the environment -major changes in last decade hussam adeni [email protected]

The Environment-major changes in last decade

Hussam Adeni

Hussam Adeni

[email protected]

Major changes in last decade- for the environment

• New Accords and Protocols• Automobile Industry – Radical

changes• Environment restrictions

Hussam Adeni [email protected]

5 Major changes in the last decade

• Montreal Accord• Euro IV and Euro V fuels• Engine configurations• Stringent API specifications• Kyoto Protocol



• Montreal Accord• Largely for refrigerants

• Euro IV and Euro V fuels• Sulphur reduction in fuels

• Engine configurations• Fuel injection mechanism• Higher operating speeds and pressure



• Stringent API specifications• API CJ-4 specifications

• Kyoto Protocols• Green House Gas (GHG) emissions


1. Montreal Accord – 1995/96

• Treaty structured around halogenated hydro carbons known to play a role in Ozone depletion• Treaty deals with phase-out Management

Plan for1.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s),2.Carbon Tetra chloride (CCl4),

3.Hydrochloroflourocarbons (HCFC’s)



• Treaty structured around widely used halogenated hydrocarbons now known to play a role in Ozone depletion• Targets HCFC’s, CFC’s, CCl4 used as

1. Refrigerants,2. Solvents,3. Blowing agents for plastic/foam

manufacture 4. Fire extinguisher.



• Update - 2006• Largely implemented across the world • R – 134 A successfully identified as

alternative refrigerant.• Widely used today in Air conditioners used

in automobiles, in house and office AC’s and in industries.

• Montreal compliant solvents and fire extinguishers have been developed & are in use today in many applications


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Role of fuels

Three major function in an IC engine• Energy source to drive engine• Coolant for injector• It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors

In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system

• Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling.

• As a result, there will no leakage of fuels, gas & oil


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Environmental demands

Under the Clean Air Act – – Sulphur in fuels to be reduced 15 ppm

• Most developing countries: Sulphur in fuels approx. 2000 ppm till the early 90’s

• Many have now implemented 50 ppm sulphur in all fuels.

• Developed countries have progressively moved to 10 ppm Sulphur in Fuels


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Diesel


DieselEuro I 1993

Euro II 1996

Euro III 2000

Euro IV 2005

Euro V 2009

Poly aromatics - Vol%,Max

N/A N/A 11 11 11

Sulphur ppm, Max 2000 500 350 50 (10)* 10

Cetane number - Min 49 49 51 51 51

Density@15 ºC, kg/m² 35- 100 35-100 60-70 60-70 60-70

Distillation -79.5@ 15º C 370 370 360 360 360

Reduction of Sulphur results in reduction of aromatics, this robs the fuel of its lubricity. Damaging fuel injectors, whose replacement cost $ 100 each, there are 8 nos in an engine. Dosing with Fuel additives , a quick remedy

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuels - Gasoline - Petrol


Gasoline Euro I 1993

Euro II 1996

Euro III 2000

Euro IV 2005

Euro V 2009

Aromatics - Vol%, Max No limit No limit 42 35 35

Olefins - Vol %, Max No limit No limit 18 18 18

Benzene - Vol%, Max 5 5 1 1 1

Oxygen - Vol%, Ma 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 3.7

Sulphur – ppm,Max 1000 500 150 50 (10)* 10

RON - Min 91 91 91 91 91

RVP - kPa 35 - 100 35 - 100 60 - 70 60 - 70 60 - 70

Lead - g/Lt, Max 0.013 0.013 None None None

2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsHydro treatment- Sulphur removal

•Sulphur in fuels is removed at the refinery by stripping

•Process of stripping of sulphur is called

• Hydrotreatment


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsPitfalls of - Sulphur removal

•Unfortunately - sulphur reduction also removes• Natural lubricity compounds• Natural conductivity properties• It changes combustion properties• Biocide property of sulphur


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – loss of lubricity

• No protective barrier between metal surfaces

• Could lead to damage of vital engine components

• Some vital components are• Fuel pump• Fuel injectors• Valves & ports

•


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication – ASTM and lubricity

• In 2005, ASTM had put in a lubricity specification

• ASTM D 975 for middle distillates• ASTM D 6079 is widely used for other fuels• Wear scar value is 520 microns or less• OEM’s in Europe suggested 420 or less• Fully synthetic esters widely accepted

component in fuel additives

•


2. Euro IV and Euro V fuelsImplication - Sulphur removal

•Natural conductivity properties• Conductivity is decreased• Static charge may build up while fuel is being

pumped• Probably danger of ignition from static

electricity• Essential that fuels are dosed with special

conductivity additives



•It changes combustion properties• Hydro treatment may reduce Cetane in

diesel to the 40’s• Modern Diesel engines are computer

controlled and deliver optimal combustion in the range of 45 to 51.

• Cetane boosting additives now essential for peak performance



•Biocide property of sulphur • Widely used today as antiseptic• Used in many drugs and medicines • Sulphur controls fungal growth in fuel tanks.• Fuels now need to be treated with biocides to

prevent fungal growth in fuel storage tanks


3. Engine configuration - Radical changes

Three major function in an IC engine• Energy source to drive engine• Coolant for injector• It is the lubricant for fuel pump & injectors

In addition, fuels should be compatible with gaskets and seals in the system

• Good compatibility --> expansion or marginal swelling.

• As a result there will be no leakage of fuels, gas & oil


3. Engine configuration - Radical changes

Evolution of fuel/injector/exhaust mechanism

• Naturally aspirated (NA)• Turbo charged• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)• Direct injection (DI)• Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI)


3. Engine configuration Radical changes - psi

Dramatic increase in Operating pressures

– Early diesel engines – 600 psi– Current CRDI – 30,000 psi


3. Engine configuration Radical changes – Cat. converter

Engine manufacturers proposed reduction of treat level of Zinc- Phosphate and Calcium sulphonates– Engine manufacturers sought extension of

life for catalytic converters– Research showed interference to life of

catalytic converters from additives in lubes– ZDDP – Anti wear– Over based Calcium – Detergency


4. API CJ-4 requirementsHistory of Lube additives

Since 1975 triboapplications utilized solid boundary additive in the carrier oil acting as a barrier of molecules between moving parts with the following:

1. ZDDP (Zinc Di Thiophosphates)2. Phosphorous3. Sulphur4. Calcium sulphonates


4. API CJ-4 requirementsUsed oil disposal issues

These additives had the disadvantage of being:

• Highly toxic – difficult to dispose• Sacrificial – Deplete on use• Inert – Do not react with metal alloys• Become acidic – due to oxidation and water• Also corrosive – furthering micro-pitting


4. API CJ-4 requirements

API CJ-4 demands

• Lube manufacturers use up to 1% ZDDP• Zinc-Phosphate levels at 1% are for all

practical purposes negligible• Treats of 1% ZDDP packages likely to have

little impact on reducing wear


4. API CJ-4 requirements

Alternative EP additives consisting of Graphite, Molybdenum have come into prominence

• Graphite & Molybdenum have little lubricating value as they are not reactive

• Under heavy pressure will press out• Will lead to metal to metal contact• Research is going on for alternative

compounds for use as anti wear additives


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)

• Major constituent of GHG identified• Major sources for GHG emitters

identified• Incentive for reduction of GHG


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)• Country wise and industry wise data collated.• Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon

• Major constituent of GHG identified• Carbon dioxide – CO2

• Nitrogen Oxides - NOx

• Major sources for GHG emitters identified• Incentive for reduction of GHG


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Proposed reduction of Green House Gases (GHG)• Country wise and industry wise data

collated.• Reduction targets – broadly agreed upon

• Major constituent of GHG identified• Carbon dioxide – CO2

• Nitrogen Oxides – NOx


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Major sources for GHG emitters identified• Aviation Industry• Power Plants• Auto Industry


5. Kyoto Protocol

• Incentive for reduction of GHG• To users who register, document and reduce

GHG emissions• ISO 14064 initiated to document reduction• Tradable “Carbon Credits” to offset bulk GHG

emitters• Bulk users in Auto related industry likely to be

major beneficiary


Hussam Adeni

Thank you

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the environment -major changes in last decade hussam adeni [email protected]

Documents

fuels hussam adeni

euro v fuels role

euro v fuels gasoline

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euro v fuels sulphur

euro v fuels pitfalls

refrigerants euro iv