti Sexeba aqvT warmomadgenlobiT demokratiasTan. aqedan

gamomdinare, aucilebelia globaluri institutebis mxridan aqamde

arsebuli paradigmebis gadaxedva da axali strategiebis dasaxva.

dasaruls, unda aRvniSnoT, rom naSromSi wamodgenili

rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswineba xelisuflebis mier sasargeblo

iqneboda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi strategiis SemuSavebasa da

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. saqarTvelos

konkurentunarianobis strategia globalizaciis procesSi Cveni azriT,

damokidebulia Semdeg RonisZiebebze, romlebsac rekomendaciebis saxiT

vTavazobT:

mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis prioritetizacia da

meritokratiuli principebis damkvidreba;

saxelmwifo politikis miznebis gansazRvra im politikuri

procesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic mniSvnelovania codnis

ekonomikisa da socialuri kapitalis Sesaqmnelad;

138

umTavresi sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi unda aisaxebodes

realur politikur qmedebebSi, maT ganxorcielebasa da

politikur meqanizmebSi;

mmarTveli elita pasuxismgebeli unda iyos dasaxuli miznebisa

da maT Sesabamisad gatarebuli koordinirebuli politikis

SeTavsebadobaze;

unda ganxorcieldes efeqturi sakadro politika maRali

zneobis, profesionalizmisa da kompetenciis mqone

adamianebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis Sesabamisad;

xelisuflebam uari unda Tqvas ultra neoliberaluri e. w.

‘Sokuri Terapiis’ politikaze da SeimuSavos regulirebis

principebze agebuli institucionaluri politikis strategia;∗

bunebrivi resursebi da nedleuli masalebi racionalurad

unda iqnas gamoyenebuli; unda dawesdes moratoriumi maT

eqsportze an ucxour investorisTvis gadacemaze da

gamoyenebul iqnas isini erovnul gadamamuSavebel

mrewvelobaSi;

Camoyalibdes SeRavaTiani sagadasaxado sistema mcire da

saSualo biznesis xelSewyobisaTvis;

moxdes makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis miRweva socialurad

daucveli fenebisaTvis riskebis Semcirebis mizniT;

SemuSavdes strategiebi erovnuli gadamamuSavebeli

mrewvelobis aRorZinebisaTvis da eqsportis moculobis

gazrdisaTvis;

dawesdes maRali aqcizebi gansazRvruli saxis importze

erovnuli warmoebisa da biznesis prioritetizaciis mizniT;

xeli Seewyos qarTuli biznes-seqtoris gaZlierebas da

globalur sivrceSi mis transnacionalizacias;

∗ jozef Stiglici didi xnis manZilze ikvlevda gardamavali sabazro ekonomikis

politikas pistsabWoTa sivrceSi. igi mxars uWers Tanmimdevrul gardaqmnebs da

reformebs da winaamRdegia e.w. balceroviCiseuli ‘Sokuri Terapiisa’, romelmac

marTalia gaamarTla poloneTSi, magram Zalian cudi Sedegebi gamoiwvia ruseTsa da

sxva postsabWoTa qveynebSi.

139

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis socialuri Sedegebi gadaiqces

reformebis dros arsebuli konkurentuli prioritetebis

Sefasebis kriteriumad.

am moTxovnebis fonze saqarTvelos mTavrobas esaWiroeba

dasavluri gamocdilebis ufro farTod gaziareba siRaribis daZlevis,

eqsportis moculobis zrdisa da ekonomikuri mravalferovnebis

CamoyalibebisaTvis.

codnisa da informaciis epoqaSi, individualur Tu

saxelmwifoebriv doneze konkurencia moiTxovs ganaTlebisa da

mecnieruli kvlevebis maRal standartebze orientirebas, rac

Tanamedrove qarTul realobaSi seriozul deficits warmoadgens.

saxelmwifos esaWiroeba axali strategiebis SemuSaveba

institucionalur struqturebSi maRali donis profesionalebis

dasaqmebisaTvis.

amrigad, globalizacia gansxvavebul efeqts axdens TiToeul

saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaze da imisaTvis rom alRo auRos

msoflioSi mimdinare globalur procesebs, gardamaval etapze myof

saqarTvelos, globalur garemoSi konkurentunarianobisaTvis

esaWiroeba maRal codnasa da profesionalizmze orientirebul

msoflio TanamegobrobaSi integrireba. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom

saxelmwifom ganaxorcielos swori reformebi efeqturi

konkurentunarianobis strategiis dasaxvisa da samoqmedo gegmis

ganxorcielebisaTvis.

140

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