Lauren MolyneauxAmanda Merrifield

Period 3

The Era of Napoleon and Metternich

Napoleon saw a need to end civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule

Took power in 1799 and was viewed as a national hero after he and the conspirators took over the Directory

Napoleon was named first consul of the republic and a new constitution consolidating his position was approved in December of 1799

Background

Napoleon Crossing the Alps

Reasserted two of the fundamental principles of the liberal and essentially moderate revolution of 1789Equality of all male citizens before the lawAbsolute security of wealth and private property

Women lost many gains they had made in the 1790’s Women were dependents of either their fathers or their

husbands and could not make contracts of even have bank accounts in their own names

Wanted to re-establish the family monarchy, with the father and husband as an absolute power over the wife and children just how Napoleon was over his subjects

Napoleon’s Civil Code of 1804

With the help of the leading bankers of Paris, Napoleon was able to establish the privately owned Bank of FranceLoyally served the interests of both the state

and the financial oligarchyThe new economic order appealed to

peasants who gained both land and status Reassured the solid middle class and

peasantry who had lost a large number of its revolutionary illusions in the face of social upheaval

New Economic Ideas

Napoleon accepted and strengthened the position of the French bureaucracy and built on the solid foundations that the new revolutionary governments had inherited from the Old Regime

Perfected a thoroughly centralized state and consolidated his rule by recruiting disillusioned revolutionaries for the network of ministers, prefects and appointed mayors

Pushed aside former revolutionaries who leaned too far radical on either side of the spectrum

French Bureaucracy

In 1800 the French clergy was still divided into two groupsThose who had taken the oath of allegiance and those

who were exiled because they did notNapoleon wanted to fix the division in the hopes

it would lead to social peaceNapoleon and Pope Pius VII signed the

Concordat of 1801 The pope gained for French Catholics the precious

right to practice their religion freelyNapoleon gained political power and now exerted

great influence over the church in France

Religion

Treaty of Lunéville (1801): Austria accepted the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine was incorporated into France

Treaty of Amiens (1802): France remained in control of Holland, the Austrian Netherlands, the west bank of the Rhine and most of the Italian peninsularDiplomatic triumph for NapoleonAlso given right to reshape the German states as he wished

He aggressively redrew the map of Germany so as to weaken Austria and attract the secondary states of southwestern Germany toward France, while trying to restrict British trade with all of Europe

Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy

Austria, Russia and Sweden joined with Britain to form the Third Coalition against France

Battle of Trafalgar (October 21, 1805): French and Spanish fleet was annihilated by the British Royal Navy

Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805): Napoleon achieved a huge victory over the Austrians and Russians Austria accepted large territorial losses in return for peace for peace Third Coalition collapsed

Napoleon’s Wars and Foreign Policy (cont.)

Treaties of Tilsit: Prussia lost half of its population, while Russia accepted Napoleon’s reorganization of western and central Europe and promised to enforce Napoleon’s economic blockade against British goods

Increasingly Napoleon saw himself as the emperor of Europe and not just of France

Napoleon: Emperor of Europe?

Core (first part): France, which included Belgium, Holland, parts of northern Italy and much German territory on the east bank of the Rhine

Second Part: a number of dependent satellite kingdoms on the thrones of which he places the members of his large family

Third Part: Independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia and Russia

Napoleon’s Three-Part Grand Empire

Introduced many French laws, abolishing feudal dues and serfdom where it had not already been done soPeasants and middle class benefitted from

these reformsLevied heavy taxes which led him to be

regarded more as a conquering tyrant than as an enlightened liberator

Napoleon’s Reforms on Europe

French rule sparked patriotic upheavals and encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism

First revolt occurred in Spain in 1808 when a coalition of Catholics, monarchists and patriots rebelled against napoleons to make Spain a satellite nation

Spain was a clear warning, yet Napoleon pushed on

Napoleon’s continental system, designed to exclude the British from trade, backfired and France ended up suffering from Britain’s counter-blockade

Reforms Lead to Backfire

Began in June of 1812 with a force of 600,000Battle of Borodino was a draw and Russians

retreatedAlexander I of Russia ordered the evacuation

of Moscow and refused negotiation

Napoleon Invades Russia

After 5 weeks in Moscow, Napoleon ordered a retreat that would become one of the greatest military disasters in history

The Russian army, the Russian winter and starvation cut Napoleon’s army to pieces

370,000 men died and another 200,000 had been taken prisoner

Napoleon abandoned his troops and went to Paris to form new army

Napoleon Invades Russia (cont.)

On April 4, 1814, Napoleon abdicated the throne and was granted the tiny island of Elba as his own tiny state

Napoleon was allowed to keep his imperial title and France was required to pay him a yearly income of 2 million francs

Louis XVIII becomes new monarch

Napoleon Abdicates the Throne

Louis XVIII was old, ugly, crippled by gout and lacked the glory and magic of Napoleon

Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 Louis XVIII fled and Napoleon took control

Allies crushed him at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815 and imprisoned him on the island of St. Helena

Louis XVII returned and regained his reign

End of an Era

(May 15,1773- June 11, 1859)

Prince Klemens von Metternichof Austria

Congress of Vienna, at the end of Napoleon’s EraBourbon Dynasty revived, Louis XVIII reinstated,

as a lenient settlement from the allies in attempts at a Balance of Power

Revolutionary triumph uncertain the idea of “legitimacy” (belief royal blood is only legit power) feeling of irritation because they’ve come full circle

Metternich felt balance of power meant international equilibrium of political and military forces to discourage aggression from anyone

Napoleon and Metternich Overlap

After the Congress of Vienna

Reestablishment of political peace domestically = Metternich crusaded against all ideas about the dual revolution; lasted until 1848

1st step: Joined the Holy AllianceAustria + Prussia + RussiaTry to preserve Christian principlesBecame a symbol of repressionHorrified Metternich; did not want another rev.

battled against liberal political change (Carlsbad Decrees rooting out liberal papers/universities)

Intervention and Repression

Believed liberalism embodied revolutionary spirit and should be crushed

Felt it coalesced with nationalism, which also should be crushedIt’s for national Safety, guys

People don’t have a voice in gov’t

Metternich and Conservatism

Congress SystemBalance of Power- wanted to combine

enlightenment ideals with modern day problems to keep wars like the Napoleonic Wars from happening again

In effect until 1848Reaction to Congress of Vienna

Concert of Europe

"The downfall of empires always directly depends upon the spread of unbelief. For this very reason religious , the first of virtues, is the strongest power... Religion cannot decline in a nation without causing that nation's strength also to decline.“Metternich

Religion

Emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, spontaneity in both art and personal life

A reaction to conservative politics Saw growth of modern industry as ugly and

brutal- wanted exotic escape

Romanticism

Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)- dramatic, colorful scenes; stirred with emotions

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)- first great master of new classical forms; dramatic and inspiring symphonies

Franz Liszt (1811-1886)- the greatest pianist of his age; a true one in a million performer

Artistic People of Importance

Serfdom still existed in poorer parts of Austria

Laissez Faire- Adam SmithPeople wanted less conservative, absolute

power and more free rule; saw this in Smith’s “invisible hand” philosophy

Free competition among tradeSaw this as new liberalism (now considered

“classical”)Inspired by Wealth of Nations

Economics

1815 marked the beginning of Utopian Socialism; originally started in France

A gov’t should be rationally organized economically

New laissez-faire economy denied workers the right to organize violently upset the French urban workers developed a sense of class

Karl Marx philosophy on the riseCommunist ManifestoBourgeoiosie/ proletariat

Socialism

Upheaval in France revolution in Hungary, firstLiberals demanded written constitutions ,

representative gov’t and civil liberties from authoritarian regimes

Caused Metternich to flee in disguise toward London. The old absolutist order seemed to be collapsing

Tried to appease by ending serfdom in the country, but the city did not rest revolutionaries wanted to join w/minorities and create a Hungarian nation (didn’t go over well)Gov’t played revolutionaries against minority groups

Aristocratic forces toppled the revolution. FOR NOW.

Austrian Empire in 1848

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfHnwqtJT9U

Video!!