The Empirical Status of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

(REBT) Theory & Practice

1

Professor Daniel David, Ph.D.Professor Daniel David, Ph.D.Professor Daniel David, Ph.D.Professor Daniel David, Ph.D.

Professor, BabeBabeBabeBabeşşşş----Bolyai UniversityBolyai UniversityBolyai UniversityBolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Adjunct Professor, Ichan Ichan Ichan Ichan School of MedicineSchool of MedicineSchool of MedicineSchool of Medicine at Mount Sat Mount Sat Mount Sat Mount Siiiinainainainai, New York, USA

Director of Research, Albert Ellis InstituteAlbert Ellis InstituteAlbert Ellis InstituteAlbert Ellis Institute, New York, USA

NoteNoteNoteNote: This is an educational synoptic material. Therefore, for citation, please cite its source materials and/or the references included in the present synoptic material. Please feel free to download this REBT synopsis and use it in your research,

educational, academic, and training activities.

New York, January, 2014New York, January, 2014New York, January, 2014New York, January, 2014

Key References & ResourcesKey References & ResourcesKey References & ResourcesKey References & Resources

•Acknowledgement: This synopsis is based on the following source materials:

• David, D. (in press). Rational emotive behavior therapy. In R. L. Cautin & S. O. Lilienfeld

(Eds.), Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

• http://albertellis.org/rebt-in-the-context-of-modern-psychological-

research/

• David, D. (forthcoming 2014). Rational emotive behavior therapy. In D. S. Dunn (Ed.),

Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

• David, D., Lynn, S., & Ellis. A. (2010). Rational and irrational beliefs. Implications for

research, theory, and practice. New York, NY : Oxford University Press.

Note: Complementary to the above mentioned three key references, one can also check the following review:

David, D., Szentagotai, A., Kallay, E., & Macavei, B. (2005). A Synopsis of Rational Emotive Behaviour

Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and Applied Research. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior

Therapy, 3, 175-221.

______________________________________________

•Additional resources

•International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental

Health – http://www.psychotherapy.ro

• Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies

•Albert Ellis Institute – http://www.albertellis.org

• Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior

Therapy

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Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction ---- REBT & CBTREBT & CBTREBT & CBTREBT & CBT

�REBT and cognitive therapy/CT are REBT and cognitive therapy/CT are REBT and cognitive therapy/CT are REBT and cognitive therapy/CT are the foundational specific the foundational specific the foundational specific the foundational specific CBT approaches of the architecture of the general CBT CBT approaches of the architecture of the general CBT CBT approaches of the architecture of the general CBT CBT approaches of the architecture of the general CBT paradigmparadigmparadigmparadigm. Starting from this general CBT architecture, other . Starting from this general CBT architecture, other . Starting from this general CBT architecture, other . Starting from this general CBT architecture, other various specific CBT approaches were then derived (e.g., various specific CBT approaches were then derived (e.g., various specific CBT approaches were then derived (e.g., various specific CBT approaches were then derived (e.g., schema therapy, etc.).schema therapy, etc.).schema therapy, etc.).schema therapy, etc.).

�Thus, REBT cannot be compared to CBT, because Thus, REBT cannot be compared to CBT, because Thus, REBT cannot be compared to CBT, because Thus, REBT cannot be compared to CBT, because

REBT is CBT! REBT is CBT! REBT is CBT! REBT is CBT!

�However, REBT However, REBT However, REBT However, REBT can and should can and should can and should can and should be contrasted to other be contrasted to other be contrasted to other be contrasted to other specific CBT approaches (i.e., specific CBT approaches (i.e., specific CBT approaches (i.e., specific CBT approaches (i.e., ““““CBT schoolsCBT schoolsCBT schoolsCBT schools””””) such as:) such as:) such as:) such as:

�cognitive therapy/CT;cognitive therapy/CT;cognitive therapy/CT;cognitive therapy/CT;

�schema therapy/ST; schema therapy/ST; schema therapy/ST; schema therapy/ST;

�dialectic and behavior therapy/DBT;dialectic and behavior therapy/DBT;dialectic and behavior therapy/DBT;dialectic and behavior therapy/DBT;

�acceptance and commitment therapy/ACT .acceptance and commitment therapy/ACT .acceptance and commitment therapy/ACT .acceptance and commitment therapy/ACT .

3

REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory ---- Traditional ABC model of Traditional ABC model of Traditional ABC model of Traditional ABC model of REBTREBTREBTREBT (see Ellis, 1994)(see Ellis, 1994)(see Ellis, 1994)(see Ellis, 1994)

4

REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory ---- Traditional ABC model Traditional ABC model Traditional ABC model Traditional ABC model REBT continued REBT continued REBT continued REBT continued (see Ellis, 1994)(see Ellis, 1994)(see Ellis, 1994)(see Ellis, 1994)

5

Negative Event (A)Negative Event (A)Negative Event (A)Negative Event (A)

Rational Belief (rB)Rational Belief (rB)Rational Belief (rB)Rational Belief (rB)

Functional Negative Emotion / Functional Negative Emotion / Functional Negative Emotion / Functional Negative Emotion / Adaptive BehaviorAdaptive BehaviorAdaptive BehaviorAdaptive Behavior (C)(C)(C)(C)

Negative Event (A)Negative Event (A)Negative Event (A)Negative Event (A)

Irrational Belief (iB)Irrational Belief (iB)Irrational Belief (iB)Irrational Belief (iB)

Dysfunctional Negative Emotion /Dysfunctional Negative Emotion /Dysfunctional Negative Emotion /Dysfunctional Negative Emotion /

Maladaptive BehaviorMaladaptive BehaviorMaladaptive BehaviorMaladaptive Behavior (C)(C)(C)(C)

REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory –––– An Integrative Modern ABC An Integrative Modern ABC An Integrative Modern ABC An Integrative Modern ABC

Model of CBT/REBTModel of CBT/REBTModel of CBT/REBTModel of CBT/REBT (see David, in press)(see David, in press)(see David, in press)(see David, in press)

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REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory REBT Theory ---- Key rational (RB) & irrational Key rational (RB) & irrational Key rational (RB) & irrational Key rational (RB) & irrational

beliefs (IB) beliefs (IB) beliefs (IB) beliefs (IB) (see David et al., 2010)(see David et al., 2010)(see David et al., 2010)(see David et al., 2010)

•Demandingness (DEM)Demandingness (DEM)Demandingness (DEM)Demandingness (DEM)• Rigid thinkingRigid thinkingRigid thinkingRigid thinking

• A core IB (i.e., irrational primary appraisal mechanism)A core IB (i.e., irrational primary appraisal mechanism)A core IB (i.e., irrational primary appraisal mechanism)A core IB (i.e., irrational primary appraisal mechanism)

• Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is PREFERENCESPREFERENCESPREFERENCESPREFERENCES (i.e., flexible and accepting (i.e., flexible and accepting (i.e., flexible and accepting (i.e., flexible and accepting thinking/thinking/thinking/thinking/PREPREPREPRE))))

•Awfulizing (AWF ) / catastrophizing Awfulizing (AWF ) / catastrophizing Awfulizing (AWF ) / catastrophizing Awfulizing (AWF ) / catastrophizing • Thinking the worst thing that could happenThinking the worst thing that could happenThinking the worst thing that could happenThinking the worst thing that could happen

• A derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechanism)sm)sm)sm)

• Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is NONNONNONNON----CATASTROPHIZING CATASTROPHIZING CATASTROPHIZING CATASTROPHIZING (i.e., a nuanced evaluation (i.e., a nuanced evaluation (i.e., a nuanced evaluation (i.e., a nuanced evaluation of badness/of badness/of badness/of badness/BADBADBADBAD))))

•Low frustration tolerance (LFT) / frustration intolerance (FI)Low frustration tolerance (LFT) / frustration intolerance (FI)Low frustration tolerance (LFT) / frustration intolerance (FI)Low frustration tolerance (LFT) / frustration intolerance (FI)• A derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechanism)sm)sm)sm)

• Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE ((((FTFTFTFT))))

•Global evaluation (GE ) that could appear in the form of: Global evaluation (GE ) that could appear in the form of: Global evaluation (GE ) that could appear in the form of: Global evaluation (GE ) that could appear in the form of: • selfselfselfself----downing / selfdowning / selfdowning / selfdowning / self----depreciation (SD), depreciation (SD), depreciation (SD), depreciation (SD),

• other downing (OD), and/or other downing (OD), and/or other downing (OD), and/or other downing (OD), and/or

• life downing (LD). life downing (LD). life downing (LD). life downing (LD).

• A derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechaniA derivative IB (i.e., an irrational secondary appraisal mechanism)sm)sm)sm)

• Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is Alternative RB is UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE UNCONDITIONAL ACCEPTANCE ((((UAUAUAUA) in the form of:) in the form of:) in the form of:) in the form of:• unconditional selfunconditional selfunconditional selfunconditional self----acceptance (acceptance (acceptance (acceptance (USAUSAUSAUSA), ), ), ),

• unconditional other acceptance (unconditional other acceptance (unconditional other acceptance (unconditional other acceptance (UOAUOAUOAUOA), and/or), and/or), and/or), and/or

• unconditional life acceptance (unconditional life acceptance (unconditional life acceptance (unconditional life acceptance (ULAULAULAULA).).).).

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I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory ---- The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs

(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)

•DEM seems to be the irrational DEM seems to be the irrational DEM seems to be the irrational DEM seems to be the irrational PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY appraisal mechanism, from appraisal mechanism, from appraisal mechanism, from appraisal mechanism, from which (see for empirical support DiLorenzo et al., 2007; Hyland which (see for empirical support DiLorenzo et al., 2007; Hyland which (see for empirical support DiLorenzo et al., 2007; Hyland which (see for empirical support DiLorenzo et al., 2007; Hyland et al., et al., et al., et al., 2013)2013)2013)2013)

• irrational irrational irrational irrational SECONDARYSECONDARYSECONDARYSECONDARY appraisal mechanisms:appraisal mechanisms:appraisal mechanisms:appraisal mechanisms:

• AWF, AWF, AWF, AWF,

• LFT / FI, andLFT / FI, andLFT / FI, andLFT / FI, and

• GE in the form of SD, OD, and LD. GE in the form of SD, OD, and LD. GE in the form of SD, OD, and LD. GE in the form of SD, OD, and LD.

• are derived to generate distress.are derived to generate distress.are derived to generate distress.are derived to generate distress.

•Thus, while DEM is primary to distress, it is not proximal to itThus, while DEM is primary to distress, it is not proximal to itThus, while DEM is primary to distress, it is not proximal to itThus, while DEM is primary to distress, it is not proximal to it! ! ! !

•PRE seems to be the rational PRE seems to be the rational PRE seems to be the rational PRE seems to be the rational PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY PRIMARY appraisal mechanism, from appraisal mechanism, from appraisal mechanism, from appraisal mechanism, from which (see for empirical support Hyland et al., 2013a)which (see for empirical support Hyland et al., 2013a)which (see for empirical support Hyland et al., 2013a)which (see for empirical support Hyland et al., 2013a)

• rational rational rational rational SECONDARYSECONDARYSECONDARYSECONDARY appraisal mechanisms:appraisal mechanisms:appraisal mechanisms:appraisal mechanisms:

• BAD; BAD; BAD; BAD;

• FT; andFT; andFT; andFT; and

• UA in the form of USA, UOA, ULA. UA in the form of USA, UOA, ULA. UA in the form of USA, UOA, ULA. UA in the form of USA, UOA, ULA.

are derived to generate functional feelings. are derived to generate functional feelings. are derived to generate functional feelings. are derived to generate functional feelings.

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I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory ---- The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs

(continued) (continued) (continued) (continued) (see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)

•DEM (PRE), AWF (BAD), LFT/FI (FT), and GE (UA) are cognitive DEM (PRE), AWF (BAD), LFT/FI (FT), and GE (UA) are cognitive DEM (PRE), AWF (BAD), LFT/FI (FT), and GE (UA) are cognitive DEM (PRE), AWF (BAD), LFT/FI (FT), and GE (UA) are cognitive processes that could be applied to:processes that could be applied to:processes that could be applied to:processes that could be applied to:

• different contents (e.g., comfort, achievement etc.) and different contents (e.g., comfort, achievement etc.) and different contents (e.g., comfort, achievement etc.) and different contents (e.g., comfort, achievement etc.) and

• context (e.g., me, other, life), context (e.g., me, other, life), context (e.g., me, other, life), context (e.g., me, other, life),

• thus generating RBs and/or IBs.thus generating RBs and/or IBs.thus generating RBs and/or IBs.thus generating RBs and/or IBs.

•While DEM and GE/SD seem to be organized like schemas, While DEM and GE/SD seem to be organized like schemas, While DEM and GE/SD seem to be organized like schemas, While DEM and GE/SD seem to be organized like schemas, LFT/FI and AWF seem to be organized like propositional networks LFT/FI and AWF seem to be organized like propositional networks LFT/FI and AWF seem to be organized like propositional networks LFT/FI and AWF seem to be organized like propositional networks (see for empirical support Szentagotai et al. 2005). (see for empirical support Szentagotai et al. 2005). (see for empirical support Szentagotai et al. 2005). (see for empirical support Szentagotai et al. 2005).

• Other authors (e.g., DiGiuseppe, 1996) conceptualize all IBs Other authors (e.g., DiGiuseppe, 1996) conceptualize all IBs Other authors (e.g., DiGiuseppe, 1996) conceptualize all IBs Other authors (e.g., DiGiuseppe, 1996) conceptualize all IBs as evaluative schemas.as evaluative schemas.as evaluative schemas.as evaluative schemas.

•RBs and IBs are shaped during human development (David & RBs and IBs are shaped during human development (David & RBs and IBs are shaped during human development (David & RBs and IBs are shaped during human development (David & DiGiuseppe, 2010).DiGiuseppe, 2010).DiGiuseppe, 2010).DiGiuseppe, 2010).

• RBs and IBs are based on:RBs and IBs are based on:RBs and IBs are based on:RBs and IBs are based on:

• cultural/educational influences; andcultural/educational influences; andcultural/educational influences; andcultural/educational influences; and

• biological (e.g., evolutionary) predispositions.biological (e.g., evolutionary) predispositions.biological (e.g., evolutionary) predispositions.biological (e.g., evolutionary) predispositions.

• especially the IBsespecially the IBsespecially the IBsespecially the IBs

9

I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory ---- The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs (continued) (continued) (continued) (continued) (see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)

� REBT theory has been criticized as being too simplistic in arguiREBT theory has been criticized as being too simplistic in arguiREBT theory has been criticized as being too simplistic in arguiREBT theory has been criticized as being too simplistic in arguing that just a few classes of ng that just a few classes of ng that just a few classes of ng that just a few classes of

rational and irrational beliefs can explain the large variation rational and irrational beliefs can explain the large variation rational and irrational beliefs can explain the large variation rational and irrational beliefs can explain the large variation of mental disorders. Alternative of mental disorders. Alternative of mental disorders. Alternative of mental disorders. Alternative

and/or complementary CBT theories (i.e., cognitive therapy) haveand/or complementary CBT theories (i.e., cognitive therapy) haveand/or complementary CBT theories (i.e., cognitive therapy) haveand/or complementary CBT theories (i.e., cognitive therapy) have promoted specific cognitive promoted specific cognitive promoted specific cognitive promoted specific cognitive

models for each specific disorder. models for each specific disorder. models for each specific disorder. models for each specific disorder.

� For an interesting debate see Ellis, 2003 vs. Padesky & Beck, 20For an interesting debate see Ellis, 2003 vs. Padesky & Beck, 20For an interesting debate see Ellis, 2003 vs. Padesky & Beck, 20For an interesting debate see Ellis, 2003 vs. Padesky & Beck, 2003030303

� “…“…“…“…The REBT professionals reacted to these criticisms cogently, argThe REBT professionals reacted to these criticisms cogently, argThe REBT professionals reacted to these criticisms cogently, argThe REBT professionals reacted to these criticisms cogently, arguing that (1) by changing uing that (1) by changing uing that (1) by changing uing that (1) by changing

the core general irrational beliefs, one also changes the specifthe core general irrational beliefs, one also changes the specifthe core general irrational beliefs, one also changes the specifthe core general irrational beliefs, one also changes the specific cognitions involved in specific ic cognitions involved in specific ic cognitions involved in specific ic cognitions involved in specific

psychological problems; (2) rational and irrational beliefs are psychological problems; (2) rational and irrational beliefs are psychological problems; (2) rational and irrational beliefs are psychological problems; (2) rational and irrational beliefs are hot cognitions (i.e., appraisals), hot cognitions (i.e., appraisals), hot cognitions (i.e., appraisals), hot cognitions (i.e., appraisals),

while most of the specific investigated cognitions (i.e., automawhile most of the specific investigated cognitions (i.e., automawhile most of the specific investigated cognitions (i.e., automawhile most of the specific investigated cognitions (i.e., automatic thoughts) are cold cognitions; tic thoughts) are cold cognitions; tic thoughts) are cold cognitions; tic thoughts) are cold cognitions;

unless appraised, cold cognitions do not generate feelings, and unless appraised, cold cognitions do not generate feelings, and unless appraised, cold cognitions do not generate feelings, and unless appraised, cold cognitions do not generate feelings, and therefore rational and therefore rational and therefore rational and therefore rational and

irrational beliefs are core mechanisms involved in psychopatholoirrational beliefs are core mechanisms involved in psychopatholoirrational beliefs are core mechanisms involved in psychopatholoirrational beliefs are core mechanisms involved in psychopathology; (3) REBTgy; (3) REBTgy; (3) REBTgy; (3) REBT’’’’s reductionist s reductionist s reductionist s reductionist

approach, when used, is similar to neuroscience, where just a feapproach, when used, is similar to neuroscience, where just a feapproach, when used, is similar to neuroscience, where just a feapproach, when used, is similar to neuroscience, where just a few classes of neurotransmitters w classes of neurotransmitters w classes of neurotransmitters w classes of neurotransmitters

account for a large variation in symptoms and mental disorders; account for a large variation in symptoms and mental disorders; account for a large variation in symptoms and mental disorders; account for a large variation in symptoms and mental disorders; and (4) REBT actively seeks and (4) REBT actively seeks and (4) REBT actively seeks and (4) REBT actively seeks

out specific cognitions involved in specific psychological problout specific cognitions involved in specific psychological problout specific cognitions involved in specific psychological problout specific cognitions involved in specific psychological problems because they are part of a ems because they are part of a ems because they are part of a ems because they are part of a

comprehensive etiopathogenetic theory, although they might not bcomprehensive etiopathogenetic theory, although they might not bcomprehensive etiopathogenetic theory, although they might not bcomprehensive etiopathogenetic theory, although they might not be the core mechanismse the core mechanismse the core mechanismse the core mechanisms…”…”…”…”

(taken from David, 2014)(taken from David, 2014)(taken from David, 2014)(taken from David, 2014)

I. REBT theory I. REBT theory I. REBT theory I. REBT theory ---- The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs (continued) (continued) (continued) (continued) (see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2010)

� Sample of publications on this topic:Sample of publications on this topic:Sample of publications on this topic:Sample of publications on this topic:

� David, D., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2010). Social and cultural aspects David, D., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2010). Social and cultural aspects David, D., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2010). Social and cultural aspects David, D., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2010). Social and cultural aspects of rational of rational of rational of rational and irrational beliefs. A brief reconceptualisation. In D. Davidand irrational beliefs. A brief reconceptualisation. In D. Davidand irrational beliefs. A brief reconceptualisation. In D. Davidand irrational beliefs. A brief reconceptualisation. In D. David, S. J. Lynn, , S. J. Lynn, , S. J. Lynn, , S. J. Lynn, & A. Ellis, A. (Eds.). & A. Ellis, A. (Eds.). & A. Ellis, A. (Eds.). & A. Ellis, A. (Eds.). Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research,Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research,Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research,Rational and Irrational Beliefs: Research, Theory, and Theory, and Theory, and Theory, and Clinical PracticeClinical PracticeClinical PracticeClinical Practice. NY: Oxford University Press.. NY: Oxford University Press.. NY: Oxford University Press.. NY: Oxford University Press.

� DiGiuseppe, R. (1996). The nature of irrational and rational belDiGiuseppe, R. (1996). The nature of irrational and rational belDiGiuseppe, R. (1996). The nature of irrational and rational belDiGiuseppe, R. (1996). The nature of irrational and rational beliefs: progress iefs: progress iefs: progress iefs: progress in rational emotive behavior theory. in rational emotive behavior theory. in rational emotive behavior theory. in rational emotive behavior theory. Journal of RationalJournal of RationalJournal of RationalJournal of Rational----Emotive & Emotive & Emotive & Emotive & CognitiveCognitiveCognitiveCognitive----Behavior Therapy, 4, Behavior Therapy, 4, Behavior Therapy, 4, Behavior Therapy, 4, 5555----28.28.28.28.

� DiLorenzo, T .A., David, D., & Montgomery, G. H. (2007). The intDiLorenzo, T .A., David, D., & Montgomery, G. H. (2007). The intDiLorenzo, T .A., David, D., & Montgomery, G. H. (2007). The intDiLorenzo, T .A., David, D., & Montgomery, G. H. (2007). The interrelations errelations errelations errelations between irrational cognitive processes and distress in stressfulbetween irrational cognitive processes and distress in stressfulbetween irrational cognitive processes and distress in stressfulbetween irrational cognitive processes and distress in stressful academic academic academic academic settings. settings. settings. settings. Personality and Individual Differences, 42Personality and Individual Differences, 42Personality and Individual Differences, 42Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 765, 765, 765, 765----776.776.776.776.

� Hyland, P.,Hyland, P.,Hyland, P.,Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013). Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013). Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013). Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013). The The The The organization of irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress symptorganization of irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress symptorganization of irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress symptorganization of irrational beliefs in posttraumatic stress symptomology: omology: omology: omology: Testing the predictions of REBT theory using structural equationTesting the predictions of REBT theory using structural equationTesting the predictions of REBT theory using structural equationTesting the predictions of REBT theory using structural equationmodeling.modeling.modeling.modeling. Journal of Clinical PsychologyJournal of Clinical PsychologyJournal of Clinical PsychologyJournal of Clinical Psychology (in press)(in press)(in press)(in press) DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22009 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22009 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22009 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22009 (ISSN 1097(ISSN 1097(ISSN 1097(ISSN 1097----4679).4679).4679).4679).

� Hyland, P.,Hyland, P.,Hyland, P.,Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013a). The Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013a). The Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013a). The Shevlin, M., Adamson, G., & Boduszek, D. (2013a). The moderating role of rational beliefs in the relationship between moderating role of rational beliefs in the relationship between moderating role of rational beliefs in the relationship between moderating role of rational beliefs in the relationship between irrational irrational irrational irrational beliefs and posttraumatic stress symptomology. beliefs and posttraumatic stress symptomology. beliefs and posttraumatic stress symptomology. beliefs and posttraumatic stress symptomology. Behavioural and Cognitive Behavioural and Cognitive Behavioural and Cognitive Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy.Psychotherapy.Psychotherapy.Psychotherapy.(in press) DOI: 10.1017/S1352465813000064. (in press) DOI: 10.1017/S1352465813000064. (in press) DOI: 10.1017/S1352465813000064. (in press) DOI: 10.1017/S1352465813000064.

� Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, B., Kallay,Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, B., Kallay,Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, B., Kallay,Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, B., Kallay, E., & David, E., & David, E., & David, E., & David, D. (2005). The organization and the nature of irrational beliefsD. (2005). The organization and the nature of irrational beliefsD. (2005). The organization and the nature of irrational beliefsD. (2005). The organization and the nature of irrational beliefs: schemas or : schemas or : schemas or : schemas or appraisal? appraisal? appraisal? appraisal? Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2, 139, 139, 139, 139----158158158158....

11

I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory ---- The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs (continued): Testing the ABC Model(continued): Testing the ABC Model(continued): Testing the ABC Model(continued): Testing the ABC Model 12

I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory I. REBT Theory ---- The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs The Nature of RBs & IBs (continued): Results (continued): Results (continued): Results (continued): Results (DiLorenzo et al., 2007)(DiLorenzo et al., 2007)(DiLorenzo et al., 2007)(DiLorenzo et al., 2007)

13

II. REBT Theory II. REBT Theory II. REBT Theory II. REBT Theory ---- Assessment of RBs & IBsAssessment of RBs & IBsAssessment of RBs & IBsAssessment of RBs & IBs(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)

•Smith (1989) argued that many RB & IB scales were:Smith (1989) argued that many RB & IB scales were:Smith (1989) argued that many RB & IB scales were:Smith (1989) argued that many RB & IB scales were:• contaminated by affective items contaminated by affective items contaminated by affective items contaminated by affective items and/or and/or and/or and/or

• that they were that they were that they were that they were based on the older models based on the older models based on the older models based on the older models of the REBT of the REBT of the REBT of the REBT theory. theory. theory. theory.

•New generations of RB & IB measures were published New generations of RB & IB measures were published New generations of RB & IB measures were published New generations of RB & IB measures were published (see Bernard, 1998): (see Bernard, 1998): (see Bernard, 1998): (see Bernard, 1998):

• (1) containing cognitive items that are (1) containing cognitive items that are (1) containing cognitive items that are (1) containing cognitive items that are not contaminated by not contaminated by not contaminated by not contaminated by affective itemsaffective itemsaffective itemsaffective items; ; ; ;

• (2) differentiating the (2) differentiating the (2) differentiating the (2) differentiating the process of thought process of thought process of thought process of thought (e.g., DEM) from (e.g., DEM) from (e.g., DEM) from (e.g., DEM) from the the the the content of thought content of thought content of thought content of thought (e.g., DEM about achievement); (e.g., DEM about achievement); (e.g., DEM about achievement); (e.g., DEM about achievement);

• (3) making a clear distinction between descriptions, (3) making a clear distinction between descriptions, (3) making a clear distinction between descriptions, (3) making a clear distinction between descriptions, inferences, and evaluations (i.e., appraisal); and inferences, and evaluations (i.e., appraisal); and inferences, and evaluations (i.e., appraisal); and inferences, and evaluations (i.e., appraisal); and

• (4) separating the scores of rational and irrational beliefs (4) separating the scores of rational and irrational beliefs (4) separating the scores of rational and irrational beliefs (4) separating the scores of rational and irrational beliefs (they are not conceptualized as bipolar constructs(they are not conceptualized as bipolar constructs(they are not conceptualized as bipolar constructs(they are not conceptualized as bipolar constructs---- i.e., i.e., i.e., i.e., low low low low irrational beliefs scores do not mean high rational beliefs irrational beliefs scores do not mean high rational beliefs irrational beliefs scores do not mean high rational beliefs irrational beliefs scores do not mean high rational beliefs scoresscoresscoresscores). ). ). ).

14

II. REBT Theory II. REBT Theory II. REBT Theory II. REBT Theory ---- Assessment of RBs & IBs Assessment of RBs & IBs Assessment of RBs & IBs Assessment of RBs & IBs (continued) (continued) (continued) (continued) (see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)(see David, 2014; in press; David et al., 2005)

•Recently, research in the field started to be focused on:

• (1) the development of context specific (e.g., depression)

and/or individualized measures of RB & IBs (e.g., Solomon et

al., 2003; Solomon et al., 1998) and

• (2) on the measures based on indicators other than direct self-

reports (e.g., implicit measures based on articulated thoughts

during simulated situations – Szentagotai et al., 2008).

•Probably the best measures of RBs & IBs used today are:

• (1) the Short Form of the General Attitude and Beliefs Scale

(Linder et al., 1999) and

• (2) the Attitude and Belief Scale II (DiGiuseppe et al., 1988;

see also for a short form of it by Hyland et al., 2013b).

15

III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Other Cognitions on Other Cognitions on Other Cognitions on Other Cognitions (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•There is an important distinction between There is an important distinction between There is an important distinction between There is an important distinction between ““““hothothothot”””” (i.e., (i.e., (i.e., (i.e., appraisal/evaluations) and appraisal/evaluations) and appraisal/evaluations) and appraisal/evaluations) and ““““coldcoldcoldcold”””” (i.e., (i.e., (i.e., (i.e., descriptions/inferences) cognitionsdescriptions/inferences) cognitionsdescriptions/inferences) cognitionsdescriptions/inferences) cognitions (see David, 2003; (see David, 2003; (see David, 2003; (see David, 2003; Wessler, 1982)Wessler, 1982)Wessler, 1982)Wessler, 1982)

• RBs and IBs are RBs and IBs are RBs and IBs are RBs and IBs are ““““hothothothot”””” cognitionscognitionscognitionscognitions

•FourFourFourFour different possibilities for how cold and hot cognitions different possibilities for how cold and hot cognitions different possibilities for how cold and hot cognitions different possibilities for how cold and hot cognitions regarding the activating event can be related once activated regarding the activating event can be related once activated regarding the activating event can be related once activated regarding the activating event can be related once activated (David, 2003; David et al., 2010): (David, 2003; David et al., 2010): (David, 2003; David et al., 2010): (David, 2003; David et al., 2010):

• (1) (1) (1) (1) distorteddistorteddistorteddistorted representation of the event that is representation of the event that is representation of the event that is representation of the event that is negatively/irrationally appraised negatively/irrationally appraised negatively/irrationally appraised negatively/irrationally appraised ––––> emotional > emotional > emotional > emotional sufferingsufferingsufferingsuffering; ; ; ;

• (2) (2) (2) (2) nonnonnonnon----distorteddistorteddistorteddistorted representation that is representation that is representation that is representation that is negatively/irrationally appraised negatively/irrationally appraised negatively/irrationally appraised negatively/irrationally appraised ––––> emotional > emotional > emotional > emotional sufferingsufferingsufferingsuffering; ; ; ;

• (3) (3) (3) (3) distorted distorted distorted distorted representation that is representation that is representation that is representation that is nonnonnonnon----negatively negatively negatively negatively appraised appraised appraised appraised ––––> non> non> non> non----sufferingsufferingsufferingsuffering; and ; and ; and ; and

• (4) (4) (4) (4) nonnonnonnon----distorteddistorteddistorteddistorted representation that is representation that is representation that is representation that is nonnonnonnon----negatively appraised negatively appraised negatively appraised negatively appraised ––––> non> non> non> non----suffering.suffering.suffering.suffering..

16

III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Other Cognitions (continued)on Other Cognitions (continued)on Other Cognitions (continued)on Other Cognitions (continued)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•People having a People having a People having a People having a combinationcombinationcombinationcombination of IBs (of IBs (of IBs (of IBs (primary primary primary primary plus secondary irrational appraisalplus secondary irrational appraisalplus secondary irrational appraisalplus secondary irrational appraisal: DEM : DEM : DEM : DEM plus AWF; DEM plus FI; and/or DEM plus plus AWF; DEM plus FI; and/or DEM plus plus AWF; DEM plus FI; and/or DEM plus plus AWF; DEM plus FI; and/or DEM plus GE/SD):GE/SD):GE/SD):GE/SD):

• generate descriptions/inferences which generate descriptions/inferences which generate descriptions/inferences which generate descriptions/inferences which are are are are less functionalless functionalless functionalless functional than those generated by than those generated by than those generated by than those generated by people having rational beliefs and people having rational beliefs and people having rational beliefs and people having rational beliefs and

• the most proximal cause of dysfunctional the most proximal cause of dysfunctional the most proximal cause of dysfunctional the most proximal cause of dysfunctional descriptions/inferences of the irrational descriptions/inferences of the irrational descriptions/inferences of the irrational descriptions/inferences of the irrational beliefs structure is represented by the beliefs structure is represented by the beliefs structure is represented by the beliefs structure is represented by the secondary irrational appraisal secondary irrational appraisal secondary irrational appraisal secondary irrational appraisal mechanisms (AWF, mechanisms (AWF, mechanisms (AWF, mechanisms (AWF, LFT/LFT/LFT/LFT/FI, GE). FI, GE). FI, GE). FI, GE).

17

III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory III. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Other Cognitions (continued) on Other Cognitions (continued) on Other Cognitions (continued) on Other Cognitions (continued) (see David, 2014; (see David, 2014; (see David, 2014; (see David, 2014; in press)in press)in press)in press)

•During stressful situations, the general core During stressful situations, the general core During stressful situations, the general core During stressful situations, the general core IBs interact with various IBs interact with various IBs interact with various IBs interact with various specific activating specific activating specific activating specific activating events events events events generating specific automatic generating specific automatic generating specific automatic generating specific automatic thoughts that then further generate thoughts that then further generate thoughts that then further generate thoughts that then further generate distress.distress.distress.distress.

� see for empirical support: see for empirical support: see for empirical support: see for empirical support: Bond & Dryden, Bond & Dryden, Bond & Dryden, Bond & Dryden, 1996; Bond & Dryden, 2000; Bond et al., 1999; 1996; Bond & Dryden, 2000; Bond et al., 1999; 1996; Bond & Dryden, 2000; Bond et al., 1999; 1996; Bond & Dryden, 2000; Bond et al., 1999; Dryden et al., 1989; Dryden et al., 1989a; Dryden et al., 1989; Dryden et al., 1989a; Dryden et al., 1989; Dryden et al., 1989a; Dryden et al., 1989; Dryden et al., 1989a; Szentagotai & Freeman, 2007.Szentagotai & Freeman, 2007.Szentagotai & Freeman, 2007.Szentagotai & Freeman, 2007.

18

IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Human Feelings on Human Feelings on Human Feelings on Human Feelings (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•Main component of research in REBT theory due to: Main component of research in REBT theory due to: Main component of research in REBT theory due to: Main component of research in REBT theory due to:

• the the the the key role of emotions key role of emotions key role of emotions key role of emotions in clinical psychology andin clinical psychology andin clinical psychology andin clinical psychology and

• the fact that REBT is part of the the fact that REBT is part of the the fact that REBT is part of the the fact that REBT is part of the cognitive revolutioncognitive revolutioncognitive revolutioncognitive revolution in in in in

psychology in general (Lazarus, 1989), and in the clinical psychology in general (Lazarus, 1989), and in the clinical psychology in general (Lazarus, 1989), and in the clinical psychology in general (Lazarus, 1989), and in the clinical

field in particularfield in particularfield in particularfield in particular ((((Ellis, 1994)Ellis, 1994)Ellis, 1994)Ellis, 1994). . . .

•Dysfunctional feelings Dysfunctional feelings Dysfunctional feelings Dysfunctional feelings (e.g., (e.g., (e.g., (e.g., depressed mood, anxiety, depressed mood, anxiety, depressed mood, anxiety, depressed mood, anxiety,

anger, guiltanger, guiltanger, guiltanger, guilt) are themselves psychological problems ) are themselves psychological problems ) are themselves psychological problems ) are themselves psychological problems

(e.g., subclinical problems), (e.g., subclinical problems), (e.g., subclinical problems), (e.g., subclinical problems),

• but they are also part of various psychological disorders, but they are also part of various psychological disorders, but they are also part of various psychological disorders, but they are also part of various psychological disorders,

especially when they generate strong distress and/or especially when they generate strong distress and/or especially when they generate strong distress and/or especially when they generate strong distress and/or

disabilities.disabilities.disabilities.disabilities.

19

IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Human Feelingson Human Feelingson Human Feelingson Human Feelings: : : : Functional and Functional and Functional and Functional and Dysfunctional Negative Feelings Dysfunctional Negative Feelings Dysfunctional Negative Feelings Dysfunctional Negative Feelings (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•Two Two Two Two models of treating functional (e.g., sadness rather than models of treating functional (e.g., sadness rather than models of treating functional (e.g., sadness rather than models of treating functional (e.g., sadness rather than depression, concern rather than anxiety, annoyance rather than depression, concern rather than anxiety, annoyance rather than depression, concern rather than anxiety, annoyance rather than depression, concern rather than anxiety, annoyance rather than anger, remorse rather than guilt) and dysfunctional anger, remorse rather than guilt) and dysfunctional anger, remorse rather than guilt) and dysfunctional anger, remorse rather than guilt) and dysfunctional negative negative negative negative feelings feelings feelings feelings in REBT theory (see David, 2003; David & Cramer, 2010; Ellis & in REBT theory (see David, 2003; David & Cramer, 2010; Ellis & in REBT theory (see David, 2003; David & Cramer, 2010; Ellis & in REBT theory (see David, 2003; David & Cramer, 2010; Ellis & DiGiuseppe, 1993): DiGiuseppe, 1993): DiGiuseppe, 1993): DiGiuseppe, 1993):

• (1) a (1) a (1) a (1) a Unitary Model of Distress Unitary Model of Distress Unitary Model of Distress Unitary Model of Distress (i.e., the distinction is in terms (i.e., the distinction is in terms (i.e., the distinction is in terms (i.e., the distinction is in terms of intensity of intensity of intensity of intensity ---- based on Ellis & Harper, 1961; for support see based on Ellis & Harper, 1961; for support see based on Ellis & Harper, 1961; for support see based on Ellis & Harper, 1961; for support see Wessler, 1996) and Wessler, 1996) and Wessler, 1996) and Wessler, 1996) and

• (2) a (2) a (2) a (2) a Binary Model of Distress Binary Model of Distress Binary Model of Distress Binary Model of Distress (i.e., the distinction is in terms of (i.e., the distinction is in terms of (i.e., the distinction is in terms of (i.e., the distinction is in terms of quality and/or both quality and intensity quality and/or both quality and intensity quality and/or both quality and intensity quality and/or both quality and intensity –––– based on Ellis & based on Ellis & based on Ellis & based on Ellis & Harper, 1975; for empirical support see David et al., 2005a; Harper, 1975; for empirical support see David et al., 2005a; Harper, 1975; for empirical support see David et al., 2005a; Harper, 1975; for empirical support see David et al., 2005a; Harris et al., 2006).Harris et al., 2006).Harris et al., 2006).Harris et al., 2006).

•Previous debate in the REBT field was conducted under the Previous debate in the REBT field was conducted under the Previous debate in the REBT field was conducted under the Previous debate in the REBT field was conducted under the qualitative qualitative qualitative qualitative versus versus versus versus quantitative/intensityquantitative/intensityquantitative/intensityquantitative/intensity distinction in functional distinction in functional distinction in functional distinction in functional and dysfunctional negative feelings (see Ellis & DiGiuseppe, 199and dysfunctional negative feelings (see Ellis & DiGiuseppe, 199and dysfunctional negative feelings (see Ellis & DiGiuseppe, 199and dysfunctional negative feelings (see Ellis & DiGiuseppe, 1993). 3). 3). 3).

•The decision is not clear cut yet, although newer studies The decision is not clear cut yet, although newer studies The decision is not clear cut yet, although newer studies The decision is not clear cut yet, although newer studies favor the binary model of distress (see for a review favor the binary model of distress (see for a review favor the binary model of distress (see for a review favor the binary model of distress (see for a review David & Cramer, 2010).David & Cramer, 2010).David & Cramer, 2010).David & Cramer, 2010).

20

IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Human Feelings (continued) on Human Feelings (continued) on Human Feelings (continued) on Human Feelings (continued) (see David, 2003)(see David, 2003)(see David, 2003)(see David, 2003)

•An An An An etiopatogeneticetiopatogeneticetiopatogeneticetiopatogenetic guided relationship between guided relationship between guided relationship between guided relationship between

irrational beliefs and dysfunctional feeling:irrational beliefs and dysfunctional feeling:irrational beliefs and dysfunctional feeling:irrational beliefs and dysfunctional feeling:

� Anxiety symptoms: Anxiety symptoms: Anxiety symptoms: Anxiety symptoms:

� DEM+AWFDEM+AWFDEM+AWFDEM+AWF

� Depressive symptoms: Depressive symptoms: Depressive symptoms: Depressive symptoms:

� DEM+GE/SDDEM+GE/SDDEM+GE/SDDEM+GE/SD

� Guilt related symptoms: Guilt related symptoms: Guilt related symptoms: Guilt related symptoms:

� DEM (moral/personal code of conduct)+GE/SDDEM (moral/personal code of conduct)+GE/SDDEM (moral/personal code of conduct)+GE/SDDEM (moral/personal code of conduct)+GE/SD

� AngerAngerAngerAnger----out symptoms: out symptoms: out symptoms: out symptoms:

� DEM+LFT/FI+GE/ODDEM+LFT/FI+GE/ODDEM+LFT/FI+GE/ODDEM+LFT/FI+GE/OD/LD/LD/LD/LD

� AngerAngerAngerAnger----in symptoms: in symptoms: in symptoms: in symptoms:

� DEM+LFT/FI+GE/SDDEM+LFT/FI+GE/SDDEM+LFT/FI+GE/SDDEM+LFT/FI+GE/SD

21

IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory IV. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs The Impact of RBs & IBs on Human Feelings: Functional and on Human Feelings: Functional and on Human Feelings: Functional and on Human Feelings: Functional and Dysfunctional Positive Feelings Dysfunctional Positive Feelings Dysfunctional Positive Feelings Dysfunctional Positive Feelings (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•Despite the number of studies investigating Despite the number of studies investigating Despite the number of studies investigating Despite the number of studies investigating the impact of the impact of the impact of the impact of RBs and IBs RBs and IBs RBs and IBs RBs and IBs and/or REBT on and/or REBT on and/or REBT on and/or REBT on positive affect positive affect positive affect positive affect (see Schnur et al., 2009)(see Schnur et al., 2009)(see Schnur et al., 2009)(see Schnur et al., 2009)

• there are a lack of studies investigating there are a lack of studies investigating there are a lack of studies investigating there are a lack of studies investigating the distinction between the distinction between the distinction between the distinction between functional and functional and functional and functional and dysfunctional positive feelingsdysfunctional positive feelingsdysfunctional positive feelingsdysfunctional positive feelings

•More recently, this distinction has come More recently, this distinction has come More recently, this distinction has come More recently, this distinction has come under under under under empiricalempiricalempiricalempirical (Tiba & Szentagotai, 2005) (Tiba & Szentagotai, 2005) (Tiba & Szentagotai, 2005) (Tiba & Szentagotai, 2005) and and and and theoretical theoretical theoretical theoretical (Bernard et al., 2010; (Bernard et al., 2010; (Bernard et al., 2010; (Bernard et al., 2010; Szentagotai & David, 2013) Szentagotai & David, 2013) Szentagotai & David, 2013) Szentagotai & David, 2013) analyses/investigations.analyses/investigations.analyses/investigations.analyses/investigations.

22

V. REBT Theory: The Impact of RBs & IBs V. REBT Theory: The Impact of RBs & IBs V. REBT Theory: The Impact of RBs & IBs V. REBT Theory: The Impact of RBs & IBs on Human Behavior on Human Behavior on Human Behavior on Human Behavior (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•IBsIBsIBsIBs generate dysfunctional feelings that in turn facilitate generate dysfunctional feelings that in turn facilitate generate dysfunctional feelings that in turn facilitate generate dysfunctional feelings that in turn facilitate tendencies for maladaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)tendencies for maladaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)tendencies for maladaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)tendencies for maladaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)

• (e.g., avoidant and/or escape(e.g., avoidant and/or escape(e.g., avoidant and/or escape(e.g., avoidant and/or escape----based behaviors)based behaviors)based behaviors)based behaviors)

•RBsRBsRBsRBs generate functional feelings that in turn facilitate generate functional feelings that in turn facilitate generate functional feelings that in turn facilitate generate functional feelings that in turn facilitate adaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)adaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)adaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)adaptive behaviors (see Dryden, 2002)

• (e.g., problem(e.g., problem(e.g., problem(e.g., problem----solvingsolvingsolvingsolving----based behaviors)based behaviors)based behaviors)based behaviors)

•Rational and irrational beliefs can also influence behavior Rational and irrational beliefs can also influence behavior Rational and irrational beliefs can also influence behavior Rational and irrational beliefs can also influence behavior indirectlyindirectlyindirectlyindirectly, by the descriptions and inferences they generate , by the descriptions and inferences they generate , by the descriptions and inferences they generate , by the descriptions and inferences they generate and/or prime. and/or prime. and/or prime. and/or prime.

•Most of the studies support the impact of IBs/RBs on Most of the studies support the impact of IBs/RBs on Most of the studies support the impact of IBs/RBs on Most of the studies support the impact of IBs/RBs on human behaviors (e.g., Alden & Safran, 1978; Bonadies et human behaviors (e.g., Alden & Safran, 1978; Bonadies et human behaviors (e.g., Alden & Safran, 1978; Bonadies et human behaviors (e.g., Alden & Safran, 1978; Bonadies et al., 1984; Kombos et al., 1989; Prola, 1984; Schill et al., al., 1984; Kombos et al., 1989; Prola, 1984; Schill et al., al., 1984; Kombos et al., 1989; Prola, 1984; Schill et al., al., 1984; Kombos et al., 1989; Prola, 1984; Schill et al., 1978). Some negative and/or mixed results also exist (Rosin 1978). Some negative and/or mixed results also exist (Rosin 1978). Some negative and/or mixed results also exist (Rosin 1978). Some negative and/or mixed results also exist (Rosin & Nelson, 1983). For a comprehensive review see & Nelson, 1983). For a comprehensive review see & Nelson, 1983). For a comprehensive review see & Nelson, 1983). For a comprehensive review see Szentagotai & Jones, 2010.Szentagotai & Jones, 2010.Szentagotai & Jones, 2010.Szentagotai & Jones, 2010.

23

VI. REBT Theory VI. REBT Theory VI. REBT Theory VI. REBT Theory ---- The Impact of RBs and The Impact of RBs and The Impact of RBs and The Impact of RBs and IBs on Psychophysiological Indicators IBs on Psychophysiological Indicators IBs on Psychophysiological Indicators IBs on Psychophysiological Indicators (see (see (see (see David, 2014; in press)David, 2014; in press)David, 2014; in press)David, 2014; in press)

•The rThe rThe rThe relation between elation between elation between elation between RBsRBsRBsRBs & & & & IBsIBsIBsIBs and and and and psychophysiological psychophysiological psychophysiological psychophysiological indicators indicators indicators indicators is is is is complex complex complex complex and results are and results are and results are and results are mixedmixedmixedmixed

•High levels of IBs High levels of IBs High levels of IBs High levels of IBs are associated with are associated with are associated with are associated with high/intense high/intense high/intense high/intense physiological/emotional arousal (physiological/emotional arousal (physiological/emotional arousal (physiological/emotional arousal (Goldfried & Sobocinsky, 1975)Goldfried & Sobocinsky, 1975)Goldfried & Sobocinsky, 1975)Goldfried & Sobocinsky, 1975)

• Classical conditioning Classical conditioning Classical conditioning Classical conditioning has been used as a main explanation of has been used as a main explanation of has been used as a main explanation of has been used as a main explanation of the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between IBsIBsIBsIBs and and and and physiological arousal physiological arousal physiological arousal physiological arousal (e.g., (e.g., (e.g., (e.g., Master & Gershman, 1983). Master & Gershman, 1983). Master & Gershman, 1983). Master & Gershman, 1983).

• Other studies have also failed to support the irrational beliefsOther studies have also failed to support the irrational beliefsOther studies have also failed to support the irrational beliefsOther studies have also failed to support the irrational beliefs----arousal hypothesis (e.g., Craighead et al., 1979; Smith et al., arousal hypothesis (e.g., Craighead et al., 1979; Smith et al., arousal hypothesis (e.g., Craighead et al., 1979; Smith et al., arousal hypothesis (e.g., Craighead et al., 1979; Smith et al., 1984). 1984). 1984). 1984).

•There is support for a relationship between There is support for a relationship between There is support for a relationship between There is support for a relationship between IBsIBsIBsIBs and and and and plasma plasma plasma plasma level inflammatory markers level inflammatory markers level inflammatory markers level inflammatory markers (Papageorgiou et al., 2006)(Papageorgiou et al., 2006)(Papageorgiou et al., 2006)(Papageorgiou et al., 2006) and and and and between between between between IBs IBs IBs IBs and various and various and various and various psychosomaticpsychosomaticpsychosomaticpsychosomatic disorders and/or disorders and/or disorders and/or disorders and/or biological indicators biological indicators biological indicators biological indicators involved in somatic disorders (Woods & involved in somatic disorders (Woods & involved in somatic disorders (Woods & involved in somatic disorders (Woods & Lyons, 1990; Lyons & Woods, 1991).Lyons, 1990; Lyons & Woods, 1991).Lyons, 1990; Lyons & Woods, 1991).Lyons, 1990; Lyons & Woods, 1991).

•We need more specific predictions (a more detailed theory): We need more specific predictions (a more detailed theory): We need more specific predictions (a more detailed theory): We need more specific predictions (a more detailed theory): what psychophysiological indicators should be expected and what psychophysiological indicators should be expected and what psychophysiological indicators should be expected and what psychophysiological indicators should be expected and to be impacted by IBs/RBs; why and how?to be impacted by IBs/RBs; why and how?to be impacted by IBs/RBs; why and how?to be impacted by IBs/RBs; why and how?

24

VII. REBT theory: REBT & Related TheoriesVII. REBT theory: REBT & Related TheoriesVII. REBT theory: REBT & Related TheoriesVII. REBT theory: REBT & Related Theories(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•REBT theory is related to major psychological theories REBT theory is related to major psychological theories REBT theory is related to major psychological theories REBT theory is related to major psychological theories and clinical fields:and clinical fields:and clinical fields:and clinical fields:

� Emotional theories Emotional theories Emotional theories Emotional theories (e.g., appraisal theory, bi(e.g., appraisal theory, bi(e.g., appraisal theory, bi(e.g., appraisal theory, bi----factorial theory, emotional regulation paradigm factorial theory, emotional regulation paradigm factorial theory, emotional regulation paradigm factorial theory, emotional regulation paradigm etc.)etc.)etc.)etc.)

� Cristea, I., Szentagotai, A., Nagy, D., & David, Cristea, I., Szentagotai, A., Nagy, D., & David, Cristea, I., Szentagotai, A., Nagy, D., & David, Cristea, I., Szentagotai, A., Nagy, D., & David, D.D.D.D. (2012). The bottle is half empty and that's bad, but (2012). The bottle is half empty and that's bad, but (2012). The bottle is half empty and that's bad, but (2012). The bottle is half empty and that's bad, but not tragic: Differential not tragic: Differential not tragic: Differential not tragic: Differential effects of negative functional effects of negative functional effects of negative functional effects of negative functional reappraisal. reappraisal. reappraisal. reappraisal. Motivation and Emotions, 36Motivation and Emotions, 36Motivation and Emotions, 36Motivation and Emotions, 36, 550, 550, 550, 550----563. 563. 563. 563. DOI: 10.1007/s11031DOI: 10.1007/s11031DOI: 10.1007/s11031DOI: 10.1007/s11031----012012012012----9277927792779277----6666

� David, D., Schnur, J., & Birk, J. (2004). Functional and David, D., Schnur, J., & Birk, J. (2004). Functional and David, D., Schnur, J., & Birk, J. (2004). Functional and David, D., Schnur, J., & Birk, J. (2004). Functional and dysfunctional emotions in Ellisdysfunctional emotions in Ellisdysfunctional emotions in Ellisdysfunctional emotions in Ellis’’’’ cognitive theory; An cognitive theory; An cognitive theory; An cognitive theory; An empirical analysis. empirical analysis. empirical analysis. empirical analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 18Cognition and Emotion, 18Cognition and Emotion, 18Cognition and Emotion, 18, 869, 869, 869, 869----880.880.880.880.

� Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Szasz, P. L., Szentagotai, A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. The effect of emotion regulation strategies on anger. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49,Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49,Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49,Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 114114114114----119. 119. 119. 119.

25

VII. REBT theory VII. REBT theory VII. REBT theory VII. REBT theory ---- REBT & Related REBT & Related REBT & Related REBT & Related Theories (continued) Theories (continued) Theories (continued) Theories (continued) (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

� Cognitive sciences theoriesCognitive sciences theoriesCognitive sciences theoriesCognitive sciences theories

� Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, Szentagotai, A., Schnur, J., DiGiuseppe R., Macavei, B., Kallay, E., & David, D. (2005). The organization B., Kallay, E., & David, D. (2005). The organization B., Kallay, E., & David, D. (2005). The organization B., Kallay, E., & David, D. (2005). The organization and the nature of irrational beliefs: schemas or and the nature of irrational beliefs: schemas or and the nature of irrational beliefs: schemas or and the nature of irrational beliefs: schemas or appraisal? appraisal? appraisal? appraisal? Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychotherapies, 2Psychotherapies, 2Psychotherapies, 2Psychotherapies, 2, 139, 139, 139, 139----158158158158..... . . .

� Neuroscience and neurobiologyNeuroscience and neurobiologyNeuroscience and neurobiologyNeuroscience and neurobiology

� Cristea, I. et al. (2011). Brain correlates of rational Cristea, I. et al. (2011). Brain correlates of rational Cristea, I. et al. (2011). Brain correlates of rational Cristea, I. et al. (2011). Brain correlates of rational and irrational beliefs: an fMRI study of cognitive and irrational beliefs: an fMRI study of cognitive and irrational beliefs: an fMRI study of cognitive and irrational beliefs: an fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. reappraisal. reappraisal. reappraisal. Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of Presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Organization of Human Brain Mappingthe Organization of Human Brain Mappingthe Organization of Human Brain Mappingthe Organization of Human Brain Mapping, June , June , June , June 2011.2011.2011.2011.

� Papageorgiou, C., et al. (2006). Association between Papageorgiou, C., et al. (2006). Association between Papageorgiou, C., et al. (2006). Association between Papageorgiou, C., et al. (2006). Association between plasma inflammatory markers and irrational beliefs; plasma inflammatory markers and irrational beliefs; plasma inflammatory markers and irrational beliefs; plasma inflammatory markers and irrational beliefs; the ATTICA epidemiological study. the ATTICA epidemiological study. the ATTICA epidemiological study. the ATTICA epidemiological study. Progress in NeuroProgress in NeuroProgress in NeuroProgress in NeuroPsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 30, 30, 30, 30, 1496149614961496----1503.1503.1503.1503.

26

VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory ---- Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Training & Practice Training & Practice Training & Practice Training & Practice (see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)

•Generally, Generally, Generally, Generally, disputationdisputationdisputationdisputation (i.e., cognitive restructuring (i.e., cognitive restructuring (i.e., cognitive restructuring (i.e., cognitive restructuring of irrational beliefs into rational beliefs) of of irrational beliefs into rational beliefs) of of irrational beliefs into rational beliefs) of of irrational beliefs into rational beliefs) of DEMDEMDEMDEMshould be the first,should be the first,should be the first,should be the first,

• followed by the disputation of its derivatives (e.g., AWF, GE, followed by the disputation of its derivatives (e.g., AWF, GE, followed by the disputation of its derivatives (e.g., AWF, GE, followed by the disputation of its derivatives (e.g., AWF, GE, LFT/FI).LFT/FI).LFT/FI).LFT/FI).

• When DEM is strongly related to its derivatives, if one tries toWhen DEM is strongly related to its derivatives, if one tries toWhen DEM is strongly related to its derivatives, if one tries toWhen DEM is strongly related to its derivatives, if one tries todispute first the derivatives, they might be resistant to dispute first the derivatives, they might be resistant to dispute first the derivatives, they might be resistant to dispute first the derivatives, they might be resistant to change, because they are primed and maintained by DEM.change, because they are primed and maintained by DEM.change, because they are primed and maintained by DEM.change, because they are primed and maintained by DEM.

•The sole disputation of DEM might not be enough, The sole disputation of DEM might not be enough, The sole disputation of DEM might not be enough, The sole disputation of DEM might not be enough, especially if the derivatives:especially if the derivatives:especially if the derivatives:especially if the derivatives:

• (a) have a functional autonomy from DEM and/or (a) have a functional autonomy from DEM and/or (a) have a functional autonomy from DEM and/or (a) have a functional autonomy from DEM and/or

• (b) they are very vivid clinically. (b) they are very vivid clinically. (b) they are very vivid clinically. (b) they are very vivid clinically.

•Therefore, Therefore, Therefore, Therefore, the derivatives should be targeted toothe derivatives should be targeted toothe derivatives should be targeted toothe derivatives should be targeted too....

27

VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory ---- Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)

•Sometimes, the derivatives (e.g., AWF, LFT/FI, Sometimes, the derivatives (e.g., AWF, LFT/FI, Sometimes, the derivatives (e.g., AWF, LFT/FI, Sometimes, the derivatives (e.g., AWF, LFT/FI, GE/SD/OD/LD) may even have a GE/SD/OD/LD) may even have a GE/SD/OD/LD) may even have a GE/SD/OD/LD) may even have a functional autonomy functional autonomy functional autonomy functional autonomy from from from from DEM and thus, they are more vividly experienced by DEM and thus, they are more vividly experienced by DEM and thus, they are more vividly experienced by DEM and thus, they are more vividly experienced by clients than DEM. In this case: clients than DEM. In this case: clients than DEM. In this case: clients than DEM. In this case:

� First dispute the derivative and thenFirst dispute the derivative and thenFirst dispute the derivative and thenFirst dispute the derivative and then

� Dispute the DEM (i.e., to help your client Dispute the DEM (i.e., to help your client Dispute the DEM (i.e., to help your client Dispute the DEM (i.e., to help your client get get get get better rather better rather better rather better rather than only than only than only than only feel feel feel feel better).better).better).better).

� In this situation, an initial focus on DEM might be difficult In this situation, an initial focus on DEM might be difficult In this situation, an initial focus on DEM might be difficult In this situation, an initial focus on DEM might be difficult and/or clinically invalidating.and/or clinically invalidating.and/or clinically invalidating.and/or clinically invalidating.

� Some clients have difficulty identifying DEM, while the Some clients have difficulty identifying DEM, while the Some clients have difficulty identifying DEM, while the Some clients have difficulty identifying DEM, while the derivatives are very clear in their mind.derivatives are very clear in their mind.derivatives are very clear in their mind.derivatives are very clear in their mind.

•First use the traditional REBT techniques (e.g., logical, First use the traditional REBT techniques (e.g., logical, First use the traditional REBT techniques (e.g., logical, First use the traditional REBT techniques (e.g., logical, empirical, functional/pragmatic, behavioral, emotive), but empirical, functional/pragmatic, behavioral, emotive), but empirical, functional/pragmatic, behavioral, emotive), but empirical, functional/pragmatic, behavioral, emotive), but add and/or change to other new REBT techniques of add and/or change to other new REBT techniques of add and/or change to other new REBT techniques of add and/or change to other new REBT techniques of cognitive restructuring, depending on your client and/or cognitive restructuring, depending on your client and/or cognitive restructuring, depending on your client and/or cognitive restructuring, depending on your client and/or his/her problem:his/her problem:his/her problem:his/her problem:

� Metaphors; Meditation (e.g., Mindfulness); Spiritual Metaphors; Meditation (e.g., Mindfulness); Spiritual Metaphors; Meditation (e.g., Mindfulness); Spiritual Metaphors; Meditation (e.g., Mindfulness); Spiritual practices; Humor etc.practices; Humor etc.practices; Humor etc.practices; Humor etc.

28

VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory ----Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)

•General REBT might work first from changing General REBT might work first from changing General REBT might work first from changing General REBT might work first from changing descriptions/inferences to changing evaluations.descriptions/inferences to changing evaluations.descriptions/inferences to changing evaluations.descriptions/inferences to changing evaluations.

• Similar to cognitive therapySimilar to cognitive therapySimilar to cognitive therapySimilar to cognitive therapy’’’’s strategys strategys strategys strategy

• Elegant/specific REBT starts with the evaluations Elegant/specific REBT starts with the evaluations Elegant/specific REBT starts with the evaluations Elegant/specific REBT starts with the evaluations (e.g., descriptions/inferences remained unchanged as (e.g., descriptions/inferences remained unchanged as (e.g., descriptions/inferences remained unchanged as (e.g., descriptions/inferences remained unchanged as they have functional autonomy from evaluations) and they have functional autonomy from evaluations) and they have functional autonomy from evaluations) and they have functional autonomy from evaluations) and then, if necessary, you may focus on then, if necessary, you may focus on then, if necessary, you may focus on then, if necessary, you may focus on descriptions/inferences. descriptions/inferences. descriptions/inferences. descriptions/inferences.

•Typically, start with the elegant/specific REBT Typically, start with the elegant/specific REBT Typically, start with the elegant/specific REBT Typically, start with the elegant/specific REBT approach and then, depending on the clientapproach and then, depending on the clientapproach and then, depending on the clientapproach and then, depending on the client’’’’s s s s response, continue and/or switch to a general REBT response, continue and/or switch to a general REBT response, continue and/or switch to a general REBT response, continue and/or switch to a general REBT approach.approach.approach.approach.

29

VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory VIII. REBT Theory ----Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Implications for REBT Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)Training & Practice (continued)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)(see also DiGiuseppe, Doyle, Dryden, & Backx, 2013)

•In the cognitive restructuration, REBT In the cognitive restructuration, REBT In the cognitive restructuration, REBT In the cognitive restructuration, REBT typically starts from specific beliefs typically starts from specific beliefs typically starts from specific beliefs typically starts from specific beliefs

• (e.g., in the form of automatic thoughts, (e.g., in the form of automatic thoughts, (e.g., in the form of automatic thoughts, (e.g., in the form of automatic thoughts, be they specific distorted be they specific distorted be they specific distorted be they specific distorted descriptions/inferences and/or descriptions/inferences and/or descriptions/inferences and/or descriptions/inferences and/or –––– in its in its in its in its elegant form elegant form elegant form elegant form ---- specific evaluations in the specific evaluations in the specific evaluations in the specific evaluations in the form of specific irrational beliefs).form of specific irrational beliefs).form of specific irrational beliefs).form of specific irrational beliefs).

•and then move to core/general beliefs and then move to core/general beliefs and then move to core/general beliefs and then move to core/general beliefs • (e.g., be they general distorted (e.g., be they general distorted (e.g., be they general distorted (e.g., be they general distorted descriptions/inferences and/or descriptions/inferences and/or descriptions/inferences and/or descriptions/inferences and/or –––– in its in its in its in its elegant form elegant form elegant form elegant form ---- general evaluations in the general evaluations in the general evaluations in the general evaluations in the form of general irrational beliefs). form of general irrational beliefs). form of general irrational beliefs). form of general irrational beliefs).

30

REBT Practice: REBT Applied and REBT Practice: REBT Applied and REBT Practice: REBT Applied and REBT Practice: REBT Applied and Translational Research HistoryTranslational Research HistoryTranslational Research HistoryTranslational Research History (see David et al., (see David et al., (see David et al., (see David et al., 2005)2005)2005)2005)

•Empirical research in REBT practice has evolved and Empirical research in REBT practice has evolved and Empirical research in REBT practice has evolved and Empirical research in REBT practice has evolved and developed over three periods : (1) before 1970, (2) between developed over three periods : (1) before 1970, (2) between developed over three periods : (1) before 1970, (2) between developed over three periods : (1) before 1970, (2) between 1970 and 1980, and (3) from the end of the 1980s/beginning 1970 and 1980, and (3) from the end of the 1980s/beginning 1970 and 1980, and (3) from the end of the 1980s/beginning 1970 and 1980, and (3) from the end of the 1980s/beginning of the 1990s to present.of the 1990s to present.of the 1990s to present.of the 1990s to present.

•Prior to 1970, rigorous empirical research regarding REBT Prior to 1970, rigorous empirical research regarding REBT Prior to 1970, rigorous empirical research regarding REBT Prior to 1970, rigorous empirical research regarding REBT practice was infrequently conducted; most of these studies practice was infrequently conducted; most of these studies practice was infrequently conducted; most of these studies practice was infrequently conducted; most of these studies were case studies or studies with quasiwere case studies or studies with quasiwere case studies or studies with quasiwere case studies or studies with quasi----experimental design. experimental design. experimental design. experimental design.

•After 1970, a series of better controlled clinical outcome After 1970, a series of better controlled clinical outcome After 1970, a series of better controlled clinical outcome After 1970, a series of better controlled clinical outcome studies were conducted. However, most of them were transstudies were conducted. However, most of them were transstudies were conducted. However, most of them were transstudies were conducted. However, most of them were trans----diagnostic (rather than psychiatric categorydiagnostic (rather than psychiatric categorydiagnostic (rather than psychiatric categorydiagnostic (rather than psychiatric category----based) and/or based) and/or based) and/or based) and/or effectiveness (e.g., how REBT works in real clinical settings), effectiveness (e.g., how REBT works in real clinical settings), effectiveness (e.g., how REBT works in real clinical settings), effectiveness (e.g., how REBT works in real clinical settings), rather than efficacy (e.g., how REBT works in wellrather than efficacy (e.g., how REBT works in wellrather than efficacy (e.g., how REBT works in wellrather than efficacy (e.g., how REBT works in well----controlled conditions) focused.controlled conditions) focused.controlled conditions) focused.controlled conditions) focused.� This strategy did not help REBT to move quickly into This strategy did not help REBT to move quickly into This strategy did not help REBT to move quickly into This strategy did not help REBT to move quickly into the evidencethe evidencethe evidencethe evidence----based psychotherapy lists, which were based psychotherapy lists, which were based psychotherapy lists, which were based psychotherapy lists, which were more focused on categorical diagnosis and efficacy more focused on categorical diagnosis and efficacy more focused on categorical diagnosis and efficacy more focused on categorical diagnosis and efficacy studies.studies.studies.studies.

� However, these studies should be reHowever, these studies should be reHowever, these studies should be reHowever, these studies should be re----evaluated today, as evaluated today, as evaluated today, as evaluated today, as the new tendency in the field (including financial the new tendency in the field (including financial the new tendency in the field (including financial the new tendency in the field (including financial agencies like National Institutes of Health) is to agencies like National Institutes of Health) is to agencies like National Institutes of Health) is to agencies like National Institutes of Health) is to stimulate transstimulate transstimulate transstimulate trans----diagnostic and effectivenessdiagnostic and effectivenessdiagnostic and effectivenessdiagnostic and effectiveness––––based based based based research.research.research.research.

31

REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice ---- REBT Applied and REBT Applied and REBT Applied and REBT Applied and Translational Research History (continued) Translational Research History (continued) Translational Research History (continued) Translational Research History (continued) (see David et al., 2005)(see David et al., 2005)(see David et al., 2005)(see David et al., 2005)

•Starting with the end of the Starting with the end of the Starting with the end of the Starting with the end of the 1980s/beginning of the 1990s, REBT clinical 1980s/beginning of the 1990s, REBT clinical 1980s/beginning of the 1990s, REBT clinical 1980s/beginning of the 1990s, REBT clinical outcome studies have more and more strictly outcome studies have more and more strictly outcome studies have more and more strictly outcome studies have more and more strictly adhered to rigorous methodological criteria adhered to rigorous methodological criteria adhered to rigorous methodological criteria adhered to rigorous methodological criteria (e.g., randomized clinical trials (e.g., randomized clinical trials (e.g., randomized clinical trials (e.g., randomized clinical trials methodology). methodology). methodology). methodology). � It started to push REBT into the various It started to push REBT into the various It started to push REBT into the various It started to push REBT into the various evidenceevidenceevidenceevidence----based psychotherapy lists.based psychotherapy lists.based psychotherapy lists.based psychotherapy lists.

32

REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice ---- REBT Applied and REBT Applied and REBT Applied and REBT Applied and Translational Research History (continued)Translational Research History (continued)Translational Research History (continued)Translational Research History (continued)

� Barlow (2004) made a key distinction between general Barlow (2004) made a key distinction between general Barlow (2004) made a key distinction between general Barlow (2004) made a key distinction between general psychotherapy (e.g., REBT) and psychological treatments (e.g., psychotherapy (e.g., REBT) and psychological treatments (e.g., psychotherapy (e.g., REBT) and psychological treatments (e.g., psychotherapy (e.g., REBT) and psychological treatments (e.g., various REBT psychological treatments). various REBT psychological treatments). various REBT psychological treatments). various REBT psychological treatments). � Psychotherapy is the generic name for a psychological approach Psychotherapy is the generic name for a psychological approach Psychotherapy is the generic name for a psychological approach Psychotherapy is the generic name for a psychological approach

dealing with (1) human optimization/development, (2) health dealing with (1) human optimization/development, (2) health dealing with (1) human optimization/development, (2) health dealing with (1) human optimization/development, (2) health promotions and disorder prevention, and/or (3) the treatment of promotions and disorder prevention, and/or (3) the treatment of promotions and disorder prevention, and/or (3) the treatment of promotions and disorder prevention, and/or (3) the treatment of clinical clinical clinical clinical conditions involving psychological factors in their etiopathogenconditions involving psychological factors in their etiopathogenconditions involving psychological factors in their etiopathogenconditions involving psychological factors in their etiopathogenetic etic etic etic mechanisms. It is often related to one of the following mechanisms. It is often related to one of the following mechanisms. It is often related to one of the following mechanisms. It is often related to one of the following traditions/paradigms: (1) dynamictraditions/paradigms: (1) dynamictraditions/paradigms: (1) dynamictraditions/paradigms: (1) dynamic----psychoanalytical paradigm (e.g., psychoanalytical paradigm (e.g., psychoanalytical paradigm (e.g., psychoanalytical paradigm (e.g., psychoanalysis); (2) humanisticpsychoanalysis); (2) humanisticpsychoanalysis); (2) humanisticpsychoanalysis); (2) humanistic----existentialexistentialexistentialexistential----experiential paradigm (e.g., experiential paradigm (e.g., experiential paradigm (e.g., experiential paradigm (e.g., clientclientclientclient----centered therapy), and/or cognitivecentered therapy), and/or cognitivecentered therapy), and/or cognitivecentered therapy), and/or cognitive----behavioral paradigm (e.g., behavioral paradigm (e.g., behavioral paradigm (e.g., behavioral paradigm (e.g., rational emotive behavioral therapy).rational emotive behavioral therapy).rational emotive behavioral therapy).rational emotive behavioral therapy).

� Psychological treatments (e.g., REBT psychological treatment forPsychological treatments (e.g., REBT psychological treatment forPsychological treatments (e.g., REBT psychological treatment forPsychological treatments (e.g., REBT psychological treatment formajor depression) are specific interventions, more or less manuamajor depression) are specific interventions, more or less manuamajor depression) are specific interventions, more or less manuamajor depression) are specific interventions, more or less manualized lized lized lized in clinical protocols, which target more or less homogenous clinin clinical protocols, which target more or less homogenous clinin clinical protocols, which target more or less homogenous clinin clinical protocols, which target more or less homogenous clinical ical ical ical conditions, derived from a generic psychotherapy (e.g., REBT).conditions, derived from a generic psychotherapy (e.g., REBT).conditions, derived from a generic psychotherapy (e.g., REBT).conditions, derived from a generic psychotherapy (e.g., REBT).

� Following this framework, various REBT psychological Following this framework, various REBT psychological Following this framework, various REBT psychological Following this framework, various REBT psychological treatments, derived for more or less specific clinical conditiontreatments, derived for more or less specific clinical conditiontreatments, derived for more or less specific clinical conditiontreatments, derived for more or less specific clinical conditions s s s from the general REBT framework (i.e., see the ABC model), from the general REBT framework (i.e., see the ABC model), from the general REBT framework (i.e., see the ABC model), from the general REBT framework (i.e., see the ABC model), were tested under the name of were tested under the name of were tested under the name of were tested under the name of ““““REBTREBTREBTREBT”””” or or or or ““““CBTCBTCBTCBT””””....

I.I.I.I. REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice ---- REBT as CBTREBT as CBTREBT as CBTREBT as CBT(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

REBT is the foundational form of the CBT and thus, REBT is the foundational form of the CBT and thus, REBT is the foundational form of the CBT and thus, REBT is the foundational form of the CBT and thus, often it is called in the literature CBT. See below often it is called in the literature CBT. See below often it is called in the literature CBT. See below often it is called in the literature CBT. See below such examples of publications:such examples of publications:such examples of publications:such examples of publications:

� Emmelkamp, P. M., & Beebs, H. (1991). Emmelkamp, P. M., & Beebs, H. (1991). Emmelkamp, P. M., & Beebs, H. (1991). Emmelkamp, P. M., & Beebs, H. (1991). Cognitive therapy with Cognitive therapy with Cognitive therapy with Cognitive therapy with obsessiveobsessiveobsessiveobsessive----compulsive disorder: A comparative evaluation. compulsive disorder: A comparative evaluation. compulsive disorder: A comparative evaluation. compulsive disorder: A comparative evaluation. Behavioral Behavioral Behavioral Behavioral Research and Therapy, 29,Research and Therapy, 29,Research and Therapy, 29,Research and Therapy, 29, 293293293293----300. 300. 300. 300.

� This article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also includeThis article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also includeThis article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also includeThis article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also included d d d in the APA Division 12 Researchin the APA Division 12 Researchin the APA Division 12 Researchin the APA Division 12 Research----Supported Psychological Supported Psychological Supported Psychological Supported Psychological Treatments list.Treatments list.Treatments list.Treatments list.

� GaviGaviGaviGaviţţţţa, O. A, David, D., Bujoreanu, a, O. A, David, D., Bujoreanu, a, O. A, David, D., Bujoreanu, a, O. A, David, D., Bujoreanu, S., Tiba, A., & IonuS., Tiba, A., & IonuS., Tiba, A., & IonuS., Tiba, A., & Ionuţţţţiu D. iu D. iu D. iu D. (2012).(2012).(2012).(2012). The efficacy of a short cognitiveThe efficacy of a short cognitiveThe efficacy of a short cognitiveThe efficacy of a short cognitive----behavioral parent program in behavioral parent program in behavioral parent program in behavioral parent program in the treatment of externalizing behavior disorders in Romanian fothe treatment of externalizing behavior disorders in Romanian fothe treatment of externalizing behavior disorders in Romanian fothe treatment of externalizing behavior disorders in Romanian foster ster ster ster care children: Building parental emotioncare children: Building parental emotioncare children: Building parental emotioncare children: Building parental emotion----regulation through regulation through regulation through regulation through unconditional selfunconditional selfunconditional selfunconditional self---- and childand childand childand child----acceptance strategies. acceptance strategies. acceptance strategies. acceptance strategies. Children and Youth Children and Youth Children and Youth Children and Youth Services ReviewServices ReviewServices ReviewServices Review, , , , 34 34 34 34 (2), 1290(2), 1290(2), 1290(2), 1290----1297. 1297. 1297. 1297.

� Gould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., & YaGould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., & YaGould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., & YaGould, R. A., Buckminster, S., Pollack, M. H., Otto, M. W., & Yap, L. p, L. p, L. p, L. (1997). Cognitive(1997). Cognitive(1997). Cognitive(1997). Cognitive----behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social behavioral and pharmacological treatment for social phobia: A metaphobia: A metaphobia: A metaphobia: A meta----analysis. analysis. analysis. analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 4, 4, 4, 4, 291291291291----306.306.306.306.

34

I.I.I.I. REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice ---- REBT as CBT REBT as CBT REBT as CBT REBT as CBT (continued) (continued) (continued) (continued) (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

� Mersch, P. P., Emmelkamp, P. M., Bogels, S. M., & van der Sleen,Mersch, P. P., Emmelkamp, P. M., Bogels, S. M., & van der Sleen,Mersch, P. P., Emmelkamp, P. M., Bogels, S. M., & van der Sleen,Mersch, P. P., Emmelkamp, P. M., Bogels, S. M., & van der Sleen, J. J. J. J. (1989). (1989). (1989). (1989). Social phobia: individual response patterns and the effects of Social phobia: individual response patterns and the effects of Social phobia: individual response patterns and the effects of Social phobia: individual response patterns and the effects of behavioral and cognitive interventions. behavioral and cognitive interventions. behavioral and cognitive interventions. behavioral and cognitive interventions. Behavior Research and Therapy, Behavior Research and Therapy, Behavior Research and Therapy, Behavior Research and Therapy, 27272727, 421, 421, 421, 421----434.434.434.434.� This article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also includeThis article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also includeThis article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also includeThis article argued for the efficacy of REBT; it is also included in the d in the d in the d in the

APA Division 12 ResearchAPA Division 12 ResearchAPA Division 12 ResearchAPA Division 12 Research----Supported Psychological Treatments list.Supported Psychological Treatments list.Supported Psychological Treatments list.Supported Psychological Treatments list.

� Montgomery, G.H. et al. (2009). Montgomery, G.H. et al. (2009). Montgomery, G.H. et al. (2009). Montgomery, G.H. et al. (2009). Fatigue during breast cancer Fatigue during breast cancer Fatigue during breast cancer Fatigue during breast cancer radiotherapy: An initial randomized study of cognitiveradiotherapy: An initial randomized study of cognitiveradiotherapy: An initial randomized study of cognitiveradiotherapy: An initial randomized study of cognitive----behavioral therapy behavioral therapy behavioral therapy behavioral therapy plus hypnosisplus hypnosisplus hypnosisplus hypnosis.... Health Psychology, 3,Health Psychology, 3,Health Psychology, 3,Health Psychology, 3, 317317317317----322.322.322.322.

� Montgomery, G. H. et al. (in press). A Randomized Clinical TrialMontgomery, G. H. et al. (in press). A Randomized Clinical TrialMontgomery, G. H. et al. (in press). A Randomized Clinical TrialMontgomery, G. H. et al. (in press). A Randomized Clinical Trial of a of a of a of a CognitiveCognitiveCognitiveCognitive----Behavioral Therapy plus Hypnosis Intervention to Control Behavioral Therapy plus Hypnosis Intervention to Control Behavioral Therapy plus Hypnosis Intervention to Control Behavioral Therapy plus Hypnosis Intervention to Control Fatigue in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Patients. Fatigue in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Patients. Fatigue in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Patients. Fatigue in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy Patients. Journal of Clinical Journal of Clinical Journal of Clinical Journal of Clinical OncologyOncologyOncologyOncology (Impact factor = 18.34). (Impact factor = 18.34). (Impact factor = 18.34). (Impact factor = 18.34).

� Schnur, J.B., David, D., Kangas, M., Green, S., Bovbjerg, D. M.,Schnur, J.B., David, D., Kangas, M., Green, S., Bovbjerg, D. M.,Schnur, J.B., David, D., Kangas, M., Green, S., Bovbjerg, D. M.,Schnur, J.B., David, D., Kangas, M., Green, S., Bovbjerg, D. M., & & & & Montgomery, G. M. (2009). Montgomery, G. M. (2009). Montgomery, G. M. (2009). Montgomery, G. M. (2009). A randomized trial of a cognitiveA randomized trial of a cognitiveA randomized trial of a cognitiveA randomized trial of a cognitive----behavioral behavioral behavioral behavioral therapy and hypnosis intervention on positive and negative affectherapy and hypnosis intervention on positive and negative affectherapy and hypnosis intervention on positive and negative affectherapy and hypnosis intervention on positive and negative affect during t during t during t during breast cancer radiotherapybreast cancer radiotherapybreast cancer radiotherapybreast cancer radiotherapy. . . . Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65,Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65,Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65,Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65,443443443443----455.455.455.455.

35

I.I.I.I. REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice REBT Practice ---- REBT as CBT REBT as CBT REBT as CBT REBT as CBT (continued(continued(continued(continued) (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

� Shapiro, D. A., & Shapiro, D. (1982). Shapiro, D. A., & Shapiro, D. (1982). Shapiro, D. A., & Shapiro, D. (1982). Shapiro, D. A., & Shapiro, D. (1982). MetaMetaMetaMeta----analysis of comparative analysis of comparative analysis of comparative analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement. PsychologicalPsychologicalPsychologicalPsychological Bulletin, 92, Bulletin, 92, Bulletin, 92, Bulletin, 92, 581581581581----604.604.604.604.

� Meaden, A. Keen, N., Aston, R., Barton, K., & Bucci, S. (2013). Meaden, A. Keen, N., Aston, R., Barton, K., & Bucci, S. (2013). Meaden, A. Keen, N., Aston, R., Barton, K., & Bucci, S. (2013). Meaden, A. Keen, N., Aston, R., Barton, K., & Bucci, S. (2013). Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations.Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations.Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations.Cognitive Therapy for Command Hallucinations. London: London: London: London: Routledge.Routledge.Routledge.Routledge.

� The protocol includes a REBT module. For details about the use The protocol includes a REBT module. For details about the use The protocol includes a REBT module. For details about the use The protocol includes a REBT module. For details about the use of REBT in psychoses see here: of REBT in psychoses see here: of REBT in psychoses see here: of REBT in psychoses see here:

� http://albertellis.org/rebtcbthttp://albertellis.org/rebtcbthttp://albertellis.org/rebtcbthttp://albertellis.org/rebtcbt----psychosespsychosespsychosespsychoses----manuals/manuals/manuals/manuals/

� The List of Empirically Supported Treatments The List of Empirically Supported Treatments The List of Empirically Supported Treatments The List of Empirically Supported Treatments ---- Division 12 of the Division 12 of the Division 12 of the Division 12 of the

American Psychological Association: American Psychological Association: American Psychological Association: American Psychological Association:

� Various empiricallyVarious empiricallyVarious empiricallyVarious empirically----supported treatments and/or researchsupported treatments and/or researchsupported treatments and/or researchsupported treatments and/or research----based based based based

psychological treatments based on CBT practically also include psychological treatments based on CBT practically also include psychological treatments based on CBT practically also include psychological treatments based on CBT practically also include

REBT components (see for example CBT for irritable bowel REBT components (see for example CBT for irritable bowel REBT components (see for example CBT for irritable bowel REBT components (see for example CBT for irritable bowel

syndrome: syndrome: syndrome: syndrome:

http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/rev_est/cbt_ibs.htmlhttp://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/rev_est/cbt_ibs.htmlhttp://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/rev_est/cbt_ibs.htmlhttp://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/rev_est/cbt_ibs.html))))

36

II. REBT Practice II. REBT Practice II. REBT Practice II. REBT Practice ---- REBT in Qualitative REBT in Qualitative REBT in Qualitative REBT in Qualitative Reviews as REBT Reviews as REBT Reviews as REBT Reviews as REBT (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•These qualitative reviews offered support for the idea that These qualitative reviews offered support for the idea that These qualitative reviews offered support for the idea that These qualitative reviews offered support for the idea that REBT practice is REBT practice is REBT practice is REBT practice is efficaciousefficaciousefficaciousefficacious, and formulated weaknesses of REBT research and suggestions , and formulated weaknesses of REBT research and suggestions , and formulated weaknesses of REBT research and suggestions , and formulated weaknesses of REBT research and suggestions

for future developments:for future developments:for future developments:for future developments:

� DiGiuseppe, R., Miller, N. J., & Trexler, L. D. (1977). DiGiuseppe, R., Miller, N. J., & Trexler, L. D. (1977). DiGiuseppe, R., Miller, N. J., & Trexler, L. D. (1977). DiGiuseppe, R., Miller, N. J., & Trexler, L. D. (1977). A review of rational A review of rational A review of rational A review of rational emotive psychotherapy studies. emotive psychotherapy studies. emotive psychotherapy studies. emotive psychotherapy studies. The Counseling Psychologist, 7,The Counseling Psychologist, 7,The Counseling Psychologist, 7,The Counseling Psychologist, 7, 64646464----72.72.72.72.

� Zettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1980). Conceptual and empirical sZettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1980). Conceptual and empirical sZettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1980). Conceptual and empirical sZettle, R. D., & Hayes, S. C. (1980). Conceptual and empirical status of tatus of tatus of tatus of rationalrationalrationalrational----emotive therapy. emotive therapy. emotive therapy. emotive therapy. Progress in Behaviour Modification, 9Progress in Behaviour Modification, 9Progress in Behaviour Modification, 9Progress in Behaviour Modification, 9, 125, 125, 125, 125----166.166.166.166.

� Smith, T. W. (1982). Irrational beliefs in the cause and treatmeSmith, T. W. (1982). Irrational beliefs in the cause and treatmeSmith, T. W. (1982). Irrational beliefs in the cause and treatmeSmith, T. W. (1982). Irrational beliefs in the cause and treatment of nt of nt of nt of emotional distress: A critical review of the rationalemotional distress: A critical review of the rationalemotional distress: A critical review of the rationalemotional distress: A critical review of the rational----emotive model. emotive model. emotive model. emotive model. Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Psychology Review, 2,Psychology Review, 2,Psychology Review, 2,Psychology Review, 2, 505505505505----522.522.522.522.

� Haaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989). Slow progress in ratiHaaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989). Slow progress in ratiHaaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989). Slow progress in ratiHaaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989). Slow progress in rationalonalonalonal----emotive emotive emotive emotive therapy outcome research: Etiology and treatment. therapy outcome research: Etiology and treatment. therapy outcome research: Etiology and treatment. therapy outcome research: Etiology and treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13,Research, 13,Research, 13,Research, 13, 493493493493----508.508.508.508.

� Haaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989a). Outcome studies of rHaaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989a). Outcome studies of rHaaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989a). Outcome studies of rHaaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1989a). Outcome studies of rational ational ational ational emotive therapy. In M. E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), emotive therapy. In M. E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), emotive therapy. In M. E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), emotive therapy. In M. E. Bernard & R. DiGiuseppe (Eds.), Inside rationalInside rationalInside rationalInside rational----emotive therapy: A critical appraisal of the theory and therapy emotive therapy: A critical appraisal of the theory and therapy emotive therapy: A critical appraisal of the theory and therapy emotive therapy: A critical appraisal of the theory and therapy of Albert of Albert of Albert of Albert EllisEllisEllisEllis, New York: Academic Press., New York: Academic Press., New York: Academic Press., New York: Academic Press.

� Haaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1993). Haaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1993). Haaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1993). Haaga, D. A. F., & Davidson, G. C. (1993). An appraisal of rationalAn appraisal of rationalAn appraisal of rationalAn appraisal of rational----emotive emotive emotive emotive therapy. therapy. therapy. therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 215, 215, 215, 215----220.220.220.220.

� David, D., Szentagotai, A., Kallay, E., & Macavei, B., (2005). ADavid, D., Szentagotai, A., Kallay, E., & Macavei, B., (2005). ADavid, D., Szentagotai, A., Kallay, E., & Macavei, B., (2005). ADavid, D., Szentagotai, A., Kallay, E., & Macavei, B., (2005). A Synopsis of Synopsis of Synopsis of Synopsis of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and AppliRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and AppliRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and AppliRational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT); Fundamental and Applied ed ed ed Research. Research. Research. Research. Journal of RationalJournal of RationalJournal of RationalJournal of Rational----Emotive and CognitiveEmotive and CognitiveEmotive and CognitiveEmotive and Cognitive----Behavior Behavior Behavior Behavior Therapy, 3,Therapy, 3,Therapy, 3,Therapy, 3, 175175175175----221.221.221.221.

37

III. REBT Practice III. REBT Practice III. REBT Practice III. REBT Practice ---- REBT in Quantitative REBT in Quantitative REBT in Quantitative REBT in Quantitative MetaMetaMetaMeta----Analyses as REBT Analyses as REBT Analyses as REBT Analyses as REBT (see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)(see David, 2014; in press)

•Findings (see the below metaFindings (see the below metaFindings (see the below metaFindings (see the below meta----analyses) support REBT as an evidenceanalyses) support REBT as an evidenceanalyses) support REBT as an evidenceanalyses) support REBT as an evidence----based oriented psychotherapy for:based oriented psychotherapy for:based oriented psychotherapy for:based oriented psychotherapy for:

• a large spectrum of clinical conditions and disorders (e.g., anxa large spectrum of clinical conditions and disorders (e.g., anxa large spectrum of clinical conditions and disorders (e.g., anxa large spectrum of clinical conditions and disorders (e.g., anxiety, iety, iety, iety, depression);depression);depression);depression);

• populations (i.e., children and adults); and populations (i.e., children and adults); and populations (i.e., children and adults); and populations (i.e., children and adults); and • formats (i.e., individual versus group versus family / couple / formats (i.e., individual versus group versus family / couple / formats (i.e., individual versus group versus family / couple / formats (i.e., individual versus group versus family / couple /

parenting).parenting).parenting).parenting).

•They are good sources for both specific outcomes studies relatedThey are good sources for both specific outcomes studies relatedThey are good sources for both specific outcomes studies relatedThey are good sources for both specific outcomes studies related to to to to REBT and understanding REBT limitations and the needs for futureREBT and understanding REBT limitations and the needs for futureREBT and understanding REBT limitations and the needs for futureREBT and understanding REBT limitations and the needs for futuredevelopments.developments.developments.developments.

� Lyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The Efficacy of RationalLyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The Efficacy of RationalLyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The Efficacy of RationalLyons, L. C., & Woods, P. J. (1991). The Efficacy of Rational----emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Review of the Outcome emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Review of the Outcome emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Review of the Outcome emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Review of the Outcome Research. Research. Research. Research. Clinical Psychology Review,Clinical Psychology Review,Clinical Psychology Review,Clinical Psychology Review, 11,11,11,11, 357357357357----369.369.369.369.

� Engels, G. I., Garnefsky, N., & Diekstra, R. F. (1993). EfficacyEngels, G. I., Garnefsky, N., & Diekstra, R. F. (1993). EfficacyEngels, G. I., Garnefsky, N., & Diekstra, R. F. (1993). EfficacyEngels, G. I., Garnefsky, N., & Diekstra, R. F. (1993). Efficacy of of of of RationalRationalRationalRational----emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Analysis. emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Analysis. emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Analysis. emotive Therapy: A Quantitative Analysis. Journal of Journal of Journal of Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,Consulting and Clinical Psychology,Consulting and Clinical Psychology,Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61,61,61,61, 1083108310831083----1090.1090.1090.1090.

� Gonzalez, J. E., Nelson, J. R., Gutkin, T. B., Saunders, A., Gonzalez, J. E., Nelson, J. R., Gutkin, T. B., Saunders, A., Gonzalez, J. E., Nelson, J. R., Gutkin, T. B., Saunders, A., Gonzalez, J. E., Nelson, J. R., Gutkin, T. B., Saunders, A., Galloway, A., & Shwery, C. S. (2004). Rational Emotive Galloway, A., & Shwery, C. S. (2004). Rational Emotive Galloway, A., & Shwery, C. S. (2004). Rational Emotive Galloway, A., & Shwery, C. S. (2004). Rational Emotive Therapy with Children and Adolescents: A MetaTherapy with Children and Adolescents: A MetaTherapy with Children and Adolescents: A MetaTherapy with Children and Adolescents: A Meta----Analysis. Analysis. Analysis. Analysis. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12,12,12,12,222222222222----235.235.235.235.

38

III. REBT Practice III. REBT Practice III. REBT Practice III. REBT Practice ---- REBT in Quantitative REBT in Quantitative REBT in Quantitative REBT in Quantitative MetaMetaMetaMeta----Analyses as REBT (continued) Analyses as REBT (continued) Analyses as REBT (continued) Analyses as REBT (continued) (see David, (see David, (see David, (see David, 2014; in press)2014; in press)2014; in press)2014; in press)

Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). MetaSmith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). MetaSmith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). MetaSmith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta----analysis of analysis of analysis of analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. psychotherapy outcome studies. psychotherapy outcome studies. psychotherapy outcome studies. American American American American Psychologist, 32,Psychologist, 32,Psychologist, 32,Psychologist, 32, 752752752752----60.60.60.60.

•REBT had the second highest effect size (after REBT had the second highest effect size (after REBT had the second highest effect size (after REBT had the second highest effect size (after systematic desensitization), being followed by systematic desensitization), being followed by systematic desensitization), being followed by systematic desensitization), being followed by

• behavior modification, behavior modification, behavior modification, behavior modification,

• Adlerian,Adlerian,Adlerian,Adlerian,

• implosion, implosion, implosion, implosion,

• clientclientclientclient----centered, centered, centered, centered,

• psychodynamic, psychodynamic, psychodynamic, psychodynamic,

• transactional analysis, and transactional analysis, and transactional analysis, and transactional analysis, and

• eclectic therapies.eclectic therapies.eclectic therapies.eclectic therapies.

• But be aware about the wellBut be aware about the wellBut be aware about the wellBut be aware about the well----known known known known criticisms of this metacriticisms of this metacriticisms of this metacriticisms of this meta----analysis!analysis!analysis!analysis!

39

IV. REBT Practice IV. REBT Practice IV. REBT Practice IV. REBT Practice ---- REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International Clinical Guidelines as REBTClinical Guidelines as REBTClinical Guidelines as REBTClinical Guidelines as REBT

•ExpertsExpertsExpertsExperts’’’’ guidelines promoted by various agencies are guidelines promoted by various agencies are guidelines promoted by various agencies are guidelines promoted by various agencies are often more conservative than regular metaoften more conservative than regular metaoften more conservative than regular metaoften more conservative than regular meta----analyses in analyses in analyses in analyses in establishing that a certain treatment is an evidenceestablishing that a certain treatment is an evidenceestablishing that a certain treatment is an evidenceestablishing that a certain treatment is an evidence----based treatment. based treatment. based treatment. based treatment.

•Typically, agencies formulate their decisions based on Typically, agencies formulate their decisions based on Typically, agencies formulate their decisions based on Typically, agencies formulate their decisions based on the most rigorous studies, using panels of experts, the most rigorous studies, using panels of experts, the most rigorous studies, using panels of experts, the most rigorous studies, using panels of experts, while metawhile metawhile metawhile meta----analyses usually try to be as inclusive as analyses usually try to be as inclusive as analyses usually try to be as inclusive as analyses usually try to be as inclusive as possible.possible.possible.possible.

40

IV. REBT Practice IV. REBT Practice IV. REBT Practice IV. REBT Practice ---- REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued): Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued): Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued): Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued): NICE Guidelines and the Division 12NICE Guidelines and the Division 12NICE Guidelines and the Division 12NICE Guidelines and the Division 12’’’’s APAs APAs APAs APA

These studies offered empirical support for including These studies offered empirical support for including These studies offered empirical support for including These studies offered empirical support for including REBT as a probably efficacious treatment for depression REBT as a probably efficacious treatment for depression REBT as a probably efficacious treatment for depression REBT as a probably efficacious treatment for depression in the in the in the in the National Institute for Health and Clinical National Institute for Health and Clinical National Institute for Health and Clinical National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guidelines Excellence Guidelines Excellence Guidelines Excellence Guidelines and in theand in theand in theand in the Research Supported Research Supported Research Supported Research Supported Psychological Treatments List of the Division 12 of the Psychological Treatments List of the Division 12 of the Psychological Treatments List of the Division 12 of the Psychological Treatments List of the Division 12 of the American Psychological Association (APA)American Psychological Association (APA)American Psychological Association (APA)American Psychological Association (APA)::::

• David, D., Szentagotai, A., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). RatioDavid, D., Szentagotai, A., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). RatioDavid, D., Szentagotai, A., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). RatioDavid, D., Szentagotai, A., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). Rational nal nal nal emotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication in temotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication in temotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication in temotive behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication in the he he he treatment of major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trtreatment of major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trtreatment of major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trtreatment of major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial, postial, postial, postial, post----treatment outcomes, and sixtreatment outcomes, and sixtreatment outcomes, and sixtreatment outcomes, and six----month followmonth followmonth followmonth follow----up. up. up. up. Journal of Clinical Journal of Clinical Journal of Clinical Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64,Psychology, 64,Psychology, 64,Psychology, 64, 728728728728----746.746.746.746.

• Sava, F., Yates, B., Lupu, V., Szentagotai, A., & David, D. (200Sava, F., Yates, B., Lupu, V., Szentagotai, A., & David, D. (200Sava, F., Yates, B., Lupu, V., Szentagotai, A., & David, D. (200Sava, F., Yates, B., Lupu, V., Szentagotai, A., & David, D. (2009). Cost9). Cost9). Cost9). Cost----effectiveness and costeffectiveness and costeffectiveness and costeffectiveness and cost----utility of cognitive therapy, rational emotive utility of cognitive therapy, rational emotive utility of cognitive therapy, rational emotive utility of cognitive therapy, rational emotive behavior therapy, and fluoxetine (Prozac) in treating depressionbehavior therapy, and fluoxetine (Prozac) in treating depressionbehavior therapy, and fluoxetine (Prozac) in treating depressionbehavior therapy, and fluoxetine (Prozac) in treating depression: A : A : A : A randomized clinical trial. randomized clinical trial. randomized clinical trial. randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 36, 36, 36, 36----52.52.52.52.

• Szentagotai, A., David, D., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). RatioSzentagotai, A., David, D., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). RatioSzentagotai, A., David, D., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). RatioSzentagotai, A., David, D., Lupu, V., & Cosman, D. (2008). Rational nal nal nal Emotive Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and medication in the treatmEmotive Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and medication in the treatmEmotive Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and medication in the treatmEmotive Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, and medication in the treatment ent ent ent of major depressive disorder: Theory of change analysis. of major depressive disorder: Theory of change analysis. of major depressive disorder: Theory of change analysis. of major depressive disorder: Theory of change analysis. Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Theory, Research, and Theory, Research, and Theory, Research, and Practice, Practice, Practice, Practice, 4,4,4,4, 523523523523----538.538.538.538.

41

42

43

44

V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice ---- REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued): : : : Cochrane ReviewsCochrane ReviewsCochrane ReviewsCochrane Reviews

•Greaves, D. (1997). The Effect of RationalGreaves, D. (1997). The Effect of RationalGreaves, D. (1997). The Effect of RationalGreaves, D. (1997). The Effect of Rational----Emotive Parent Education Emotive Parent Education Emotive Parent Education Emotive Parent Education on the stress of mothers of children with Down syndrome. on the stress of mothers of children with Down syndrome. on the stress of mothers of children with Down syndrome. on the stress of mothers of children with Down syndrome. Journal ofJournal ofJournal ofJournal ofRationalRationalRationalRational----Emotive and CognitiveEmotive and CognitiveEmotive and CognitiveEmotive and Cognitive----Behavior Behavior Behavior Behavior TherapyTherapyTherapyTherapy, 15,, 15,, 15,, 15, 249249249249----267.267.267.267.

•Joyce, M. R. (1995). Emotional relief for parents: Is RationalJoyce, M. R. (1995). Emotional relief for parents: Is RationalJoyce, M. R. (1995). Emotional relief for parents: Is RationalJoyce, M. R. (1995). Emotional relief for parents: Is Rational----Emotive Emotive Emotive Emotive Parent Education effective? Parent Education effective? Parent Education effective? Parent Education effective? Journal of RationalJournal of RationalJournal of RationalJournal of Rational----Emotive and Emotive and Emotive and Emotive and CognitiveCognitiveCognitiveCognitive----Behavior Therapy, 13,Behavior Therapy, 13,Behavior Therapy, 13,Behavior Therapy, 13, 55555555----75.75.75.75.

�The above two studies were included in the following The above two studies were included in the following The above two studies were included in the following The above two studies were included in the following Cochrane ReviewCochrane ReviewCochrane ReviewCochrane Review: Barlow, J., Coren, E., & Stewart: Barlow, J., Coren, E., & Stewart: Barlow, J., Coren, E., & Stewart: Barlow, J., Coren, E., & Stewart----Brown, S. Brown, S. Brown, S. Brown, S. S. B. (2007). S. B. (2007). S. B. (2007). S. B. (2007). ParentParentParentParent----training programmes for improving training programmes for improving training programmes for improving training programmes for improving maternal psychosocial health (Review).maternal psychosocial health (Review).maternal psychosocial health (Review).maternal psychosocial health (Review). The Cochrane The Cochrane The Cochrane The Cochrane Collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (see here: Collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (see here: Collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (see here: Collaboration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (see here: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696327). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696327). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696327). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22696327).

� REBT effects were significant in reducing parental depressionREBT effects were significant in reducing parental depressionREBT effects were significant in reducing parental depressionREBT effects were significant in reducing parental depression----dejection, parental distress (as measured by POMS), parental dejection, parental distress (as measured by POMS), parental dejection, parental distress (as measured by POMS), parental dejection, parental distress (as measured by POMS), parental guilt, and parental irrational beliefs.guilt, and parental irrational beliefs.guilt, and parental irrational beliefs.guilt, and parental irrational beliefs.

45

V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice ---- REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International REBT in International Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)Clinical Guidelines as REBT (continued)

•Block, J. (1978). Effects of a rational-emotive mental health

program on poorly achieving, disruptive high school students.

Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25, 61-65.

� Based on this study, Division 53 of the American Psychological

Association included REBT (rational-emotive mental health

program) as a probably efficacious treatment for oppositional

defiant disorders & conduct disorder in the list of evidence-

based mental health treatments for children and adolescents.

It appears now under the CBT name.

•Smart Recovery (http://www.smartrecovery.org/intro/index.htm)

� REBT is a key component of Smart Recovery, a self-help

program for substance abuse and addictions. Smart Recovery

describes itself as “…SMART Recovery® is a recognized

resource for addiction recovery by the American Academy of

Family Physicians, the Center for Health Care Evaluation, The

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), US Department of

Health and Human Services, and the American Society of

Addiction Medicine…”

(see it at http://www.smartrecovery.org

46

V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice V. REBT Practice ---- Additional Examples of Additional Examples of Additional Examples of Additional Examples of Empirical Support for REBT as REBTEmpirical Support for REBT as REBTEmpirical Support for REBT as REBTEmpirical Support for REBT as REBT

•Macaskill, N. D. & Macaskill, A. (1996). RationalMacaskill, N. D. & Macaskill, A. (1996). RationalMacaskill, N. D. & Macaskill, A. (1996). RationalMacaskill, N. D. & Macaskill, A. (1996). Rational----emotive emotive emotive emotive therapy plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy therapy plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy therapy plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy therapy plus pharmacotherapy versus pharmacotherapy alone in the treatment of high cognitive dysfunction alone in the treatment of high cognitive dysfunction alone in the treatment of high cognitive dysfunction alone in the treatment of high cognitive dysfunction depression. depression. depression. depression. Cognitive Therapy and ResearchCognitive Therapy and ResearchCognitive Therapy and ResearchCognitive Therapy and Research , 20, 20, 20, 20 (6) , pp (6) , pp (6) , pp (6) , pp 575575575575----592.592.592.592.

•Shelley, A. M., Battaglia, J., Lucey, J., Ellis, A, & Opler, L. Shelley, A. M., Battaglia, J., Lucey, J., Ellis, A, & Opler, L. Shelley, A. M., Battaglia, J., Lucey, J., Ellis, A, & Opler, L. Shelley, A. M., Battaglia, J., Lucey, J., Ellis, A, & Opler, L. A. (2001). A. (2001). A. (2001). A. (2001). SymptomSymptomSymptomSymptom----specific group therapy for inpatients specific group therapy for inpatients specific group therapy for inpatients specific group therapy for inpatients with Schizophrenia. with Schizophrenia. with Schizophrenia. with Schizophrenia. Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology Einstein Quarterly Journal of Biology and Medicine, 18,and Medicine, 18,and Medicine, 18,and Medicine, 18, 21212121----28.28.28.28.

•Wang, C. et al. (1999). Comparative study of rational Wang, C. et al. (1999). Comparative study of rational Wang, C. et al. (1999). Comparative study of rational Wang, C. et al. (1999). Comparative study of rational emotive therapy for 95 patients with dysthymic disorder. emotive therapy for 95 patients with dysthymic disorder. emotive therapy for 95 patients with dysthymic disorder. emotive therapy for 95 patients with dysthymic disorder. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 13,Chinese Mental Health Journal, 13,Chinese Mental Health Journal, 13,Chinese Mental Health Journal, 13, 172172172172––––183.183.183.183.

47

REBT Theory & Practice REBT Theory & Practice REBT Theory & Practice REBT Theory & Practice ---- REBT Status: REBT Status: REBT Status: REBT Status: Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion (see David & Montgomery, 2011)(see David & Montgomery, 2011)(see David & Montgomery, 2011)(see David & Montgomery, 2011)

•REBT is an REBT is an REBT is an REBT is an evidenceevidenceevidenceevidence----basedbasedbasedbased oriented psychotherapyoriented psychotherapyoriented psychotherapyoriented psychotherapy•REBT occupies mainly the REBT occupies mainly the REBT occupies mainly the REBT occupies mainly the ““““greengreengreengreen”””” categories (II, III, IV) categories (II, III, IV) categories (II, III, IV) categories (II, III, IV)

•More research is needed to move REBT from the light More research is needed to move REBT from the light More research is needed to move REBT from the light More research is needed to move REBT from the light green (Categories II, III, IV) to the dark green green (Categories II, III, IV) to the dark green green (Categories II, III, IV) to the dark green green (Categories II, III, IV) to the dark green (Category I).(Category I).(Category I).(Category I).

48

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