Important principles for the technical drawing in construction. Author: Estuardo Melndez

BOOK OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

1

ITED

CATEDRATICO: ESTELA ACEYTUNO

COURSE: LENGUAGE GROINS

TEMA: BOOK OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

NAME: ESTUARDO EMMANUEL

MELENDEZ SANCHEZ

DEGREE: 5TO. DIBUJO

VESPERTINA.

DATE: 11-11-11

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INDICATES

CARATULA.01

INDICATES....02

INTRODUCTION.03

CONTENT

INSTRUMENTS OF THE TECNICO DRAWING04-11

PLANE OF CONSTRUCTION....12-18

ELECTRICASES INSTALLATIONS...19-25

CONCLUSIONS....26

BIBLIOGRAFI..27

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INTRODUCTION

The technical drawing is an used graphic language for engineers, technicians and architects

To give to know your ideas by means of the drawing of construction.

For this persist is necessary and of vital knowledge importance the following content that it is us to

to provide.

In this content gave us an explanation on the instruments that will be must use to elaborate

actions happinesses.

We am explained the drawing that must be made and the advices that we must keep in mind with

respect to the electricity.

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INSTRUMENTS OF THE TECNICO DRAWING

To give to develop or to create the technical drawing is in need of several instruments those

which are of vital importance to achieve creations happinesses those which are our designs or

drawing of construction of the different housings to build.

following they are explained each different instrument that we as sketchers use to achieve this

plane:

The rule T

The t rule receives that name for your similarity with the T. letter possesses two perpendicular

hands among themselves. The transversal arm is more short. It is manufactured of wood or plastic.

It gets a job to draw parallel bars lines horizontal in form quick and is necessary. Also serves as

fulcrum to the squads and to line up the format and it proceeds to your fixation.

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The rule parallel

It is an instrument to measure and draw straight lines, your form is rectangular, flat and has in

your bastard recordings of decimeters, centimeters and millimeters.

In general it are of wood or plastic. If they are preferable those of plastic show through to see the

lines that are beginning to draw to him. Your longitudes varied according to the use and it oscillate

of 10 to 60 centimeters the more usual thing are those of 30 centimeters.

The squads.

The squads are emploied to measure and draw horizontal, vertical, inclined lines, and combined

with the t rule draw parallel bars lines, perpendicular and oblique. They can take graduates

centimeters and millimeters.

The squads that are used in sketch technician are two:

- Those of 45 that it has form of isosceles triangle with angle of 90 and the other two of 45.

- The squad of 60 called also drawing triangle that has form of scalene triangle, whose angles

measure 90, 30 and 60.

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Drawing triangles:

Instrument in form of right-angled triangle that has three unequal angles of 90, 60 and 30 and

that is to employ in sketch lineal for the sketch of angles, straight perpendiculars or parallel bars to

other given. It is generally an auxiliary instrument of the squad.

Escalimetro

To measure on line straight distances emploies to him the |escalmetro|, that consists in

|reglillas| graduated to different scales, that serve to calculate reduced distances or enlarged. In

this frequent will use a |escalmetro| with the following scales: 1:20.1:25.1:50.1:75.1:100.1:125.

There are several types of |escalmetros|:

- Escalmetro for architects

-|escalmetro| for civil engineers.

The compass.

It is an instrument of precision that it gets a job to draw arcs, circumferences and transport

measures. It is composed for two hands articulated in your where soul is located a cylindrical piece

called attractive woman whereby takes to him and manages with the index fingers and thumb.

One of the hands have a needle of adjustable steel by means of a screw tree of pressure and an in

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form nut of wheel. The other arm possesses a device that permits the placing of mechanical

pencils or other accessories.

The classes of compass are:

- Compass of piece: it is the normal compass that to the one that you are can place the accessories

as the mechanical pencil or pencil.

- Compass of dry scalloped lace: possess in both extremes dot acute of steel and serves to take or

move measures.

- Compass of mustache cover: it dresses and makes up for a role for keeping fixed the radii of

aperture. The aperture of this compass it graduates by means of a screw tree or threaded axis. It is

used to draw circumferences of small dimensions and circumferences of similar radius.

- Compass of gas station: it uses to draw arcs or very small circumferences. It is formed for an arm

that servs as vertical axis in order that the pencil holder turns around about it.

Pencils.

The pencils are main elements for the writing and the drawing. Are formed for a mine of graphite

and a cover of wood. They can be of round or hexagonal section. To sketch are better the

hexagonal because facilitate the subjection between the fingers and avoid that rolls to the leave

the envelope the table of drawing. The mine of the pencils possesses several degrees from the

more hard thing to the more soft thing. With those of mining lasts draw fine colored lines political

policeman and the more soft thick and colored lines black. They are classified for letters and

numbers. The h comes of the |hard| word that is important last, the F is important firm and the B

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of |black| that is important black. The more hard thing are: 4H, 3H, 2H and H. the intervals are: HB

and F. the more soft are: B, 2B, 3B and 4B.

Eraser.

The erasers are emploied to do disappear incorrect lines, leftover errors, stains or lines. In general

are soft, flexible and of clear tones to avoid stains in the paper.

Before erasing it must make sure that it is clean and if we have to it erases parts small, leftover

lines or near lines, must use the auxiliary planlet of the erased thing of lamination steel.

To eliminate of the paper the particles of graphite a pulverized gum in an iron-holder called dust is

used of |raton|.

Mechanical pencils or pencil holders.

The mechanical pencils are of metal or plastic and lodges in your inside the mine or mines that

they slides by means of a spring towards outside, that have to serve to write or draw. The mines

are of different hardness. surpass to the pencils for the sharp thing of the mine and your defense.

Mechanical pencil

This mechanical pencil carrying a 0.5 mm mine that it not needs not be sharp. It can make some

very fine and precise lines if does draw to him the sufficient when sketching. To draw thick,

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vigorous lines, it is necessary to repeat the sketch. The accessories in the drawing are so important

as the same instruments, because turn out to be the auxiliaries or complement for a good work.

Brush to sketch

-plane for drawings, with the one which shake the remainders of rough copies and talcs, without

need of remove them with the hands by risking stain or maltreat the work.

- Flannel or cotton of film, very useful to clean out instruments of line and India ink, as well as to

shake remainders of gum and talc for want of brush.

Planlet to erase

Using a with the hollow squares permits erase precise areas of a drawing also serves to protect the

surface of the drawing while it erases with an electric rough .

Drawing board.

It is an instrument of drawing on the one which fixed the paper to carry out the drawing. In

general builds to him of wood or plastic smooth face and of plane and straight bastards it who

permits the displacement of the T. rule the size depends of the format that it is about to use to

him. For the escolar format it is sufficient a size of 40 centimeters of height for 60 centimeters of

width.

In the workshops of technical drawing, instead of boards, employ tables built only for this activity,

with the dimensions and necessary inclination.

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The transporter.

It is an used instrument to measure or transport angles. It are facts of plastic and there is of two

types: in form of semicircle divided in 180 and in form of complete circle of 360.

The numbers are ready in double graduation in order that is to can read from right to left and of

left on the right-hand side, according to where is the aperture of the angle.

Tuner of pencil or |afilaminas|.

After having stopped the wood of a pencil with a razor or mechanical pencil sharpener, must

refine to him the graphite bar of the pencil and it give you a long point cnica. possesses on your

|pedacitos| surface of fine lines in in which it is goes away the point of the pencil to refine it.

Also you are can give the drum name for your form that it possesses.

Soft rough copy

The soft eraser or of artist, that it call of luck and of Nysn, is useful to clean out the paper or the

film of the frames and lazy dirtinesses for the fingers that harm the aspect of the finished drawing.

Also it exists the pulverized nap that it is for ulterior stray from the flock with the sweat the lazy

graphite without intention.

Curves Irregular

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The contours of thesing to base on several combinations of ellipse, spiral and other curve

mathematics. These it is used to sketch curved lines in which your radius of bend is not constant,

these to also be called pistol of curve or |curvgrafo|.

Degrees of hardness of the mine.

The mine of the pencils possesses several degrees from the more hard thing to the more soft

thing. With those of mining lasts draw fine colored lines political policeman and the more soft

thick and colored lines black.

They are classified for letters and numbers. The h comes of the |hard| word that is important last,

the F is important firm and the B of |black| that is important black.

The more hard thing are: 4H, 3H, 2H and H. the intervals are: HB and F. the more soft are: B, 2B,

3B and 4B.

The paper

the type of paper that we use is of vital importance since could decompose our |rapidografos| by

damaging you the scalloped lace. For it is that we use the paper called tracing, butter, or

presentation cardboard.

Rapidografos

It are really of vital importance since thanks to them/it is that we stop molded our drawing by

means of the ink, after that are already sure that it are all right elaborate.

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PLANE OF CONSTRUCCION

The PLANE is the graphic and exhaustive representation of all elements that outlines a project.

Constitute, the drawing, the plane geometry of the works projected in such a way that define

them completely in your three dimensions.

The drawing show us habergeons, lineal superficial and volumetric dimensions of all constructions

and gesticulate that bear the works the developed for the designer.

The drawing defines the works that has to develop the contractor and compose the document of

the projected more used on foot of work.

IN THE DRAWIN TECNICO THEY MAKE THE FOLLOWING PLANE

PLANE OF PLANT FURNISHED

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It is that whose content will bring the indications of all furnitures that it must possess housing

happiness.

Since this furnish possess certain measures those which give us the department of construction by

means of the ICAITI or the book of norms of construction.

Thanks to this plane makes us more easily the knowledge the place of each type of piece of

furniture since the measures must be always exact.

following we am shown an example of a plane of plant furnished.

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PLANE OF PLANT TREE NURSERY

In this plane is shows us and we am given the information of all the measures of this project to

elaborate.

In the must place to him as date extra and important the indication of the levels, doors and

windows of list but your details.

Thanks to this type of plane is that we will be able to begin happiness works since already will have

as soon as all measures of the work to build.

PLANE OF PLANT OF CIMENTACION AND COLUMNS

In this type of plane will give us all indication on the details and specifications of the work concern

to your foundations and columns.

By indicating us thicknesses and measured so much of columns as of your foundations.

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and thanks to this plane it is that we will be able to begin foundings happinesses to become

fulfilled.

following we am shown a plane of foundation and columns.

PLANE OF PLANT OF STRUCTURE OF ROOF

In this type of plane as your own name it says it it deals with of the structure of the roof of

construction happiness to develop.

In this plane is indicated us measured with respect to the roof since be able to get out of the walls

in some occasions.

and detail of the roof to build as so also is will say us the detail of the beams that will maintain it

and your specifications.

following we am shown a plane of the plant of roofs.

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PLANE OF PLANT OF HIDRAULICA INSTALACION

This plane is refered to the installation of pipeses for the step of water as also for the step of fiting.

In this plane we am specified the place in in which must place to him the pipes.

Since this objects that will be connected to the same thing will possess a single place and in that

place is to where must move close the pipes when installing .

following we am shown a plane of this persists die-

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PLANE OF PLANT OF INSTALACION OF DRAINAGES

In this plane as your name indicates it it deals with of the installation of the drainages.

In this plane we am must indicate the specifications with respect to the drainages since if they left

to him wrong the housing will suffer of bad smells.

For which it is of vital importance leave well marked specifications happinesses of the drawing.

following we am shown a plane with respect to this persists

PLANE OF ELECTRICA INSTALACION

In this type of plane as your name indicates it it deals with of the indications that must follow to

him for the angry thing of housing happiness.

In this type of plane we am must indicate the steps to follow to know place the energy all the

housing.

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Gave someone instructions us and |simbologas| of this artifacts that they must install in the

housing.

It is of vital importance that elaborates with respective care since if are mistaken us the projector

not remained not well.

following we am shown an example of a plane of electric installation.

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Electric installation

An electric installation is one or several electric circuits destined to a specific use and that it count

on the necessary equipments to secure the correct functioning of them/it and the electric

connected apparatuses to the same.

In the technical drawing it is of vital importance the knowledge the basic thing in story to the

|elentricidad| since we must make this plane of electricity.

following gave us a short explanation of this topic.

Types

It is important knowledge the types of installation those which dic|viden| for your tension.

Installations of high tension

It are those installations in those who the maximum difference of potential between two drivers is

superior to 1.000 volts ( 1 KV ).

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Generally are installations of great power in those who are necessary to decrease the losses for

joule effect ( heating of the drivers ). In occasions employ installations of high tension with go

down powers to make good use of the effects of the electric field, such as in the cartels of neon.

Installations of low tension

They are the more general case of electric installation. In these, the maximum difference of

potential between two drivers is lower to 1.000 volts ( 1 KV ), but superior to 24 volts.

Installations of very low tension

It are those installations in those who the maximum difference of potential between two drivers is

lower to 24 volts.

employ in the case of go down powers or need of great security of use.

Generating installations

The generating installations are those that generate an electromotive force, and therefore, electric

power, as of other forms of energy.

Installations of transport

The installations of transport are the electric lines they connect the remainder of installations.

They can be air, with the drivers installed on supports, or subterranean, with the drivers installed

in ditches and galleries.

Transforming installations

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The transforming installations are those that receive electric power and the transform in electric

power with different characteristics.

A clear example is the substations and centers of transformation reducing the tension from the

tensions of transport ( 132 to 400 KV ) to more sure tensions for your use.

Receiving installations

The receiving installations are the more common case of electric installation, and it are those who

find in most housings and instruct.

Your main function is the transformation of the electric power in other types of energy. They are

the antagonistic installations to the generating installations.

Depart functional

The electric installations, whoever that it is your type, it dispose of four depart well differentiated,

and with characteristics related.

Feeding

It is the part of the installation that receives energy of the exterior. Generally this energy is

electric, but in the case of the electric sugar mills, can be steam-generated power, mechanical,

chemical or radiant.

Protections

The protections are the devices or representatives systems to guarantee the security of the

peoples and the properties in the context of the electric installation.

Appointed to to the security of the installations

Fuses

Switch of control of power

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Magnetothermal switch

Appointed to to the security of the peoples

Outlines from connection to earth

Differential switch

Setting to earth

Drivers

It are the representatives to direct the current to all components of the electric installation.

Without them/it, the installation as such, could not exist.

Commands and maneuvers

The elements of command and maneuver permit act on the flux of the energy, connecting,

detaching and by regulating the electric loads. The more common thing are the switches, the

change-over switches and the relays.

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Types of pipeses.

Depending of used type can install to him in exterior or inside, in dry or humid areas. The there is:

1. of thick wall.

2. of thin wall.

3. metallic flexible type (|greenfield|).

Metallic rigid |conduit| tube ( thick wall )

This type of |conduit| tube is supplied in sections 3.05m of longitude in steels or aluminize and

find to him available in diameters from ( 1/2 |plg| ), to ( 6 |plg| ) each extreme of the tube has an

and one of them has a |cople|. The tube of steel normally is galvanized.

Metallic tube of thin wall

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These is similar to those of thick wall but has your internal wall a lot of but thin, can use to him in

hidden and visible, imbedded installations in short or inlaid in rubblework, but in dry places not

exposed to humidity or give atmosphere corrosives, these tubes not have not your extreme

threaded and neither are accustomed the same connectors that the metallic rigid tubes of thick

wall, truly are accustomed your own connectors of type screwed

|conduit| tube-flexible of steel (metal worker)

The flexible |conduit| tube of steel this manufactured as the basic ingredients tapes galvanized

and united between if under pressure in form helicoidal this is used for the connection of motors

to avoid that the vibrations transmit to him to the boxes of connection and canalizations and when

do to him installations in area in which raise objections to him the folds.

You varnish for cables.

You varnish them or steps of cable are joined prefabricated in section straights that they can unite

to form systems canalizations in general have available three types of varnishing for cables.

You varnish in passing.

Have an endless buttom, either aired or not aired and with wide standard of .30 and 60 cm, this

type is accustomed to him when the drivers are small and require of a completo. transport lateral

ingot drivers

You varnish stairs type.

These are of very simple construction consist of two lateral united ingots or connected for

individual thick bars, in general they is the custom as support for the cables of power it is

manufactured in wide standard of .,60 and 75 cm of materials of steel and aluminize.

You varnish canal type.

You these to be constituted of a section of canal aired they is the custom in general to support

cables of simple, multiple power or several cables of control, it is manufactured of steel or

aluminize with widthes of 7.5 or 10 cm.

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CONCLUSIONS

THE TECNICO DRAWING IS A LANGUAGE USED UNIVERSALLY FOR ARCHITECTS, INGENIERESES AND

TECNICOSES.

THANKS TO THIS LANGUAGE IT IS THAT CAN ELABORATE TO HIM THE DRAWING OF

CONSTRUCCION.

THE STEPS IT REQUIRES ARE VITAL IN ORDER THAT THEN SUFFER TO HIM THE LOST IN THE

CONSTRUCCION.

THIS LANGUAGE EXISTS FROM THE TIMES BUT ANCIENT THEREFORE POSSESSES A CERTAIN

DEGREE OF ACCURACY.

EACH PLANE IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE SINCE EVERYONE HAS DIFFERENT DESTINIES FOR YOUR

USE.

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BIBLIOGRAFIA

BOOK DE EL NAME: METODO PRACTICES OF TECNICO DRAWING

TOPIC OF THE BOOK: IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR THE TECNICO DRAWING.

AUTHOR: WILLIAM GARCIA

PUBLISHING: EXPRESION GRAFICA

DATE OF EDICION: JULY 2007